The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. These codes are in the public domain (ex. ICD9-cm).

• List of ICD-9 codes 001–139: infectious and parasitic diseases
• List of ICD-9 codes 140–239: neoplasms
• List of ICD-9 codes 240–279: endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
• List of ICD-9 codes 280–289: diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
• List of ICD-9 codes 290–319: mental disorders
• List of ICD-9 codes 320–359: diseases of the nervous system
• List of ICD-9 codes 360–389: diseases of the sense organs
• List of ICD-9 codes 390–459: diseases of the circulatory system
• List of ICD-9 codes 460–519: diseases of the respiratory system
• List of ICD-9 codes 520–579: diseases of the digestive system
• List of ICD-9 codes 580–629: diseases of the genitourinary system
• List of ICD-9 codes 630–679: complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
• List of ICD-9 codes 680–709: diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
• List of ICD-9 codes 710–739: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
• List of ICD-9 codes 740–759: congenital anomalies
• List of ICD-9 codes 760–779: certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
• List of ICD-9 codes 780–799: symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
• List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning
• List of ICD-9 codes E and V codes: external causes of injury and supplemental classification

See also[link]

• International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-9 – provides multiple external links for looking up ICD codes
• MS Access MDB file at United States Department of Health and Human Services in the downloads section at the bottom

Look up list in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

List or lists may refer to:

Enumerations[link]

• Any enumeration of a set of items
• A list of comma separated values, a common way of listing in everyday life and computing. (British usage: Comma-separated values)
• A mailing list
• An electronic mailing list
• An electoral list
• List (computing)
• Task lists, a list of tasks to be completed
• Listicle, an article in list format
• Watchlist
• Ranker

Other meanings[link]

• List (watercraft), the leaning to either port or starboard of a ship
• List, an alternative term for roll in flight dynamics
• Lists (jousting), a roped-off enclosure where medieval knights jousted
• SC Germania List, German rugby union club
• List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America

People[link]

• Friedrich List, German economist
• Guido von List, Austrian Armanist
• John List, murderer
• Liesbeth List, Dutch singer
• Maximilian List, SS officer and Commandant of Lager Sylt, a labour camp on Alderney
• Paul List, chess player
• Peyton List, the name of two American actresses:
  • Peyton List (actress born 1986), American actress in the TV series Mad Men
  • Peyton List (actress born 1998), American actress in the Disney Channel TV series Jessie
• Siegmund Wilhelm List, WWII German field marshal

Places[link]

• List, Schleswig-Holstein, the northernmost village in Germany, on the island Sylt

Work titles[link]

The List may refer to:

• The List (magazine), a Scottish magazine
• The List (South Park), an episode of the television show South Park
• The List (The X-Files), an episode of the television show The X-Files
• The List (2007 film), a film based on the novel by Robert Whitlow
• The List (album), an album by Rosanne Cash

See also[link]

• Liszt (surname)
• Listing (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) is a medical classification that provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or disease. Under this system, every health condition can be assigned to a unique category and given a code, up to six characters long. Such categories can include a set of similar diseases.

The International Classification of Diseases is published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and used worldwide for morbidity and mortality statistics, reimbursement systems, and automated decision support in medicine. This system is designed to promote international comparability in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of these statistics. The ICD is a core classification of the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC).^[1]

The ICD is revised periodically and is currently in its tenth edition. The ICD-10, as it is therefore known, was developed in 1992 to track mortality statistics. ICD-11^[2] is planned for 2015^[3] and will be revised using Web 2.0 principles.^[4] Annual minor updates and triennial major updates are published by the WHO.^[5] The ICD is part of a "family" of guides that can be used to complement each other, including also the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health which focuses on the domains of functioning (disability) associated with health conditions, from both medical and social perspectives.

Historical synopsis[link]

In 1893, a French physician, Jacques Bertillon, introduced the Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death at a congress of the International Statistical Institute in Chicago.^[6] A number of countries and cities adopted Dr. Bertillon’s system, which was based on the principle of distinguishing between general diseases and those localized to a particular organ or anatomical site, as used by the City of Paris for classifying deaths. Subsequent revisions represented a synthesis of English, German and Swiss classifications, expanding from the original 44 titles to 161 titles. In 1898, the American Public Health Association (APHA) recommended that the registrars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States also adopt it. The APHA also recommended revising the system every ten-years to ensure the system remained current with medical practice advances. As a result, the first international conference to revise the International Classification of Causes of Death convened in 1900; with revisions occurring every ten-years thereafter. At that time the classification system was contained in one book, which included an Alphabetic Index as well as a Tabular List. The book was small compared with current coding texts.

The revisions that followed contained minor changes, until the sixth revision of the classification system. With the sixth revision, the classification system expanded to two volumes. The sixth revision included morbidity and mortality conditions, and its title was modified to reflect the changes: International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). Prior to the sixth revision, responsibility for ICD revisions fell to the Mixed Commission, a group composed of representatives from the International Statistical Institute and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) assumed responsibility for preparing and publishing the revisions to the ICD every ten-years. WHO sponsored the seventh and eighth revisions in 1957 and 1968, respectively. It later become clear that the established ten-year interval between revisions was too short.^[6]

The ICD is currently the most widely used statistical classification system for diseases in the world. International health statistics using this system are available at the Global Health Observatory (GHO) (^[7])

In addition, some countries—including Australia, Canada and the United States—have developed their own adaptations of ICD, with more procedure codes for classification of operative or diagnostic procedures.

Versions of ICD[link]

ICD-6[link]

The ICD-6, published in 1949, was the first to be shaped to become suitable for morbidity reporting. Accordingly the name changed from International List of Causes of Death to International Statistical Classification of Diseases. The combined codes for injury and causing accident were split into a chapter for injuries,and in one for the external causes. With use for morbidity there was a need for coding mental conditions, and for the first time a section on mental disorders was added.^{[8] [9]}

ICD-7[link]

The International Conference for the Seventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was held in Paris under the auspices of WHO in February 1955. In accordance with a recommendation of the WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics, this revision was limited to essential changes and amendments of errors and inconsistencies.^[9]

ICD-8[link]

The Eighth Revision Conference convened by WHO met in Geneva, from 6 to 12 July 1965. This revision was more radical than the Seventh but left unchanged the basic structure of the Classification and the general philosophy of classifying diseases, whenever possible, according to their etiology rather than a particular manifestation. During the years that the Seventh and Eighth Revisions of the ICD were in force, the use of the ICD for indexing hospital medical records increased rapidly and some countries prepared national adaptations which provided the additional detail needed for this application of the ICD. In the USA, a group of consultants was asked to study the 8th revision of ICD (ICD-8) for its applicability to various users in the United States. This group recommended that further detail be provided for coding hospital and morbidity data. The American Hospital Association’s “Advisory Committee to the Central Office on ICDA” developed the needed adaptation proposals, resulting in the publication of the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted (ICDA). In 1968, the United States Public Health Service published the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, 8th Revision for use in the United States (ICDA-8). Beginning in 1968, ICDA-8 served as the basis for coding diagnostic data for both official morbidity [and mortality] statistics in the United States.^[9][10]

ICD-9[link]

The International Conference for the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, convened by WHO, met in Geneva from 30 September to 6 October 1975. In the discussions leading up to the conference, it had originally been intended that there should be little change other than updating of the classification. This was mainly because of the expense of adapting data processing systems each time the classification was revised. There had been an enormous growth of interest in the ICD and ways had to be found of responding to this, partly by modifying the classification itself and partly by introducing special coding provisions. A number of representations were made by specialist bodies which had become interested in using the ICD for their own statistics. Some subject areas in the classification were regarded as inappropriately arranged and there was considerable pressure for more detail and for adaptation of the classification to make it more relevant for the evaluation of medical care, by classifying conditions to the chapters concerned with the part of the body affected rather than to those dealing with the underlying generalized disease. At the other end of the scale, there were representations from countries and areas where a detailed and sophisticated classification was irrelevant, but which nevertheless needed a classification based on the ICD in order to assess their progress in health care and in the control of disease. A field test with a bi-axial classification approach - one axis for anatomy, another for etiology - showed the impracticability of such approach for routine use. The final proposals presented to and accepted by the Conference retained the basic structure of the ICD, although with much additional detail at the level of the four digit subcategories, and some optional five digit subdivisions. For the benefit of users not requiring such detail, care was taken to ensure that the categories at the three digit level were appropriate. For the benefit of users wishing to produce statistics and indexes oriented towards medical care, the Ninth Revision included an optional alternative method of classifying diagnostic statements, including information about both an underlying general disease and a manifestation in a particular organ or site. This system became known as the dagger and asterisk system and is retained in the Tenth Revision. A number of other technical innovations were included in the Ninth Revision, aimed at increasing its flexibility for use in a variety of situations. It was eventually replaced by ICD-10, the version currently in use by the WHO and most countries. Given the widespread expansion in the tenth revision, it is not possible to convert ICD-9 data sets directly into ICD-10 data sets, although some tools are available to help guide users.^[11] Publication of ICD-9 without IP restrictions in a world with evolving electronic data systems lead to a range of products that are based on ICD-9, as MeDRA or the Read directory.^[10][9]

ICPM[link]

When ICD-9 was published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) was also developed (1975) and published (1978). The ICPM surgical procedures fascicle was originally created by the United States, based on its adaptations of ICD (called ICDA), which had contained a procedure classification since 1962. ICPM is published separately from the ICD disease classification as a series of supplementary documents called fascicles (bundles or groups of items). Each fascicle contains a classification of modes of laboratory, radiology, surgery, therapy, and other diagnostic procedures. Many countries have adapted and translated the ICPM in parts or as a whole and are using it with amendments since then.^[10][9]

ICD-9-CM[link]

International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) is an adaption created by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and used in assigning diagnostic and procedure codes associated with inpatient, outpatient, and physician office utilization in the United States. The ICD-9-CM is based on the ICD-9 but provides for additional morbidity detail. It is updated annually on October 1.^[12][13]

It consists of two or three volumes:

• Volumes 1 and 2 contain diagnosis codes. (Volume 1 is a tabular listing, and volume 2 is an index.) Extended for ICD-9-CM
• Volume 3 contains procedure codes. ICD-9-CM only

The NCHS and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services are the U.S. governmental agencies responsible for overseeing all changes and modifications to the ICD-9-CM.

ICD-10[link]

Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, and the new revision was endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly in May 1990. The latest version came into use in WHO Member States starting in 1994.^[14] The classification system allows more than 155,000 different codes and permits tracking of many new diagnoses and procedures, a significant expansion on the 17,000 codes available in ICD-9.^[15] Adoption was relatively swift in most of the world. Several materials are made available online by WHO to facilitate its use, including a manual, training guidelines, a browser, and files for download.^[1] Some countries have adapted the international standard, such as the "ICD-10-AM" published in Australia in 1998 (also used in New Zealand),^[16] and the "ICD-10-CA" introduced in Canada in 2000.^[17]

ICD-10-CM[link]

Adoption of ICD-10 has been slow in the United States. Since 1979,^[18] the USA had required ICD-9-CM codes for Medicare and Medicaid claims, and most of the rest of the American medical industry followed suit. On 1 January 1999 the ICD-10 (without clinical extensions) was adopted for reporting mortality, but ICD-9-CM was still used for morbidity. Meanwhile, NCHS received permission from the WHO to create a clinical modification of the ICD-10, and has production of all these systems:

• ICD-10-CM, for diagnosis codes, is intended to replace volumes 1 and 2. Annual updates are provided.
• ICD-10-PCS, for procedure codes, is intended to replace volume 3. Annual updates are provided.

On August 21, 2008, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) proposed new code sets to be used for reporting diagnoses and procedures on health care transactions. Under the proposal, the ICD-9-CM code sets would be replaced with the ICD-10-CM code sets, effective October 1, 2013.On April 17, 2012 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a proposed rule that would delay, from October 1, 2013 to October 1, 2014,the compliance date for the ICD-10-CM and PCS.^[19]

ICD-10-CA[link]

ICD-10-CA is an clinical modification of ICD-10 developed by the Canadian Institute for Health Information for morbidity classification in Canada. ICD-10-CA applies beyond acute hospital care, and includes conditions and situations that are not diseases but represent risk factors to health, such as occupational and environmental factors, lifestyle and psycho-social circumstances.^[17]

ICD-11[link]

The final draft of the ICD-11 system is expected to be submitted to WHO's World Health Assembly (WHA) for official endorsement by 2015. The first (alpha) draft^[20] was made available online in July 2011 for initial consultation and commenting.^[21]

The WHO is using Web 2.0 principles for the first time to revise ICD via a multi-author drafting platform known as the Initial ICD-11 Collaborative Authoring Tool (iCAT).^[4] New features to ICD-11 include electronic health record readiness.^[21]

Usage and current topics[link]

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2012)

History and usage in the United States[link]

In the United States, the U.S. Public Health Service published The International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing of Hospital Records and Operation Classification (ICDA), completed in 1962 and expanding the ICD-7 in a number of areas to more completely meet the indexing needs of hospitals. The U.S. Public Health Service later published the Eighth Revision, International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Use in the United States, commonly referred to as ICDA-8, for official national morbidity and mortality statistics. This was followed by the ICD, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, known as ICD-9-CM, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and used by hospitals and other healthcare facilities to better describe the clinical picture of the patient. The diagnosis component of ICD-9-CM is completely consistent with ICD-9 codes, and remains the data standard for reporting morbidity. National adaptations of the ICD-10 progressed to incorporate both clinical code (ICD-10-CM) and procedure code (ICD-10-PCS) with the revisions completed in 2003. In 2009, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced that it would begin using ICD-10 on April 1, 2010, with full compliance by all involved parties by 2013.^[15]

The years for which causes of death in the United States have been classified by each revision as follows:

Mental and behavioral disorders[link]

The ICD includes a section classifying mental and behavioral disorders (Chapter V). This has developed alongside the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the two manuals seek to use the same codes. There are significant differences, however, such as the ICD including personality disorders in the same way as other mental disorders, while the DSM lists them on a separate 'axis'. The WHO is revising their classifications in these sections as part the development of the ICD-11 (scheduled for 2015), and an "International Advisory Group" has been established to guide this.^[22] An international survey of psychiatrists in 66 countries comparing use of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV found that the former was more often used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for research.^[23] The ICD is actually the official system for the US, although many mental health professionals do not realize this due to the dominance of the DSM. The US is due to adopt a modified version of the ICD-10 in 2013. Psychologists note that "Serious problems with the clinical utility of both the ICD and the DSM are widely acknowledged."^[24]

See also[link]

• Clinical coder
• Medical classifications
  • Classification of mental disorders
  • Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
    • DSM-IV Codes / DSM-IV Codes (alphabetical)
  • International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)
• Medical diagnosis
  • Diagnosis-related group
• Medical terminology
  • Current Procedural Terminology
  • MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities)
  • Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT)

References[link]

External links[link]

• ICD Homepage at World Health Organization (WHO)
• ICD-10 online browser (WHO)
• ICD-10 online training direct access (WHO)
• ICD-10 online training support (WHO)
• ICD-10-CM (USA – modification) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• ICD-11 Revision (WHO)
• ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM code conversions
• ICD-9-CM and DRG on-line coding engine
• Free ICD-9-CM Code search
• ICD-9-CM
• ICD-10 and ICD-10 PCS

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)

Morse code, a famous type of code

A code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture) into another form or representation (one sign into another sign), not necessarily of the same type.

In communications and information processing, encoding is the process by which information from a source is converted into symbols to be communicated. Decoding is the reverse process, converting these code symbols back into information understandable by a receiver.

One reason for coding is to enable communication in places where ordinary spoken or written language is difficult or impossible. For example, semaphore, where the configuration of flags held by a signaller or the arms of a semaphore tower encodes parts of the message, typically individual letters and numbers. Another person standing a great distance away can interpret the flags and reproduce the words sent.

Theory[link]

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Coding theory . (Discuss) Proposed since July 2010.

In information theory and computer science, a code is usually considered as an algorithm which uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet, by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet. An extension of the code for representing sequences of symbols over the source alphabet is obtained by concatenating the encoded strings.

Before giving a mathematically precise definition, we give a brief example. The mapping

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): C = \{\, a\mapsto 0, b\mapsto 01, c\mapsto 011\,\}

is a code, whose source alphabet is the set Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{a,b,c\}

and whose target alphabet is the set Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \{0,1\}

. Using the extension of the code, the encoded string 0011001011 can be grouped into codewords as 0 – 011 – 0 – 01 – 011, and these in turn can be decoded to the sequence of source symbols acabc.

Using terms from formal language theory, the precise mathematical definition of this concept is as follows: Let S and T be two finite sets, called the source and target alphabets, respectively. A code Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): C:\, S \to T^*

is a total function mapping each symbol from S to a sequence of symbols over T, and the extension of M to a homomorphism of Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): S^*
into Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): T^*

, which naturally maps each sequence of source symbols to a sequence of target symbols, is referred to as its extension.

Variable-length codes[link]

In this section we consider codes, which encode each source (clear text) character by a code word from some dictionary, and concatenation of such code words give us an encoded string. Variable-length codes are especially useful when clear text characters have different probabilities; see also entropy encoding.

A prefix code is a code with the "prefix property": there is no valid code word in the system that is a prefix (start) of any other valid code word in the set. Huffman coding is the most known algorithm for deriving prefix codes, so prefix codes are also widely referred to as "Huffman codes", even when the code was not produced by a Huffman algorithm. Other examples of prefix codes are country calling codes, the country and publisher parts of ISBNs, and the Secondary Synchronization Codes used in the UMTS W-CDMA 3G Wireless Standard.

Kraft's inequality characterizes the sets of code word lengths that are possible in a prefix code. Virtually, any uniquely decodable one-to-many code, not necessary a prefix one, must satisfy Kraft's inequality.

Block codes[link]

This section requires expansion.

Error correcting codes[link]

Codes may also be used to represent data in a way more resistant to errors in transmission or storage. Such a "code" is called an error-correcting code, and works by including carefully crafted redundancy with the stored (or transmitted) data. Examples include Hamming codes, Reed–Solomon, Reed–Muller, Walsh–Hadamard, Bose–Chaudhuri–Hochquenghem, Turbo, Golay, Goppa, low-density parity-check codes, and space–time codes. Error detecting codes can be optimised to detect burst errors, or random errors.

Examples[link]

Codes in communication used for brevity[link]

A cable code replaces words (e.g., ship or invoice) with shorter words, allowing the same information to be sent with fewer characters, more quickly, and most important, less expensively.

Codes can be used for brevity. When telegraph messages were the state of the art in rapid long distance communication, elaborate systems of commercial codes that encoded complete phrases into single words (commonly five-letter groups) were developed, so that telegraphers became conversant with such "words" as BYOXO ("Are you trying to weasel out of our deal?"), LIOUY ("Why do you not answer my question?"), BMULD ("You're a skunk!"), or AYYLU ("Not clearly coded, repeat more clearly."). Code words were chosen for various reasons: length, pronounceability, etc. Meanings were chosen to fit perceived needs: commercial negotiations, military terms for military codes, diplomatic terms for diplomatic codes, any and all of the preceding for espionage codes. Codebooks and codebook publishers proliferated, including one run as a front for the American Black Chamber run by Herbert Yardley between the First and Second World Wars. The purpose of most of these codes was to save on cable costs. The use of data coding for data compression predates the computer era; an early example is the telegraph Morse code where more-frequently used characters have shorter representations. Techniques such as Huffman coding are now used by computer-based algorithms to compress large data files into a more compact form for storage or transmission.

Character encodings[link]

Probably the most widely known data communications code so far (aka character representation) in use today is ASCII. In one or another (somewhat compatible) version, it is used by nearly all personal computers, terminals, printers, and other communication equipment. It represents 128 characters with seven-bit binary numbers—that is, as a string of seven 1s and 0s. In ASCII a lowercase "a" is always 1100001, an uppercase "A" always 1000001, and so on. There are many other encodings, which represent each character by a byte (usually referred as code pages), integer code point (Unicode) or a byte sequence (UTF-8).

Genetic code[link]

Biological organisms contain genetic material that is used to control their function and development. This is DNA which contains units named genes that can produce proteins through a code (genetic code) in which a series of triplets {codons} of four possible nucleotides are translated into one of twenty possible amino acids. A sequence of codons results in a corresponding sequence of amino acids that form a protein.

Gödel code[link]

In mathematics, a Gödel code was the basis for the proof of Gödel's incompleteness theorem. Here, the idea was to map mathematical notation to a natural number (using a Gödel numbering).

Other[link]

There are codes using colors, like traffic lights, the color code employed to mark the nominal value of the electrical resistors or that of the trashcans devoted to specific types of garbage (paper, glass, biological, etc.)

In marketing, coupon codes can be used for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product from an internet retailer.

In military environments, specific sounds with the cornet are used for different uses: to mark some moments of the day, to command the infantry in the battlefield, etc.

Communication systems for sensory impairments, as the sign language for deaf people and braille for blind people, are based in movement or tactile codes.

Musical scores are the most common way to encode music.

Specific games, as chess, have their own code systems to record the matches (chess notation).

Cryptography[link]

In the history of cryptography, codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead. See code (cryptography).

Secret codes intended to obscure the real messages, ranging from serious (mainly espionage in military, diplomatic, business, etc.) to trivial (romance, games) can be any kind of imaginative encoding: flowers, game cards, clothes, fans, hats, melodies, birds, etc., in which the sole requisite is the previous agreement of the meaning by both the sender and the receiver.

Other examples[link]

Other examples of encoding include:

• Encoding (in cognition) is a basic perceptual process of interpreting incoming stimuli; technically speaking, it is a complex, multi-stage process of converting relatively objective sensory input (e.g., light, sound) into subjectively meaningful experience.
• A content format is a specific encoding format for converting a specific type of data to information.
• Text encoding uses a markup language to tag the structure and other features of a text to facilitate processing by computers. (See also Text Encoding Initiative.)
• Semantics encoding of formal language A in formal language B is a method of representing all terms (e.g. programs or descriptions) of language A using language B.
• Electronic encoding transforms a signal into a code optimized for transmission or storage, generally done with a codec.
• Neural encoding is the way in which information is represented in neurons.
• Memory encoding is the process of converting sensations into memories.
• Television encoding: NTSC, PAL and SECAM

Other examples of decoding include:

• Digital-to-analog converter, the use of analog circuit for decoding operations
• Decoding (Computer Science)
• Decoding methods, methods in communication theory for decoding codewords sent over a noisy channel
• Digital signal processing, the study of signals in a digital representation and the processing methods of these signals
• Word decoding, the use of phonics to decipher print patterns and translate them into the sounds of language

Codes and acronyms[link]

Acronyms and abbreviations can be considered codes, and in a sense all languages and writing systems are codes for human thought.

International Air Transport Association airport codes are three-letter codes used to designate airports and used for bag tags. Station codes are similary used on railways, but are usually national, so the same code can be used for different stations if they are in different countries.

Occasionally a code word achieves an independent existence (and meaning) while the original equivalent phrase is forgotten or at least no longer has the precise meaning attributed to the code word. For example, '30' was widely used in journalism to mean "end of story", and it is sometimes used in other contexts to signify "the end".

References[link]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Codes

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