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Acosmism, in contrast to pantheism, denies the reality of the universe, seeing it as ultimately illusory, (the prefix "a-" in Greek meaning negation; like "un-" in English), and only the infinite unmanifest Absolute as real.

This philosophy begins with the premise that there is only one real thing, and it is infinite, and non-dual; The Absolute. But the phenomenal reality of which we are normally aware is just the opposite: finite, and dualistic. And since the Absolute is the only reality, that means that everything that is not-Absolute cannot be real. Thus, according to this viewpoint, the phenomenal dualistic world is ultimately an illusion (maya to use the technical Indian term), irrespective of the apparent reality it possesses at the mundane or empirical level.

Acosmic monistic spiritual practice emphasizes attaining the Absolute through a kind of intellectual or conceptual realization. This may involve holding the thought that "I am that" (the Absolute), as in the philosophy of the Advaita Vedanta school and its recent advocates; or alternatively through a standing back and simply watching the thoughts and sensations arise and pass away; realizing all the time that they are not a part of one's true Self. Both these approaches are termed the path of jnana ("knowledge").

Indian philosophies were and are concerned not so much with the manifest reality we see about us, but with the unmanifest Transcendent Absolute. What matters is simply the practical attainment of a state of this universal, transcendent, transpersonal existence. In that state, according to Adi Shankara, there is no difference between Self and God; there is only the Absolute (Brahman).

See also[link]

• Arthur Schopenhauer
• Buddhist atomism
• Christian science
• Gnosticism
• Immaterialism
• Kabbalah
• Mereological nihilism
• New thought
• Solipsism

Jan Westerhoff is a philosopher and orientalist with specific interests in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and SOAS. At present he is a Reader in Philosophy at the University of Durham as well Research Associate at SOAS. For two years he was Research Fellow in Philosophy at the City University of New York and seminar associate at Columbia University. Before that he was a Junior Lecturer in philosophy at the University of Oxford.

He is a specialist in metaphysics and Indo-Tibetan philosophy. His research interests also include the history of ideas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Books[link]

• Reality. A Very Short Introduction. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)
• Twelve Examples of Illusion. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
• The Dispeller of Disputes. Nagarjuna's Vigrahavyavartani. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010)
• Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009)
• Ontological Categories. Their Nature and Significance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005)
• (co-authored) Moonshadows. Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)

Journal papers (selection)[link]

• "Nagarjuna's arguments on motion revisited", Journal of Indian Philosophy, 2008, 36:4, 455-480.
• "The Madhyamaka Concept of svabhava: Ontological and Cognitive Aspects", Asian Philosophy, 2007, 17:1, 17-45.
• "Nagarjuna's catuskoti", Journal of Indian Philosophy, 2006, 34, 367-395.
• "Logical Relations between Pictures", Journal of Philosophy, 2005, 102: 12, 603-623.
• "The Construction of Ontological Categories", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 2004 82:4, 595-620.
• "The Underdetermination of Typings", Erkenntnis, 2003, 58:3, 379-414.
• "Ars Characteristica Kantiana. Ludwig Benedict Trede's Forgotten Necessary Grammar", Kant-Studien, 2003, 94, 3, 333-351.
• "The Definition of 'Ontological Category'", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 2002, 102, 3, 287-293.
• "A World of Signs. Baroque Pansemioticism, the Polyhistor and the Early Modern Wunderkammer.", Journal for the History of Ideas, 62, 4, 2001, 633-650.
• "Harsdörffer, Leibniz and the Universal Characteristic", Journal for the History of Ideas, 60, 3, 1999, 449-467.

Talks[link]

• Talk on naturalizing Buddhism, 2011
• Talk at the Madhyamaka and Methodology Symposium, 2010

External links[link]

• Westerhoff's homepage