Liepāja (Liepaya) (pronounced [liepaːja] (
listen)); German: Libau), is a city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea directly at 21°E. It is the largest city in the Kurzeme Region of Latvia, the third largest city in Latvia after Riga and Daugavpils and an important ice-free port. As of 1 July 2011 Liepāja had a population of 82386.
Liepāja is known throughout Latvia as "The city where the wind is born", possibly because of the constant sea breeze. A song of the same name (Latvian: Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš) was composed by Imants Kalniņš and has become the anthem of the city. The reputation of Liepāja as the windiest city in Latvia has been further endorsed as the biggest wind power plant in Latvia (33 Enercon wind turbines) was constructed nearby.
The Coat of Arms of Liepāja was adopted four days after it gained city rights on 18 March 1625.[1] These are described as: "on a silver background, the lion of Kurzeme with a divided tail, who leans upon a linden (Latvian: Liepa) tree with its forelegs." The flag of Liepāja has the coat of arms in the center, with red in the top half and green in the bottom.[1]
The original settlement at the location of modern Liepāja was founded by Curonian fishermen of Piemare and was known by the name Līva (from the name of the river Līva on which Liepāja was located, which in turn originated from the Livonian word Liiv meaning "sand"). The oldest written text mentioning the name is dated 4 April 1253. The Livonian Order under the aegis of the Teutonic Order established the settlement as the village of Liba(u) in 1263. In 1418 the city was sacked and burned by the Lithuanians. During the 15th century, a part of the trade route from Amsterdam to Moscow passed through Līva and it was known as the "white road to Lyva portus". By 1520 the river Līva had become too shallow for easy navigation, and this negatively influenced on the development of the city.
In 1560, Gotthard Kettler loaned all the Grobiņa district including Liepāja to Albert, Duke of Prussia for 50,000 guldens. Only in 1609 after the marriage of Sofie Hohenzollern, princess of Prussia, to Wilhelm Kettler did the territory return to the Duchy. During the Livonian War, Liepāja was attacked and destroyed by the Swedes. In 1625, Duke Friedrich Kettler of Courland granted the town city rights, which were affirmed by King Sigismund III of Poland in 1626. The name Liepāja was mentioned for the first time in 1649 by Paul Einhorn in his work "Historia Lettica". Under Duke Jacob Kettler (1642–1681), Liepāja became one of the main ports of Courland as it reached the height of its prosperity. In 1637 Courland colonization was started from the ports of Liepāja and Ventspils. Jacob was an eager proponent of mercantilist ideas. Metalworking and ship building became much more developed and trading relations developed not only with nearby countries, but also with Britain, France, the Netherlands and Portugal. In 1697–1703 a canal was cut to the sea and a port was built.[2] In 1701, during the Great Northern War, Liepāja was captured by Charles XII of Sweden, but the end of the war saw the city in Polish possession.[3] In 1710 an epidemic of plague killed about a third of the population of Liepāja. In 1780 the first Freemasonry lodge "Libanons" was set up in the port of Liepāja by Provincial Grandmaster Ivan Yelagin on behalf of the Provincial Lodge of Russia and was registered with a number 524 in the Grand Lodge of England.[4]
Courland passed to the control of the Russian Empire in 1795 during the third Partition of Poland and became the Courland Governorate of Russia. Growth during the nineteenth century was rapid. During the Crimean War when the Royal Navy was blockading Russian Baltic ports, the busy yet still unfortified port of Liepāja was briefly captured on 17 May 1854 without a shot being fired, by a landing party of 110 men from HMS Conflict and HMS Amphion.[5] In 1857 the engineer Jan Heidatel developed a project to reconstruct the port of Liepāja. In 1861–1868 the project was realized – including the building of a lighthouse and breakwaters. Between 1877–1882 the political and literary weekly newspaper Liepājas Pastnieks was published – the first Latvian language newspaper in Liepāja.[6] In the 1870s the rapid development of Russian railways, the 1871 opening of the Libava-Kaunas and the 1876 Liepāja-Romny railways ensured that a large proportion of central Russian trade passed through Liepāja.[7] By 1900, 7% of Russian exports were passing through Liepāja. The city became a major port of the Russian Empire on the Baltic Sea, as well as a popular resort. On the orders of Alexander III Liepāja was fortified against possible German attacks. The Libava fortress was subsequently built around the city, and in the early 20th century a major military base was established on the northern edge, including formidable coastal fortifications and extensive quarters for military personnel. As part of the military development a separate military port was excavated. This area became known as Kara Osta (War Port) and served military needs throughout the twentieth century. Early in the twentieth century the port of Liepāja became a central point of embarkation for immigrants traveling to the United States. By 1906 the direct service to the United States was used by 40,000 migrants per year. Simultaneously, the first Russian training detachment of submarine navigation was founded. In 1912 one of the first water aerodromes in Russia was opened in Liepāja.[8] By 1913, 1738 ships entered Libava with 1,548,119 tones of cargo passing through the port. The population had increased from 10,000 to over 100,000 within about 60 years.
During World War I, German dirigibles bombed Liepāja in January, 1915. Liepāja was occupied by the German army on 7 May 1915; in memory of this event, a monument was constructed on Kūrmājas prospect in 1916 (destroyed in 1919). On 23 October 1915, the German cruiser SMS Prinz Adalbert was sunk by the British submarine HMS E8, 37 kilometers west of Liepāja. In 1915, Liepāja's local government issued its own money – Libava rubles.
During the war, the words of The Jäger March were written in Liepāja by Heikki Nurmio.
After the war, when the independent state of Latvia was founded, Liepāja became the de facto capital of Latvia for six months when the interim government of Latvia, headed by Kārlis Ulmanis, fled from Riga on a ship "Saratov". In 1918 Libava was renamed Liepāja. In 1935 KOD (Latvian: Kara ostas darbnīcas) started to manufacture the light aircrafts LKOD-1 and LKOD-2.
Top secret USSR document about creating a closed military port in Liepāja. Signed by Stalin (there is a spelling mistake in the word "Liepāja" –
Russian:
Лепая) (1951)
The ports and human capital of Liepāja and Ventspils were targets of Joseph Stalin and part of the reason for the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact. In 1940 upon annexation by the Soviet Union, private property was nationalized and many thousands of former owners were arrested and deported to Siberia; and thousands also fled to North America, Australia and western Europe. In 1941 Liepāja was among the first cities captured by the 291st Division of Army Group North after Nazi Germany began the war with the Soviet Union. The local Jewish population, which had numbered about 7,000 before the war, was virtually exterminated by German Nazis and Latvian collaborators. Most of these mass murders took place in the dunes of Šķēde north of the city. Fewer than 30 Jews remained alive in Liepāja by the end of the war. Film footage of an Einsatzgruppen execution of local Jews was taken in Liepāja.[9] During the period 1944–1945 Liepāja was within the "Courland Pocket" and was only recaptured by the Soviet army on 9 May 1945. World War II devastated the city, most of the buildings and industrial plant were destroyed.
On 25–29 March 1949, a second mass deportation to Siberia occurred from Liepāja. In 1950 the monument to Stalin was erected on Station square (Latvian: Stacijas laukums) but was dismantled in 1958. During 1953–1957 the city center was reconstructed under the direction of architects A. Kruglov and M. Žagare.[2] In 1952–1955 the Liepāja Academy of Pedagogy building was constructed under the direction of A. Aivars. In 1960 the Kurzeme shopping centre was opened. During the Soviet occupation, Liepāja was a closed city and even nearby farmers and villagers needed a special permit to enter it. The Soviet military set up its Baltic naval base and nuclear weapon warehouses there; The Beberliņš sandpit was dug out to extract sand used for constructing underground warehouses. The port was completely closed to commercial traffic in 1967. One third of the city was taken up with a Soviet naval base with 26 thousand military staff. In Liepāja the 14th Submarine Squadron of the USSR's Baltic Fleet (Russian: 14 эскадрилья ЛиВМБ ДКБФ, call sign "Комплекс") was stationed with 16 submarines (Types: 613, 629a, 651); as was the 6th group of Rear Supply of the Baltic Fleet, and the 81st Design Bureau and Reserve Command Center of the same force. In 1977 Liepāja was awarded the Order of the October Revolution for heroic defense against Nazi Germany in 1941. In Liepāja 5 people were awarded the honorary title Hero of Socialist Labor – Anatolijs Filatkins, Artūrs Fridrihsons, Voldemārs Lazdups, Valentins Šuvajevs and Otīlija Žagata. Because of the rapid growth of the city's population, a shortage of apartment houses became an issue. To resolve this, most of the modern Liepāja districts – Dienvidrietumi, Ezerkrasts, Ziemeļu priekšpilsēta, Zaļā birze and Tosmare – were built. The majority of these blocks were constructed of ferro-concrete panels in standard projects designed by the state Latgyprogorstroy Institute (Russian: Латгипрогорстрой). In 1986 the new central city hospital in Zaļa birze was opened.[10] In 1979 a part of the film Moonzund was filmed in the town.
After Latvia regained independence, Liepāja has worked hard to change from a military city into a modern port city (now marked on European maps after the secrecy of the Soviet period). The commercial port was re-opened in 1991, and in 1994 the last Russian troops left Liepāja. Since then, Liepāja has engaged in international co-operation, has been associated with 10 twin and partner cities and is an active partner in several co-operation networks. Facilities are being improved as the city hosts Latvia's largest naval flotilla, the largest warehouses of ammunition and weapons in the Baltic states, and the main supply centre of the Latvian army. At the beginning of the 21st century many ambitious construction projects were planned for the city, including building the NATO military base, the biggest amusement park in the Baltic states – Baltic Sea Park; but most of these projects have not been realised due to economic and political factors. On the other hand, some of the earlier planned projects were completed. Liepāja's heating network was renovated in cooperation with French company Dalkia and Russian company Gazprom. In 2008 the Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia decided to build the coal cogeneration 400 MW power plant in Liepāja. In 2006, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, a direct descendant of Jacob Kettler visited Liepāja.
Liepāja is located in a zone with a temperate marine climate. The major factor influencing the weather in the region is the Baltic Sea, providing a mild winter and a cool summer. During the winter the sea around Liepāja is virtually ice-free. Although occasionally some land-fast ice may develop, it seldom reaches a hundred meters from the shore and does not last long before melting. The sea warms up fully only in the beginning of August, so the best bathing season in Liepāja is from August to September. Regular meteorological observations in the city have been conducted from 1857.
- February: −3.1 °C (26 °F)
- July: 16.0 °C (61 °F)
- Absolute minimum of temperature: −33 °C (−27 °F)
- Absolute maximum of temperature: 34 °C (93 °F)
- Number of sunny days per year: 196
- Average speed of wind: 5.8 m/s (13 mph)
- Average annual norm of precipitation (mostly rain): 692 mm (27.2 in)
- Typical wind directions: in the winter – southern, in the summer – western.
| Climate data for Liepaja |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
0
(32) |
0
(32) |
3
(38) |
8
(46) |
14
(58) |
17
(63) |
19
(66) |
19
(67) |
15
(59) |
11
(51) |
5
(41) |
2
(36) |
9.5
(49.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−3
(26) |
−4
(24) |
−2
(29) |
2
(35) |
7
(45) |
11
(51) |
13
(56) |
13
(56) |
10
(50) |
6
(42) |
2
(35) |
−2
(29) |
4.4
(39.8) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
43
(1.7) |
33
(1.3) |
30
(1.2) |
33
(1.3) |
38
(1.5) |
43
(1.7) |
61
(2.4) |
76
(3) |
71
(2.8) |
71
(2.8) |
66
(2.6) |
58
(2.3) |
625
(24.6) |
| Source: Weatherbase [11] |
Liepāja is situated on the coast of the Baltic Sea in the south-western part of Latvia. The westernmost geographical point of Latvia is located approximately 15 kilometers to the south thus making Liepāja Latvia's furthest west city. Liepāja is situated between the Baltic Sea and Liepāja Lake with residential and industrial areas spreading north of the lake. The Trade Channel (Tirdzniecības kanāls) connects the lake to the sea dividing the city into southern and northern parts, which are often referred to as the Old Town (Vecliepāja) and the New Town (Jaunliepāja) respectively. The city center is located in the southern part and, although called the Old Town, is relatively more developed. Most of the administrative and cultural buildings are found here as well as the main leisure areas. Along the coast the city extends northwards until it reaches the Tosmare Channel (Tosmares kanāls). North of the Tosmare Channel is an area called Karosta which is now fully integrated into Liepāja and is the northernmost district of the city. Liepāja's coastline consists of an unbroken sandy beach and dunes as does most of Latvia's coastline. The beach of Liepāja is not as exploited as other places (e.g. the Gulf of Riga, Jūrmala and Pärnu in Estonia) but also lacks the tourist infrastructure needed for a fashionable, modern resort.
Jūrmala Park (Seaside Park) is located in the western part of the city at the seaside. The park is 3 km long with a total area of 70 ha and is one of the largest planted parks in Latvia. It was developed at the end of the 19th century At the end of Peldu Street are Latvia's largest drums – one of the objects of Liepāja's environmental design which reminds one that Liepāja is the music capital of Latvia. The open-air concert stage Pūt, vējiņi! (Blow, wind, blow!) was built in 1964. It has been the venue for a good many concerts and festivals, with the festival "Liepājas Dzintars" ("Amber of Liepāja") being the most famous among them, as it could be regarded as the oldest rock festival of the former Soviet Union. It was held for the first time in 1968. Alongside the stage is an interesting building, the former Bath House built in 1902 and designed by Max Paul Bertschy. At the beginning of the 19th century Liepāja was a renowned health resort and the Russian tsar and his family had been visiting Liepāja. This all encouraged other aristocrats from Russia and Europe to spend their summers in Liepāja as well.
In the beginning of the 20th century, Libava fortress was the most expensive and ambitious project of the Russian army on the Baltic sea. The massive concrete fortifications with eight cannon batteries was built to protect the city and its population from German attacks. Secret underground passages of the fortress became the most famous Liepāja's urban legend. Nowadays the ruins of the fortress are the popular place for playing paintball.
The closest city to Liepāja is Grobiņa located about 10 km away towards Riga. Other main cities in the region are Klaipėda (approx. 110 km to the south), Ventspils (approx. 115 km to the north) and Saldus (approx. 100 km to the east). The distance to Riga (the capital of Latvia) is about 200 km to the east. The nearest point to Liepāja across the Baltic sea is the Swedish island of Gotland approximately 160 km to the north-west. The distance to Stockholm is 216 nautical miles.
Liepāja is rich in different architecture styles: wooden houses, Art Nouveau buildings, Soviet-era apartments and a number of green parks all contribute to the character of the city. The main areas of interest for tourists include the city center with its many churches, the Seaside park with white sandy beaches and the northern suburb of Karosta, a former secret military encampment which is now a major tourist attraction. Other areas of interest for tourists are Vecliepāja; Ezerkrasts, which is close to Liepāja lake; and the Karosta beaches with their picturesque blasted forts.
- The Liepāja Museum[12]
- Department of Liepaja Museum "Liepaja during the occupational regimes"
- Museum "History of Liepāja Community of Jews"
- Museum "Liepājas Metalurgs" (founded in 2007)
- Museum "Karosta Prison"[13]
|
- Rose square (Latvian: Rožu laukums)
- Swan Pond (remnant of river Līva)
- Hotel "Libava"
- Peter The Great house – the oldest house in Liepāja
- Graudu 45 – Graudu nams (Jugendstil)
- Graudu 42 – former "Bonic Café"
- Pētertirgus – Central market
- Liepājas teatris
- City council building – former District court
- Restaurant "Vecais Kapteins"
- University of Liepāja building
- 1st Latvian Rock Café
|
The urban transport network of Liepāja relies mainly on buses and minicoaches. As of 2009 there are 12 bus routes and 5 minibus routes in Liepāja. The city also has a single two-way 6.9 km long tram line running through some parts of the city from north-east to south-west, which also provides a vital transport link. The tram line was founded after the opening of the first Liepāja power plant in 1899, which makes it the oldest electric tram line in the Baltic states; it is now operated by the municipal company Liepājas tramvajs. The Port of Liepāja has a wide water area and consists of three main parts. The Winter harbor is located in the Trade channel and serves small local fishing vessels as well as medium cargo ships. Immediately north of the Trade channel is the main area of the port, separated from the open sea by a line of breakwaters. This part of the port can accommodate large ships and ferries. Further north is Tosmare harbor, also called Tosmare channel, which was formerly a military harbor but is now used for ship repairs and other commercial purposes. Liepāja also welcomes yachts and other leisure vessels which can enter the Trade channel and moor almost in the center of the city. Liepāja has a railway connection to Jelgava and Riga and through them to the rest of Latvia's railway network. There is just one passenger station in the New town, but the railway extends further and links to the port. There is also a northward railway track leading to Ventspils, but in recent decades it has fallen into disuse for economic reasons. The railway provides the main means of delivering cargo to the port. Two main highways, the A9 and A11, connect the city and its port to the rest of the country. The A9 leads north-west towards Riga and central Latvia and the A11 leads south to the border with Lithuania and its only port Klaipėda and to Palanga International Airport. The city also hosts Liepāja International Airport, one of three international airports in Latvia; it is located outside the city limits, north of the Lake of Liepāja near Cimdenieki. Only charter races are available from the Liepāja airport.
Communication systems in Liepāja are well-developed. The city is connected to the global Internet by three optical lines owned by Lattelecom, TeliaSonera International Carrier[14] and Latvenergo and a radio relay line owned by LVRTC. There are four Lattelecom telephone exchanges and the LVRTC TV station and tower, which transmits four national TV channels, two local TV channels — "TV Dzintare" and "TV Kurzeme" and six radio stations. It has two local cable TV operators with a total number of subscribers about 15000 and three local ISPs. The city also has its own amateur radio community[15] and a city-wide wireless video monitoring system. As of 2010, digital terrestrial television is fully operational; mobile television and broadband wireless networks are ready for implementation. All four Latvian mobile operators have stable zones of coverage (GSM 900/1800, UMTS 2100 CDMA450) and client service centers in Liepāja. The city also has fourteen post offices as well as DHL, UPS and DPD depots.
Men fish alongside the Tirdzniecības Kanāls (Trade Canal)
In the second half of 20th century under Soviet rule Liepāja became an industrial city and a large number of high technology plants were founded, including:
- Mashzavod (Russian: Машзавод, Лиепайский машиностроительный завод)
- Liepajselmash (Russian: Лиепайсельмаш) – 1954 (now Hidrolats)
- Sarkanais Metalurgs (now Liepājas Metalurgs)
- SRZ-29 (Russian: СРЗ-29, 29-й судоремонтный завод) (now Tosmares kuģu būvētava)
- LBORF (Russian: ЛБОРФ, Лиепайская база Океанрыбфлота) – 1964
- Bolshevik (Russian: Рыболовецкий колхоз "Большевик") – 1949 (now Kursa)
- Perambulator factory "Liepāja" (Russian: Колясочная фабрика "Лиепая")
- Mixed fodder plant (Russian: Лиепайский комбикормовый завод)
- Sugar plant (Russian: Лиепайская сахарная фабрика)
- Match factory "Baltija" (Russian: Лиепайская спичечная фабрика "Балтия") – 1957
- Ferro-concrete constructions plant (Russian: Лиепайский 5-й завод железобетонных конструкций) – 1959
- Oil extraction plant (Russian: Mаслоэкстракционный завод)
- SU-426 of BMGS (Russian: СУ-426 треста Балтморгидрострой) (now BMGS)
- Lauma (Russian: Лиепайский галантерейный комбинат Лаума) – 1972
- Linoleum plant
- Shoes factory
After collapse of USSR's centrally planned economy, only a small number of these plants continue to operate.
Within Latvia Liepāja is well known mostly by coffee brand Liepājas kafija,[16] beer Līvu alus and sugar Liepājas cukurs. In 1997 the Liepaja Special Economic Zone was established for 20 years providing a low tax environment in order to attract foreign investments and facilitate the economic development of Liepāja, but investment growth remained slow due to a shortage of skilled labor force. The main industries in Liepāja are the steel producer Liepājas Metalurgs, building firm UPB and the underwear brand Lauma.[17] The economy of Liepāja relies heavily on its port which accepts a wide range of cargo. The most notable companies working in Liepaja's port are Baltic Transshipment Center, Liepajas Osta LM, Laskana, Astramar and Terrabalt. After joining European Union in 2004, most Liepāja companies was faced with strict European rules and terse competition and was forced to stop production or to sell enterprises to European companies. In 2007 were closed Liepājas cukurfabrika and Liepājas sērkociņi; Līvu alus, Liepājas maiznieks and Lauma has been sold to European investors.
Liepāja currently has one cinema, one theater ("Liepājas teatris"),[18] one puppet theater, and two regional newspapers ("Kurzemes Vārds" with a circulation of about 10,000 and "Kursas Laiks" with a circulation of about 6,500). The city also has several regional Internet portals. Web forums, blogs, computer games and social networking sites are very popular among young people.
Planned Liepāja Concert Hall "Lielais Dzintars"
Liepaja is often called the capital of Latvian rock music. Many famous composers and bands have been inspired by Liepaja, including Līvi, Credo, 2xBBM and Tumsa. In the very heart of Liepaja you can find the 1st Latvian Rock Café and Latvian Musician's Walk of Fame. The city features the regionally acclaimed annual music festival Liepājas Dzintars presenting bands from Baltic states as well as internationally famous guests. The city is also a place of the annual Baltic Beach Party which features a stage for rock bands raised directly on the beach and draws thousands of fans each year. Liepāja is also a place of Organ Music festival and Piano Stars festival, being organized by one of the country's two State Orchestras, Liepaja Symphony Orchestra.[19]
In 1998 an ice hall was built in the city which has since hosted regular ice hockey games including two youth World championship games. In Liepāja also located Daugava Stadium and Olimpija Stadium – the home stadiums of FHK Liepājas Metalurgs and tennis courts. On 2 August 2008 a new multifunctional sport center was officially opened. The city is also a place of international rally Kurzeme and chess tournament Liepājas Rokāde.
Liepāja encourages tourism the main attraction being pristine Blue Flag beach with white sand and rolling dunes, but it also offers a number of historical sites including Protestant and orthodox churches and the ruins of military fortifications from the times of the Russian Empire. Another historical place is a surprisingly well preserved wooden hut, where the Russian tsar Peter the Great lived for some time while traveling through the area during the Grand Embassy in 1697.
- Big7
- Coyote Fly
- Fontaine Palace
- Klondaika
- Pablo
- Red Sun Buffete
With 85,345 inhabitants in 2007, Liepāja is the third largest city in Latvia, though its population has been in decline since 1991. The most notable decrease in population was due to the withdrawal of Soviet army personnel and the emigration of many Russian speaking families to Russia in 1991–2000. Other causes include emigration to western European countries after Latvia joined the EU in 2004, and lower birth rates. Some have estimated that the population may fall by as much as 50% by 2050.
According to 2007 data, native Latvians make up 52.0% of the population of Liepāja (in comparison, the proportion of native Latvians nationwide is 59%). Russians constitute a considerable minority.
| Year |
1638 |
1800 |
1840 |
1881 |
1897 |
1907[20] |
1914 |
1921 |
1940 |
1950 |
1959[2] |
1970 |
1975[21] |
1989 |
1995 |
2000 |
2007 |
2011[22] |
| Th. people |
1.0 |
4.5 |
11.0 |
29.6 |
64.5 |
81.0 |
94.0 |
51.6 |
52.9 |
64.2 |
71.0 |
92.9 |
100.0 |
114.5 |
100.3 |
89.1 |
85.3 |
83.4 |
Liepāja has a number of churches, as might be expected in a city of its size. As elsewhere in central and western Latvia, Protestant churches – mostly Lutheran and Baptist – are predominant. The congregations of St. Anne church (Lutheran) and St. Paul church (Baptist) are among the best established. Owing to the regional importance of Liepāja during the last decades of the Russian Empire a number of Russian Orthodox churches were established in the city early in the twentieth century, and are still attended mainly by the Russian speaking population. Catholic faith is represented in Liepaja by a well established church, Catholic primary school and the Catholic centre established in a pavilion, which represented the Vatican in Expo 2000 in Hanover and was transferred to Liepāja after the event. Several other Christian churches such as Old Ritualists, Adventist, Pentecostal, Latter Day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses are also represented in the city by single congregations.
Fourteen deputies and a mayor make up the Liepāja City Council. City's voters select a new government every four years, in March. The Council selects from its members the Chairman of City Council (also called City Mayor), the First Vice Chairperson and a Vice Chairperson (Deputy Mayors) which are full time positions. City Council also appoints the members of four standing committees, which prepare issues to be discussed in the Council meetings: Finance Committee; City Economy and Development Committee; Social Affairs, Health Care, Education and Public Order Committee; Culture and Sports Committee. The City of Liepāja had an operating budget of LVL 31 millions in 2006, more than half of which comes from income tax. Traditionally, political leanings in Liepāja have been right-wing, although only about 70% of the population have voting rights. In recent years the Liepājas partija have dominated the polls.
[edit] 
Independent Latvia (1918–1940)
[edit] 
Soviet Union
[edit] Independent Latvia (1990–present)
Liepāja has wide educational resources and long traditions of Soviet education, but most well educated young people leave the city because of a lack of high-technology and prospective firms and low wages. The city has 21 kindergartens, 8 Latvian schools, 5 Russian schools, 1 school with mixed language of education, 1 evening school, 2 music schools and two internat schools. Interest education for children and youth is available in 8 municipal institutions: Children and Youth Centre, Youth Centre, Centre for Young Technicians, Art and Creation Centre "Vaduguns", Complex Sport School, Gymnastics School, Tennis Sports School, Sports School "Daugava" (football, track-and-field athletics) and Basketball Sports School.
Higher and professional education in Liepāja represented by:
Liepāja Central Library has 6 branches and audio record library. Literature fund consists of about 460000 copies and online catalog.[25] Average annual number of visitors – 25000.
- Percent of resident population with only primary education (2001) – 14%
- Percent of resident population with secondary education (2001) – 40%
- Percent of resident population with tertiary education (2001) – 9%[26]
Liepāja is twinned with:
 Nynäshamn, Sweden (1990) |
 Elbląg, Poland (1991) |
 Bellevue, Washington, USA (1992) |
 Darmstadt, Germany (1993)[28] |
 Nykobing Falster, Denmark (1993) |
 Homyel, Belarus (1999) |
| Karlshamn, Sweden (1997) |
 Klaipėda, Lithuania (1997) |
Gdynia, Poland (1999) |
 Rogaland county, Norway (1999) |
Arstad District in Bergen, Norway (2001) |
Palanga, Lithuania (2001) |
| Helsingborg, Sweden (2005) |
-
-
St. Nikolai Russian Orthodox Naval Cathedral (1901–1903), architect Vasily Kosyakov
-
-
Liepaja travel guide from Wikitravel
- ^ a b "Liepājas vēsture" (in Latvian). liepaja.lv. http://www.liepaja.lv/page.php?id=819. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ a b c "Лиепая". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow: Советская Энциклопедия. 1969-1978. http://bse.sci-lib.com/article070208.html. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Liepaja". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com Inc.. 1997.
- ^ "Masonicum". masonicum.lv. http://www.masonicum.lv. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Colomb, Philip Howard. "Memoirs of Admiral the Right Honble. Sir Astley Cooper Key". ebooksread.com. http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/p-h-philip-howard-colomb/memoirs-of-admiral-the-right-honble-sir-astley-cooper-key-gcb-dcl-fr-hci/page-8-memoirs-of-admiral-the-right-honble-sir-astley-cooper-key-gcb-dcl-fr-hci.shtml. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
- ^ "Liepājas Pastnieks" (in Latvian). Latvijas Enciklopēdiskā vārdnīca.
- ^ "Либаво-Роменская железная дорога" (in Russian). Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. 1907. http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/060/60434.htm. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Гидроаэродром" (in Russian). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969–1978. http://bse.sci-lib.com/article010198.html. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Crimes of Einsatzgruppen in Liepāja". 1941. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_fi.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005130&MediaId=183. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Site of Liepājas slimnica" (in Latvian). http://www.liepajasslimnica.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Liepaja, Latvia". Weatherbase. 2011. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=60462&refer=wikipedia. Retrieved on November 24, 2011.
- ^ "Site of the Liepaja museum" (in Latvian). http://www.liepajasmuzejs.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Site of Karosta prison museum". karostascietums.lv. http://www.karostascietums.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Liepāju un Zviedriju savienos optiskais kabelis" (in Latvian). Kurzemes Vārds. 23 October 2001. http://www.kurzemes-vards.lv/lv/laikraksts/numuri/2001/10/23/?p=17. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Site of Liepājas radio amatieru grupa". lrg.lv. http://www.lrg.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Liepājas kafija". likaffa.lv. http://www.likaffa.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Statistika Latvijas rajonu un to centru griezumā" (in Latvian). lursoft.lv. Lursoft. 2005. http://www.lursoft.lv/lursoft-statistika/Statistika-Latvijas-rajonu-un-to-centru-griezuma&id=508. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Site of Liepājas Teatris" (in Latvian). liepajasteatris.lv. http://www.liepajasteatris.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Liepājas simfoniskais orķestris" (in Latvian). lso.lv. http://www.lso.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Либава" (in Russian). Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. St. Peterburg: Брокгаузъ-Ефронъ. 1907. http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/060/60433.htm. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ "Город родной на семи ветрах" (in Russian). Liesma. 1976. p. 263.
- ^ "PASTĀVĪGO IEDZĪVOTĀJU NACIONĀLAIS SASTĀVS REĢIONOS UN REPUBLIKAS PILSĒTĀS GADA SĀKUMĀ" (in Latvian). csb.gov.lv. http://data.csb.gov.lv/dialog/varval.asp?ma=IS0200&ti=IS20%2E+PAST%C2V%CEGO+IEDZ%CEVOT%C2JU+NACION%C2LAIS+SAST%C2VS+RE%CCIONOS+UN+REPUBLIKAS+PILS%C7T%C2S+GADA++S%C2KUM%C2&path=%2E%2E%2FDATABASE%2FIedzsoc%2FIkgad%E7jie+statistikas+dati%2FIedz%EEvot%E2ji%2F&xu=&yp=&lang=16. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Liepājas pilsētas galvas, birģermeistari" (in Latvian). Liepājnieku biogrāfiskā vārdnīca. Letonika. http://www.letonika.lv. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Ciemojas kādreizējā Liepājas galvas Lapas mazmeita" (in Latvian). Kurzemes vārds. 17 September 1999. http://www.kurzemes-vards.lv/lv/laikraksts/numuri/1999/09/17/?p=1. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Catalog of Liepaja central library" (in Latvian). liepajasczb.lv. http://katalogs.liepajasczb.lv/alise/?lang=en&opty=2. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Liepaja profile". Urban Audit. 2001. http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx?CityCode=LV002C&CountryCode=LV. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "CV of Victor Matison". http://web.mac.com/victorperton/iWeb/ClippingsFamilyandFriends/VictorMatisonEulogy.html. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Darmstadt initiative for Liepāja" (in German). http://www.initiative-liepaja.de. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- Мелконов, Юрий (2005). Пушки Курляндского Берега. Riga, LV: GVARDS. ISBN 9984-19-772-7.
- Кондратенко, Р. В. (1997). Военный порт Александра III в Лиепае. Saint-Peterburg, RU: Исторический альманах "Цитадель", №2(5), изд. "ОСТРОВ".
- Вушкан, Янис Владиславович (1976). Город родной на семи ветрах. Riga, LV: Liesma.
- Tooms, Viljars (2003–2007). Liepājnieku biogrāfiskā vārdnīca. Riga, LV: Tilde Letonika (on-line).
- Sāne (Alksne), Līga (1991). Ceļvedis Liepājas arhitektūrā. Liepāja, LV: Liepājas pilsētas TDP IK Arhitektūras un pilsētbūvniecības pārvalde.
- Jāņa sēta. (2003). Liepājas pilsētas plāns. Riga, LV: Karšu izdevniecība Jāņa sēta. ISBN 9984-07-330-0.
- Gintners, Jānis (2004). Liepājas gadsimti. Liepāja, LV: Liepājas muzejs.
- Gintners, Jānis, Uļa (2008). Liepāja Latvijas sākotnē. Liepāja, LV: Liepājas muzejs. ISBN 978-9984-39-723-8.
- Gintnere, Uļa (2005). Liepāja laikmetu dzirnavās. Liepāja, LV: Kurzemes Vārds. ISBN 9984-9190-4-8.
- Lancmanis, Imants (1983). Liepāja no baroka līdz klasicismam. Rīga, LV.
- Liepājas 300 gadu jubilejas piemiņai: 1625–1925. Liepāja, LV. 1925.
- Wegner, Alexander (1878/1970). Geschichte der Stadt Libau. Libau: v. Hirschheydt. ISBN 3-7777-0870-4.
- Tīre, Irina (2007). Liepāja in graphics. Latvia: Poligrāfijas infocentrs. ISBN 9984-764-92-3.
- Dorenskis, Jaroslavs (2007). Liepājas Metalurgs: Anno 1882. Liepāja, LV: Fotoimidžs. pp. 364.
- Корклыш, С. (1966) (in Russian). Лиепая. Rīga: Liesma.
- Evans, Nicholas J. (2006). "The Port Jews of Libau, 1880–1914". In David Cesarani and Gemma Romain. Jews and Port Cities: 1590–1990: Commerce, Community and Cosmopolitanism. London,UK: Vallentine Mitchell & Co Ltd. pp. 197–214. ISBN 978-0-85303-681-4.
- Eberstein, Ivan H.. The Amber Land: Libava's Tragic Fate and the Fall of the Russian Empire. New York.
