Lugo
—  City  —
View from the Roman wall of Lugo and its Cathedral
Flag Coat of arms
Lugo
Coordinates: 43°01′N 7°33′W / 43.017°N 7.55°W / 43.017; -7.55Coordinates: 43°01′N 7°33′W / 43.017°N 7.55°W / 43.017; -7.55
Country	Spain
Region	Galicia
Province	Lugo
County	Lugo
Parishes	Adai, Bacurín, Bascuas, Bazar, Benade, Bocamaos, Bóveda, O Burgo, Calde, Camoira, Carballido, Coeo, Coeses, Cuíña, Esperante, Gondar, Labio, Lamas, Lugo, Mazoi, Meilán, Monte de Meda, Muxa, Ombreiro, Orbazai, O Outeiro das Camoiras, Pedreda, Pías, Piúgos, Poutomillos, Prógalo, Recimil, Ribas de Miño, Romeán, Rubiás, Saa, San Mamede dos Anxos
Government
• Type	Mayor-council
• Body	Concello de Lugo
• Mayor	José Clemente López Orozco (PSdeG)
Area
• Total	332 km2 (128 sq mi)
Elevation	465 m (1,526 ft)
Population (2011)INE
• Total	98,007
• Density	300/km2 (760/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (GMT +1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (GMT +2) (UTC)
Postcode	2700x
Area code(s)	+34-982
ISO 3166-2	ES-LU
Patron Saint	Saint Froilán
Website	http://www.lugo.es

Lugo (Galician pronunciation: [ˈluɣo]) is a city in northwestern Spain in the autonomous community of Galicia. It is the capital of the province of Lugo. The municipality had a population of 98,007 in 2011, which makes it the fourth most populated city in Galicia.

Lugo is the only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls, which reach a height of 10 to 15 metres along a 2117 m circuit ringed with 71 towers. The walk along the top is continuous round the circuit, and features ten gates. These 3rd century walls are protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The bridge over the Minho is essentially of Roman date, though many repairs over the centuries have effaced its Roman character.

Population[link]

The population of the city in 2010 was 97,635 inhabitants, growing constantly since the first census in 1842, while the rest of the province is losing population dramatically.

In 2010 there were 5,373 foreigners living in the city, representing a 5,5% of the total population. The main nationalities are Colombians (18%), Moroccans (12%) and Brazilians (11%).^[1]

By language, according to 2008 data, 16% of the population speak always in Galician, 20% speak always in Spanish and the rest use both interchangeably.^[2]

Geography[link]

The town lays on a hill surrounded by the rivers Minho, Rato and Chanca. The difference in altitude between downtown and the river banks is considerable, while in the center of the city's altitude of 465 meters above sea level, at the height of the Miño River Walk is the altitude of only 364 meters. The municipality of Lugo is the second largest in Galicia, with 329.78 km ² and 59 parishes. It should be emphasized that the outline of the city was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO on 7 November 2002, this being the most important recognition at international level regarding the conservation of landscapes and habitats of this Atlantic European region.

Climate[link]

Like most of Galicia Lugo has an humid oceanic climate, with dryer summers, on the boundary between Csb and Cfb in the Köppen climate classification. Due to its remoteness from the Atlantic, its annual precipitation of 1,084 millimetres (42.7 in) can be considered low compared with areas of the Rias Baixas and Santiago de Compostela. The highest temperature recorded in history, 39.6 °C (103.3 °F), occurred in August 1961 and the lowest temperature was −13.2 °C (8.2 °F) in February 1983. The city has an average of six days of snow per year, which is a contrast to coastal cities of Galicia which have not received snow in modern times.

Climate data for Lugo
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	10.1 (50.2)	11.7 (53.1)	14.0 (57.2)	14.8 (58.6)	17.8 (64.0)	20.8 (69.4)	23.6 (74.5)	24.1 (75.4)	22.3 (72.1)	17.7 (63.9)	13.3 (55.9)	10.8 (51.4)	16.8 (62.2)
Average low °C (°F)	1.5 (34.7)	2.2 (36.0)	2.7 (36.9)	4.4 (39.9)	6.8 (44.2)	9.5 (49.1)	11.9 (53.4)	11.8 (53.2)	10.0 (50.0)	7.2 (45.0)	4.3 (39.7)	3.0 (37.4)	6.3 (43.3)
Precipitation mm (inches)	122 (4.8)	108 (4.25)	86 (3.39)	94 (3.7)	93 (3.66)	52 (2.05)	34 (1.34)	34 (1.34)	77 (3.03)	115 (4.53)	122 (4.8)	146 (5.75)	1,084 (42.68)
% humidity	84	80	76	76	75	75	74	73	75	81	85	84	78
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	14	13	12	13	13	7	5	5	8	13	14	14	131
Mean monthly sunshine hours	93	113	155	150	186	210	248	217	180	124	90	93	1,859
Source: Climate & Temperature[3]

History[link]

Renaissance tower and apse of the Lugo Cathedral.

The city was probably founded by Celtic inhabitants of the region and dedicated to Lugos,^[4] a pan-Celtic God of light, oaths and arts. Later conquered by Paulus Fabius Maximus and called Lucus Augusti^[5] in 13 BC on the positioning of a Roman military camp,^[6] while the Roman Empire completed the conquest, in the North, of the Iberian Peninsula. Situated in what was the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis, it was the chief town of the tribe of the Capori. Though small it was the most important Roman town in what became Gallaecia during the Roman period, the seat of a conventus, one of three in Gallaecia, and later became one of the two capitals of Gallaecia, and gave its name to the Callaïci Lucenses. It was centrally situated in a large gold mining region, which during the Roman period was very active. The Conventus Lucensis, according to Pliny, began at the river Navilubio, and contained 16 peoples; besides the Celtici and Lebuni. Though these tribes were not powerful, and their names "barbarous" to Roman ears, there were among them 166,000 freemen.^[7] The city stood on one of the upper branches of the Minius (modern Minho), on the road from Bracara to Asturica,^[8] and had some famous baths, near from the bridge across the Minho.

Lucus was the seat of a bishopric by the later 5th century at the latest and remained an administrative center under the Suebi and Visigoths, before going into such a decline that the site was found to be deserted in the middle of the eighth century by bishop Odoario, who set about reviving it. Tenth century attempts at rebuilding its casas destructas (abandoned tenements) suggest that it remained a town only on paper: the seat of a bishopric, administered by a count, from which royal charters were issued. "Its commercial and industrial role was insignificant", Richard Fletcher wrote of 11th century Lugo.^[9]

During the Middle Ages Lugo, like Santiago de Compostela, was a center of pilgrimage, because the cathedral had the special privilege, it still retains today, of exposing to the public the consecrated host twenty-four hours a day. In the eighteenth century Lugo was granted the privilege of organizing the fairs of St. Froilán. During the Modern Age, Lugo had a certain supremacy, although other nearby towns such as Mondoñedo or Ribadeo disputed it. It was not until the division of the state into provinces in 1833 and the creation of provincial governments that Lugo has become the most important town from the province of Lugo, because of its capital status. This rise has been bolstered by the arrival of the first railroad to the city in 1875.

During the XX century the city continued to grow as the administration and services center of the province. In 1936, when the Civil War broke out, the city became quickly under the Nationalists control. In the 70s the city met important reforms, like the development of the Ceao Industrial Area (1979) and the complete restoration of the roman walls.

Infanta Elena, the elder daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía of Spain and fourth in the line of succession to the Spanish throne, is Duchess of Lugo since 1995.

In 2000, the inscription of the roman walls on UNESCO's World Heritage Site was an important event in the city.

Old Roman bridge over the Miño river.

Economy[link]

Lugo is a city of services. The main activities are commercial, the administration (offices of the autonomous and central Governments) and educational and health services (the recently opened Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti is the largest in Galicia). The steady increase of population of the city makes the construction of a major economic sectors of the municipality. The industry is very scarce and almost exclusively dedicated to the processing of agricultural products (dairy, meat, timber ...).

There is a big shopping center in the outskirts of the city (As Termas), with a Eroski hypermarket, cinemas, clothing stores like H&M, NewYorker or Cortefiel and many restaurants and fast food chains like McDonald's. It's also in construction a new shopping center (Abella), which will host a E.Leclerc hypermarket.

The University of Santiago de Compostela has several faculties in Lugo Campus, emphasizing the Faculty of Veterinary, one of the leading in its field in Spain.

Daily newspaper El Progreso, is published in the city. It's the most read newspaper in the province of Lugo.

There is private aerodrome in the nearby town of Rozas, owned by the Spanish Ministry of Defence and administered by Real Aero Club de Lugo. In 2011, the Ministry of Defence transferred the installations to INTA, the Spain's space agency, in order to convert it in a center of aeronautical research,^[10]

Main sights[link]

Lugo is the only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls, which reach a height of 10 to 15 metres along a 2117 m circuit ringed with 71 towers. The walk along the top is continuous round the circuit, and features ten gates. These 3rd century walls are protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The bridge over the Minho is essentially of Roman date, though many repairs over the centuries have effaced its Roman character.

Other sources suggest that the name Lucus Augusti comes from the Latin word Lucus, which means "sacred grove", or "sacred forest", as the city was founded on the place of a small grove.

Besides the walls, sights include:

• the Cathedral, dedicated to St. Mary, built about 1129, though the actual main facade and towers date only from 1769. Its elegant stalls were carved by Francisco Mouro in 1624. This cathedral enjoys the privilege of having the Blessed Sacrament perpetually exposed, a fact commemorated in the armorial bearings of the town.
• Convent and church of St. Francis, in Gothic style, with remains of the sober cloister. It currently houses the Museo Provincial, which shows a display of Galician art and other building of the 18th century
• Church of St. Dominic
• City Hall (Casa do Concello in Galician), a large Baroque structure with a mid-18th century façade. Annexed is a clock tower, originally from the 16th century, but rebuilt later.
• Palace of the arts (Círculo das Artes)
• The Roman Bridge over river Minho.
• Rosalía de Castro Park, a 23 ha park in the city center. It has a small pond in the middle and contains many species of trees, like three sequoias.

Two important festivals take place in Lugo:

• Saint Froilan festivity, which lasts from 4–12 October, dedicated to the city's patron saint. It's a Fiesta of National Tourist Interest and it's very popular to eat polbo á feira in one of the many stands near Rosalía de Castro park.
• Arde Lucus, festival celebrated in the last weeks of June which revives the Roman and castro past of the city, and which emerged to commemorate the declaration of the city's Roman wall as a World Heritage Site in 2000. In its latest editions it has reached nearly half a million visitors.

Sports[link]

The most popular and known professional team of the city is the basketball team CB Breogán, currently playing in LEB league, the second division in Spain, although it has played many seasons in Liga ACB the top Spanish basketball league. The team occupies the 9th position in the historical ranking of that league.

Futsal is also popular in Lugo, represented by Azkar Lugo, which plays in Spanish first division.

The football team of Lugo is CD Lugo, currently playing in Spanish Segunda División B.

Twin towns[link]

• Dinan, France
• Viana do Castelo, Portugal
• Qinhuangdao, People's Republic of China

See also[link]

• List of Spanish cities
• List of municipalities in Lugo
• Diocese of Lugo

Sources and references[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. 
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–57). "^{article name needed}". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. 
• Pictures and information about the city
• Photos of Lugo
• Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: Lucus Augusti (Lugo), Lugo, Spain"

Notes[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lugo

1. ^ http://www.ige.eu/igebdt/esqv.jsp?ruta=verTabla.jsp?OP=1&B=1&M=&COD=966&R=9915[12:27028];0[5:10];1[all]&C=2[0]&F=&S=
2. ^ http://www.ige.eu/igebdt/esqv.jsp?ruta=verTabla.jsp?OP=1&B=1&M=&COD=3015&R=2[3]&C=1[0];0[all]&F=&S=
3. ^ "Lugo Climate & Temperature". Climate & Temperature. http://www.climatetemp.info/spain/lugo.html. Retrieved 2011-11-07. 
4. ^ Alexei Kondratiev (2007). "Lugus: The Many-Gifted Lord". Mythical Ireland. http://www.mythicalireland.com/mythology/tuathade/lugus.html. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
5. ^ noted as Λοῦκος Αὐγούστον by Ptolemy, ii. 6. § 24
6. ^ The cardo and decumanus of the ancient plan can still be recognized in the modern street plan.
7. ^ Pliny, iii. 3. s. 4, iv. 20. s. 34
8. ^ Itin. Ant. pp. 424, 430
9. ^ Richard A. Fletcher, 1984. Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela (Oxford University Press) (on-line text, ch. 1)
10. ^ http://elprogreso.galiciae.com/nova/82213.html

External links[link]

• Photographs of Lugo
• Site of the Lugo city walls in Google Maps

v t e Cities in Galicia Santiago de Compostela A Coruña Vigo Pontevedra Ferrol Lugo Ourense

v t e Municipalities in the province of Lugo Abadín Alfoz Antas de Ulla Baleira Baralla Barreiros Becerreá Begonte Bóveda Burela Carballedo Castro de Rei Castroverde Cervantes Cervo Chantada O Corgo Cospeito Folgoso do Courel A Fonsagrada Foz Friol Guitiriz Guntín O Incio Láncara Lourenzá Lugo Meira Mondoñedo Monforte de Lemos Monterroso Muras Navia de Suarna Negueira de Muñiz As Nogais Ourol Outeiro de Rei Palas de Rei Pantón Paradela O Páramo A Pastoriza Pedrafita do Cebreiro A Pobra do Brollón Pol A Pontenova Portomarín Quiroga Rábade Ribadeo Ribas de Sil Ribeira de Piquín Riotorto Samos Sarria O Saviñao Sober Taboada Trabada Triacastela O Valadouro O Vicedo Vilalba Viveiro Xermade Xove

v t e Capitals of provinces of Spain A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Donostia-San Sebastián Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca Santander Santa Cruz Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza

Gilberto Santa Rosa
Background information
Birth name	Gilberto Santa Rosa
Also known as	El Caballero de la Salsa
Born	(1962-08-21) August 21, 1962 (age 49)
Genres	Salsa, Bolero
Years active	1976–present
Associated acts	Víctor Manuelle, Tommy Olivencia, El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico, Vico C

Gilberto Santa Rosa, also known as "El Caballero de la Salsa" (The Gentleman of Salsa) (born August 21, 1962), is a Puerto Rican bandleader and singer of salsa and bolero.

Early years[link]

Santa Rosa was born in Carolina, Puerto Rico, a city on the north eastern part of the Island. Here he received his primary and secondary education and became interested in music. He took part in his first concert while a teenager and in 1976, he made his recording debut as a backup singer with the Mario Ortiz Orchestra; soon afterwards he was recruited by La Grande Orchestra, where he became the lead singer. He remained with the orchestra for two years, during which time he met Elias Lopes who helped to mold and polish him as a singer.^[1]

Singing career[link]

During the 1980s, he recorded "Homenaje a Eddie Palmieri" (Tribute to Eddie Palmieri) with the Puerto Rican All Stars. He also recorded with various orchestras, amongst them the Tommy Olivencia Orchestra, the Willie Rosario orchestra and El Gran Combo. Santa Rosa developed a unique style of "soneo" (improvisation) in salsa that permitted him to be successful in both the "tropical" and "romantic" styles of the music.^[2]

In 1986, Santa Rosa formed his own band and signed with Combo Records; a string of hits followed, such as "Good Vibration", "De Amor y Salsa" (Of Love and Salsa), "Punto de Vista" (Point of View), "Vivir Sin Ella" (Living without Her) and "Perspectiva".

Santa Rosa was also the first singer of tropical salsa to carry out a concert at the Carnegie Hall Theater, in New York, where he performed as the opening number, his unique version of the salsa tune, "Represento" (I Represent), composed by Lou Briel. This event was recorded live at the hall, and later released as an album.^[3] A highlight of the night was the four-minute unscripted addition he made to his song "Perdoname" (Forgive Me), which solidified his improvisational talent. This live version became such a sensation thereafter that Santa Rosa had to memorize his own improvised lines for future concerts, and Perdoname became the closing song to his shows.

In 1990, Santa Rosa joined the all star "La Puertoriqueña" project which included Andy Montañez; in the same year he was awarded the Billboard Lo Nuestro Award for Best Male Singer. He also participated in the play "La Pareja Dispareja" (The Odd Couple) alongside Luis Vigoreaux and Rafo Muñiz. In 1995, Santa Rosa traveled to Japan as Puerto Rico's Good Will Ambassador, where he sang "De Cara al Viento" (Facing the Wind) in Japanese. In 1996, the greatest hits album "Caballero de la Salsa, Vol 2" was released and he also participated in the First "Festival Presidente" in the Dominican Republic (a Latin music festival sponsored by local Presidente beer). In 1997, he sang with Andy Montañez in New Yorks Lincoln Center and later that year, with Olga Tañon at the Universal Studios Amphitheater in Hollywood, California.^[2]

2000s[link]

Santa Rosa's hits continued with the album "Expresion" which included the single "Fulana" (What's her name) and in 2001 with the album "Romantico". He released "Viceversa" in 2002 which became a "hit" in the Latin community in the United States and in all of Latin-America.^[1]

Santa Rosa has taken on himself the task of keeping Tito Rodríguez's musical legacy alive and has acquired much of Tito's memorabilia, including articles of clothing, music and furniture from his home in Puerto Rico. Santa Rosa has staged several concerts and dances honoring the late singer, and recorded an album of his where with the use of modern technology, he sings "En la Soledad" (In Solitude), composed by Puchi Balseiro in a duet with him . During the week of February 24, 2003 Santa Rosa organized a two-night concert at the Center of the Performing Arts in Caguas, Puerto Rico. As an introduction to the event, he arranged for his private collection of Tito Rodríguez memorabilia to be exhibited in the lobby of the center. In 2004, he released "Autentico".^[4]

In addition, he has long played an important role in the career of his friend and protege, Víctor Manuelle, who Santa Rosa discovered. The two released a joint live album late in 2005, "Dos Soneros, Una Historia." In 2006, he released, "Directo Al Corazon", and in 2007 he carried out a concert acknowledged by the critics, in Plaza Colón at Santo Domingo and released Contraste with Conteo Regresivo being a major album hit. Furthermore, he performs alongside Chucho Avellanet, a musical comedy club-act called, Cantando y Contando, (Singing & Telling Stories), throughout the island.^[5]

On February 9, 2008 Santa Rosa participated in an event named "Concierto del amor" which was organized in the Madison Square Garden.^[6] In June 2008, "Contraste" received Gold and Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America.^[7] According to the organization, the production has sold over 1,500,000 copies.^[7] At the moment of certification, the album's first single "Conteo regresive" had been sixteen weeks in the first place among Billboard's tropical list.^[7] Meanwhile "No te vayas" began gaining positions in the same list. After participating in New York City's Puerto Rican Day Parade, Santa Rosa prepared to begin an international tour beginning on June 13, 2008, in New Orleans before proceeding to Tampa, Florida, Ecuador, Chile, Spain, Colombia and Mexico.^[7] The concert in Chile, on June 28, 2008, was Santa Rosa's first ever in said country. the event took place in the Caupolicán Theatre and was attended by approximately 8,000 fans.^[8] On July 5, 2008, Santa Rosa became the first salsa singer to perform at the Palau de la Música in Barcelona.^[9] The event was a Sold Out, filling the venue with an attendance of 2,000.^[10] Santa Rosa was selected to perform at the "Balón de Oro" award ceremony, the most important condecoration in Mexican Football.^[11] Santa Rosa was selected to take part in "La Nueva Salsa", where he would perform along several young salsa artists.^[12] Santa Rosa has also contributed to improving Puerto Rico's public education system. He participated in Sapientis Week, an initiative sponsored by the non-profit Sapientis which brings distinguished public figures into classrooms in order to raise the public's awareness of the education crisis in Puerto Rico. On July 17, 2010, he participated in the opening ceremony of the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games.

Awards and recognition[link]

On September 28, Gilberto Santa Rosa was honored by Union City, New Jersey with the key to the city and a star on the Walk of Fame at Union City's Celia Cruz Park.^[13] As of 2010, he holds the record for the most number-one albums on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart.

Discography[link]

External audio
	You may listen to Gilberto Santa Rosa's "La Agarro Bajando" here.

• 1986 - Good Vibrations (album)|Good Vibrations
• 1987 - Keeping Cool (album)|Keeping Cool
• 1988 - De Amor Y Salsa
• 1988 - Salsa... En Movimiento
• 1990 - Punto de Vista
• 1991 - Perspectiva
• 1992 - A Dos Tiempos de un Tiempo
• 1993 - Nace Aquí
• 1994 - De Cara al Viento
• 1995 - En Vivo Desde El Carnegie Hall
• 1996 - Esencia
• 1997 - De Corazón
• 1998 - Salsa Sinfonica en Venezuela
• 1999 - Expresión
• 2000 - Oro salsero
• 2000 - Perdoname...Exitos!
• 2001 - Romántico
• 2001 - Intenso
• 2002 - Viceversa
• 2003 - Sólo Bolero
• 2004 - Auténtico
• 2006 - Directo Al Corazón
• 2007 - Contraste
• 2008 - Una Navidad con Gilberto
• 2010 - Irrepetible

See also[link]

Puerto Rico portal

• List of famous Puerto Ricans

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Music of Puerto Rico