- published: 25 Sep 2012
- views: 300
- author: BabelyouFilm
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
add
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Anthony of Saxony
- Aue-Schwarzenberg
- Austria
- Austrian Silesia
- Austro-Prussian War
- Baden-Württemberg
- Barry (heraldry)
- Barycz
- Battle of Głogów
- Battle of Legnica
- Bautzen
- Bautzen (district)
- Bavaria
- Berlin
- Biała (Vistula)
- Billung
- Black noodles
- BMW
- Bogatynia
- Bohemia
- Book of Henryków
- Brain drain
- Brandenburg
- Bremen (state)
- Brunswick-Lüneburg
- Bryja
- Brynica
- Bundesrat of Germany
- Bóbr
- Carpathian Mountains
- Catholic Church
- Center-left
- Center-right
- Central Sudetes
- Chemnitz
- Chemnitz (region)
- Chemnitzer Land
- Ciapkapusta
- Circular ditches
- City-state
- Classical liberalism
- Congress of Vienna
- Conservative
- Czech language
- Czech Republic
- Daylight saving time
- Delitzsch (district)
- Die Linke
- Divoká Orlice
- Dresden
- Dresden (Bezirk)
- Dresden (region)
- Duchies of Silesia
- Duchy
- Duchy of Lauenburg
- Duchy of Saxony
- Dukes of Silesia
- Döbeln (district)
- Early Middle Ages
- East Germany
- Eastern Silesia
- Eastern Sudetes
- Eilika of Saxony
- Elbe
- Electorate of Saxony
- Electors of Saxony
- Ernestine Duchies
- Ernestine duchies
- Erzgebirge
- Erzgebirgskreis
- European Union
- Familok
- Far-left
- Far-right
- Flag of Saxony
- Flags of Silesia
- France
- Franco-Prussian War
- Free City of Lübeck
- Free Saxons
- Free State of Anhalt
- Free State of Lippe
- Freiberg
- Freiberg (district)
- Freiberg, Saxony
- FutureSAX
- Galert
- George Patton
- German Confederation
- German Empire
- German language
- German reunification
- Germanic peoples
- Germany
- Golden Bull of 1356
- Gostynia
- Gottfried Semper
- Green politics
- Gustav Stresemann
- Görlitz
- Görlitz (district)
- Hamburg
- Hauskyjza
- Henry the Lion
- Herzogtum Lauenburg
- Hesse
- History of Saxony
- History of Silesia
- Holy Roman Empire
- House of Ascania
- House of Schwarzburg
- House of Welf
- House of Wettin
- Hoyerswerda
- Imperial Circle
- ISO 3166
- Jelenia Góra valley
- Jeseník District
- Jezioro Otmuchowskie
- Jezioro Sławskie
- Jizera (river)
- John of Saxony
- Joseph Stalin
- Kaczawa
- Kamenz (district)
- Karminadle
- Kaszanka
- Katowice urban area
- King of the Romans
- Kingdom of Prussia
- Kingdom of Saxony
- Kings of Poland
- Kołocz
- Kreple
- Kwisa
- Kłodnica
- Kłodzko Valley
- Lach dialects
- Landtag of Saxony
- Leipzig
- Leipzig (Bezirk)
- Leipzig (district)
- Leipzig (region)
- Leipziger Land
- Liswarta
- London Protocol
- Low German
- Lower Saxony
- Lubusz Voivodeship
- Lusatia
- Lusatian Mountains
- Löbau-Zittau
- Makówki
- Margrave
- Marobod
- Max Seydewitz
- Mała Panew
- Meissen
- Meissen (district)
- Meißen (district)
- Mikhail Bakunin
- Minister-President
- Minister-president
- Mittelsachsen
- Mittweida (district)
- Moczka
- Modra kapusta
- Monarchy
- Moravian language
- Muldentalkreis
- Napoleon I of France
- Nationalist
- New Silesia
- Nordsachsen
- Nysa Kłodzka
- Nyskie Lake
- Oder
- Oder-Neisse line
- Old Saxon
- Old Saxony
- Olza River
- OpenStreetMap
- Opole Voivodeship
- Or (heraldry)
- Ostrava Valley
- Ottonian dynasty
- Oświęcim Valley
- Patois
- Personal union
- Pirate Party Germany
- Pirna
- Plauen
- Poland
- Polish language
- Porsche
- Portal Germany
- Portal Silesia
- Potsdam Agreement
- Potsdam Conference
- Prince-elector
- Province of Saxony
- Province of Silesia
- Prussia
- Przedgórze Sudeckie
- Przemsza
- Pszczynka
- Rawa (river)
- Regierungsbezirk
- Republic of Baden
- Republic of Reuss
- Reuss (state)
- Rhenish Republic
- Rhineland-Palatinate
- Richard Wagner
- Riesa-Großenhain
- Rybnik Coal Area
- Saarland
- Sable (heraldry)
- Saxe-Altenburg
- Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
- Saxe-Lauenburg
- Saxe-Meiningen
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- Saxe-Wittenberg
- Saxon Switzerland
- Saxons
- Saxony
- Saxony (wine region)
- Saxony Anhalt
- Saxony-Anhalt
- Schlesierlied
- Schleswig-Holstein
- Schloss Moritzburg
- Seven Years War
- Siemieniotka
- Silesia
- Silesia Walls
- Silesian Beskids
- Silesian cuisine
- Silesian dumplings
- Silesian Foothills
- Silesian German
- Silesian Highlands
- Silesian language
- Silesian Lowlands
- Silesian Offensives
- Silesian Parliament
- Silesian Piasts
- Silesian Przesieka
- Silesian Stadium
- Silesian Treasury
- Silesian Uprisings
- Silesian Voivodeship
- Silesian Wars
- Silesians
- Silicon Saxony
- Slavic languages
- Slavs
- Slezská Harta
- Slezská hymna
- Social democracy
- Socialism
- Sorbian languages
- Sorbs
- South Baden
- Stanislaw Tillich
- State country
- States of Germany
- Stem duchy
- Stollberg (district)
- Sudetenland
- Sudetes
- Sulkovian dialect
- Szałot
- Sächsische Schweiz
- Texas Silesian
- The Economist
- Thuringia
- Thuringian dialect
- Time zone
- Torgau-Oschatz
- Tourism in Silesia
- Treaty of Dresden
- Treaty of Teschen
- TU9
- United Kingdom
- Upper Saxon German
- Upper Saxony
- UTC+1
- UTC+2
- Vert (heraldry)
- Vistula
- Vogtland
- Vogtlandkreis
- VW Phaeton
- Wał Trzebnicki
- Weimar Republic
- Weißeritzkreis
- West Germany
- Western Sudetes
- Wodzionka
- World War I
- World War II
- WP IPA for German
- Württemberg-Baden
- Zwenkau
- Zwickau
- Zwickau (district)
- Zwickauer Land
- Úpa
- Ślęza
- Żur śląski
-
Annaberg
Annaberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the Czech Republic and the districts of Aue-Schwarzenberg, Stollberg and Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis. Its national colors are pink, green, and blue.
In the Middle Ages the Ore Mountains were virtually unsettled and covered by dense forests. The towns of Annaberg and Buchholz (merged in 1945 to form Annaberg-Buchholz) were founded by the turn of the 16th century due to the discovery of silver and tin deposits. Now men from the Saxon lowlands moved into the mountains and founded lots of small towns and villages.
The district of Annaberg was established in 1874.
The district of Annaberg became a part of the new district Erzgebirgskreis on 1 August 2008. The district Erzgebirgskreisconsists of the former districts of Annaberg, Stollberg, Aue-Schwarzenberg and Mittlerer Erzgebirgskeis (Marienberg).
The district was located in the western Ore Mountains on the Czech Republic–Germany border. It extended from the highest mountains on the border to more gentle hilly country in the north. The town of Oberwiesenthal is the highest located city of Germany. It is situated on the foot of the Fichtelberg, the second highest peak of the Ore Mountains at 1,214 metres (3,983 ft).
wn.com/Annaberg -
Austria
Austria (
i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: 
Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Battle of Głogów
The Battle of Głogów or Defense of Głogów (Polish: Obrona Głogowa) was fought on 24 August 1109 at the Silesian town of Głogów, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire. Recorded by the mediæval chronicler Gallus Anonymus it is presently one of the most well known battles in Polish history. The Polish forces were led by Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth, while the Imperial forces were under command of King Henry V of Germany. Bolesław was victorious.
After a long-term rivalry within the ruling Piast dynasty, Bolesław III in 1107 had finally expelled his elder half-brother and co-ruler Duke Zbigniew from Poland. Zbigniew fled to the Holy Roman Empire where he sought help from King Henry V. The king however did not take action, as he was stuck in an inner-Hungarian rivalry, supporting the Árpád prince Álmos against his brother King Coloman, and had started an armed expedition to Bratislava (Pozsony).
Henry tangled with Bolesław, when the Polish duke, loyal to King Coloman, took the occasion to campaign the Bohemian lands in 1108: As soon as the Bohemian duke Svatopluk heard of the invasion, he left the Imperial army to oust the Polish troops. Left alone, King Henry was forced to abandon his Hungarian campaign.
wn.com/Battle_of_Głogów -
Battle of Legnica
The Battle of Legnica (Polish: Bitwa pod Legnicą), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz (German: Schlacht von Liegnitz) or Battle of Wahlstatt (German: Schlacht bei Wahlstatt), was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt) near the city of Legnica in the Silesia province of the Kingdom of Poland on 9 April 1241.
A combined force of Poles, Czechs and Germans under the command of the Polish duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by the Pope, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Europe. The battle came two days before the Mongol victory over the Hungarians at the much larger Battle of Mohi.
As with many historical battles, the exact details of force composition, tactics, and the actual course of the battle are lacking and sometimes contradictory.
A modern revisionist interpretation is that it was a crushing defeat for the Eastern European forces where they suffered heavy casualties. It is known that the Mongols had no intentions at the time of extending the campaign westward, because they went to the Kingdom of Hungary to help the main Mongol army in the conquest of the country.
wn.com/Battle_of_Legnica -
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] ( listen)), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine-Westphalia), with 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, probably did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation.
wn.com/Bavaria -
Berlin
Berlin ( /bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
wn.com/Berlin -
Bogatynia
Bogatynia [bɔɡaˈtɨɲa] ( listen) (German: Reichenau) is a town in Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the tripoint of the Czech, German and Polish borders. The town lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) south of Zgorzelec, and 147 kilometres (91 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław. As of 2006 it had 19,068 inhabitants.
The settlement in the historical region of Upper Lusatia was first mentioned in a 1262 deed. Initially a possession of the Bohemian crown, Lusatia by the 1635 Peace of Prague fell to the Saxon Electorate. As Saxony had sided with Napoleon it had to cede the northeastern part of Upper Lusatia to Prussia according to the Final Act of the 1815 Vienna Congress. After the new border had been drawn, Reichenau was the only locality east of the Neisse river that belonged to the Kingdom of Saxony. With the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line at the end of World War II, it was therefore the only municipality in Poland which until 1945 was part of the Free State of Saxony. At first called Rychwald, the town was renamed in 1947.
wn.com/Bogatynia -
Bohemia
Bohemia (Czech: Čechy;German: Böhmen (help·info); Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in historical contexts, such as the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Bohemia has an area of 52,065 km² and today is home to approximately 6 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. It is bordered by Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, the historical region of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše (Giant Mountains), the highest within the Sudeten mountain range.
In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy, with various peoples including the Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia (194 BC) and the Battle of Mutina (193 BC). After this, many of the Boii retreated north across the Alps.
wn.com/Bohemia -
Brandenburg
Brandenburg ( listen (help·info); Low German: Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the national capital and city-state of Berlin.
Originating in the medieval Northern March, the Margraviate of Brandenburg grew to become the core of the Kingdom of Prussia, which would later become the Free State of Prussia. The eastern third of historic Brandenburg (Ostbrandenburg/Neumark) was ceded to Poland in 1945.
In late medieval and early modern times, Brandenburg was one of seven electoral states of the Holy Roman Empire, and, along with Prussia, formed the original core of the German Empire, the first unified German state. Governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty from 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin. After 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were combined to form Brandenburg-Prussia, which was ruled by the same branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1701 the state was elevated as the Kingdom of Prussia. Franconian Nuremberg and Ansbach, Swabian Hohenzollern, the eastern European connections of Berlin, and the status of Brandenburg's ruler as prince-elector together were instrumental in the rise of that state.
wn.com/Brandenburg -
Brynica
Brynica (German: Brinitz) is a river in Silesia and Lesser Poland (Małopolska), Poland. It has a length of 55 km and is the main confluence of Czarna Przemsza. It has a source in Wymysłów, and flows through Piekary Śląskie, Wojkowice, Czeladź, Siemianowice Śląskie, Świerklaniec, Katowice, Sosnowiec and finally Mysłowice where it joins Czarna Przemsza.
Coordinates: 50°15′32″N 19°08′14″E / 50.2588394632°N 19.1372823715°E / 50.2588394632; 19.1372823715
wn.com/Brynica -
Bundesrat of Germany
The German Bundesrat (literally "Federal Council"; pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁaːt]) is a legislative body that represents the sixteen Länder (federal states) of Germany at the federal level. It has its seat at the former Prussian House of Lords in Berlin.
The Bundesrat participates in legislation, alongside of the Bundestag, the directly elected representation of the people of Germany, with laws affecting state competences and all constitutional changes requiring the consent of the body. Functioning similarly, it is often said to be an upper house such as the US Senate or the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, although the German constitution does not declare the Bundestag and Bundesrat to form houses of a bicameral parliament (the word "Parliament" does not even occur in the Constitution). Officially, it is generally referred to as a "constitutional body" alongside the Bundestag, the President, the Government and the Federal Constitutional Court.
Bundesrath (from 1901 on: Bundesrat, according to a general spelling reform) was already the name of similar bodies in the North German Confederation (1867) and the German Empire (1871). In 1919-1933/1934 the name was Reichsrat.
wn.com/Bundesrat_of_Germany -
Chemnitzer Land
Chemnitzer Land is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the district of Mittweida, the city of Chemnitz, the districts of Stollberg and Zwickauer Land and the state of Thuringia (district Altenburger Land).
The history of the region is largely influenced by the neighbouring cities of Chemnitz and Zwickau. In medieval times the town of Glauchau, today the capital of the district, was the centre of the county of Schönburg-Glauchau. The East German government attempted to turn the region in a huge industrial complex, which is the reason for the dense population.
The district was established in 1994 by merging the former districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In August 2008, as a part of the district reform in Saxony, the districts of Zwickauer Land, Chemnitzer Land and the urban district Zwickau were merged into the new district Zwickau.
Once a densely forested region, Chemnitzer Land now is a highly urbanised region with few green areas left. The Zwickauer Mulde river runs through the northernmost part of the district.
wn.com/Chemnitzer_Land -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which Austria, Britain, France and Russia brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, and served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations and United Nations.
wn.com/Congress_of_Vienna -
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
wn.com/Czech_Republic -
Divoká Orlice
Divoká Orlice (Polish: Dzika Orlica, German: Wilde Adler) is a river in the Sudetes, separating the Bystrzyckie Mountains and Orlické Mountains. It is one of the main tributaries of the Orlice River, and is a part of Elbe river basin. It has its sources in Poland and then forms the border between Poland and the Czech Republic for 26 km. In Albrechtice nad Orlicí it joins with the Tichá Orlice to form the Orlice river. It is 99.3 km long.
Coordinates: 50°08′04″N 16°04′09″E / 50.1345°N 16.0691°E / 50.1345; 16.0691
wn.com/Divoká_Orlice -
East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ˈdɔʏtʃə demoˈkʀaːtɪʃə ʀepuˈbliːk] or DDR), informally known as East Germany (German: Ostdeutschland), was a socialist state established by the USSR in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city. The GDR had an area of 107,771 km2 (41,610 mi2), bordering Czechoslovakia to the south, West Germany to the south and west, Poland to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. East Germany was dissolved upon joining the institutions of West Germany in the German reunification, on 3 October 1990.
wn.com/East_Germany -
Erzgebirgskreis
Erzgebirgskreis is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is named after the Erzgebirge ("Ore Mountains"), a mountain range in the southern part of the district which forms part of the Germany–Czech Republic border. It borders (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Vogtlandkreis and Zwickau, the urban district Chemnitz, the district Mittelsachsen and the Czech Republic.
The district was established by merging the former districts of Annaberg, Aue-Schwarzenberg, Stollberg and Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis as part of the district reform of August 2008.
The district contains the western part of the Erzgebirge, which also forms the border with the Czech Republic. Several rivers that rise in the Erzgebirge flow through the district, including Zwickauer Mulde and Zschopau.
Media related to Erzgebirgskreis at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 50°36′N 12°57′E / 50.6°N 12.95°E / 50.6; 12.95
wn.com/Erzgebirgskreis -
France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
wn.com/France -
Free City of Lübeck
The Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck was a city-state from 1226 to 1937, in what is now the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
In 1226 Emperor Frederick II declared the city of Lübeck to be an Imperial Free City. In the 14th century Lübeck became the "Queen of the Hanseatic League", being by far the largest and most powerful member of this medieval trade organization.
In 1359 Lübeck bought the ducal Herrschaft of Mölln from the indebted Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln, a branch of the ducal house of Saxe-Lauenburg. The City and Duke — with the consent of the latter´s brother Eric — agreed on a price of 9,737.50 Lübeck marks. The parties also agreed a clause allowing for the repurchase of the lands by the Duke or his heirs but only if the they were buying back the property for themselves and not for a third party. Lübeck considered this acquisition to be crucially important, since Mölln was an important stage in the commerce between Brunswick and Lunenburg - especially in the trading of salt - via Lübeck to Scandinavia and back. Therefore Lübeck manned Mölln with armed guards maintaining law and order on the roads.
wn.com/Free_City_of_Lübeck -
Free State of Anhalt
The Free State of Anhalt (German: Freistaat Anhalt) was formed after Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt abdicated on 12 November 1918, ending the Duchy of Anhalt. It was a state of Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. In May 1932 the Nazi Party came to power in Anhalt and, after the Nazis attained power at the federal level in 1933, Anhalt was abolished de facto by the federal Nazi government, becoming part of the Gau of Magdeburg-Anhalt.
At the end of World War II, when Germany was divided into zones of occupation, Anhalt was merged with the bulk of the Prussian Province of Saxony to form the Soviet-administered German state of Saxony-Anhalt. This state was then dissolved in 1952 but reformed in 1990 after the reunification of Germany.
Reichsstatthalter for Anhalt and Brunswick (headquarters in Dessau)
wn.com/Free_State_of_Anhalt -
Free State of Lippe
The Free State of Lippe (German: Freistaat Lippe) was a German state formed after the Principality of Lippe was abolished following the German Revolution of 1918.
After the end of World War II, Lippe was restored from Nazi rule. This autonomy ended in January 1947 when British forces incorporated Lippe into the new German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, which had been established some 3 months earlier. The British established a number of military bases in North Rhine-Westphalia one of which was located within the former boundaries of The Free State of Lippe.
Coordinates: 51°56′10″N 8°52′41″E / 51.936182°N 8.877962°E / 51.936182; 8.877962
wn.com/Free_State_of_Lippe -
German Confederation
The German Confederation (German: Deutscher Bund) was the loose association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries. It acted as a buffer between the powerful states of Austria and Prussia. Britain approved of it because London felt that there was need for a stable, peaceful power in central Europe that could discourage aggressive moves by France or Russia. According to Lee (1985), most historians have judged the Confederation to be weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to German nationalist aspirations. It collapsed due to the rivalry between Prussia and Austria (known as German dualism), warfare, the 1848 revolution, and the inability of the multiple members to compromise.
In 1848, revolutions by liberals and nationalists were a failed attempt to establish a unified German state. Talks between the German states failed in 1848, and the confederation briefly dissolved but was re-established in 1850.
wn.com/German_Confederation -
German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
wn.com/German_Empire -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Hamburg
Hamburg ( /ˈhæmbɜrɡ/; German pronunciation: [ˈhambʊɐ̯k], local pronunciation [ˈhambʊɪç]; Low German/Low Saxon: Hamborg [ˈhaˑmbɔːx]), officially Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, is the second-largest city in Germany, the thirteenth largest German state, and the sixth-largest city in the European Union. The city is home to over 1.8 million people, while the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighbouring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 4.3 million inhabitants. Situated on the river Elbe, the port of Hamburg is the second largest port in Europe (after the Port of Rotterdam) and 11th-largest worldwide.
Hamburg's official name, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (German: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg), reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, as a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, and that Hamburg is a city-state and one of the sixteen States of Germany.
Hamburg is a major transport hub in Northern Germany and is one of the most affluent cities in Europe. It has become a media and industrial centre, with plants and facilities belonging to Airbus, Blohm + Voss and Aurubis. The radio and television broadcaster Norddeutscher Rundfunk and publishers such as Gruner + Jahr and Spiegel-Verlag are pillars of the important media industry in Hamburg. In total, there are more than 120,000 enterprises.
wn.com/Hamburg -
Herzogtum Lauenburg
Herzogtum Lauenburg (English: Duchy of Lauenburg) is the southernmost Kreis, or district, of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bordered by (from the west and clockwise) the district of Stormarn, the city of Lübeck, the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (districts of Nordwestmecklenburg and Ludwigslust-Parchim), the state of Lower Saxony (districts of Lüneburg and Harburg), and the city state of Hamburg. The district of Herzogtum Lauenburg is named after the former Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg.
The district's territory comprises most of the former Duchy's territory north of the river Elbe, except of the Amt Neuhaus. All the former Saxe-Lauenburgian areas beyond the Elbe belong today to the Lower Saxon districts of Cuxhaven (Land of Hadeln), Harburg and Lüneburg.
The district's area contains a number of historically important towns, e.g. Lauenburg/Elbe, Mölln and Ratzeburg. This importance was due to the Old Salt Route (Alte Salzstraße), one of the major medieval trade routes. Salt from the salt-works south of the Elbe river was transported northward to Lübeck. The transport of salt was also the motive for constructing the oldest artificial waterway of Europe, the Stecknitz Canal (1398). It was replaced in 1900 by the Elbe-Lübeck Canal.
wn.com/Herzogtum_Lauenburg -
Hesse
Hesse /ˈhɛs/ or Hessia (German: Hessen [ˈhɛsən], Hessian dialect: Hesse [ˈhɛzə]) is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.
The English name "Hesse" comes from the Hessian dialect. The variant "Hessia" comes from the medieval latin Hassia. The German term Hessen is used by the European Commission, not because it is English, but because their general policy is to leave regional names untranslated (paragraphs 1.31 & 1.35). The term "Hesse" ultimately derives from a Germanic tribe called the Chatti, who settled in the region in the first century B.C.
An inhabitant of Hesse is called a Hessian (German: Hesse (masculine) or Hessin (feminine)) (see also Hessian (soldiers)).
As early as the Paleolithic period, the Central Hessian region was inhabited. Due to the favorable climate of the location, people lived there about 50,000 years ago during the last glacial period, as burial sites show from this era. Finds of paleolitical tools in southern Hesse in Rüsselsheim suggest Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago. The Züschen tomb (German: Steinkammergrab von Züschen, sometimes also Lohne-Züschen) is a prehistoric burial monument, located between Lohne and Züschen, near Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany. Classified as a gallery grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone cist (hessisch-westfälische Steinkiste), it is one of the most important megalithic monuments in Central Europe. Dating to the late 4th millennium BC (and possibly remaining in use until the early 3rd), it belongs to the Late Neolithic Wartberg culture.
wn.com/Hesse -
Jelenia Góra valley
Jelenia Góra valley (Polish: Kotlina Jeleniogórska; German: Hirschberger Tal) in Poland is a big valley at the Silesian northern side of the Western Sudetes and next to Kłodzko Valley the largest intramontane basin of the Sudetes. It is situated at an altitude of 250–400 meters above sea level and covers an area of 273 km2. In the 19th century, the lovely landscape attracted the Prussian high nobility, which built magnificent palaces, manors and parks. The enormous number of stately homes turned the valley into one of the most important garden landscapes in Middle Europe.
Jelenia Góra valley is surrounded by parts of the Sudetes mountains. It lies at the foot of the Karkonosze, which are also its southern limit. In the east it borders to Rudawy Janowickie, in the west to the Iser Izery Mountains and in the north to the Kaczawskie Mountains. The Bóbr runs through the valley along its northern side, its tributaries Łomnica and Kamienna flow, from the southeast and south-west, along the eastern and western side of the valley and open out near Hirschberg, since 1945 Jelenia Gora into the Bóbr. The name of the valley derives from Hirschberg (translated to Jelena Gora), which is also the most important town of the Silesian Karkonosze.
wn.com/Jelenia_Góra_valley -
Jeseník District
Jeseník District (Czech: Okres Jeseník) is a district (okres) in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. Its seat is the town Jeseník.
The area called Jeseníky region is in the most northern bulge of Silesia and Moravia. It is closed by frontier with Poland that passes westward through Rychleby Hills and crosses the Nysa Lowlands to Zlaté Hory. The massif of Hrubý Jeseník in the south represents both the geomorphologic and climatic contrast to the lowlands of Javorník and Vidnava opened to Poland.
The town of Jeseník, an important crossing connection, connecting Silesia, separated by the mountain ridge from Moravia is the cultural and economic centre of the region. This town is situated at rivers Bělá and Stařič confluence forming a wide and branching valley where the diversity in the composition of nationalities is very diversified.
In the year 1969 the Protected Landscape Area (CHKO) Jeseník was founded, comprising the mountain ridge of Hrubý Jeseník and a part of the Zlatohorská vrchovina (Highlands). Specifically valuable areas are protected in national reserves: Šerák-Keprník with conserved virgin forest and distinguished flora and Rejvíz with the highmoor bog and rich fauna and flora. Similar importance has the National Reserve Rašenliniště Skřitek ("the peat bog") and the largest and most valuable nature reservation Praděd (Mt.) with famous Velký and Malý Kotel (big and Little Kettle) called the "Botanic Garden of the Middle Europe". The National Nature Monument Špičák is known with its karst formation and ingenuous growths of yew.
wn.com/Jeseník_District -
Kingdom of Saxony
The Kingdom of Saxony (German: Königreich Sachsen), lasting between 1806 and 1918, was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic Germany. From 1871 it was part of the German Empire. It became a Free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.
Before 1806 Saxony was part of the Holy Roman Empire, a thousand-year-old entity which had once aspired to be a single state, but had become highly decentralised over the centuries. The rulers of Electorate of Saxony had held the title of elector for several centuries. When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz, the electorate was raised to the status of an independent kingdom with the support of France, then the dominant power in Central Europe. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I.
wn.com/Kingdom_of_Saxony -
Kłodzko Valley
The Kłodzko Valley (Polish: Kotlina Kłodzka, Czech: Kladská kotlina, German: Glatzer Tal) is a valley of the Sudetes mountain range in Kłodzko County, south-western Poland, close to the border with the Czech Republic.
It is traversed by the upper Nysa Kłodzka river running from south to north and surrounded by the Table Mountains, Bardzkie Mountains and Bystrzyckie Mountains of the Central Sudetes in the west as well as by the Śnieżnik Mountains, Golden Mountains and Owl Mountains of the Eastern Sudetes in the east. The mountain passes of Kudowa in the west and of Międzylesie in the south lead to Bohemia. In the northwest the Nysa river passes through the Bardzkie Mountains to Bardo in Lower Silesia. The major towns of the valley are Kłodzko, Bystrzyca Kłodzka and Nowa Ruda.
The valley is the central area of the former County of Kladsko and today a popular tourist region both in summer and winter, with numerous hotels and sanatoria.
Coordinates: 50°15′N 16°40′E / 50.25°N 16.667°E / 50.25; 16.667
wn.com/Kłodzko_Valley -
Landtag of Saxony
The Landtag of Saxony, also referred to as the Parliament of Saxony or the Saxon Parliament, is the German state of Saxony's legislature. It is based on the Constitution of the Free State of Saxony, drafted in 1992.
Some form of a Landtag has existed in the state of Saxony or its predecessors since the 15th century, and a modern-style bicameral constitutionally-based legislature was introduced in 1831. In the wake of the tumultuous 1848 revolutions, Saxony's Landtag extended voting rights (though still maintaining property requirements) and abolished voting-taxes. As the years went on, Saxony was incorporated into the German Empire and more voting rights were gradually extended.
By the early 1900s, Saxony's local politics had settled into a niche in which Social-Democrats (predecessors to today's SPD), Conservatives (predecessors to today's CDU), and so-called National-Liberals (who have no ideological descendants today; perhaps a fusion of FDP free-marketism and the NPD's voelkisch ideals) were splitting the share of votes and Landtag seats three ways. (In 1909: Social-Democrats won 27% of seats, Conservatives won 31% of seats, "National-Liberals" won 31% of seats). Voter participation was high (82% in 1909).
wn.com/Landtag_of_Saxony -
Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony (German: Niedersachsen [ˈniːdɐzaksən], Low German: Neddersassen) is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, is still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.
Lower Saxony borders on (from north and clockwise) the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single federal state. The state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its seaport city of Bremerhaven. The state's principal cities include Hanover, Brunswick, Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, and Göttingen.
The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia and the seven East Frisian Islands offshore are popular with tourists. In the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the gentle hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands: the Weser Uplands and the Harz mountains. Between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges.
wn.com/Lower_Saxony -
Lubusz Voivodeship
Lubusz Voivodeship, or Lubuskie Province (in Polish, województwo lubuskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbuskʲɛ]), is a voivodeship (province) in western Poland.
It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name recalls the historic Lubusz Land (Lebus or Lubus), although part of the voivodeship in fact belongs to the historic region of Silesia.
The functions of regional capital are shared between two cities: Gorzów Wielkopolski and Zielona Góra. Gorzów serves as the seat of the centrally appointed voivode or governor, while Zielona Góra is the seat of the elected regional assembly (sejmik) and the executive elected by that assembly, headed by the marszałek.
The region is mainly flat, with many lakes and woodlands. In the south, around Zielona Góra, grapes are cultivated.
Lubusz Voivodeship borders West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the north, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the east, Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the south, and Germany (Brandenburg and Saxony) to the west.
wn.com/Lubusz_Voivodeship -
Mała Panew
The Mała Panew (German: Malapane) is a river in south-western Poland, Silesian and Opole Voivodeships. It is a right tributary of the Oder, merging with the Oder near the village of Czarnowąsy near Opole.
The length of the Mała Panew is 132 km; the area of the watershed is 2132 km2.
Coordinates: 50°43′06″N 17°52′38″E / 50.71833°N 17.87722°E / 50.71833; 17.87722
wn.com/Mała_Panew -
Mittelsachsen
Mittelsachsen is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
The district was established by merging the former districts of Döbeln, Freiberg and Mittweida as part of the district reform of August 2008.
The district stretches from the Erzgebirge ("Ore Mountains") on the Czech Republic–Germany border to the plains between Leipzig and Dresden. The main rivers of the district are the Freiberger Mulde and Zschopau. The district borders (from the west and clockwise) the state Thuringia, the districts of Leipzig, Nordsachsen, Meißen, Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, the Czech Republic, Erzgebirgskreis, the urban district Chemnitz, and the district of Zwickau.
Media related to Landkreis Mittelsachsen at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 50°55′N 13°11′E / 50.917°N 13.183°E / 50.917; 13.183
wn.com/Mittelsachsen -
New Silesia
New Silesia (German: Neuschlesien or Neu-Schlesien) was a small province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 to 1807, created after the Third Partition of Poland. It was located northwest of Kraków and southeast of Częstochowa, in the lands that had been part of the Silesian Duchy of Siewierz and the adjacent Polish historical province of Lesser Poland (the Kraków Voivodeship), including the towns of Żarki, Pilica, Będzin, and Sławków.
New Silesia had its capital at Siewierz. However, it was originally to be governed by the Silesian capital Breslau (Wrocław) and later largely administered by South Prussia. After the defeat of Prussia in the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806, the province was dissolved and the territory was made part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw in the Treaties of Tilsit of 1807.
Coordinates: 50°28′N 19°13′E / 50.467°N 19.217°E / 50.467; 19.217
wn.com/New_Silesia -
Nordsachsen
Nordsachsen is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
The district was established by merging the former districts of Delitzsch and Torgau-Oschatz as part of the district reform of August 2008.
On 10 December 2009 the district council adopted the district's new coat of arms.
The district is located in the plains north and east of Leipzig. The main rivers of the district are the Mulde and the Elbe. The district borders (from the west and clockwise) the states Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg, the districts of Meißen, Mittelsachsen and Leipzig, and the urban district Leipzig.
Media related to Landkreis Nordsachsen at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 51°30′N 12°45′E / 51.5°N 12.75°E / 51.5; 12.75
wn.com/Nordsachsen -
Olza River
Olza (help·info) (Czech: Olše, German: Olsa) is a river in Poland and the Czech Republic, the right tributary of the Oder River. It flows from the Silesian Beskids through southern Cieszyn Silesia in Poland and Frýdek-Místek and Karviná districts of the Czech Republic, often forming the border with Poland. It flows into the Oder River north of Bohumín. The Olza-Oder confluence also forms a border.
It is a symbol of the Zaolzie (Polish: Trans-Olza River) region, which lies on its west bank, constituting a part of the western half of Cieszyn Silesia. The unofficial anthem of this region and local Poles, Płyniesz Olzo po dolinie (You flow Olza, down the valley), written by Jan Kubisz, is centered around the river.
Olza inspired many other artists. Writers who wrote about the river include Adolf Fierla, Pola Gojawiczyńska, Emanuel Grim, Julian Przyboś, Vladislav Vančura, Adam Wawrosz. Singer Jaromír Nohavica used the motive of Olza in several of his songs.
wn.com/Olza_River -
Opole Voivodeship
Opole Voivodeship, or Opole Province (Polish: województwo opolskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ ɔˈpɔlskʲɛ]; German: Woiwodschaft Oppeln/Oppelner Schlesien), is a Polish voivodeship, or province, created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Opole Voivodeship and parts of Częstochowa Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name derives from that of the region's capital and largest city, Opole, pronounced [ɔˈpɔlɛ]. It is part of Silesia, and the territorial successor of the former German Upper Silesia, which had the same city — then Oppeln — as its capital.
Opole Voivodeship is bordered by Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Greater Poland and Łódź Voivodeships to the north, Silesian Voivodeship to the east, and the Czech Republic to the south.
Opole Province's geographic location, economic potential, and its population's level of education make it an attractive business partner for other Polish regions (especially Lower Silesian and Silesian Voivodeships) and for foreign investors. Formed in 1997, the Praděd/Pradziad Euroregion has facilitated economic, cultural and tourist exchanges between the border areas of Poland and the Czech Republic.
wn.com/Opole_Voivodeship -
Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
wn.com/Poland -
Province of Saxony
The Province of Saxony (German: Provinz Sachsen) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the Free State of Prussia from 1816 until 1945. Its capital was Magdeburg.
The province was created in 1816 out of the following territories:
The Province of Saxony was one of the richest regions of Prussia with highly developed agriculture and industry. In 1932 the province was enlarged with the addition of the regions around Ilfeld and Elbingerode, which had previously been part of the Province of Hanover.
On 1 July 1944, the Province of Saxony was divided along the lines of its three administrative regions. The Erfurt Regierungsbezirk was merged with the Herrschaft Schmalkalden district of the Province of Hesse-Nassau and given to the state of Thuringia. The Magdeburg Regierungsbezirk became the Province of Magdeburg, and the Merseburg Regierungsbezirk became the Province of Halle-Merseburg.
In 1945, the Soviet military administration combined Magdeburg and Halle-Merseburg with the State of Anhalt into the Province of Saxony-Anhalt, with Halle as its capital. The eastern part of the Blankenburg exclave of Brunswick and the Thuringian exclave of Allstedt were also added to Saxony-Anhalt. In 1947, Saxony-Anhalt became a state.
wn.com/Province_of_Saxony -
Republic of Baden
The Republic of Baden (German: Republik Baden) was a state of Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic, formed after the abolition of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1918. It is now part of the modern German state of Baden-Württemberg.
With revolution threatening the German Empire in the dying days of World War I, the state ministry of the Grand Duchy of Baden passed an electoral reform on 2 November 1918 in a final attempt to preserve the monarchy there. On 8 November, workers' and soldiers' councils were established in Lahr and Offenburg. On the following day, similar councils were established in Mannheim and Karlsruhe and the entire Badische state ministry stepped down.
On 10 November, a provisional government was formed in Karlsruhe and an assembly of the various revolutionary councils was held on the following day. On 13 November, Grand Duke Frederick II, relinquished all governing duties and eventually abdicated on 22 November, almost a week before the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
wn.com/Republic_of_Baden -
Republic of Reuss
The Republic of Reuss (or "People's Republic of Reuss") was a short-lived country in what is now Thuringia. This republic was formed after the reigning princes of the two Reuss principalities abdicated and elections were held in both states. The new republic was born on 4 April 1919. It merged with six other small states to form Thuringia, a member state of the Weimar Republic, on 1 May 1920.
wn.com/Republic_of_Reuss -
Saarland
Saarland (German pronunciation: [ˈzaːɐlant]; French: Sarre, IPA: [saʁ]) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. The capital is Saarbrücken. It has an area of 2570 km² and 1,045,000 inhabitants. In both area and population, it is the smallest state in Germany other than the city-states (Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg). Its location on the border between France and Germany has given Saarland a unique history.
The Saar did not exist as a unified entity until its creation as the Territory of the Saar Basin by the League of Nations after World War I. Prior to this, some parts of the current entity were Prussian and other parts Bavarian. The inhabitants voted to rejoin Germany in a plebiscite in 1935.
From 1947 to 1956 the Saar was a French-occupied territory (the "Saar Protectorate") separate from the rest of Germany. In 1955 the inhabitants were offered independence in a plebiscite, but instead voted to become a state of West Germany. From 1920 to 1935, and then from 1947 to 1959, the inhabitants used postage stamps issued specially for the territory; see postage stamps and postal history of the Saar for details. Between 1950 and 1956, Saarland was a member of the Council of Europe.
wn.com/Saarland -
Saxon Switzerland
Saxon Switzerland (German: Sächsische Schweiz) is a hilly climbing area and national park around the Elbe valley south-east of Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Together with the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic it forms the Elbe Sandstone Mountains.
Saxon Switzerland alone has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.
The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge. The fortress of Königstein is a well-known landmark.
The German name for Saxon Switzerland, Sächsische Schweiz, appeared in the 18th century. Two Swiss artists, Adrian Zingg and Anton Graff, were appointed in 1766 to the Dresden Academy of Art.
They felt the landscape was reminiscent of their homeland, the Swiss Jura, and reported in their exchange of letters on the difference between their homeland and "Saxon Switzerland". Previously, the Saxon part of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains had merely been referred to as the Meissen Highlands (Meißner Hochland), Meissen Oberland (Meissen Oberland) or Heath above Schandau (Heide über Schandau).
wn.com/Saxon_Switzerland -
Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈzaksən]; Upper Sorbian: Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with (18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most-populous (4.3 million) of Germany's sixteen states.
Located in the middle of an erstwhile German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, a republic from 1918 to 1952 and then again from 1990.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Sachsen is divided into three Direktionsbezirke — Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig — which are subdivided into 10 districts:
wn.com/Saxony -
Saxony Anhalt
Saxony-Anhalt (German: Sachsen-Anhalt, pronounced [ˌzaksən ˈanhalt], Low German: Sassen-Anholt) is a landlocked state of Germany. Its capital is Magdeburg and it is surrounded by the German states of Lower Saxony, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia.
Saxony-Anhalt covers an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres (7,894.9 sq mi). It has a population of 2.34 million (more than 2.8 million in 1990).
Saxony-Anhalt should not be confused with Saxony or Lower Saxony, also German states.
Saxony-Anhalt is one of 16 states of Germany. It is located in the western part of eastern Germany. By size, it is the 8th largest state in Germany, and by population, the 10th largest.
In the north, the Saxony-Anhalt landscape is dominated by plain (North German Plain). The old Hanseatic towns Salzwedel, Gardelegen, Stendal, or Tangermünde are located in the sparsely populated Altmark. The Colbitz-Letzlingen Heath and the Drömling near Wolfsburg mark the transition between the Altmark region and the Elbe-Börde-Heath region with its fertile, sparsely wooded Magdeburg Börde. Notable towns in the Magdeburg Börde are Haldensleben, Oschersleben (Bode), Wanzleben, Schönebeck (Elbe), Aschersleben and the capital Magdeburg, from which the Börde derives its name.
wn.com/Saxony_Anhalt -
Silesia Walls
Silesia Walls (Polish: Wały Śląskie, German: Dreigräben) are a line of three (or sometimes fewer) parallel earthen ramparts and ditches that run through Lower Silesia in Poland, by the towns Szprotawa and Kożuchów. The walls are about 2.5 metres tall and, at their widest, 47 metres. They run for about 30 kilometres. It is hypothesized by Maciej Boryna of the Muzeum Ziemi Szprotawskiej that the Silesia Walls were the southwest border of the Duchy of Głogów and built in 1413-1467. It is possible that rather than being military in nature the wall was designed to reduce smuggling.
Coordinates: 51°29′50″N 15°37′08″E / 51.49722°N 15.61889°E / 51.49722; 15.61889
wn.com/Silesia_Walls -
Silesian Foothills
Silesian Foothills (Polish: Pogórze Śląskie) are foothills located in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.
It has an area of 545 km². Its western border is Olza river, eastern Skawa. Other main rivers that cut the foothills are from west to east: Vistula, Biała and Soła. To the south are Silesian Beskids and Little Beskids, in north it converts into Ostrava Basin and Oświęcim Basin. The towns located on the foothils are: Cieszyn, Skoczów, Bielsko-Biała, Kęty, Andrychów and Wadowice.
Coordinates: 49°50′N 19°2′E / 49.833°N 19.033°E / 49.833; 19.033
wn.com/Silesian_Foothills -
Silesian Stadium
Silesian Stadium (Polish: Stadion Śląski) is a sport stadium located between Chorzów and Katowice, Silesia, Poland. It opened on 22 July 1956 and has since hosted crowds of over 120,000 for both football matches and motorcycle speedway world championships. It also hosts music festivals.
In 1949 the decision was made to build the Silesia Stadium in 1950 and Julian Brzuchowski was chosen as its designer. Silesia Stadium was completed in 1956, together with the 10th Anniversary Stadium (Polish: Stadion Dziesięciolecia) in Warsaw. On 22 July 1956, it hosted its first event - a friendly game with the East Germany national football team (2:0 for the Germans). Electric lighting was installed in 1959.
Initially designed to hold 87,000 people, it was often filled by crowds ranging between 90,000 and 100,000. On 18 September 1963, it held a record number of spectators (120,000) during a European Cup match between Górnik Zabrze and FK Austria Wien. However, the enforcement of international security standards forced the stadium's authorities to reduce its number of seats.
wn.com/Silesian_Stadium -
Silesian Voivodeship
Silesian Voivodeship, or Silesia Province (in Polish, województwo śląskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ ˈɕlɔ̃skʲɛ]), is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centering on the historic region known as Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk), with the capital in Katowice. Contrary to the name, however, eastern half of Silesian Voivodeship is not historical Silesia, but Lesser Poland.
It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Katowice, Częstochowa and Bielsko-Biała Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998.
The Silesian voivodeship is historically territorially aligned with the Polish region of Upper Silesia.
At the time of Svatopluk I and King Arnulf of Carinthia in the 9th century, Silesia was a part of Greater Moravia; after its destruction in the early 10th century, it was conquered by Bohemia. A number of earlier inhabitants of Silesia, the Silingi, remained in the region and they concentrated around the Zobten mountain and in a settlement named Niempsch (derived from a Slavic name for Germans).[citation needed]
wn.com/Silesian_Voivodeship -
Sudetes
The Sudetes /suːˈdiːtiːz/ is a mountain range in Central Europe. It is also known as the Sudeten (German [zuˈdeːtən]) or Sudety (Czech [ˈsudetɪ], Polish [suˈdɛtɨ]) Mountains.
The Sudetes stretch from eastern Germany to Poland and the Czech Republic. The highest peak is Sněžka, (Polish: Śnieżka, German: Schneekoppe) in the Krkonoše (Polish: Karkonosze) Mountains on the Czech-Polish border, which is 1,602 metres (5,256 ft) in altitude. The current geomorphological unit in the Czech part of the mountain range is Krkonošsko-jesenická subprovincie ("Krkonoše-Jeseníky").
The Krkonoše Mountains have experienced growing tourism for winter sports during the past ten years. Their skiing resorts are becoming a budget alternative to the Alps.
The name Sudetes has been derived from Sudeti montes, a Latinization of the name Soudeta ore used in the Geographia by Ptolemy (Book 2, Chapter 10) ca. 150 for the present-day northern Czech mountains. Ptolemy said that they were above the Gabreta Forest, which places them in the Sudetenland. Ptolemy wrote in Greek, in which the name is a neuter plural. Latin mons, however, is a masculine, hence Sudeti. The Latin version is likely to be a scholastic innovation, as it is not attested in classical Latin literature.
wn.com/Sudetes -
Sächsische Schweiz
The Sächsische Schweiz (English: Saxon Switzerland) is a former district (Kreis) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Neighboring districts were (from west clockwise) Weißeritzkreis, the district-free city Dresden and the districts Kamenz and Bautzen. To the south it bordered the Czech Republic.
The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged. In August 2008, as a part of the district reform in Saxony, the districts of Sächsische Schweiz and Weißeritzkreis were merged into the new district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge.
The district is named after the landscape - the Saxon Switzerland - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony. To the west are the Ore Mountains, and to the east the Lausitzer Bergland (Lusatian Mountains). The river Elbe flows through the Elbsandsteingebirge and separates the two mountain ranges. The highest elevation of the district is the 644 m (2,113 ft) high Oelsener Höhe in the southwest of the district, the lowest elevation is the valley of the Elbe at the boundary to Dresden which is 109 m (358 ft) above sea level.
wn.com/Sächsische_Schweiz -
Thuringia
The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈtyːʁɪŋən], English /θjʊərˈrɪndʒiə/) is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres (6,244 sq mi) and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. Most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe. Its capital is Erfurt.
Thuringia has been known by the nickname of "the green heart of Germany" (das grüne Herz Deutschlands) from the late 19th century, due to the dense forest that covers the terrain.
Thuringia is well known in Germany for nature and winter sports. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germany's most famous hiking trail, and the winter resort of Oberhof. Germany has won more Winter Olympics gold medals than any other country in the last 20 years, and half of Germany's gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes.
From the northwest going clockwise, Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse. The ridges of the western Harz Mountains divide the region from Lower Saxony on the north-west, while the eastern Harz similarly separates Thuringia from the state of Saxony-Anhalt to the north-east. To the south and southwest, the Thuringian Forest effectively separates the ancient region of Franconia, now the northern part of Bavaria, from the rolling plains of most of Thuringia. The central Harz range extends southwards along the western side into the northwest corner of the Thuringian Forest region, making Thuringia a lowland basin of rolling plains nearly surrounded by ancient somewhat-difficult mountains. To the west across the mountains and south is the drainage basin of the Rhine River.
wn.com/Thuringia -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important[citation needed] river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km2 (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km2 (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).
wn.com/Vistula -
Vogtlandkreis
The Vogtlandkreis is a Landkreis (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, at the borders to Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Neighboring districts are (from south clockwise) Hof, Saale-Orla, Greiz, Zwickau and Erzgebirgskreis. Plauen is the administrative center of the district.
The Vogtland became part of the Holy Roman Empire in the 12th century by king Conrad III.[disambiguation needed
] In 1209 the minister dynasty administrating the area split into three lines, Weida, Greiz and Gera-Plauen. When the central power over the area decreased these leaders, called in Latin advocatus or in German Vögte could rise from administrators to actual county leaders. 1354-1357 the Vogtland war ended these leadership and the area changed ownership to Bohemia.
In 1546 Henry IV from Plauen got the area from the Bohemian king and later emperor Ferdinand I. His children did not only inherit the land, but also very high debt, so to pay these 1563 the area was bought by Saxony from Henry VI, and when in 1569 Henry VI finally ceased to claim ownership the new leadership created the first Vogtland district (Voigtländischen Creiß).
wn.com/Vogtlandkreis -
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk] (
listen)) is the name given by historians to the federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was German Reich (Deutsches Reich)
Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year. The ensuing period of liberal democracy lapsed in the early 1930s, leading to the ascent of the nascent Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler in 1933. The legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("coordination") meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution. The republic nominally continued to exist until 1945, as the constitution was never formally repealed. However, the measures taken by the Nazis in the early part of their rule rendered the constitution irrelevant. Thus, 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich.
wn.com/Weimar_Republic -
West Germany
West Germany (German: Westdeutschland) is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990.
During this period, West Germany and the communist East Germany were divided by the Inner German border. After 1961, West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany.
The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France (the "Western Zones"). The city of Bonn was its provisional capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone (the East Zone, or Ostzone) was held by the Soviet Union. The parts of this zone lying east of the Oder-Neisse were in fact annexed by the Soviet Union and communist Poland; the remaining central part around Berlin became the communist German Democratic Republic (abbreviated GDR; in German Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR) with its de facto capital in East Berlin. As a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interwar democratic Weimar Republic.
wn.com/West_Germany -
Úpa
Úpa (German: Aupa) is a river in the Czech Republic, the left tributary of the Labe River. It originates in the Krkonoše mountain range at the elevation of 1,422 m and flows for 78.14 km. It enters the Labe River near Jaroměř.
It flows through several towns and villages, including Pec pod Sněžkou, Mladé Buky, Trutnov, Úpice and Česká Skalice.
Coordinates: 50°21′12″N 15°55′51″E / 50.35333°N 15.93083°E / 50.35333; 15.93083
wn.com/Úpa -
Ślęza
Ślęza (Polish; German Lohe) is a 78.6 km long river in Lower Silesia, southern Poland, a left tributary of the Oder. It starts in the Niemcza Hills (Wzgórza Niemczańskie), part of the Sudete Highlands (Przedgórze Sudeckie), and flows near Mount Ślęża through the Silesian Lowland (Nizinia Śląska) and enters the Oder in Wrocław.
The most important tributary is: Mała Ślęza ("Small Ślęza"). The most important towns on the river are: Niemcza, Tyniec nad Ślęzą, Jordanów Śląski and Wrocław.
The name probably is derived from a Silesian word meaning "wet swampy place". In a papal bull from Hadrian IV in 1155 the river is called the Selenza.
The names of the Ślęza and Mount Ślęża are both of Silesian origin, although the Ślęza is spelled with a standard Z and Mount Ślęża is spelled with a Ż diacritic - English zh.
Coordinates: 51°09′33″N 16°57′02″E / 51.1593°N 16.9505°E / 51.1593; 16.9505
wn.com/Ślęza
-
Anthony of Saxony
Anthony (Dresden, 27 December 1755 – Dresden, 6 June 1836), also known by his German name Anton (full name: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar), was a King of Saxony (1827–1836) from the House of Wettin. He became known as Anton der Gütige, (en: "Anthony the Kind").
He was the fifth but third surviving son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony, and Maria Antonia of Bavaria.
With few chances to take part in the politics of the Electorate of Saxony or receive any land from his older brother Frederick Augustus III, Anton lived under the shadows. No Elector of Saxony after Johann Georg I gave appananges to his younger sons.
During the first years of the reign of his older brother as Elector, Anton was the third in line, preceded only by his older brother Karl. The death of Karl (8 September 1781) make him the next in line to the Electorate as Crown Prince (de: Kronprinz); this was because all the pregnancies of the Electress Amalie, except for one daughter, ended in a stillbirth.
wn.com/Anthony_of_Saxony -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Eilika of Saxony
Eilika of Saxony (c. 1080 – 16 January 1142) was the younger daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and Sophia (married 1071), a daughter of Béla I of Hungary. After the death of her father, she became the heiress of Werben and the Palatinate of Saxony. She married Count Otto of Ballenstedt and was the mother of Albert the Bear.
wn.com/Eilika_of_Saxony -
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
wn.com/Germanic_peoples -
Gottfried Semper
Gottfried Semper (November 29, 1803 - May 15, 1879) was a German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture, who designed and built the Semper Opera House in Dresden between 1838 and 1841. In 1849 he took part in the May Uprising in Dresden and was put on the government's wanted list. Semper fled first to Zürich and later to London. Later he returned to Germany after the 1862 amnesty granted to the revolutionaries.
Semper wrote extensively about the origins of architecture, especially in his book The Four Elements of Architecture from 1851, and he was one of the major figures in the controversy surrounding the polychrome architectural style of ancient Greece. Semper designed works at all scales, from a baton for Richard Wagner to major urban interventions like the re-design of the Ringstraße in Vienna.
wn.com/Gottfried_Semper -
Gustav Stresemann
Gustav Stresemann (help·info) (May 10, 1878 – October 3, 1929) was a German politician and statesman who served as Chancellor in 1923 and Foreign Minister 1923–1929, during the Weimar Republic. He was co-laureate of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.
Stresemann's politics defy easy categorization. Arguably, his most notable achievement was reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Peace Prize. During a period of political instability and fragile, short-lived governments, he was generally seen as the most influential cabinet member in most of the Weimar Republic's existence.
During his political career, he represented three successive liberal parties; he was the dominant figure of the German People's Party during the Weimar Republic.
Stresemann was born on May 10, 1878 in the Köpenicker Straße area of southeast Berlin, the youngest of seven children. His father worked as a beer bottler and distributor, and also ran a small bar out of the family home, as well as renting rooms for extra money. The family was lower middle class, but relatively well-off for the neighbourhood, and had sufficient funds to provide Gustav with a high-quality education. Stresemann was an excellent student, particularly excelling in German literature and poetry. In an essay written when he left school, he noted that he would have enjoyed becoming a teacher, but he would only have been qualified to teach languages or the natural sciences, which were not his primary areas of interest. Thus, he entered the University of Berlin in 1897 to study political economy. Through this course of studies, Stresemann was exposed to the principal ideological arguments of his day, particularly the German debate about socialism.
wn.com/Gustav_Stresemann -
Henry the Lion
Henry the Lion (German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, which duchies he held until 1180.
He was one of the most powerful German princes of his time, until the rival Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating him and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony during the reign of his cousin Frederick I Barbarossa and of Frederick's son and successor Henry VI.
At the height of his reign, Henry ruled over a vast territory stretching from the coast of the North and Baltic Seas to the Alps, and from Westphalia to Pomerania. Henry achieved this great power in part by his political and military acumen and in part through the legacies of his four grandparents.
The Henry The Lion Bible is stored, a book preserved in near mint condition from the year 1170. Located in Wolfenbüttel, a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, located on the Oker river about 13 kilometres south of Brunswick.
wn.com/Henry_the_Lion -
John of Saxony
John (full name: Johann Nepomuk Maria Joseph Anton Xaver Vincenz Aloys Franz de Paula Stanislaus Bernhard Paul Felix Damasus) (German: Johann; 12 December 1801 – 29 October 1873) was a King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin.
He was born in Dresden, the third son of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony --younger son of the Elector Frederick Christian of Saxony—by his first wife, Caroline of Bourbon, Princess of Parma.
During most of his life, Johann stood little chance of inheriting the Saxon Crown: he was preceded by his father and two older brothers, Frederick Augustus and Klemens. However, in 1822 Klemens died unmarried in Italy, and Johann was now only preceded in the line of succession by his older brother Frederick Augustus .
When his uncle Anton succeeded his older brother as king (1827), Johann became the third in line to the throne, and after the father Maximilian renunciated his succession rights in 1830, Johan became in the second in line. Johann's older brother became King Frederick Augustus II in 1836; now he was the first in line of succession to the throne as Crown Prince (de: Kronprinz). The King, married twice, was childless. Johann remained as Heir presumptive during all the reign of his brother.
wn.com/John_of_Saxony -
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and later held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While the office of the General Secretary was officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist Party. This included Leon Trotsky, a socialist theorist and the principal critic of Stalin among the early Soviet leaders, who was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929. Whereas Trotsky was an exponent of permanent revolution, it was Stalin's concept of socialism in one country that became the primary focus of Soviet politics.
wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
Max Seydewitz
Max Seydewitz (December 19, 1892 — February 8, 1987) was a German politician (SPD, SAPD and SED) and Minister-President Saxony in East Germany).
Born in Forst (Lausitz), Seydewitz was the oldest oldest former Minister-President of Germany from November 26, 1985 to May 5, 1991 preceded by Hans Ehard and succeeded by Bruno Diekmann. If you only count the Ministers-President of the GDR he was oldest from August 1981 to October 8, 1991; preceded by Karl Steinhoff and succeeded by Werner Bruschke.
Seydewitz died in 1987 in Dresden.
wn.com/Max_Seydewitz -
Mikhail Bakunin
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (Russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Баку́нин; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil ˌbaˈkunʲin]; 30 May [O.S. 18 May] 1814 – 1 July 1876) was a well-known Russian revolutionary and philosopher, theorist of collectivist anarchism. He has also often been called the father of anarchist theory in general. Bakunin grew up in Premukhino, a family estate near Moscow, where he moved to study philosophy and began to read the French Encyclopedists, leading to enthusiasm for the philosophy of Fichte. From Fichte, Bakunin went on to immerse himself in the works of Hegel, the most influential thinker among German intellectuals at the time. That led to his wholehearted embrace of Hegelianism, as he became bedazzled by Hegel's famous maxim; "Everything that exists is rational". In 1840 Bakunin traveled to St. Petersburg and Berlin, preparing himself for a professorship in philosophy or history at the University of Moscow.
Bakunin moved from Berlin, in 1842, to Dresden. Eventually he arrived in Paris, where he met George Sand, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Karl Marx. He was eventually deported from France for speaking against Russia's oppression of Poland. In 1849 he was apprehended in Dresden for his participation in the Czech rebellion of 1848. He was turned over to Russia where he was imprisoned in Peter-Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg. He remained there until 1857, when he was exiled to a work camp in Siberia. Escaping to Japan, the USA and finally ending up in London for a short time, he worked with Herzen on the journal Kolokol ("The Bell"). In 1863, he left to join the insurrection in Poland, but he failed to reach his destination and spent some time in Switzerland and Italy. Despite his criminal status, Bakunin gained great influence with the youth in Russia, and all of Europe. In 1870, he was involved in the insurrection in Lyon, which foreshadowed the Paris Commune.
wn.com/Mikhail_Bakunin -
Ottonian dynasty
The Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024), named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its primary leading-names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.
Although never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was arguably the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany with the conclusion of the unification[clarification needed] of the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria into one empire[citation needed]. Also the union of Germany with the Holy Roman Empire, which dominated German history until 1806, began with the coronation of Otto I the Great in Rome in 962. But the projected restoration of the Roman Empire failed already under Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor.
wn.com/Ottonian_dynasty -
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( /ˈvɑːɡnər/; German pronunciation: [ˈʁiçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ]; 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and polemicist primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as he later called them). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Perhaps the two best-known extracts from his works are the Ride of the Valkyries from the opera Die Walküre, and the Wedding March (Bridal Chorus) from the opera Lohengrin.
Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works such as The Flying Dutchman and Tannhäuser which were broadly in the romantic vein of Weber and Meyerbeer, Wagner transformed operatic thought through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"). This would achieve the synthesis of all the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts and was announced in a series of essays between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realized this concept most fully in the first half of the monumental four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. However, his thoughts on the relative importance of music and drama were to change again, and he reintroduced some traditional operatic forms into his last few stage works, including Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.
wn.com/Richard_Wagner -
Saxons
The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, who during the Middle Ages migrated to the British Isles and formed part of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxons were originally Ingvaeonic tribes, whose earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein. This area overlapped the area of the Angles, a tribe with which they were frequently closely linked. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the fifth century. It is unknown how many migrated from the continent to Britain, though estimates for the total number of Anglo-Saxon settlers are around two hundred thousand. During the Middle ages, because of international Hanseatic trading routes and contingent migration during the Middle Ages, Saxons mixed with and had strong influences upon the languages and cultures of the North Germanic and Baltic and Finnic peoples, and also upon the Polabian Slavs and Pomeranian West Slavic people.
wn.com/Saxons -
Silesians
Silesians (Silesian: Ślůnzoki; Silesian German: Schläsinger; Polish: Ślązacy; Czech: Slezané; German: Schlesier), are the inhabitants of Silesia in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. A small diaspora community also exists in Karnes County, Texas in the USA and in Ostojićevo in Serbia.
There has been some debate over whether or not a group of Silesians (historically Upper Silesians) constitute a distinct nation. In modern history, they have been often pressured to declare themselves to be either German or Polish or Czech and embrace the language of the current governing nation. Nevertheless, 809,000 people declared Silesian nationality in the Polish national census in 2011, making them the largest minority group in Poland alongside the German minority (93% of Germans in Poland live in the Polish part of Silesia), while 12,231 people declared Silesian nationality in the Czech national census in 2011 (44,446 in 1991) and 6,361 people declared Silesian and Moravian nationality in the Slovak national census.
wn.com/Silesians -
Sorbian languages
The Sorbian languages (Serbsce, Serbski) are classified under the Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. They are the native languages of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority in the Lusatia region of eastern Germany. Historically the language has also been known as Wendish or Lusatian. Their collective ISO 639-2 code is wen. It is closely related to Polish, Kashubian, Czech and Slovak.
There are two literary languages: Upper Sorbian (hornjoserbsce), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (dolnoserbski) spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. The area where the two languages are spoken is known as Lusatia (Łužica in Upper Sorbian, Łužyca in Lower Sorbian, or Lausitz in German).
Both languages have the dual for nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs; very few known living Indo-European languages retain this feature as a productive aspect of the grammar (see Slovenian grammar or Lithuanian grammar for other ones).
In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German.
wn.com/Sorbian_languages -
Sorbs
Sorbs (Upper Sorbian: Serbja; Lower Sorbian: Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs) are a Western Slavic people of Central Europe living predominantly in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland. In Germany they live in the states of Brandenburg and Saxony. They speak the Sorbian languages (Wendish, Lusatian) - closely related to Polish and Czech - officially recognized and protected as a minority language of Germany. They are predominantly Roman Catholics and Lutheran Protestants.
Sorbs are divided into two geographical groups:
The dialects spoken vary in intelligibility in different areas.
Lusatian tribes are noted in the work of the Bavarian Geographer. The document contains a list of the tribes in Central-Eastern Europe east of the Elbe and north of the Danube to the Volga rivers to the Black and Caspian Sea most of them of Slavic origin. Having settled by the Elbe, Spree and Neisse in the 6th century, Sorbian tribes divided into two main groups, which have taken their names from the characteristics of the area where they had settled. Sorbs living on the swampy broads of the Lower Spree have taken their name from the word marsh. The Milceni (ancestors of Upper Sorbs) settled on fertile soil around Upper Spree, the name derives from the word měl’ (loess soil). Both groups were separated from each other by a wide and uninhabited forest range. The rest of the tribes settled themselves between the Elbe and Saale. Among many Slavic tribes Bavarian Geographer noted also few lusatian tribes:
wn.com/Sorbs -
Stanislaw Tillich
Stanislaw Tillich (Sorbian: Stanisław Tilich) born on 10 April 1959 in Neudörfel (Sorbian: Nowa Wjeska) near Kamenz (Sorbian: Kamjenc) is a German CDU politician. He is the Minister-President of the Free State of Saxony. Tillich is of Sorbian ethnicity and lives in Panschwitz-Kuckau (Pančicy-Kukow), which is some 35 kilometres north-east of Dresden near Kamenz.
Tillich studied construction and drive techniques at the Dresden University of Technology after finishing his Abitur at the Sorbian Gymnasium in Bautzen in 1977. He graduated from university with a Diplomingenieur degree in 1984. Tillich was an employee of the district administration of Kamenz between 1987 and 1989. Later he became an entrepreneur.
Stanislaw Tillich joined the Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) in 1987 and became a member of the CDU after German reunification in 1990. He was a member of the Volkskammer in 1990 and was delegated as an observer of the European Parliament between 1991 and 1994. He joined the European People's Party and was a member of the European Parliament between 1994 and 1999 where he was rapporteur of the European Union's budget.
wn.com/Stanislaw_Tillich -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Quedlinburg - Metropolis of the middle ages - Saxony-Anhalt - Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:07
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Quedlinburg - Metropolis of the middle ages - Saxony-Anhalt - Germany Quedlinburg -- probably the most beautiful town in the Harz region and one of the most ...
http://wn.com/Quedlinburg_Metropolis_of_the_middle_ages_Saxony-Anhalt_Germany
Quedlinburg - Metropolis of the middle ages - Saxony-Anhalt - Germany Quedlinburg -- probably the most beautiful town in the Harz region and one of the most ...
450 Years of Passion for Art in Saxony | Arts.21
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 26 May 2012
The House of Wettin dedicated itself to an unparalleled display of splendor. The dedication to the arts of the monarchs of Saxony lent a baroque aura to the ...
http://wn.com/450_Years_of_Passion_for_Art_in_Saxony_|_Arts21
The House of Wettin dedicated itself to an unparalleled display of splendor. The dedication to the arts of the monarchs of Saxony lent a baroque aura to the ...
- published: 19 Apr 2010
- views: 443
- author: deutschewelleenglish
Discover Saxony (Version: english, 5:00min)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Saxons set standards in education and research. Industry, the craft professions and trade are undergoing dynamic development. Today the Free State is one of ...
http://wn.com/Discover_Saxony_Version_english,_500min
Saxons set standards in education and research. Industry, the craft professions and trade are undergoing dynamic development. Today the Free State is one of ...
- published: 06 Jan 2011
- views: 2780
- author: FreistaatSachsen
Saxony Dresden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Updated: 16 May 2012
Saxony: Dresden, Leipzig, and surrounding cities.
http://wn.com/Saxony_Dresden
Saxony: Dresden, Leipzig, and surrounding cities.
- published: 04 Jun 2008
- views: 1484
- author: travelplanners
Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 23 May 2012
Ein kleines Video über einige Schönheiten in Sachsen.
http://wn.com/Free_State_of_Saxony_Freistaat_Sachsen
Ein kleines Video über einige Schönheiten in Sachsen.
- published: 14 Nov 2008
- views: 5565
- author: Kohlnator
King-of-Saxony Bird-of-Paradise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:44
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Explore more at http://www.birdsofparadiseproject.org Birds-of-Paradise sport some of the strangest feathers in the bird world. The male King-of-Saxony takes...
http://wn.com/King-of-Saxony_Bird-of-Paradise
Explore more at http://www.birdsofparadiseproject.org Birds-of-Paradise sport some of the strangest feathers in the bird world. The male King-of-Saxony takes...
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 59822
- author: LabofOrnithology
Meißen, Saxony, Germany - 17th December, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
Meissen is a town of approximately 30000 about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Dresden on both banks of the Elbe river in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Ge...
http://wn.com/Meißen,_Saxony,_Germany_17th_December,_2011
Meissen is a town of approximately 30000 about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Dresden on both banks of the Elbe river in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Ge...
- published: 25 Dec 2011
- views: 1289
- author: stuartmoss
The City of Dresden, Saxony, Germany - July 2012 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:36
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Montage of shots taken around the city of Dresden, which is the state capital of Saxony. The video includes shots taken around the city centre and some of th...
http://wn.com/The_City_of_Dresden,_Saxony,_Germany_July_2012_HD
Montage of shots taken around the city of Dresden, which is the state capital of Saxony. The video includes shots taken around the city centre and some of th...
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 982
- author: stuartmoss
2012 Zwinger Saxony Ice Pearls Kür
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
2012 Zwinger Saxony Ice Pearls Kür. 1919fan1294 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 62. 254 views. Like 0 Dislike 0. Like ... ISDE Six Days 2012 HormersdorfSaxony Sachsen GermanyDeutschlandHDby bummi667 38065 views; 320. Watch Later 2012 Zwinger Skating Graces Novice Kürby 1919fan1 411 views; 715. Watch Later 201213 Short Track World Cup 1 3000M Relay LADIES Final Aby szx1994 8759 views; 3524. Watch Later ISDE 2012 Red Bull SIX DAYS 2012Day 4 Schlammloch ...
http://wn.com/2012_Zwinger_Saxony_Ice_Pearls_Kür
2012 Zwinger Saxony Ice Pearls Kür. 1919fan1294 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 62. 254 views. Like 0 Dislike 0. Like ... ISDE Six Days 2012 HormersdorfSaxony Sachsen GermanyDeutschlandHDby bummi667 38065 views; 320. Watch Later 2012 Zwinger Skating Graces Novice Kürby 1919fan1 411 views; 715. Watch Later 201213 Short Track World Cup 1 3000M Relay LADIES Final Aby szx1994 8759 views; 3524. Watch Later ISDE 2012 Red Bull SIX DAYS 2012Day 4 Schlammloch ...
- published: 12 Nov 2012
- views: 259
- author: 1919fan1
Saxony Ice Pearls - GER - junior FREE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Saxony Ice Pearls GER junior FREE. mnntc13198 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 61. 333 views. Like 2 Dislike 0. Like ... Hauts de France 2012 Saxony Ice Pearls Juniorby 1919fan1 640 views · 2833. Watch Later Triple Row Beaded Wrap Bracelet Tutorialby beadifulnights 103530 views · 1023. Watch Later Beading4perfectionists Bridal bracelet Swarovski pearls and biconesB&B; reject beading tutorialby Beading4perfectionis 2135 views · 538. Watch Later Prag 2012 Saxony Ice Pearls ...
http://wn.com/Saxony_Ice_Pearls_GER_junior_FREE
Saxony Ice Pearls GER junior FREE. mnntc13198 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 61. 333 views. Like 2 Dislike 0. Like ... Hauts de France 2012 Saxony Ice Pearls Juniorby 1919fan1 640 views · 2833. Watch Later Triple Row Beaded Wrap Bracelet Tutorialby beadifulnights 103530 views · 1023. Watch Later Beading4perfectionists Bridal bracelet Swarovski pearls and biconesB&B; reject beading tutorialby Beading4perfectionis 2135 views · 538. Watch Later Prag 2012 Saxony Ice Pearls ...
- published: 13 Jan 2013
- views: 331
- author: mnntc13
Saxony+Tavares Engagement Teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
The is the teaser video for Saxony + Tavares engagement at Do-Restaurant at The View on Feb. 8th, 2013.
http://wn.com/Saxony+Tavares_Engagement_Teaser
The is the teaser video for Saxony + Tavares engagement at Do-Restaurant at The View on Feb. 8th, 2013.
- published: 16 Feb 2013
- views: 537
- author: akb318
Saxony Ducks in the Kiddie Pool
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 15 Feb 2013
saxony being friendly at boondockers.
http://wn.com/Saxony_Ducks_in_the_Kiddie_Pool
Burning Saxony - Amsterdam - Preview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
BSX went Amsterdam to take part in the Urban Art Exchange "(SH)OUT!!!", a one week project curated by Urban Stylistix. This is a little preview of the first ...
http://wn.com/Burning_Saxony_Amsterdam_Preview
BSX went Amsterdam to take part in the Urban Art Exchange "(SH)OUT!!!", a one week project curated by Urban Stylistix. This is a little preview of the first ...
- published: 23 Dec 2012
- views: 176
- author: UKStreetArt
Hauts de France 2012, Saxony Ice Pearls Junior
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 21 Mar 2012
Hauts de France Trophy Compiegne 2012, Saxony Ice Pearls Junior, Platz 1.
http://wn.com/Hauts_de_France_2012,_Saxony_Ice_Pearls_Junior
Hauts de France Trophy Compiegne 2012, Saxony Ice Pearls Junior, Platz 1.
- published: 26 Feb 2012
- views: 749
- author: 1919fan1
Lower Saxony ahead of the vote | People & Politics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Since the summer of 2010, David McAllister of the CDU has been state premier of Lower Saxony. And he wants to keep his job. The lawyer and self-described pro...
http://wn.com/Lower_Saxony_ahead_of_the_vote_|_People_Politics
Since the summer of 2010, David McAllister of the CDU has been state premier of Lower Saxony. And he wants to keep his job. The lawyer and self-described pro...
- published: 18 Jan 2013
- views: 181
- author: deutschewelleenglish
Animal mating ritual of the exotic greater bird of paradise - David Attenborough - BBC wildlife
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
David Attenborough looks at the splendour of the King of Saxony greater bird of paradise. From the BBC.
http://wn.com/Animal_mating_ritual_of_the_exotic_greater_bird_of_paradise_David_Attenborough_BBC_wildlife
David Attenborough looks at the splendour of the King of Saxony greater bird of paradise. From the BBC.
- published: 09 Feb 2007
- views: 141787
- author: BBCWorldwide
Lower Saxony - 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
LIKE Lower Saxony Show Stables on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/LowerSaxonyShowStables Song: The Adventure Artist: Angels and Airwaves.
http://wn.com/Lower_Saxony_2011
LIKE Lower Saxony Show Stables on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/LowerSaxonyShowStables Song: The Adventure Artist: Angels and Airwaves.
- published: 26 Jul 2011
- views: 894
- author: Emma Snider
Saxony-Anhalt: Tourism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
Saxony-Anhalt invites you to retrace the footsteps of eminent personages and experience history in authentic settings.
http://wn.com/Saxony-Anhalt_Tourism
Saxony-Anhalt invites you to retrace the footsteps of eminent personages and experience history in authentic settings.
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 183
- author: IMG Sachsen-Anhalt
Merkel's coalition loses German state vote
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:41
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Germany's centre-left opposition has won a thin victory over Chancellor Angela Merkel's coalition in a major state election, dealing her a setback as she see...
http://wn.com/Merkel's_coalition_loses_German_state_vote
Germany's centre-left opposition has won a thin victory over Chancellor Angela Merkel's coalition in a major state election, dealing her a setback as she see...
- published: 21 Jan 2013
- views: 1758
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Lower Saxony from above (2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
Image Clip of places in Niedersachsen, Germany. Produced by Marcus Robbin for www.lzplay.de. Aerial shots made with heavy support of www.pixel-flight.de.
http://wn.com/Lower_Saxony_from_above_2012
Image Clip of places in Niedersachsen, Germany. Produced by Marcus Robbin for www.lzplay.de. Aerial shots made with heavy support of www.pixel-flight.de.
- published: 17 Jun 2012
- views: 152
- author: Marcus Robbin
Cup of Berlin 2013 Saxony Ice Pearls Novice Basic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
1. Platz Deutscher Meister.
http://wn.com/Cup_of_Berlin_2013_Saxony_Ice_Pearls_Novice_Basic
Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine Marie Josephe of France
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Maria Josepha of Saxony (Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria; 4 November 1731 -- 13 March 1767) was a Duchess of Saxony and the Dauphine of Fra...
http://wn.com/Princess_Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony,_Dauphine_Marie_Josephe_of_France
Maria Josepha of Saxony (Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria; 4 November 1731 -- 13 March 1767) was a Duchess of Saxony and the Dauphine of Fra...
- published: 26 Aug 2012
- views: 111
- author: KaiserinFrederick
21 Years After German Reunification - the State of Saxony is Doing Well | People & Politics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
Saxony is home to the best high school students in the country and the most successful medium-sized businesses. Back in communist East Germany, it was a hub ...
http://wn.com/21_Years_After_German_Reunification_the_State_of_Saxony_is_Doing_Well_|_People_Politics
Saxony is home to the best high school students in the country and the most successful medium-sized businesses. Back in communist East Germany, it was a hub ...
- published: 07 Oct 2011
- views: 1193
- author: deutschewelleenglish
photo: AP / Lai Seng Sin
05 Mar 2013
KUALA LUMPUR. Malaysian security forces attacked a group of armed Filipinos early Tuesday to end the group's three-week occupation of a Borneo village, the prime minister said after the siege turned violent and became Malaysia's biggest security crisis in years ... The Philippine government asked Malaysia on Monday to exercise maximum tolerance to avoid further bloodshed ... 9 ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
05 Mar 2013
Manila. Members of a major Philippine Muslim rebel force who were meant to have disarmed in the 1990s as part of a peace pact are involved in deadly battles in Malaysia, the group’s leader said on Tuesday. Nur Misuari, who founded the Moro National Liberation Front in the late 1960s, confirmed “freedom fighters” from his group were part of the militia sent by a self-proclaimed sultan to claim the Malaysian state of Sabah....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Gali Tibbon, Pool
05 Mar 2013
WASHINGTON - US Vice-President Joe Biden insisted on Monday that President Barack Obama was not bluffing about using force to thwart Iran's nuclear ambitions if all else fails, even as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called for a "credible military threat" against Tehran ... "Words alone will not stop Iran. Sanctions alone will not stop Iran ... Tehran denies it is seeking one ... "We are not looking for war ... Previous Page 1 2 Next Page....(size: 3.5Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS1 Daniel N. Woods
05 Mar 2013
FOSTER KLUG , The Associated Press. Posted. Tuesday, March 5, 2013, 4.12 AM. SEOUL, South Korea - The Cold War still rages in North Korea, and enemy No. 1 is the United States, which Pyongyang blames for making its much-condemned drive to develop nuclear weapons necessary ... North Korea's latest nuclear test in February , its third , has led even China, its only major ally, to support another round of punishing U.N ... invasion plans. U.S ... Cops ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Fernandez
05 Mar 2013
MANCHESTER. Cristiano Ronaldo scored the decisive goal as Real Madrid controversially came from behind to win 2-1 at Manchester United on Tuesday and reach the Champions League quarter-finals. In a breathless game, Nani forced Sergio Ramos to put through his own goal in the 48th minute to give United a 2-1 aggregate lead in the last 16 tie, only for the Portuguese winger to then be sent off for a foul on Alvaro Arbeloa ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Bloomberg
06 Mar 2013
The wage contract, which includes retirement and vocational training concessions for workers in the states of North Rhine- Westphalia, Lower Saxony and Bremen, takes effect this month and runs through May 2014, according to an e-mailed statement from IG Metall’s Dusseldorf chapter ... Steel trader Kloeckner & Co ... “Three percent more with immediate effect is a good result.” ... To contact the reporter on this story ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
Deutsche Welle
05 Mar 2013
The Braunschweiger Land once formed the heart of the historical Duchy of Braunschweig. The city of Braunschweig came into its own in the 12th century as a residence of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
Business Insider
04 Mar 2013
There's a new political party in Germany. Its major platform, headed into this year's German elections in September. abolishing the euro ... Alternative hopes to capitalize on that ... AD offered to cooperate with the eurosceptic Freie Wähler (free voters) during the state elections in Lower Saxony in January but the Freie Wähler refused to agree. The Freie Wähler ended up with 0.5% in Lower Saxony ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Deutsche Welle
04 Mar 2013
The Braunschweiger Land once formed the heart of the historical Duchy of Braunschweig. The city of Braunschweig came into its own in the 12th century as a residence of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
Deutsche Welle
04 Mar 2013
The Braunschweiger Land once formed the heart of the historical Duchy of Braunschweig. The city of Braunschweig came into its own in the 12th century as a residence of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
PR Newswire
04 Mar 2013
CRYSTAL LAKE, Ill., March 4, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Hahnemuehle Photo is a product line consisting of two resin-coated papers for photographic inkjet printing ... Photo Luster 290 gsm. bright white, smooth, luster surface with a pearlescent sheen ... The company based in Dassel, Southern Lower Saxony, has some 150 employees worldwide ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
The Guardian
04 Mar 2013
One of the finest organists of the late 20th century. Marie-Claire Alain recorded three complete cycles of the works of JS Bach. Photograph. Jacques Sarrat/Sygma/Corbis ... For the earlier pieces she chose Schnitger organs in Holland, while the Treutmann instrument at Goslar in Lower Saxony, with its graver, fleshier sound was felt to be more suitable for the works from the end of Bach's life ... Her husband died in 1992 ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
Deutsche Welle
04 Mar 2013
Bad-Lauchstädt, a small town in Saxony-Anhalt, was a place of inspiration for Richard Wagner. Yet the link to one of the world's greatest composers is something hardly anyone knows about that these days. Richard Wagner wanted to pack up his things and leave. It wasn't because in a mere two days he was set to conduct a production of Mozart's "Don Giovanni" without the luxury of a single rehearsal ... Love at first sight ... What a theater! ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
Huffington Post
04 Mar 2013
Today is the birthday of Italian baroque composer, Antonio Vivaldi ... Loading Slideshow. Vivaldi Was A Priest ... IMAGE ... Image ... Stockgit unearthed the music at a Dresden University while in the final days of a five-year project on Catholic Church music played in Saxony in the 18th century and Vivaldi experts have called it the biggest find in 75 years with the music previously ascribed to fellow musician Baldassare Galuppi ... FOLLOW ARTS. Like ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
The Guardian
03 Mar 2013
Agriculture ministry says no risk to consumers after animal feed with high levels of aflatoxin B1 delivered to dairy farms ... Thousands of tonnes of poisonous animal feed was delivered to 4,467 farms in Lower Saxony alone, including 968 dairy farms, the state's agricultural ministry confirmed on Sunday ... Tests are now being carried out on the remaining farms ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Baltimore Sun
03 Mar 2013
The Emnid survey showed support for the liberal, pro-business FDP - a veteran participant in German coalitions since World War Two - nudged up from 4 percent the previous week ... But criticism of Roesler has waned somewhat after the FDP took 9.9 percent of a January vote in the Lower Saxony region, defying forecasts that it would be ejected from the state assembly ... (Reporting by Michelle Martin; Editing by Peter Graff). ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Buffalo News
03 Mar 2013
Guenter Burkhardt was 22 when he came to this country from Germany 60 years ago. The young immigrant got a job at the Ford Stamping Plant, took on landscaping work, and met and married his wife. But he knew all along he wanted to start a business ... The native of Saxony studied horticulture at a German university before moving to the United States in 1953 at the urging of relatives who lived on Buffalo’s West Side ... email....(size: 6.3Kb)
Buffalo News
02 Mar 2013
Burkhardt, who spoke to The Buffalo News for an article running Sunday, said he finished his course work at a school in Lower Saxony in February 1951 ... But the records of the State of Lower Saxony, or Niedersachsen, went back further, and the bureaucrats there dug up his diploma and mailed it to him....(size: 1.5Kb)
This article is about the modern state of Saxony in present-day Germany. For other uses, see Saxony (disambiguation).
| Free State of Saxony Freistaat Sachsen (de) Swobodny stat Sakska (wen) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — State of Germany — | |||
|
|||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: 51°1′37″N 13°21′32″E / 51.02694°N 13.35889°E / 51.02694; 13.35889 | |||
| Country | Germany | ||
| Capital | Dresden | ||
| Government | |||
| • Minister-President | Stanislaw Tillich (CDU) | ||
| • Governing parties | CDU / FDP | ||
| • Votes in Bundesrat | 4 (of 69) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 18,415.66 km2 (7,110.33 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2010-12-31)[1] | |||
| • Total | 4,149,477 | ||
| • Density | 230/km2 (580/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | DE-SN | ||
| GDP/ Nominal | € 94.99 billion (2010)[citation needed] | ||
| NUTS Region | DED | ||
| Website | sachsen.de | ||
The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈzaksən]; Upper Sorbian: Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with (18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most-populous (4.3 million) of Germany's sixteen states.
Located in the middle of an erstwhile German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, a republic from 1918 to 1952 and then again from 1990.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Contents |
Geography[link]
Administration[link]
Sachsen is divided into three Direktionsbezirke — Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig — which are subdivided into 10 districts:
1. Bautzen (BZ)
2. Erzgebirgskreis (ERZ)
3. Görlitz (GR)
4. Leipzig (L)
5. Meißen (MEI)(Meissen)
6. Mittelsachsen (FG)
7. Nordsachsen (TDO)
8. Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge (PIR)
9. Vogtlandkreis (V)
10. Zwickau (Z)
The Erzgebirgskreis district covers the Ore Mountains, and the Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district is Saxon Switzerland and the Eastern Ore Mountains.
In addition there are three urban districts (German: kreisfreie Städte), which also have district status:
Economy[link]
Saxony has, after Saxony Anhalt,[2] the most vibrant economy among the federal states of the former GDR. Its economy grew by 1.9% in 2010.[3] Nonetheless, unemployment remains high, and investment is scarce. The eastern part of Germany, excluding Berlin, qualifies as an "Objective 1" development-region within the European Union, and is eligible to receive investment subsidies of up to 30% until 2013. FutureSAX, a business plan competition and entrepreneurial support organization, has been in operation since 2002.
Microchip makers near Dresden have given the region a nickname of "Silicon Saxony". The publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known, although their contributions to the regional economy are not significant.The state government is attempting to develop tourism, notably in the lake district of Lausitz.[4]
Saxony reported unemployment of 11.9% as average for 2010, by comparison the average for the former GDR was 12% and 7.7% for Germany overall.
In April 2012 Saxony had an unemployment rate of 10.3% while Germany of 7%, western Germany of 6% and eastern Germany of 11.2%. The Leipzig area, which was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate for many years, could recently especially benefit from investments of Porsche and BMW. With the VW Phaeton fab in Dresden and many suppliers the car industry has become one of the pillars of the Saxon industry again as it had been since the early 20th century. Zwickau is another major Volkswagen location. Freiberg, the former mining city, has established as a foremost location for material and competitive solar industries. Dresden and some other regions play a leading role in some areas of international biotechnology such as electronic bio engineering while these hightech sectors do not offer yet a larger number of jobs for the native population but they have stopped or even reversed a brain drain movement which occurred until few years ago in many parts of Saxony. Regional universities have strengthened their positions in toothing with local industries and reputation amongst students from the western part. Different to smaller towns Dresden and Leipzig have now a significant growth in population. [5]
History[link]
Main article: History of Saxony
Saxony has a long history as a duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire (the Electorate of Saxony), and eventually as a kingdom (the Kingdom of Saxony). In 1918, subsequent to Germany's defeat in World War I, its monarchy was overthrown and a republican form of government was established under its current name. The state was broken up into smaller units during communist rule (1949–1989), but was re-established on 3 October 1990 on the reunification of East and West Germany.
Prehistory[link]
In prehistoric times, the territory of Saxony was the site of some of the largest of the ancient Central European monumental temples, dating from the 5th century BC. Notable archaeological sites have been discovered in Dresden and the villages of Eythra and Zwenkau near Leipzig. The Slavic and Germanic presence in the territory of today's Saxony is thought to have begun in the 1st century BC. Parts of Saxony were possibly under the control of the Germanic King Marobod during the Roman era. By the late Roman period, several tribes known as the Saxons emerged, from which the subsequent state(s) draw their name. For the origins of the Saxon tribes, see Saxons.
Duchy of Saxony[link]
Main article: Duchy of Saxony
The first mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian stem duchy", which emerged about the year 700, and grew to cover the greater part of Northern Germany. It covered the area of the modern German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony-Anhalt. The Saxons converted to Christianity during this period.
While the Saxons were facing pressure from Charlemagne's Franks, they were also facing a westward push by Slavs to the east. The territory of the Free State of Saxony was occupied by Slavs before being reconquered by Germans. A legacy of this period is the Sorb population in Saxony.
Holy Roman Empire[link]
The territory of the Free State of Saxony became part of the Holy Roman Empire by the 10th century. In the 10th century, the dukes of Saxony were also kings (or emperors) of the Holy Roman Empire, comprising the Ottonian, or Saxon, Dynasty. Around this time, the Billungs, a Saxon noble family, received extensive fiefs in Saxony. The Emperor eventually gave them the title of Duke of Saxony. After Duke Magnus died in 1106, causing the extinction of the male line of Billungs, oversight of the duchy was given to Lothar of Supplinburg, who also became Emperor for a short time.
In 1137, control of Saxony passed to the Guelph dynasty, descendants of Wulfhild Billung, eldest daughter of the last Billung duke, and the daughter of Lothar of Supplinburg. In 1180 large portions west of the Weser were ceded to the Bishops of Cologne, while some central parts between the Weser and the Elbe remained to the Guelphs, later forming the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg). The remaining eastern lands, together with the title of Duke of Saxony, passed to an Ascanian dynasty (descended from Eilika Billung, Wulfhild's younger sister) and was divided in 1260 into the two small states of Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg, the former also named Lower Saxony, the latter Upper Saxony, thence the later names of the two Imperial Circles. Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg both claimed the Saxon electoral privilege for their part, but the Golden Bull of 1356 only accepted Wittenberg's claim, with Lauenburg nevertheless maintaining its claim. In 1422, when the Saxon electoral line of the Ascanians was extinct, the Ascanian Eric V of Saxe-Lauenburg tried to reunite the Saxon duchies.
However, Sigismund, King of the Romans, had already granted Margrave Frederick IV the Warlike of Meissen (House of Wettin) an expectancy on the Saxon electorate, in order to remunerate his military support. On 1 August 1425 Sigismund enfeoffed the Wettinian Frederick as Prince-Elector of Saxony, despite protestations of Eric V. Thus the Saxon territories remained separated in permanence. Electoral Saxony was then merged in the much bigger Wettinian Margraviate of Meissen, however using the higher ranking name Electorate of Saxony and even the Ascanian coat-of-arms for the entire monarchy.[6] Thus the name Saxony was translated to areas as far as Dresden and Meissen. In the 18th and 19th centuries Saxe-Lauenburg became colloquially called the Duchy of Lauenburg, which in 1876 merged in Prussia as Duchy of Lauenburg district.
Foundation of the second Saxon state[link]
Saxony-Wittenberg, in modern Saxony-Anhalt, became subject to the margravate of Meissen, ruled by the Wettin dynasty in 1423. This established a new and powerful state, occupying large portions of the present Free State of Saxony, Thuringia, and Saxony-Anhalt. Although the center of this state was far to the southeast of the former Saxony, it came to be referred to as Upper Saxony and then simply Saxony, while the former Saxon territories were now known as Lower Saxony.
In 1485, Saxony was split. A collateral line of the Wettin princes received what later became Thuringia and founded several small states there (see Ernestine duchies). The remaining Saxon state became still more powerful, becoming known in the 18th century for its cultural achievements, although it was politically inferior to Prussia and Austria, which pressed Saxony from either side.
Between the years 1697 and 1763, the Electors of Saxony were also elected Kings of Poland in personal union.
In 1756, Saxony joined the coalition of Austria, France and Russia against Prussia. Frederick II of Prussia chose to attack preemptively and invaded Saxony in August 1756, precipitating the Seven Years War. The Prussians quickly defeated Saxony and incorporated the Saxon army into the Prussian army. At the end of the Seven Years War, Saxony once again became an independent state.
Saxony in the 19th and 20th centuries[link]
Main article: Kingdom of Saxony
In 1806, French Emperor Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire and decreed the Electorate of Saxony a kingdom in itself. Elector Frederick Augustus III became King Frederick Augustus I. Frederick Augustus remained loyal to Napoleon during the wars that swept Europe in the following years; he was taken prisoner and his territories declared forfeit by the allies in 1813, who intended the annexation of Saxony by Prussia. Ultimately, the opposition of Austria, France, and the United Kingdom to this plan resulted in the restoration of Frederick Augustus to his throne at the Congress of Vienna. At this time in 1815, Saxony was forced to cede the northern part of the kingdom to Prussia.[7] These lands became the Prussian province of Saxony, incorporated today in Saxony-Anhalt. The remnant of the Kingdom of Saxony was roughly identical with the present federal state.
Meanwhile, in 1815, the southern part of Saxony, now called the "State of Saxony joined the German Confederation.[8] (The German Confederation should not be confused with the North German Confederation mentioned below.) In the politics of the Confederation, Saxony was overshadowed by Prussia. King Anthony of Saxony, came to the throne of Saxony in 1827. Shortly thereafter, liberal pressures in Saxony mounted and broke out in the revolt during 1830—a year of revolution in Europe.[8] The revolution in Saxony resulted in a Constitution for the State of Saxony which served as a basis for the government in Saxony until 1918.[8]
During the 1848–49 constitutionalist revolutions in Germany, Saxony became a hotbed for revolutionaries, with anarchists such as Mikhail Bakunin and democrats including Richard Wagner and Gottfried Semper taking part in the May Uprising in Dresden in 1849. (Scenes of Richard Wagner's participation in the May 1849 Uprising in Dresden are pictured in the 1983 movie, Wagner starring Richard Burton as Richard Wagner.) The May Uprising in Dresden forced King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony to concede further reforms in the Saxon government.[8]
In 1854 Frederick Augustus II's brother, King John of Saxony, succeeded to the throne. A scholar, King John translated Dante.[8] King John followed a federalistic and pro-Austrian policy throughout the early 1860s until the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War. During the war, Prussian troops overran Saxony without a fight and invaded then Austrian (today's Czech) Bohemia.[9] After the war, Saxony was forced to pay an indemnity and to join the North German Confederation in 1867.[10] Under the terms of the North German Confederation, Prussia took over control of the Saxon postal system, railroads, military and foreign affairs.[10] In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Saxon troops fought together with Prussian and other German troops against France.[10] In 1871, Saxony joined the newly formed German Empire.[10]
After King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony had abdicated on 13 November 1918, Saxony, remaining a constituent state of Germany (Weimar Republic), became a republic renamed the Free State of Saxony following the new Saxon constitution of 1 November 1920. In 1923 Reichs's chancellor Gustav Stresemann overthrew the SPD-led Saxon government. The state maintained its name and borders during the National Socialist era as a Gau, but lost any quasi-autonomous status and its parliamentarian democracy.
By the by end of World War II in April 1945, American troops under General George Patton conquered the western part of the Free State, while Soviet troops conquered the eastern part. That summer, the entire state was handed over to Soviet forces as agreed upon by the London Protocol of September 1944. Thereafter Britain, the USA, and the USSR negotiated at the Potsdam Conference on Germany's future. By their trilateral Potsdam Agreement all German territory east of the Oder-Neisse line was to be annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union and, unlike the post-World War I secessions of German territory, this time the annexing powers were allowed to expel the inhabitants.
Through all the following three years, Poland forcibly expelled German-speaking people from its annexed territory. Since the three powers of Potsdam had further agreed to accept in their occupation zones more expellees from other countries, the government in Prague denaturalised and expropriated around three million Czechoslovaks due to their German native language. So also Saxons had to feed and house the destitute expellees, while their retained belongings became war booty shared by the profiteers of this exproprietary attitude. Only a small Saxon area, lying east of the Neisse river and centered around the town of Reichenau (now called Bogatynia), was annexed by Poland. The Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG) merged that tiny part of the Prussian province of Lower Silesia, which remained with Germany west of the Neisse, into Saxony.
On 20 October 1946, the SVAG organised elections for the Saxon state parliament (Landtag), which were unbalanced since many people were arbitrarily excluded from candidacy and suffrage and the Soviet support unilaterally preferring the communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). The new Saxon minister-president (governor) Rudolf Friedrichs (SED, until April 1946 SPD), who met with his Bavarian counterparts in the US zone of occupation in October 1946 and May 1947, suddenly died under unknown circumstances the month after. He was succeeded by Max Seydewitz, a loyalist of Joseph Stalin.
The Soviet Union set up the communist government of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, with Saxony a part of it, giving the USSR a satellite in the heart of Europe. The communist government officially dissolved the Free State in 1952, and divided it into the three smaller Bezirke of Leipzig, Dresden, and Karl-Marx-Stadt. The Free State was reconstituted with slightly altered borders in 1990 upon German reunification. Besides the formerly Silesian area of Saxony, which was mostly included in the territory of the new Saxon state, the free state gained further areas north of Leipzig, which belonged to Saxony-Anhalt until 1952.
Culture[link]
Religion[link]
Evangelical Church in Germany 20.9 %,[11] Catholic Church 3.6 %.[12] 75.5 % have no religion or profess other ones.
Languages[link]
The most common patois spoken in Saxony are combined in the group of "Thuringian and Upper Saxon dialects". Due to the incorrect usage of "Saxon dialects" in colloquial language, the Upper Saxon attribute has been added to distinguish it from Old Saxon and Low Saxon. Other German dialects spoken in Saxony are the dialects of the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains), which have been affected by Upper Saxon dialects, and the dialects of the Vogtland, which are more affected by the East Franconian languages.
Upper Sorbian (a Slavic language) is still actively spoken in the parts of Upper Lusatia that are occupied by the Sorbian minority. The Germans in Upper Lusatia speak distinct dialects of their own (Lusatian dialects).
Education[link]
The Dresden University of Technology, founded in 1828, is one of the Germany's oldest universities. With 36,066 students as of 2010, it is the largest university in Saxony and one of the ten largest universities in Germany. It is a member of TU9, a consortium of nine leading German Institutes of Technology.
Tourism[link]
Except for Dresden and Leipzig, Saxony is not a primary destination for foreign tourists. Areas along the border with the Czech Republic, such as the Lusatian Mountains, Ore Mountains, Saxon Switzerland, and Vogtland, attract significant visitors, largely Germans. Saxony has well preserved historic towns such as Meissen, Freiberg, Pirna, Bautzen, and Görlitz.
Politics[link]
A minister-president heads the government of Saxony. Stanislaw Tillich has been minister-president since May 28, 2008. See: List of Ministers-President of Saxony, for a full listing.
2009 state election[link]
Main article: Saxony state election, 2009
| Party | Ideology | Vote % (change) | Seats (change) | Seat % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | center-right | 40.2% | −0.9% | 58 | +3 | 43.9% | |
| Linke (formerly PDS) | far-left, socialism | 20.6% | −3.0% | 29 | −2 | 22% | |
| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | center-left, social democracy | 10.4% | +0.6% | 14 | +1 | 10.6% | |
| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | classical liberalism | 10.0% | +4.1% | 14 | +7 | 10.6% | |
| Alliance '90/The Greens (Die Grünen) | green politics, center-left | 6.4% | +1.3% | 9 | +3 | 6.8% | |
| National Democratic Party (NPD) | far-right, nationalist, | 5.6% | −3.6% | 8 | −4 | 6% | |
| Animal Protection Party (Die Tierschutzpartei) | environmental | 2.1% | +0.5% | ||||
| Pirate Party (PIRATEN) | freedom of information, intellectual property rights reform, transparency | 1.9% | +1.9% | ||||
| Free Saxons (Freie Sachsen) | independent | 1.4% | +1.4% | ||||
| Party of Bible-Loyal Christians (PBC) | religious, conservative | 0.4% | −0.3% | ||||
| All Others | 1.0% | ||||||
| Total | 100.0% | 132 | +8 | 100.0% | |||
The center-right CDU has formed a coalition with the liberal democratic FDP.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Bevölkerung des Freistaates Sachsen jeweils am Monatsende ausgewählter Berichtsmonate nach Gemeinden" (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 31 July 2011. http://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/010_GB-Bev/Bev_Gemeinde.pdf.
- ^ http://m.ihk-berlin.de/linkableblob/818034/.28./data/Fakten_Arbeitsmarkt-data.pdf;jsessionid=DDE8292A29242A352F72A9D35E869F0F.repl1
- ^ http://www.smwa.sachsen.de/de/Wirtschaft/Wirtschaftsstandort_Sachsen/Zahlen_und_Fakten/19159.html
- ^ "Still Troubled", The Economist, 27 August 2005 retrieved 2 September 2005
- ^ http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/
- ^ The Ascanian coat-of-arms shows the Ascanian barry of ten, in sable and or, covered by a crancelin of rhombs bendwise in vert.
- ^ James K. Pollock & Homer Thomas, Germany in Power and Eclipse (D. Van Nostrand Co.: New York, 1952) p. 486.
- ^ a b c d e Ibid. p. 510.
- ^ Ibid. pp. 510-511.
- ^ a b c d Ibid. p. 511.
- ^ EKD http://www.ekd.de/download/kirchenmitglieder_2007.pdf
- ^ chiesa cattolica http://www.dbk.de/imperia/md/content/kirchlichestatistik/bev-kath-l__nd-2008.pdf
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Saxony |
- Official governmental portal
- Christmas time in Saxony
- some facts about Saxony
- some stories about Dresden Neustadt - The Capital of Saxony
Geographic data related to Saxony at OpenStreetMap
|
|||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Saxony
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Sachsen
http://es.wn.com/Sajonia
http://ru.wn.com/Свободное государство Саксония
http://cs.wn.com/Sasko
http://pt.wn.com/Saxônia
http://pl.wn.com/Saksonia
http://it.wn.com/Sassonia
http://id.wn.com/Sachsen
http://nl.wn.com/Saksen (deelstaat)
http://fr.wn.com/Saxe (Land)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sir David Attenborough | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Attenborough in May 2003 |
|
| Born | (1926-05-08) 8 May 1926 (age 86) Isleworth, London |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | |
| Title | |
| Spouse | Jane Elizabeth Ebsworth Oriel (m. 1950–1997, her death) |
| Children |
|
Sir David Frederick Attenborough ( /ˈætənbərə/) OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS, FZS, FSA (born 8 May 1926) is a British broadcaster and naturalist.
His career as the face and voice of natural history programmes has endured for more than 50 years. He is best known for writing and presenting the nine Life series, in conjunction with the BBC Natural History Unit, which collectively form a comprehensive survey of all life on the planet. He is also a former senior manager at the BBC, having served as controller of BBC Two and director of programming for BBC Television in the 1960s and 1970s.
Attenborough is widely considered a national treasure in Britain, although he himself does not care for the term.[1][2][3] He is a younger brother of director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough.[4]
Contents |
Early life and family[link]
Attenborough was born in Isleworth, west London, but grew up in College House on the campus of the University College, Leicester, where his father, Frederick, was principal.[5] He is the middle of three sons (his elder brother, Richard, became an actor and his younger brother, John, an executive at Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo).[6] During World War II his parents also adopted two Jewish refugee girls from Europe.[7][8]
Attenborough spent his childhood collecting fossils, stones and other natural specimens. He received encouragement in this pursuit at age seven, when a young Jacquetta Hawkes admired his "museum". A few years later, one of his adoptive sisters gave him a piece of amber filled with prehistoric creatures; some 50 years later, it would be the focus of his programme The Amber Time Machine.
Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and then won a scholarship to Clare College, Cambridge in 1945, where he studied geology and zoology and obtained a degree in natural sciences.[9] In 1947, he was called up for national service in the Royal Navy and spent two years stationed in North Wales and the Firth of Forth.
In 1950, Attenborough married Jane Elizabeth Ebsworth Oriel; the marriage lasted until her death in 1997. The couple had two children, Robert and Susan.[8] Robert is a senior lecturer in bioanthropology for the School of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra.[10]
First years at the BBC[link]
After leaving the Navy, Attenborough took a position editing children's science textbooks for a publishing company. He soon became disillusioned with the work, however, and in 1950, he applied for a job as a radio talks producer with the BBC. Although he was rejected for this job, his CV later attracted the interest of Mary Adams, head of the Talks (factual broadcasting) department of the BBC's fledgling television service. Attenborough, like most Britons at that time, did not own a television, and he had seen only one programme in his life.[11] However, he accepted Adams' offer of a three-month training course, and in 1952 he joined the BBC full-time. Initially discouraged from appearing on camera because Adams thought his teeth were too big,[12] he became a producer for the Talks department, which handled all non-fiction broadcasts. His early projects included the quiz show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral? and Song Hunter, a series about folk music presented by Alan Lomax.
Attenborough's association with natural history programmes began when he produced and presented the three-part series The Pattern of Animals. The studio-bound programme featured animals from London Zoo, with the naturalist Julian Huxley discussing their use of camouflage, aposematism and courtship displays. Through this programme, Attenborough met Jack Lester, the curator of the zoo's reptile house, and they decided to make a series about an animal-collecting expedition. The result was Zoo Quest, first broadcast in 1954, which Attenborough presented at short notice, due to Lester being taken ill.
In 1957, the BBC Natural History Unit was formally established in Bristol. Attenborough was asked to join it, but declined, not wishing to move from London where he and his young family were settled. Instead he formed his own department, the Travel and Exploration Unit,[13] which allowed him to continue to front Zoo Quest as well as produce other documentaries, notably the Travellers' Tales and Adventure series.
In the early 1960s, Attenborough resigned from the permanent staff of the BBC to study for a postgraduate degree in social anthropology at the London School of Economics, interweaving his study with further filming.[14] However, he accepted an invitation to return to the BBC as controller of BBC Two before he could finish the degree.
BBC administration[link]
Attenborough became the controller of BBC Two in March 1965, but had a clause inserted in his contract that would allow him to continue making programmes on an occasional basis. Later the same year, he filmed elephants in Tanzania, and in 1969, he made a three-part series on the cultural history of the Indonesian island of Bali. For the 1971 film A Blank on the Map, he joined the first Western expedition to a remote highland valley in New Guinea to seek out a lost tribe.
BBC Two was launched in 1964, but had struggled to capture the public's imagination. When Attenborough arrived as controller, he quickly abolished the channel's quirky kangaroo mascot and shook up the schedule. With a mission to make BBC Two's output diverse and different from that offered by other networks, he began to establish a portfolio of programmes that defined the channel's identity for decades to come. Under his tenure, music, the arts, entertainment, archaeology, experimental comedy, travel, drama, sport, business, science and natural history all found a place in the weekly schedules. Often, an eclectic mix was offered within a single evening's viewing. Programmes he commissioned included Man Alive, Call My Bluff, Chronicle, Life, One Pair of Eyes, The Old Grey Whistle Test, Monty Python's Flying Circus and The Money Programme. When BBC Two became the first British channel to broadcast in colour in 1967, Attenborough took advantage by introducing televised snooker, as well as bringing rugby league to British television on a regular basis via the BBC2 Floodlit Trophy.
One of his most significant decisions was to order a 13-part series on the history of Western art, to show off the quality of the new UHF colour television service that BBC Two offered. Broadcast to universal acclaim in 1969, Civilisation set the blueprint for landmark authored documentaries, which were informally known as "tombstone" or "sledgehammer" projects. Others followed, including Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man (also commissioned by Attenborough), and Alistair Cooke's America. Attenborough thought that the story of evolution would be a natural subject for such a series. He shared his idea with Chris Parsons, a producer at the Natural History Unit, who came up with the title Life on Earth and returned to Bristol to start planning the series. Attenborough harboured a strong desire to present the series himself, but this would not be possible so long as he remained in a management post.
In 1969, Attenborough was promoted to director of programmes, making him responsible for the output of both BBC channels. His tasks, which included agreeing budgets, attending board meetings and firing staff, were now far removed from the business of filming programmes. When Attenborough's name was being suggested as a candidate for the position of Director General of the BBC in 1972, he phoned his brother Richard to confess that he had no appetite for the job. Early the following year, he left his post to return to full-time programme-making, leaving him free to write and present the planned natural history epic.
Return to broadcasting[link]
After his resignation, Attenborough became a freelance broadcaster and immediately started work on his next project, a pre-arranged trip to Indonesia with a crew from the Natural History Unit. It resulted in the 1973 series Eastwards with Attenborough, which was similar in tone to the earlier Zoo Quests but without the animal-collecting element.
On his return, he began to work on the scripts for Life on Earth. Due to the scale of his ambition, the BBC decided to partner with an American network to secure the necessary funding. While the negotiations were proceeding he worked on a number of other television projects. He presented a series on tribal art (The Tribal Eye, 1975) and another on the voyages of discovery (The Explorers, 1975). He also presented a BBC children's series about cryptozoology entitled Fabulous Animals (1975), which featured mythical creatures such as the griffin and kraken.[15] Eventually, the BBC signed a co-production deal with Turner Broadcasting and Life on Earth moved into production in 1976.
Life series[link]
Beginning with Life on Earth in 1979, Attenborough set about creating a body of work which became a benchmark of quality in wildlife film-making and influenced a generation of documentary film-makers. The series also established many of the hallmarks of the BBC's natural history output. By treating his subject seriously and researching the latest discoveries, Attenborough and his production team gained the trust of the scientific community, who responded by allowing him to feature their subjects in his programmes. In Rwanda, for example, Attenborough and his crew were granted privileged access to film Dian Fossey's research group of mountain gorillas. Innovation was another factor in Life on Earth's success: new film-making techniques were devised to get the shots Attenborough wanted, with a focus on events and animals that were hitherto unfilmed. Computerised airline schedules, which had only recently been introduced, enabled the series to be elaborately devised so that Attenborough visited several locations around the globe in each episode, sometimes even changing continents mid-sentence. Although appearing as the on-screen presenter, he consciously restricted his pieces to camera to give his subjects top billing.
The success of Life on Earth prompted the BBC to consider a follow-up, and five years later, The Living Planet was screened. This time, Attenborough built his series around the theme of ecology, the adaptations of living things to their environment. It was another critical and commercial success, generating huge international sales for the BBC. In 1990, The Trials of Life completed the original Life trilogy, looking at animal behaviour through the different stages of life. The series drew strong reactions from the viewing public for its sequences of killer whales hunting sea lions on a Patagonian beach and chimpanzees hunting and violently killing a colobus monkey.
In the 1990s, Attenborough continued to use the "Life" moniker for a succession of authored documentaries. In 1993, he presented Life in the Freezer, the first television series to survey the natural history of Antarctica. Although past normal retirement age, he then embarked on a number of more specialised surveys of the natural world, beginning with plants. They proved a difficult subject for his producers, who had to deliver five hours of television featuring what are essentially immobile objects. The result, The Private Life of Plants (1995), showed plants as dynamic organisms by using time-lapse photography to speed up their growth.
Prompted by an enthusiastic ornithologist at the BBC Natural History Unit, Attenborough then turned his attention to the animal kingdom and in particular, birds. As he was neither an obsessive twitcher, nor a bird expert, he decided he was better qualified to make The Life of Birds (1998) on the theme of behaviour. The order of the remaining "Life" series was dictated by developments in camera technology. For The Life of Mammals (2002), low-light and infrared cameras were deployed to reveal the behaviour of nocturnal mammals. The series contains a number of memorable two shots of Attenborough and his subjects, which included chimpanzees, a blue whale and a grizzly bear. Advances in macro photography made it possible to capture natural behaviour of very small creatures for the first time, and in 2005, Life in the Undergrowth introduced audiences to the world of invertebrates.
At this point, Attenborough realised that he had spent 20 years unconsciously assembling a collection of programmes on all the major groups of terrestrial animals and plants — only reptiles and amphibians were missing. When Life in Cold Blood was broadcast in 2008, he had the satisfaction of completing the set, brought together in a DVD encyclopaedia called Life on Land. In an interview that year, Attenborough was asked to sum up his achievement, and responded:
The evolutionary history is finished. The endeavour is complete. If you'd asked me 20 years ago whether we'd be attempting such a mammoth task, I'd have said "Don't be ridiculous!" These programmes tell a particular story and I'm sure others will come along and tell it much better than I did, but I do hope that if people watch it in 50 years' time, it will still have something to say about the world we live in.[16]
However, in 2010 Attenborough asserted that his First Life — dealing with evolutionary history before Life on Earth — should also be included within the "Life" series. In the documentary Attenborough's Journey he stated, "This series, to a degree which I really didn't fully appreciate until I started working on it, really completes the set."[17]
Other documentaries[link]
Alongside the "Life" series, Attenborough has continued to work on other television documentaries, mainly in the natural history genre. He wrote and presented a series on man's influence on the natural history of the Mediterranean basin, The First Eden, in 1987. Two years later, he demonstrated his passion for fossils in Lost Worlds Vanished Lives.
Attenborough narrated every episode of Wildlife on One, a BBC One wildlife series which ran for 253 episodes between 1977 and 2005. At its peak, it drew a weekly audience of eight to ten million, and the 1987 episode "Meerkats United" was voted the best wildlife documentary of all time by BBC viewers.[18] He has also narrated over 50 episodes of Natural World, BBC Two's flagship wildlife series. (Its forerunner, The World About Us, was created by Attenborough in 1969, as a vehicle for colour television.[19]) In 1997, he narrated the BBC Wildlife Specials, each focussing on a charismatic species, and screened to mark the Natural History Unit's 40th anniversary.
As a writer and narrator, he continued to collaborate with the BBC Natural History Unit in the new millennium. Alastair Fothergill, a senior producer with whom Attenborough had worked on The Trials of Life and Life in the Freezer, was making The Blue Planet (2001), the Unit's first comprehensive series on marine life. He decided not to use an on-screen presenter due to difficulties in speaking to camera through diving apparatus, but asked Attenborough to narrate the films. The same team reunited for Planet Earth (2006), the biggest nature documentary ever made for television and the first BBC wildlife series to be shot in high definition. In 2011, Fothergill gave Attenborough a more prominent role in Frozen Planet, a major series on the natural history of the polar regions. Attenborough appeared on screen and authored the final episode, in addition to performing voiceover duties.
In 2009, he co-wrote and narrated Life, a ten-part series focussing on extraordinary animal behaviour,[20] and narrated Nature's Great Events, which showed how seasonal changes trigger major natural spectacles.[21]
By the turn of the millennium, Attenborough's authored documentaries were adopting a more overtly environmentalist stance. In State of the Planet (2000), he used the latest scientific evidence and interviews with leading scientists and conservationists to assess the impact of man's activities on the natural world. He later turned to the issues of global warming (The Truth about Climate Change, 2006) and human population growth (How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth?, 2009). He also contributed a programme which highlighted the plight of endangered species to the BBC's Saving Planet Earth project in 2007, the 50th anniversary of the Natural History Unit.
Attenborough is also forging a new partnership with Sky, working on documentaries for the broadcaster's new 3D network, Sky 3D. Their first collaboration was Flying Monsters 3D, a film about pterosaurs which debuted on Christmas Day of 2010.[22] A second film, The Bachelor King 3D, followed a year later, and further collaborations are planned.
Current projects[link]
Attenborough celebrates his 60th year in broadcasting in 2012, and continues to work on a number of television, film and radio projects. The anniversary will be marked by the BBC with the screening of Attenborough: 60 Years in the Wild, a three part series which looks at how wildlife filmmaking techniques, discoveries in the field of biological sciences and our relationship with the natural world have all developed over the past 60 years.[23]
Further collaborations with Sky 3D are also in the pipeline. First will come Kingdom of Plants 3D, a three-part series filmed at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew which debuts on 26 May 2012 and will be simulcast on Sky Atlantic HD.[24] A series on the wildlife of the Galapagos Islands has also been announced[25] and the Sky 3D film The Bachelor King 3D, which Attenborough wrote and narrated, will get a theatrical release in 2012. All Attenborough's 3D projects are being co-produced by Atlantic Productions, as is a second series of First Life, which will explore the origins of the mammals.[26]
2012 will also herald the third series of David Attenborough's Life Stories for BBC Radio 4 and the new commission David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities on Eden.[27]
Other work[link]
From 1983, Attenborough worked on two environmentally themed musicals with the WWF and writers Peter Rose and Anne Conlon. Yanomamo was the first, about the Amazon rainforest, and the second, Ocean World, premiered at the Royal Festival Hall in 1991. They were both narrated by Attenborough on their national tour, and recorded on to audio cassette. Ocean World was also filmed for Channel 4 and later released.
In 1990, he highlighted the case of Mahjoub Sharif as part of the BBC's Prisoners of Conscience series.[28]
In January 2009, the BBC commissioned Attenborough to provide a series of 20 ten-minute monologues covering the history of nature. Entitled David Attenborough's Life Stories, they are broadcast on Radio 4 in the Friday night slot vacated by Alistair Cooke's Letter from America.[29] Part of Radio 4's A Point of View strand, the talks are also available as podcasts.[30]
He appeared in the 2009 Children's Prom at the BBC Promenade Concerts and in the Last Night of the Proms on 12 September 2009, playing a floor polisher in Sir Malcolm Arnold's "A Grand, Grand Overture" (after which he was "shot" by Rory Bremner, who was playing the gun).
Attenborough also serves on the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine.
Achievements, awards and recognition[link]
| Styles and honours |
|---|
|
Attenborough's contribution to broadcasting and wildlife film-making has brought him international recognition. He has been called "the great communicator, the peerless educator"[31] and "the greatest broadcaster of our time".[32] His programmes are often cited as an example of what public service broadcasting should be, even by critics of the BBC, and have influenced a generation of wildlife film-makers.[33]
Honorary titles[link]
In 2010 it was reported that Attenborough has been given 29 honorary degrees by British universities, more than any other person.[34] In 1980, he was honoured by the Open University, with whom he has had a close association throughout his career. He also has honorary Doctor of Science awards from the University of Cambridge (1984), the University of Oxford (1988)[35], the University of Bath (1981)[36] and the University of St Andrews (2011).[37] In 2006, the two eldest Attenborough brothers returned to their home city to receive the title of Distinguished Honorary Fellows of the University of Leicester, "in recognition of a record of continuing distinguished service to the University."[38] David Attenborough was previously awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the university in 1970, and was made an honorary Freeman of the City of Leicester in 1990.
Attenborough has received the title Honorary Fellow from Clare College, Cambridge (1980), the Zoological Society of London (1998), the Linnean Society (1999), the Institute of Biology (2000) and the Society of Antiquaries (2007).
Recognition[link]
Attenborough has featured as the subject of a number of BBC television programmes. Life on Air (2002) examined the legacy of his work and Attenborough the Controller (2002) focused on his time in charge of BBC Two. He also featured prominently in The Way We Went Wild (2004), a series about natural history television presenters, and 100 Years of Wildlife Films (2007), a special programme marking the centenary of the nature documentary. In 2006, British television viewers were asked to vote for their Favourite Attenborough Moments for a UKTV poll to coincide with the broadcaster's 80th birthday. The winning clip showed Attenborough observing the mimicry skills of the superb lyrebird.
Attenborough was named as the most trusted celebrity in Britain in a 2006 Reader's Digest poll,.[39] and the following year he won The Culture Show's Living Icon Award.[40] He has also been named among the 100 Greatest Britons in a 2002 BBC poll and is one of the top ten "Heroes of Our Time" according to New Statesman magazine.[41]
He has the distinction of having a number of newly discovered species and fossils being named in his honour. In 1993, after discovering that the Mesozoic reptile Plesiosaurus conybeari had not, in fact, been a true plesiosaur, the paleontologist Robert Bakker renamed the species Attenborosaurus conybeari.[42] A fossilised armoured fish discovered at the Gogo Formation, Western Australia in 2008 was given the name Materpiscis attenboroughi, after Attenborough had filmed at the site and highlighted its scientific importance in Life on Earth.[43] The Materpiscis fossil is believed to be the earliest organism capable of internal fertilisation.
He has also lent his name to a species of Ecuadorian flowering tree, Blakea attenboroughi, one of the world's largest-pitchered carnivorous plants, Nepenthes attenboroughii,[44] and one of only four species of long-beaked echidna, the critically endangered Zaglossus attenboroughi, discovered by explorer and zoologist Tim Flannery in the Cyclops Mountains of New Guinea in 1998.
In September 2009, London's Natural History Museum opened the Attenborough Studio, part of its Darwin Centre development.[45]
Awards[link]
- 1970: BAFTA Desmond Davis Award
- 1974: Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
- 1980: BAFTA Fellowship
- 1983: Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
- 1985: Knighthood[46]
- 1991: Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for producing Queen Elizabeth II's Christmas broadcast for a number of years from 1986
- 1991: Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[47]
- 1996: Companion of Honour (CH) "for services to nature broadcasting"
- 1998: International Cosmos Prize
- 2003: Michael Faraday Prize awarded by the Royal Society
- 2004: Descartes Prize for Outstanding Science Communication Actions
- 2004: Caird Medal of the National Maritime Museum
- 2005: Order of Merit (OM)[48]
- 2005: Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest
- 2006: National Outdoor Book Award (Nature and the Environment category), Life in the Underground
- 2006: National Television Awards Special Recognition Award
- 2006: Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management[49] - Institute Medal in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the public perception and understanding of ecology
- 2006: The Culture Show British Icon Award
- 2007: British Naturalists' Association Peter Scott Memorial Award
- 2009: BAFTA Specialist factual award for Life In Cold Blood
- 2009: Prince of Asturias Award[50]
- 2010: Fonseca Prize
- 2010: Queensland Museum Medal[51][52]
- ???? RSPB Medal[53][54]
- 2011: Society for the History of Natural History Founders' Medal
Views and advocacy[link]
Environmental causes[link]
Attenborough's programmes have often included references to the impact of human society on the natural world. The last episode of The Living Planet, for example, focuses almost entirely on humans' destruction of the environment and ways that it could be stopped or reversed. Despite this, he has been criticised for not giving enough prominence to environmental messages. Some environmentalists feel that programmes like Attenborough's give a false picture of idyllic wilderness and do not do enough to acknowledge that such areas are increasingly encroached upon by humans.[55]
However, his closing message from State of the Planet was forthright:
The future of life on earth depends on our ability to take action. Many individuals are doing what they can, but real success can only come if there's a change in our societies and our economics and in our politics. I've been lucky in my lifetime to see some of the greatest spectacles that the natural world has to offer. Surely we have a responsibility to leave for future generations a planet that is healthy, inhabitable by all species.
Attenborough has subsequently become more vocal in his support of environmental causes. In 2005 and 2006, he backed a BirdLife International project to stop the killing of albatross by longline fishing boats.[56] He gave public support to WWF's campaign to have 220,000 square kilometres of Borneo's rainforest designated a protected area.[57] He also serves as a vice-president of BTCV, vice-president of Fauna and Flora International, president of Butterfly Conservation and president of Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust. In 2003 he launched an appeal to create a rainforest reserve in Ecuador in memory of Christopher Parsons, the producer of Life on Earth and a personal friend, who had died the previous year. The same year, he helped to launch ARKive,[58] a global project instigated by Parsons to gather together natural history media into a digital library. ARKive is an initiative of Wildscreen, of which Attenborough is a patron.[59] He later became patron of the World Land Trust, and an active supporter. He supported Glyndebourne in their successful application to obtain planning permission for a wind turbine in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and gave evidence at the planning inquiry arguing in favour of the proposal.
Attenborough has repeatedly said that he considers human overpopulation to be the root cause of many environmental problems. In The Life of Mammals, he made a plea for humans to curb population growth so that other species will not be crowded out. In 2009, he became a patron of Population Matters, (formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust), a UK charity advocating sustainable human populations.
He has written and spoken publicly about the fact that, despite past scepticism, he believes the Earth's climate is warming in a way that is cause for concern, and that this can likely be attributed to human activity.[60] He summed up his thoughts at the end of his 2006 documentary "Can We Save Planet Earth?" as follows:
In the past, we didn't understand the effect of our actions. Unknowingly, we sowed the wind and now, literally, we are reaping the whirlwind. But we no longer have that excuse: now we do recognise the consequences of our behaviour. Now surely, we must act to reform it — individually and collectively, nationally and internationally — or we doom future generations to catastrophe.
In a 2005 interview with BBC Wildlife magazine, Attenborough said he considered George W. Bush to be the era's top "environmental villain". In 2007, he further elaborated on the USA's consumption of energy in relation to its population. When asked if he thought America to be "the villain of the piece", he responded:
I don't think whole populations are villainous, but Americans are just extraordinarily unaware of all kinds of things. If you live in the middle of that vast continent, with apparently everything your heart could wish for just because you were born there, then why worry? [...] If people lose knowledge, sympathy and understanding of the natural world, they're going to mistreat it and will not ask their politicians to care for it.[61]
Religion and creationism[link]
In a December 2005 interview with Simon Mayo on BBC Radio Five Live, Attenborough stated that he considers himself an agnostic.[62] When asked whether his observation of the natural world has given him faith in a creator, he generally responds with some version of this story, making reference to the Loa loa parasitic worm:
My response is that when Creationists talk about God creating every individual species as a separate act, they always instance hummingbirds, or orchids, sunflowers and beautiful things. But I tend to think instead of a parasitic worm that is boring through the eye of a boy sitting on the bank of a river in West Africa, [a worm] that's going to make him blind. And [I ask them], 'Are you telling me that the God you believe in, who you also say is an all-merciful God, who cares for each one of us individually, are you saying that God created this worm that can live in no other way than in an innocent child's eyeball? Because that doesn't seem to me to coincide with a God who's full of mercy'.[63]
He has explained that he feels the evidence all over the planet clearly shows evolution to be the best way to explain the diversity of life, and that "as far as [he's] concerned, if there is a supreme being then he chose organic evolution as a way of bringing into existence the natural world."
In a BBC Four interview with Mark Lawson, Attenborough was asked if he at any time had any religious faith. He replied simply, "No."[64] He has also said "It never really occurred to me to believe in God".[65]
In 2002, Attenborough joined an effort by leading clerics and scientists to oppose the inclusion of creationism in the curriculum of UK state-funded independent schools which receive private sponsorship, such as the Emmanuel Schools Foundation.[66] In 2009, Attenborough stated that the Book of Genesis, by saying that the world was there for people to dominate, had taught generations that they can "dominate" the environment, and that this has resulted in the devastation of vast areas of the environment.[67] Attenborough further explained to the science journal Nature, "That's why Darwinism, and the fact of evolution, is of great importance, because it is that attitude which has led to the devastation of so much, and we are in the situation that we are in."[68][69]
Also in early 2009, the BBC broadcast an Attenborough one-hour special, Charles Darwin and the Tree of Life. In reference to the programme, Attenborough stated that "People write to me that evolution is only a theory. Well, it is not a theory. Evolution is as solid a historical fact as you could conceive. Evidence from every quarter. What is a theory is whether natural selection is the mechanism and the only mechanism. That is a theory. But the historical reality that dinosaurs led to birds and mammals produced whales, that's not theory."[70] He strongly opposes creationism and its offshoot "intelligent design", saying that a survey that found a quarter of science teachers in state schools believe that creationism should be taught alongside evolution in science lessons was "really terrible".[70]
In March 2009, Attenborough appeared on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. Attenborough stated that he felt evolution did not rule out the existence of a God and accepted the title of agnostic saying, "My view is: I don't know one way or the other but I don't think that evolution is against a belief in God."[71]
Attenborough has joined evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins and other top scientists in signing a campaign statement coordinated by the British Humanist Association (BHA). The statement calls for "creationism to be banned from the school science curriculum and for evolution to be taught more widely in schools."[72]
BBC and public service broadcasting[link]
Attenborough is a lifelong supporter of the BBC, public broadcasting and the television licence. He has said:
PSB, to me, is not about selecting individual programme strands here or there, financing them from some outside source and then foisting them upon commercial networks. Public Service Broadcasting, watched by a healthy number of viewers, with programmes financed in proportion to their intrinsic needs and not the size of the audience, can only effectively operate as a network — a network whose aim is to cater for the broadest possible range of interests, popular as well as less popular, a network that measures its success not only by its audience size but by the range of its schedule.[73]
Public service broadcasting is one of the things that distinguishes this country and makes me want to live here. I have spent all my life in it. I would be very distressed if public service broadcasting was weakened. I have been at the BBC since 1952, and know the BBC is constantly being battered. It is today.[74]
If you could demonstrate that the BBC was grossly extravagant there might be a case for saying OK take it away. But in fact the BBC per minute in almost every category is as cheap as you can find anywhere in the world and produces the best quality. If you take the money away, which part of the BBC will you remove? The BBC has gone through swingeing staff cuts. It has been cut to the bone, if you divert licence fee money elsewhere, you cut quality and services. There is always that threat from politicians who will say your licence fee is up for grabs. We will take it. There is a lot of people who want to see the BBC weakened. They talk of this terrible tax of the licence fee. Yet it is the best bargain that is going. Four radio channels and god knows how many TV channels. It is piffling.[74]
There have always been politicians or business people who have wanted to cut the BBC back or stop it saying the sort of things it says. There's always been trouble about the licence and if you dropped your guard you could bet our bottom dollar there'd be plenty of people who'd want to take it away. The licence fee is the basis on which the BBC is based and if you destroy it, broadcasting... becomes a wasteland.[75]
Attenborough expressed regret at some of the changes made to the BBC in the 1990s by Director-General John Birt, who introduced an internal market at the corporation, slimmed and even closed some departments and outsourced much of the corporation’s output to private production companies, in line with the Broadcasting Act 1990. He has said:
There is no question but that Birtism . . . has had some terrible results. On the other hand, the BBC had to change. Now it has to produce programmes no one else can do. Otherwise, forget the licence fee.[76]
The Bristol Unit has suffered along with the rest of the BBC from recent staff cuts. Yet it remains confident in the belief that the BBC will maintain it, in spite of the vagaries of fashion, because the Corporation believes that such programmes deserve a place in the schedules of any broadcaster with pretensions of providing a Public Service. In due course, similar specialist Units were also established in London, in order to produce programmes on archaeology and history, on the arts, on music and on science. They too, at one time, had their successes. But they have not survived as well as the Unit in Bristol. The statutory requirement that a certain percentage of programmes must come from independent producers has reduced in-house production and the Units necessarily shrank proportionately in size. As they dwindled, so the critical mass of their production expertise has diminished. The continuity of their archives has been broken, they have lost the close touch they once had worldwide with their subjects and they are no longer regarded internationally as the centres of innovation and expertise that they once were.[77]
When Birt gets up and says the whole of the BBC was a creative mess and it was wasteful, I never saw any evidence of that. I absolutely know it wasn’t so in my time. Producers now spend all their time worrying about money, and the thing has suffered for it.[78]
In 2008, he criticised the BBC’s television schedules:
I have to say that there are moments when I wonder — moments when its two senior networks, first set up as a partnership, schedule simultaneously programmes of identical character, thereby contradicting the very reason that the BBC was given a second network. Then there are times when both BBC One and BBC Two, intoxicated by the sudden popularity of a programme genre, allow that genre to proliferate and run rampant through the schedules. The result is that other kinds of programmes are not placed, simply because of a lack of space. Do we really require so many gardening programmes, make-over programmes or celebrity chefs? Is it not a scandal in this day and age, that there seems to be no place for continuing series of programmes about science or serious music or thoughtful in-depth interviews with people other than politicians?[73]
In 2009, Attenborough commented on the general state of British television, describing the newly introduced product placement on commercial television as something he considered an "appalling" idea 20 years earlier:
I think it's in great trouble. The whole system on which it was built — a limited number of networks, with adequate funding — is under threat. That funding is no longer there. As stations proliferate, so audiences are reduced. The struggle for audiences becomes ever greater, while money diminishes. I think that's a fair recipe for trouble. Inevitably, this has an impact on the BBC … Fortunately, the BBC doesn't think natural history programmes must compete with Strictly Come Dancing in terms of audience. The BBC says, 'Make proper, responsible natural history programmes.'[79]
Other causes[link]
In May 2005, Attenborough was appointed as patron of the UK's Blood Pressure Association, which provides information and support to people with hypertension.[80]
Attenborough is also an honorary member of BSES Expeditions, a youth development charity that operates challenging scientific research expeditions to remote wilderness environments.
Parodies and artistic portrayals[link]
Attenborough's accent and hushed, excited delivery have been the subject of frequent parodies by comedians, most notably Spike Milligan, Marty Feldman and The Goodies. Attenborough is portrayed by Michael Palin in the final episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, where he searches the African jungle for the legendary Walking Tree of Dahomey (Quercus Nicholas Parsonus), sweating excessively and accompanied by native guides wearing saxophones. David Attenborough has also been parodied in a series of GEICO insurance commercials, showing a nature show host, clearly patterned on Attenborough.
"Time Flies", a sketch by David Ives, features a pair of anthropomorphic mayflies engaging in a courtship ritual, while watching themselves on television in a documentary narrated by David Attenborough.[81]
The character of Nigel Thornberry, a nature documentarian on Nickelodeon's The Wild Thornberrys is strongly influenced by Attenborough.
He has also been parodied by the Australia 1980s sketch show The Comedy Company where Ian McFadyen portrays a character called David Rabbitborough, who goes about examining the "wildlife" of various Australian urban stereotypes.
The video game Discworld, based on the series of books by Terry Pratchett, parodies his unique delivery to explain different aspects of the Discworld Universe, such as L-Space.
Mythbusters host Adam Savage often imitates Attenborough when speaking about his co-host Jamie Hyneman, which Jamie verified in the YouTube Special Episode.
Filmography[link]
Main article: David Attenborough filmography
Attenborough is known foremost for writing and presenting the ten Life series, which are presented in chronological order below:
- Life on Earth (1979)
- The Living Planet (1984)
- The Trials of Life (1990)
- Life in the Freezer (1993)
- The Private Life of Plants (1995)
- The Life of Birds (1998)
- The Life of Mammals (2002)
- Life in the Undergrowth (2005)
- Life in Cold Blood (2008)
- First Life (2010)
His voice is synonymous with wildlife documentaries for British audiences, and the principal series with which his narration is associated include:
- Wildlife on One (1977–2005)
- BBC Wildlife Specials (1995–2008)
- The Blue Planet (2001)
- Planet Earth (British version) (2006)
- Nature's Great Events (2009)
- Life (2009)
- Frozen Planet (2011)
Books[link]
Bibliography[link]
- Zoo Quest to Guyana (Lutterworth Press, 1956)
- Zoo Quest for a Dragon (Lutterworth Press, 1957)
- (book club edition with 85 extra pages, Quest for the Paradise Birds, 1959)
- Zoo Quest in Paraguay (Lutterworth Press, 1959)
- paperback (Penguin Books, 1982)
- Quest in Paradise (1960)
- People of Paradise (Harper & Brothers, 1960)
- Zoo Quest to Madagascar (1961)
- Quest Under Capricorn (1963)
- Fabulous Animals (BBC, 1975) ISBN 0-563-17006-9
- The Tribal Eye (1976)
- Life on Earth (1979)
- Discovering Life on Earth (1981)
- Journeys to the past: Travels in New Guinea, Madagascar, and the northern territory of Australia (1983) Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-00.64133
- The Living Planet (1984)
- The First Eden: The Mediterranean World and Man (1987)(Little Brown & Co (T); 1st American ed edition (March 1990))
- The Atlas of the Living World (1989)
- The Trials of Life (Collins, 1990) ISBN 0-00-219912-2
- The Private Life of Plants (BBC Books, 1994) ISBN 0-563-37023-8
- The Life of Birds (BBC Books, 1998) ISBN 0-563-38792-0
- The Life of Mammals (BBC Books, 2002) ISBN 0-563-53423-0
- Life on Air: Memoirs of a Broadcaster (autobiography; 2002) ISBN 0-563-53461-3
- paperback: ISBN 0-563-48780-1
- updated edition: ISBN 978-1-84607-652-7
- Life in the Undergrowth (BBC Books, 2005) ISBN 0-563-52208-9
- Amazing Rare Things - The Art of Natural History in the Age of Discovery with Susan Owens, Martin Clayton and Rea Alexandratos (The Royal Collection, 2007) Hardback - ISBN 978-1-902163-46-8; Softback - ISBN 978-1-902163-99-4
- Life in Cold Blood (BBC Books, 2007) ISBN 978-0-563-53922-3
- Life Stories, (HarperCollins Publishers, 2009) ISBN 978-0-00-733883-2
- New Life Stories, (Collins, 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-742512-9
Introductions[link]
Attenborough has written the introduction or foreword for a number of books, including:
- Buxton, Cindy; Annie Price (1983). Survival South Atlantic. London :: Granada,. pp. xiii,237p.,[64]p. of plates : ill(some col.), maps,col.ports. ; 26cm.. ISBN 0-246-12087-8.
- African Jigsaw: A Musical Entertainment, Peter Rose and Anne Conlon (published: 1986, Weinberger)
- Tomorrow Is Too Late, Various (The Macmillan Press, 1990)
- Life in the Freezer: Natural History of the Antarctic, Alastair Fothergill (BBC Books, 1993), ISBN 0-563-36431-9
- Birds of Paradise: Paradisaeidae (Bird Families of the World series) Clifford B. Frith, Bruce M. Beehler, William T. Cooper (Illustrator) (Oxford University Press, 1998) ISBN 0-19-854853-2
- The Blue Planet, Andrew Byatt, Alastair Fothergill, Martha Holmes (BBC Books, 2001) ISBN 0-563-38498-0.
- Light on the Earth (BBC Books, 2005), two decades of winning images from the Wildlife Photographer of the Year competition, ISBN 0-563-52260-7
- Planet Earth, Alastair Fothergill (BBC Books, 2006), ISBN 0-563-52212-7
Audio recordings[link]
- Tarka the Otter by Henry Williamson (available on audiocassette, 1978)
- Yanomamo (musical entertainment, 1983) by Peter Rose and Anne Conlon; on-stage narration and published audio recording
- Ocean World (musical entertainment, 1990) by Peter Rose and Anne Conlon; on-stage narration (including at The Royal Festival Hall), for audio recording and video broadcast (both published)
- Peter and the Wolf for BBC Music Magazine (free CD with the June 2000 issue).
In addition, Attenborough has recorded some of his own works in audiobook form, including Life on Earth, Zoo Quest for a Dragon and his autobiography Life on Air: Memoirs of a Broadcaster.
References[link]
- ^ Waldemayer, Winston (2009-01-28). "Short Sharp Science: Eye-burrowing worms, national treasures... and creationism". Newscientist.com. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/01/eye-burrowing-worms-national-t.html. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ Kendall, Paul (31 January 2009). "Sir David Attenborough: 'Man was given permission to exploit the natural world by the Bible'". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/4413130/Sir-David-Attenborough-Man-was-given-permission-to-exploit-the-natural-world-by-the-Bible.html. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Margaret Thatcher, Richard Branson and Judi Dench picked as National Treasures". London: The Telegraph. 2008-09-18. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2982907/Margaret-Thatcher-Richard-Branson-and-Judi-Dench-picked-as-National-Treasures.html. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Richard Attenborough's official website: Biography". Richardattenborough.com. http://www.richardattenborough.com/Biography/. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ History of College House at the Wayback Machine (archived September 24, 2006)
- ^ O'Hanlon, Terry (26 November 2000). "The Missing Link; We find Attenborough brother No. 3". Sunday Mirror (London). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20001126/ai_n14516598/. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Mentioned as an aside at the 90 second mark on The Amber Time Machine, part of the Attenborough in Paradise and Other Personal Voyages collection of documentaries.
- ^ a b "Sir David Attenborough - Naturalist". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/plain/A20218628. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Cover.Qxd" (PDF). http://www.clarealumni.com/s/845/file_lib/1/1/clarenews11_633540413018489651.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Dr Robert Attenborough - School of Archaeology & Anthropology - ANU". Arts.anu.edu.au. 9 July 2009. http://archanth.anu.edu.au/staff/dr-robert-attenborough. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Attenborough, David (2002). Life on Air. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-53461-3. pp. 10-11.
- ^ Life on Air, p.13.
- ^ Life on Air, pp.60-61.
- ^ "Transcript of interview with David Attenborough" (PDF). http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/helpers/force-download.php?file=pdf/David_Attenborough.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Gately, Martin (1 April 2006). "Fortean Times episode guide to ''Fabulous Animals''". Forteantimes.com. http://www.forteantimes.com/features/articles/101/attenboroughs_fabulous_animals.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Radio Times 26 Jan–1 February 2008: "The Last Word", interview with Jeremy Paxman
- ^ Attenborough's Journey, BBC Two, 24 October 2010
- ^ "Meerkats United". WildFilmistory.org. http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/film/151/Meerkats+United.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ Attenborough, David. ""Where the Wild Things Are" (Essay for BBC "Made in the Uk")". BBC.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/info/policies/madeintheuk/pdfs/5_david_attenborough_where_the_wild_things_are.pdf. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ Holmwood, Leigh (21 September 2007). "Attenborough is back - again". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2007/sep/21/bbc.television1. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ "Nature's Great Events Press Pack". BBC Press Office. 11 February 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/01_january/05/nature.shtml.
- ^ "Sir David Attenborough to front Sky 3D wildlife show". BBC News Online. 7 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8606923.stm.
- ^ Brown, Maggie (5 May 2012). "David Attenborough's 60-year career celebrated in BBC series". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2012/may/05/david-attenborough-bbc-series. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "David Attenborough's Kingdom of Plants 3D will burst onto Sky 3D screens in May 2012". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. http://www.kew.org/about-kew/press-media/press-releases-kew/david-attenborough-kingdom-of-plants/index.htm. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "Atlantic and Sky announce further groundbreaking 3D project with David Attenborough". Atlantic Productions. http://www.atlanticproductions.co.uk/news/atlantic-and-sky-announce-further-groundbreaking-3d-project-with-david-attenborough/. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ Rajesh, Monisha. "Attenborough, Atlantic teaming up for second "First Life"". realscreen.com. http://realscreen.com/2011/12/23/exclusive-attenborough-atlantic-teaming-up-for-second-first-life/. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
- ^ "David Attenborough's Natural Curiosities". Eden Channel. http://uktv.co.uk/eden/item/aid/652175. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ "Solidarity and Return to Sender". Amnesty Magazine (London: Amnesty Intrernational) 0264-3278 (151): 24. September/October 2008.
- ^ "Attenborough takes on Cooke's radio slot". Digital Spy. 30 January 2009. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/broadcasting/a145070/attenborough-takes-on-cookes-radio-slot.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "BBC Podcasts: A Point of View". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/pov/. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Smith, Giles (31 December 2001). "What comes naturally". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729076/What-comes-naturally.html.
- ^ Whitworth, Damian (22 January 2009). "David Attenborough on Charles Darwin". London: The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article5562484.ece.
- ^ Donaghy, James (3 March 2008). "David Attenborough: a fine specimen". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/tvandradioblog/2008/mar/03/davidattenboroughafinespec.
- ^ "Sir David Attenborough heads lists of most honoured by Britain's universities". London: The Sunday Telegraph. 1 August 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7920613/Sir-David-Attenborough-heads-lists-of-most-honoured-by-Britains-universities.html.
- ^ "WWF Council of Ambassadors - Sir David Attenborough". WWF-UK. http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/about_us/all_about_wwf/wwf_uk_council_of_ambassadors/sir_david_attenborough.cfm. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "Honorary Graduates 1989 to present". bath.ac.uk. University of Bath. http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ "St Andrews to honour David Attenborough". st-andrews.ac.uk. University of St Andrews. http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2011/Title,68380,en.html. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ "British Icons Pick Up Uni Honours". Sky News. 13 July 2011. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806413532577.
- ^ Hoggart, Simon (28 January 2006). "In David we trust ... but not Peter". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,1696927,00.html.
- ^ culture show. "Living Icons - David Attenborough". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/livingicons/bio01.shtml. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
- ^ "New Statesman". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/200605220016. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Plesiosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide". Dinosauria.com. http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/names/ples.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Oldest Live-Birth Fossil Found; Fish Had Umbilical Cord". National Geographic News. 28 May 2008. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080528-mother-fossil.html.
- ^ Robinson, A.S., A.S. Fleischmann, S.R. McPherson, V.B. Heinrich, E.P. Gironella & C.Q. Peña 2009. A spectacular new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) pitcher plant from central Palawan, Philippines. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 159(2): 195–202. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00942.x
- ^ "Prince opens £78m Darwin Centre". BBC News. 14 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8254804.stm.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 50221. p. 10816. 6 August 1985.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ "ATTENBOROUGH, Sir David (Frederick)". Who's Who (2010 ed.). Oxford, England: A and C Black. December 2009.
- ^ "Welcome to IEEM". Ieem.net. http://www.ieem.net. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
- ^ "Prince of Asturias Awards 2009". http://fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/en/awards/2009/david-attenborough-1/. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ smartbahu.com. "David Attenborough to be honoured by Queensland Museum". Smartbahu.com. http://www.smartbahu.com/node/500347. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ "Queensland Government". Science.qld.gov.au. http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15012. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ "Independent journalist wins RSPB medal". Birdwatch. http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ Reynolds, James (2007-08-23). "Gifted naturalist is awarded prestigious RSPB medal". RSPB. http://www.rspb.org.uk/media/releases/175798-gifted-naturalist-is-awarded-prestigious-rspb-medal. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ James Fair, "Small Things Bright and Beautiful", BBC Wildlife Magazine, November 2005, pp. 25-26.
- ^ "Personal plea by David Attenborough". www.savethealbatross.net. 27 January 2006. http://www.savethealbatross.net/the_latest/the_latest_item.asp?newsid=24.
- ^ "Sir David Attenborough: Heart of Borneo is a global heritage". WWF-UK press release. http://www.wwf.org.uk/core/about/ta_0000001801.asp.
- ^ Davies, Ashley (20 May 2003). "Arkive sets sail on the web". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/conservation/story/0,,969572,00.html.
- ^ WildScreen Annual Review 2010. Wildscreen. http://www.wildscreen.org.uk/downloads/AnnualReview2010.pdf. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ^ Attenborough, David (24 May 2006). "Climate change is the major challenge facing the world". London: The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article570935.ece.
- ^ Interview in the Radio Times 23–29 June 2007
- ^ Interview with Simon Mayo, BBC Radio Five Live, 2 December 2005
- ^ David Attenborough, 2003. "Wild, wild life." Sydney Morning Herald, 25 March. Attenborough has also told this story in numerous other interviews.
- ^ BBC Today programme, 31 January 2009
- ^ Walker, Tim (26 January 2009). "Sir David Attenborough questioned on faith, naturally". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/4347954/Sir-David-Attenborough-questioned-on-faith-naturally.html.
- ^ Butt, Riazat (27 January 2009). "Attenborough reveals creationist hate mail for not crediting God". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/27/david-attenborough-science. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
- ^ "Is the Bible to blame for trashing Earth?". worldnetdaily.com. http://worldnetdaily.com/index.php?fa=PAGE.view&pageId=87651. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ "The Great Beyond: David Attenborough on Darwin, evolution and the Bible". blogs.nature.com. http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2009/01/david_attenborough_on_darwin_e.html. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ Rutherford, A. (2009). "Q&A: Building on paradise". Nature 457 (7232): 967–967. DOI:10.1038/457967a. PMID 19225509. edit
- ^ a b Whitworth, Damian (22 January 2009). "David Attenborough on Charles Darwin - Times Online". London: www.timesonline.co.uk. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article5562484.ece. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ "David Attenborough on ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross''". YouTube. 31 October 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SvoJSlcIYmM. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Collins, Nick (19 September 2011). "David Attenborough joins campaign against creationism in schools". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/8769353/David-Attenborough-joins-campaign-against-creationism-in-schools.html. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
- ^ a b "The BBC and the future of public service broadcasting". http://www.bbc.co.uk/thefuture/transcript_atten6.shtml.
- ^ a b Pierce, Andrew (2 May 2008). "Sir David Attenborough enters political jungle". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1921592/Sir-David-Attenborough-enters-political-jungle.html. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ "Attenborough backs Ross". http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi-platform/news/attenborough-backs-ross/1925560.article.
- ^ "The New Statesman Interview - David Attenborough". http://www.newstatesman.com/199812180019.
- ^ "The BBC and the future of public service broadcasting". http://www.bbc.co.uk/thefuture/transcript_atten4.shtml.
- ^ Hamilton, Fiona (3 November 2002). "Interview: Marguerite Driscoll meets Sir David Attenborough: So much jollier than being DG". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article820515.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ Khan, Urmee (5 October 2009). "David Attenborough says TV is in 'Big Trouble'". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/6261612/David-Attenborough-says-TV-is-in-Big-Trouble.html. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ Press release, Blood Pressure Association web site, 13 May 2005
- ^ "North County Times: Laughs fly in New Village Arts' treatment of David Ives' words". Nctimes.com. 6 August 2009. http://www.nctimes.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/theatre/article_4d08ed69-0b4f-5fed-a94f-af2fb123fdfa.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: David Attenborough |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: David Attenborough |
- David Attenborough at the Internet Movie Database
- BBC Books David Attenborough website
- BBC Life on Air website
- BBC biography
- Wildfilmhistory.org biography
- BBC interviews with Attenborough in 1976 and 1998
- PBS interview with Attenborough in 1998
- A Life in TV: Sir David Attenborough, BAFTA
- BBC Wildlife Finder - David Attenborough's favourite moments
- Tribute from the World Land Trust
- David Attenborough profile on Eden Channel website
- List of David Attenborough's programmes on Eden Channel website
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Michael Peacock |
Controller of BBC Two 1965–1969 |
Succeeded by Robin Scott |
| Non-profit organization positions | ||
| Preceded by ? |
President of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation 1991–1996 |
Succeeded by ? |
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Attenborough, David |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Broadcaster, naturalist |
| Date of birth | 8 May 1926 |
| Place of birth | London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/David_Attenborough
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/David Attenborough
http://cs.wn.com/David Attenborough
http://id.wn.com/Sir David Attenborough
http://es.wn.com/David Attenborough
http://ru.wn.com/Аттенборо, Дэвид
http://nl.wn.com/David Attenborough
http://pt.wn.com/David Attenborough
http://pl.wn.com/David Attenborough
http://fr.wn.com/David Attenborough
http://de.wn.com/David Attenborough
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
