- published: 18 May 2011
- views: 9348
- author: TEDxTalks
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Abdus Salam
- Adam Riess
- Adolf von Baeyer
- Agnostic
- Albert Einstein
- Albert Fert
- Alexander Prokhorov
- Alfred Kastler
- Alfred Werner
- Alma mater
- Alpha decay
- Andre Geim
- André-Louis Debierne
- Antony Hewish
- Aplastic anemia
- Arno Allan Penzias
- Arthur Compton
- Atheist
- Atom
- Atomic nucleus
- Authority control
- Baltic Sea
- Banknote
- Barium
- Bayside, Queens
- BBC
- Beirut
- Ben Roy Mottelson
- Bertram Brockhouse
- Bismuth
- Boarding school
- Bolesław Prus
- Brian Schmidt
- Brussels
- Burton Richter
- C. F. Powell
- C. V. Raman
- Carl David Anderson
- Carl Friedrich Gauss
- Carl Wieman
- Carlo Rubbia
- Cavendish Laboratory
- Charles Hard Townes
- Charles K. Kao
- Chemical element
- Chemist
- Chemistry
- Chen Ning Yang
- Ciechanów
- Clifford Shull
- Clinton Davisson
- Congress Poland
- Crystallization
- Cuprosklodowskite
- Curie
- Curie Museum
- Curite
- Curium
- Danbury, Connecticut
- Daniel C. Tsui
- David Gross
- Davy Medal
- Dennis Gabor
- Dmitri Mendeleev
- Doctoral advisor
- Donald A. Glaser
- Douglas Osheroff
- Dreyfus affair
- DSc
- Eduard Buchner
- Edward Mills Purcell
- Electrometer
- Emilio G. Segrè
- Enrico Fermi
- Eric Allin Cornell
- Ernest Lawrence
- Ernest Rutherford
- Ernest Walton
- Ernst Ruska
- Erwin Schrödinger
- ESPCI
- Eugene Wigner
- Eusapia Palladino
- Eve Curie
- Felix Bloch
- Flying University
- Frank Wilczek
- Françoise Giroud
- Frederick Reines
- Frederick Soddy
- Frits Zernike
- Fritz Haber
- Fritz Pregl
- Gabriel Lippmann
- Galileo Galilei
- George E. Smith
- George Gamow
- George Paget Thomson
- George Smoot
- Georges Charpak
- Gerard 't Hooft
- Gerd Binnig
- Google Doodle
- Governess
- Greer Garson
- Grolier
- Guglielmo Marconi
- Gustaf Dalén
- Gustav Ludwig Hertz
- Gwiazda Polarna
- Gymnasium (school)
- Hannes Alfvén
- Hans Bethe
- Hans Georg Dehmelt
- Haute-Savoie
- Heinrich Kayser
- Heinrich Rohrer
- Hendrik Lorentz
- Henri Becquerel
- Henri Moissan
- Henri Poincaré
- Henry Way Kendall
- Henryk Sienkiewicz
- Herbert Kroemer
- Hermann Emil Fischer
- Hideki Yukawa
- Horst Ludwig Störmer
- Hugh David Politzer
- Ignacy Mościcki
- Igor Tamm
- Ilya Frank
- Ionizing radiation
- Irène Joliot-Curie
- Isabelle Huppert
- Isidor Isaac Rabi
- Isotope
- Ivar Giaever
- J. Hans D. Jensen
- J. J. Thomson
- Jack Kilby
- Jack Steinberger
- Jacobs gallery
- James Chadwick
- James Clerk Maxwell
- James Cronin
- James Franck
- James Rainwater
- January Uprising
- Jean Baptiste Perrin
- Jean-Martin Charcot
- Johannes Stark
- John Bardeen
- John C. Mather
- John Cockcroft
- John Dalton
- John L. Hall
- John Napier
- Jozef Mazur
- JSTOR
- Julian Schwinger
- Józef Boguski
- Kai Siegbahn
- Karl Ferdinand Braun
- Kazimierz Żorawski
- Kendriya Vidyalaya
- Kenneth G. Wilson
- Klaus von Klitzing
- KLM
- Konstantin Novoselov
- Kraków
- L. Pearce Williams
- Legion of Honor
- Leo Esaki
- Leon Cooper
- Leon M. Lederman
- Lev Landau
- Linus Pauling
- Lise Meitner
- Loránd Eötvös
- Louis de Broglie
- Louis Néel
- Lublin
- Luis Walter Alvarez
- Lwów Polytechnic
- Lydia Davis
- Madame Curie (film)
- Magnetism
- Manne Siegbahn
- Marguerite Perey
- Maria Goeppert-Mayer
- Maria reactor
- Marie Curie
- Martin Lewis Perl
- Martin Ryle
- Masatoshi Koshiba
- Matteucci Medal
- Max Born
- Max Planck
- Max von Laue
- Mazowsze
- Medal
- Melvin Schwartz
- Molecule
- Murray Gell-Mann
- Musée Curie
- Neoplasm
- Neurologist
- Nevill Francis Mott
- New Scientist
- Nicolaas Bloembergen
- Niels Bohr
- Nikolay Basov
- Nobel prize
- Nobel Prize
- Otto Hahn
- Otto Stern
- Otto Wallach
- Owen Chamberlain
- Panthéon, Paris
- Paris Métro
- Passy, Haute-Savoie
- Pasteur Institute
- Paul Dirac
- Paul Langevin
- Pavel Cherenkov
- People's Almanac
- Per Olov Enquist
- Peter Debye
- Peter Grünberg
- Philipp Lenard
- Phosphorescence
- Physicist
- Physics
- Pierre Curie
- Pieter Zeeman
- Pitchblende
- Poland
- Poles
- Polish language
- Polonium
- Polykarp Kusch
- Poznań University
- PubMed Identifier
- Pyotr Kapitsa
- Radioactivity
- Radiography
- Radioluminescence
- Radium
- Radium chloride
- Radium Institute
- Radon
- Raymond Davis, Jr.
- Rector
- Riccardo Giacconi
- Richard E. Taylor
- Richard Feynman
- Richard Willstätter
- Robert B. Laughlin
- Robert Bunsen
- Robert Hofstadter
- Rosalind Franklin
- Roy J. Glauber
- Rudolf Mössbauer
- Rue Dauphine
- Rue Madame Curie
- Russell Alan Hulse
- Russian Empire
- Russian partition
- Saint Petersburg
- Salpêtrière
- Samuel C. C. Ting
- Sanatorium
- Sancellemoz
- Saul Perlmutter
- Scientific priority
- Sheldon Lee Glashow
- Silvanus Thompson
- Simon van der Meer
- Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
- Solvay Conference
- Sopot
- Sorbonne
- Soviet Union
- Stained glass
- Steven Chu
- Steven Weinberg
- Stockholm
- Susan Quinn
- Svante Arrhenius
- The New York Times
- Theodor W. Hänsch
- Thesis
- Thorium
- Torbernite
- Toshihide Maskawa
- Tsung-Dao Lee
- Tuberculosis
- Tuition
- Tutor
- Typhus
- University of Paris
- Uranium
- Val Logsdon Fitch
- Victor Francis Hess
- Victor Grignard
- Vincent Sheean
- Vitaly Ginzburg
- Walter Pidgeon
- Walther Bothe
- Walther Nernst
- Warren G. Harding
- Warsaw
- Warsaw New Town
- Warsaw Old Town
- Warsaw Polytechnic
- Warsaw Uprising
- Werner Heisenberg
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Wilhelm Ostwald
- Wilhelm Röntgen
- Wilhelm Wien
- Willard Boyle
- William Henry Bragg
- William Ramsay
- William Shockley
- Willis Lamb
- Wireless telegraph
- Wolfgang Ketterle
- Wolfgang Paul
- Wolfgang Pauli
- World War I
- WorldCat
- WP IPA for Polish
- X-ray
- Xenophobia
- Yahoo Serious
- Yoichiro Nambu
- Young Einstein
- Zhores Alferov
- Złoty
- Ève Curie
- Édouard Branly
- Óscar Moreno
- ₣
-
Beirut
Coordinates: 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306
Beirut (Arabic: بيروت Bayrūt, Greek: Βηρυττός, Latin: Berytus, French: Beyrouth, Hebrew: ביירות Beyrut) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. As there has been no recent population census, the exact population is unknown; estimates in 2007 ranged from slightly less than 1 million to slightly more than 2 million. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport. The Beirut metropolitan area consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating from the 15th century BC. The city has been inhabited continuously since then.
Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in its city centre, Hamra Street, Rue Verdun and Ashrafieh. The city is the focal point of the region's cultural life, renowned for its press, theatres, cultural activities and nightlife. After the destructive Lebanese Civil War, Beirut underwent major reconstruction, and the redesigned historic city centre, marina, pubs and nightlife districts have once again made it a tourist attraction. Beirut was named the top place to visit by The New York Times in 2009, and as one of the ten liveliest cities in the world by Lonely Planet in the same year.
wn.com/Beirut -
Brussels
Brussels (French: Bruxelles, pronounced [bʁysɛl] (
listen); Dutch: Brussel, pronounced [ˈbrʏ.səɫ] ( listen); German: Brüssel, pronounced [ˈbʁyː.səl]), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (French: 
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (help·info), Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (help·info)), is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union (EU). It is also the largest urban area in Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the municipality of the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium, in addition to the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
Brussels has grown from a 10th-century fortress town founded by a descendant of Charlemagne into a metropolis of more than one million inhabitants. The metropolitan area has a population of over 1.8 million, making it the largest in Belgium.
Since the end of the Second World War, Brussels has been a main centre for international politics. Hosting principal EU institutions as well as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the city has become the polyglot home of numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.
wn.com/Brussels -
Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences. It was opened in 1874 as a teaching laboratory.
The Department is named after William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire, who was Chancellor of the University and donated money for the construction of the laboratory. Professor James Clerk Maxwell, the developer of electromagnetic theory, was a founder of the lab and became the first Cavendish Professor of Physics.
As of 2006[update], 29 Cavendish researchers have won Nobel Prizes.
The Cavendish Laboratory was initially located on the New Museums Site, Free School Lane, in the centre of Cambridge. After perennial space problems, it moved to its present site in West Cambridge in the early 1970s. Physical Chemistry (originally the department of Colloid Science under Eric Rideal) left the Cavendish site earlier, subsequently locating as the Department of Physical Chemistry (under RG Norrish) in the then new chemistry building with the Department of Chemistry (under Lord Todd) in Lensfield Road: both chemistry departments merged in the 1980s.
wn.com/Cavendish_Laboratory -
Ciechanów
Ciechanów [t͡ɕeˈxanuf] ( listen) is a town in north-central Poland with 45,900 inhabitants (2006). It is situated in Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999). It was previously (1975–98) the capital of Ciechanów Voivodeship.
The grad numbered approximately 3,000 armed men.
The settlement is first mentioned in a 1065 document by Bolesław II the Bold handing the land over to the church. In 1254, Ciechanów is mentioned as the seat of a castellany (Rethiborius Castellanus de Techanow (Racibor, Kasztelan Ciechanowa)). In 1400 Janusz I of Czersk granted Ciechanów town privileges. The area eventually become a separate duchy with Casimir I of Warsaw using the title "dominus et heres lub dominus et princeps Ciechanoviensis." By the 14th-15th centuries, the town's population reached 5,000. In the early 20th century, there were just under 12,000 inhabitants.
Before World War II, it was home to a large Jewish community but during the Nazi occupation, in the winter of 1942, the majority of the Jewish community were transported to the Red Forest north of the town and murdered by gunfire. During the war many Polish Jews and resistance fighters were executed by the Germans in the castle. The town was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1939 and known as Zichenau in German. It was the capital of Regierungsbezirk Zichenau, a subdivision of the Province of East Prussia. The territory was restored to Poland after the war.
wn.com/Ciechanów -
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
wn.com/Congress_Poland -
Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
wn.com/Kraków -
Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′N 22°34′E / 51.233°N 22.567°E / 51.233; 22.567
Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ninth largest city in Poland, and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Lublin is situated around 170 km (105 miles) away from the capital, Warsaw.
The first permanent settlements on the Lublin site were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of various cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century, on a hill located in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, notably the site of the present day Old Town, were also settled at around this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Czwartek settlement developed into an important trade centre. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it a military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th, or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.
wn.com/Lublin -
Maria reactor
The Maria reactor is Poland's second research nuclear reactor and the only one still in use. It is located at Świerk-Otwock, near Warsaw and named in honor of Maria Skłodowska-Curie. It is the only reactor of Polish design.
Maria is a multifunctional research tool, with a notable application in production of radioisotopes, research with utilization of neutron beams, neutron therapy, and neutron activation analysis. It operates about 4000 hours annually, usually in blocks of 100 hours.
The technical details of the reactor are given in the reference.
Maria is a pool type reactor with a power of 20 to 30 MW (thermal). Despite it being a pool reactor, it contains channels (aluminum tubes) individually connected to the primary coolant. The water pool provides cooling for elements (e.g., fuel elements) that are not otherwise cooled, and also acts as radiation shielding. Maria uses enriched uranium as fuel (80% enrichment in 235U till year 1999; 36% since). The fuel elements and channels are vertical but arranged conically. Water and beryllium blocks serve as the moderator (70% and 30% of the moderation, respectively). Elements of boron carbide sheathed in aluminum are utilized for control, compensation, and safety. The use of beryllium blocks results in a comparatively large fuel lattice pitch, and consequently large volume for payload targets. There is also a graphite reflector (aluminum sheathed). Maria supplies a neutron flux of 4x1014 n/cm2s (thermal neutrons) and 2x1014 n/cm2s (fast neutrons). There are six horizontal channels for controlled use of neutron beams. There is also a window of lead-containing glass through which the core can be viewed. The reactor is housed in a sealed containment.
wn.com/Maria_reactor -
Musée Curie
The Musée Curie (Curie Museum) is a historical museum focusing on radiological research. It is located in the 5th arrondissement at 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, and open weekday afternoons; admission is free. The museum was closed for renovation but was reopened in the second half of 2011. Currently, it is closed for a review of its exhibition and is expected to reopen in summer 2012.
The museum was established in 1934, after Curie's death, on the ground floor of the Curie Pavilion of the Institut du Radium. It was formerly Marie Curie's laboratory, built 1911-1914, and where she performed research from 1914-1934. In this laboratory her daughter and son-in-law Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered artificial radioactivity, for which they received the 1935 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
The museum contains a permanent historical exhibition on radioactivity and its applications, notably in medicine, focusing primarily on the Curies, and displays some of the most important research apparatus used before 1940. It also contains a center for historical resource which holds archives, photographs, and documentation on the Curies, Joliot-Curies, the Institut Curie, and the history of radioactivity and oncology.
wn.com/Musée_Curie -
Pasteur Institute
The Pasteur Institute (French: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, who made some of the greatest breakthroughs in modern medicine at the time, including pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax bacillus and rabies virus. The institute was founded on June 4, 1887, and inaugurated on November 14, 1888.
For over a century, the Institut Pasteur has been at the forefront of the battle against infectious disease. This worldwide biomedical research organization based in Paris was the first to isolate HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, in 1983. Over the years, it has been responsible for breakthrough discoveries that have enabled medical science to control such virulent diseases as diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, influenza, yellow fever, and plague. Since 1908, eight Pasteur Institute scientists have been awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine and physiology, and the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared with two Pasteur scientists.
wn.com/Pasteur_Institute -
Poland
Poland
i/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
wn.com/Poland -
Rue Dauphine
Rue Dauphine is a street in Saint-Germain-des-Prés in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, France.
It was named after the Dauphin, son of Henry IV of France.
The Pont Neuf crosses the river Seine in front of the Rue Dauphine.
Nobel prize winning physicist Pierre Curie, husband of Marie Skłodowska-Curie, was struck, and killed, by a horse drawn carriage on this street in 1906.
Coordinates: 48°51′18″N 2°20′22″E / 48.855°N 2.33944°E / 48.855; 2.33944
wn.com/Rue_Dauphine -
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
wn.com/Russian_Empire -
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (
listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
wn.com/Saint_Petersburg -
Sancellemoz
Coordinates: 45°56′17″N 6°42′21″E / 45.93817°N 6.70582°E / 45.93817; 6.70582
Sancellemoz is a sanatorium in the town of Passy, in Haute-Savoie, eastern France. Professor Marie Curie died in the sanatorium Sancellemoz.
wn.com/Sancellemoz -
Sopot
Sopot [ˈsɔpɔt] ( listen) (German: Zoppot (
listen); Kashubian: Sopòt) is a seaside town in Eastern Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland, with a population of approximately 40,000.
Sopot is a city with powiat (county) status, in Pomeranian Voivodeship. Until 1999 it was in Gdańsk Voivodeship. It lies between the larger cities of Gdańsk (Danzig) (to the south-east) and Gdynia (to the north), the three towns together making up the metropolitan agglomeration called Trójmiasto (Tri-City).
Sopot is a major health-spa and tourist resort destination. It has the longest wooden pier in Europe, at 515.5 metres, stretching out into the Bay of Gdańsk. The city is also famous for its Sopot International Song Festival, the largest such event in Europe after the Eurovision Song Contest. Among its other attractions is a fountain of bromide spring water, known as the "inhalation mushroom".
The name is thought to derive from an old Slavic word sopot meaning "stream" or "spring". The same root occurs in a number of other Slavic toponyms; it is probably onomatopeic, imitating the sound of running water. (Today several streams run into the sea in the area of the town.)
wn.com/Sopot -
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Stockholm
Stockholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkːˈhɔlm, ˈstɔkːˈɔlm, ˈstɔkːɔlm]( listen to the second one)) is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 864,324 in the municipality (2010), 1.4 million in the urban area (2010), and around 2.1 million in the 6,519 km2 (2,517.00 sq mi) metropolitan area (2010). As of 2010, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population.
Founded no later than c. 1250, possibly as early as 1187, Stockholm has long been one of Sweden's cultural, media, political, and economic centres. Its strategic location on 14 islands on the south-central east coast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago, has been historically important. Stockholm has been nominated by GaWC as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-. In The 2008 Global Cities Index, Stockholm ranked 24th in the world, 10th in Europe, and first in Scandinavia. Stockholm is known for its beauty, its buildings and architecture, its abundant clean and open water, and its many parks. It is sometimes referred to as Venice of the North.
wn.com/Stockholm -
University of Paris
The University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) was a university located in Paris, France, and one of the earliest to be established in Europe. It was founded in the mid-12th century, and officially recognized as a university probably between 1160 and 1250. After many changes, including a century of suspension (1793–1896), it ceased to exist in 1970 and 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII) were created from it. The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne after the collegiate institution (Collège de Sorbonne) founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon. In fact, the university as such was older and was never completely centered on the Sorbonne. Of the 13 current successor universities, the first four have a presence in the historical Sorbonne building, and three include "Sorbonne" in their names.
The universities in Paris are now essentially independent of each other, and some fall under the Académie of Créteil or the Académie of Versailles rather than the Académie of Paris. Some residual administrative functions of the 13 universities are formally supervised by a common chancellor, the Rector of the Académie of Paris, with offices in the Sorbonne. As of 2006, Maurice Quénet is the Rector of the Academy of Paris and Chancellor of the Universities of Paris. The Vice-Chancellor of the Universities of Paris is Pierre Gregory. Despite this link, and the historical ties, there is no University of Paris system that binds the universities at an academic level.
wn.com/University_of_Paris -
Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
wn.com/Warsaw -
Warsaw New Town
Warsaw's New Town is a neighbourhood dating from the 15th century. It lies just north of the Old Town and is connected to it by ulica Freta (English: Freta Street), which begins at the Barbican. Like the Old Town, the New Town was destroyed by the Nazis during World War II and rebuilt after the war.
The historic district of the New Town was formed at the turn of the 14th century as an independent city. The official recognition of the New Town occurred in 1408, when it was measured out from the Old Town by an act issued by Janusz I the Old, Duke of Masovia. At that time the new city encompassed the territory of the New Town Market Square and streets - Freta, Kościelna, Koźla, Przyrynek, Stara and Zakroczymska. It was independent from the Old Town authorities and had its own vogt, council and a town hall. In 1411 the Parish Church of St. Mary was erected, and according to the 1546 mensuration there were 204 estates in the Warsaw New Town. The largest investment of that time was the Sigismund Augustus bridge built between 1568-1573 by Erazm Cziotko (c. 500 m (1,600 ft) long). Unfortunately it was destroyed in 1603 by the floats.
wn.com/Warsaw_New_Town -
Warsaw Old Town
Warsaw's Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto, colloquially: Starówka) is the oldest historic district of the city. It is bounded by Wybrzeże Gdańskie, along the bank of the Vistula, and by Grodzka, Mostowa and Podwale Streets. It is one of Warsaw's most prominent tourist attractions.
The heart of the area is the Old Town Market Place, with its restaurants, cafés and shops. Surrounding streets feature medieval architecture such as the city walls, the Barbican and St. John's Cathedral.
Warsaw's Old Town was established in the 13th century. Initially surrounded by an earthwork rampart, prior to 1339 it was fortified with brick city walls. The town originally grew up around the castle of the Dukes of Mazovia that later became the Royal Castle. The Market Square (Rynek Starego Miasta) was laid out sometime in the late 13th or early 14th century, along the main road linking the castle with the New Town to the north.
Until 1817 the Old Town's most notable feature was the Town Hall built before 1429. In 1701 the square was rebuilt by Tylman Gamerski, and in 1817 the Town Hall was demolished. Since the 19th century, the four sides of the Market Square have borne the names of four notable Poles who once lived on the respective sides: Ignacy Zakrzewski (south), Hugo Kołłątaj (west), Jan Dekert (north) and Franciszek Barss (east).
wn.com/Warsaw_Old_Town -
Warsaw Uprising
Coordinates: 52°13′48″N 21°00′39″E / 52.23°N 21.01083°E / 52.23; 21.01083
The Warsaw Uprising (Polish: powstanie warszawskie) was a major World War II operation by the Polish resistance Home Army (Polish: Armia Krajowa), to liberate Warsaw from Nazi Germany. The rebellion was timed to coincide with the Soviet Union's Red Army approaching the eastern suburbs of the city and the retreat of German forces. Controversially, the Soviet advance stopped short, enabling the Germans to regroup and literally demolish the city in crushing the Polish resistance, which fought for 63 days with little outside support.
The uprising began on 1 August 1944, as part of a nationwide plan, Operation Tempest, when the Soviet Army approached Warsaw. The main Polish objectives were to drive the German occupiers from the city and help with the larger fight against Germany and the Axis powers. Secondary political objectives were to liberate Warsaw before the Soviets, to underscore Polish sovereignty by empowering the Polish Underground State before the Soviet-backed Polish Committee of National Liberation could assume control. Also, short-term causes included the threat of a German round-up of able-bodied Poles, and Moscow radio calling for the Uprising to begin.
wn.com/Warsaw_Uprising -
Édouard Branly
Édouard Eugène Désiré Branly (23 October 1844 – 24 March 1940) was a French inventor, physicist and professor at the Institut Catholique de Paris. He is primarily known for his early involvement in wireless telegraphy and his invention of the Branly coherer around 1890.
The coherer was the first widely used detector for radio communication. Branly built upon the discoveries of Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti, who demonstrated in experiments in 1884 through 1886 that iron filings contained in an insulating tube will conduct an electrical current under the action of an electromagnetic wave. The operation of the coherer is based upon the large resistance offered to the passage of electric current by loose metal filings, which decreases under the influence of radio frequency alternating current. The coherer became the basis for radio reception, and remained in widespread use for about ten years, until about 1907. British radio pioneer Oliver Lodge made the coherer into a practical receiver by adding a "decoherer" which tapped the coherer after each reception to dislodge clumped filings, thus restoring the device's sensitivity. It was further developed by Guglielmo Marconi, then replaced about 1907 by crystal detectors.
wn.com/Édouard_Branly
-
Aage Bohr
Aage Niels Bohr (Danish: [ˈɔːʊ̯ ˌnels ˈboɐ̯ˀ] ( listen); June 19, 1922 – September 9, 2009) was a Danish nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate, and the son of the famous physicist and Nobel laureate Niels Bohr.
Bohr was born in Copenhagen in 1922, and grew up surrounded by physicists such as Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg, who were working with his father at the Institute for Theoretical Physics (now the Niels Bohr Institute) at the University of Copenhagen.
In 1940, shortly after the German occupation of Denmark, Bohr began his physics degree at the University of Copenhagen. In October 1943, shortly before he was to be arrested by the German police, Niels Bohr escaped to Sweden with his family, later travelling to London and on to work on the Manhattan Project. During this time, Aage Bohr travelled with his father, acting as his assistant and secretary.
The Bohrs returned to Denmark in 1945, and Aage returned to University, graduating with a master's degree in 1946, with a thesis concerned with some aspects of atomic stopping problems. Following graduation, he became an associate at the Niels Bohr Institute.
wn.com/Aage_Bohr -
Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam,NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام, pronounced English pronunciation: /əbd̪ʊs səlɑm/, (29 January 1926 – 21 November 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces. Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel prize for this discovery. Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani and the first Muslim Nobel Laureate to receive the prize in the sciences.
Salam was a science advisor to the Government of Pakistan from 1960 till 1974, a position from which he played a major and influential role in Pakistan's science infrastructure. Salam was responsible for not only major development and contribution in theoretical and particle physics, but as well as promoting scientific research at maximum level in his country. Salam was the founding director of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), and responsible for the establishment of the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) in Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). As Science Advisor, Salam played an integral role in Pakistan's development of peaceful use of nuclear energy, and directed the research on development of atomic bomb project of Pakistan in 1972; for this, he is viewed as the "scientific father" of this programme in the views of the scientists who researched under his scientific umbrella. In 1974, Salam left Pakistan in protest when Pakistan Parliament controversially passed a parliamentary bill declaring Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as Non-Muslims. Even after his death, Salam remained one of the most influential scientists in his country. In 1998, following the country's nuclear tests, the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp, as a part of "Scientists of Pakistan", to honour the services of Salam.
wn.com/Abdus_Salam -
Adam Riess
Adam Guy Riess (born 16 December 1969) is an American astrophysicist at The Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute and is known for his research in using supernovae as cosmological probes. Riess shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Brian P. Schmidt for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Riess was born in Washington, D.C., one of three children in a Jewish family. He grew up in Warren, New Jersey, where his father (a Naval engineer Michael Riess) owned a frozen-foods distribution company Bistro International and his mother (Doris Riess) worked as a clinical psychologist. Michael Riess (1931–2007) immigrated to the United States with his parents (journalist, war correspondent and author Curt Riess and Ilse Posnansky) from Germany on the ship SS Europa (1928) in 1936. Adam Riess has two sisters— Dr. Gail Michele Saltz, a psychiatrist, and Holly Hagerman, an artist.
wn.com/Adam_Riess -
Adolf von Baeyer
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer (German pronunciation: [ˈbaɪɐ]; (October 31, 1835 – August 20, 1917) was a German chemist who synthesized indigo, and was the 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Born in Berlin, he initially studied mathematics and physics at Berlin University before moving to Heidelberg to study chemistry with Robert Bunsen. There he worked primarily in August Kekulé's laboratory, earning his doctorate (from Berlin) in 1858. He followed Kekulé to the University of Ghent, when Kekulé became professor there. He became a lecturer at the Berlin Trade Academy in 1860, and a Professor at the University of Strasbourg in 1871. In 1875 he succeeded Justus von Liebig as Chemistry Professor at the University of Munich.
Baeyer's chief achievements include the synthesis and description of the plant dye indigo, the discovery of the phthalein dyes, and the investigation of polyacetylenes, oxonium salts, nitroso compounds (1869) and uric acid derivatives (1860 and onwards) (including the discovery of barbituric acid (1864), the parent compound of the barbiturates). He was the first to propose the correct formula for indole in 1869, after publishing the first synthesis three years earlier. His contributions to theoretical chemistry include the 'strain' (Spannung) theory of triple bonds and strain theory in small carbon rings.
wn.com/Adolf_von_Baeyer -
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein ( /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics. While best known for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"), he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.
wn.com/Albert_Einstein -
Albert Fert
Albert (Bert) Fert (born 7 March 1938 in Carcassonne, Aude) is a French physicist and one of the discoverers of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disks. He is currently an emeritus professor at Université Paris-Sud in Orsay and scientific director of a joint laboratory ('Unité mixte de recherche') between the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Scientific Research Centre) and Thales Group. Also, he is an Adjunct professor of physics at Michigan State University. He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Peter Grünberg.
Fert graduated in 1962 from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He received his master's degree in 1963 at the University of Paris, and earned his PhD in 1970 at the Université Paris-Sud.
In 1988 Fert discovered the Giant magnetoresistance effect (GMR) in multilayers of iron and chromium which is recognized as the birth of spintronics; GMR was simultaneously and independently discovered by Peter Grünberg from the Jülich Research Centre. Since 1988, Albert Fert has made contributions to the field of spintronics.
wn.com/Albert_Fert -
Alexander Prokhorov
Alexander Mikhaylovich Prokhorov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров) (11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was a Soviet physicist known for his pioneering research on lasers and masers for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Charles Hard Townes and Nikolay Basov.
Prokhorov was born in 1916 in Atherton, Queensland, to a family of Russian revolutionaries who emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the tsarist government. In 1923, after the October Revolution, they returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the Saint Petersburg State University to study physics. He graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the Lebedev Physical Institute, in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician N. D. Papaleksi. His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere. At the onset of World War II in the Soviet Union, in June 1941, he joined the Red Army. During World War II, Prokhorov fought in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the Medal For Courage in 1946. He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where in 1946 defended his Ph.D. thesis on "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter".
wn.com/Alexander_Prokhorov -
Alfred Kastler
Alfred Kastler (May 3, 1902 – January 7, 1984) was a French physicist, and Nobel Prize laureate.
Kastler was born in Guebwiller (Alsace) and later attended the Lycée Bartholdi in Colmar, Alsace, and École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1921. After his studies, in 1926 he began teaching physics at the Lycée of Mulhouse, and then taught at the University of Bordeaux, where he was a university professor until 1941. Georges Bruhat asked him to come back to the École Normale Supérieure, where he finally obtained a chair in 1952.
Collaborating with Jean Brossel, he researched quantum mechanics, the interaction between light and atoms, and spectroscopy. Kastler, working on combination of optical resonance and magnetic resonance, developed the technique of "optical pumping". Those works led to the completion of the theory of lasers and masers.
He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1966 "for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms".
He was president of the board of the Institut d'optique théorique et appliquée.
wn.com/Alfred_Kastler -
Alfred Werner
Alfred Werner (December 12, 1866 - November 15, 1919) was a Swiss chemist who was a student at ETH Zurich and a professor at the University of Zurich. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913 for proposing the octahedral configuration of transition metal complexes. Werner developed the basis for modern coordination chemistry. He was the first inorganic chemist to win the Nobel prize, and the only one prior to 1973.
Werner was born in 1866 in Mulhouse, Alsace (which was then part of France, but which was annexed by Germany in 1871). He went to Switzerland to study chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute (Polytechnikum) in Zurich where he obtained his doctorate in 1890 at the same institution. After postdoctoral study in Paris, he returned to the Swiss Federal Institute to teach (1892), in 1893 he moved to the University of Zurich where he became a professor in 1895. The same year he became a Swiss citizen.
In 1893, Werner was the first to propose correct structures for coordination compounds containing complex ions, in which a central transition metal atom is surrounded by neutral or anionic ligands.
wn.com/Alfred_Werner -
Andre Geim
Sir Andre Konstantin Geim, FRS (Russian: Андрей Константинович Гейм; born 21 October 1958) is a Russian-born British-Dutch physicist working at the University of Manchester. Geim was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Konstantin Novoselov for his work on graphene. He is the Langworthy Professor and director of the Manchester Centre for Mesoscience and Nanotechnology at the University of Manchester.
Andre Geim was born to Konstantin Alekseyevich Geim and Nina Nikolayevna Bayer on October 21, 1958. Both his parents were Russian German engineers. Geim has stated, "My mother's grandmother was Jewish. I suffered from anti-Semitism in Russia because my name sounds Jewish". Geim has one brother, Vladislav. In 1965, the family moved to Nalchik, where he studied at an English-language high school. After graduation, he applied to the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. He took the entrance exams twice, but was not accepted. He then applied to the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), where he was accepted. He said the students had to work extremely hard: "The pressure to work and to study was so intense that it was not a rare thing for people to break and leave, and some of them ended up with everything from schizophrenia to depression to suicide." He received an MSc degree in 1982, and in 1987 obtained a PhD degree in metal physics from the Institute of Solid State Physics (ISSP) at the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in Chernogolovka. He said that at the time he would not have chosen to study solid-state physics, preferring particle physics or astrophysics, but is now happy with his choice.
wn.com/Andre_Geim -
Antony Hewish
Antony Hewish FRS (born Fowey, Cornwall, 11 May 1924) is a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his work on the development of radio aperture synthesis and its role in the discovery of pulsars. He was also awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1969.
He attended King's College, Taunton. His undergraduate degree at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, was interrupted by war service at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, and at the Telecommunications Research Establishment where he worked with Martin Ryle. Returning to Cambridge in 1946, Hewish completed his degree and immediately joined Ryle's research team at the Cavendish Laboratory, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1952. Hewish made both practical and theoretical advances in the observation and exploitation of the apparent scintillations of radio sources due to their radiation impinging upon plasma. This led him to propose, and secure funding for, the construction of the Interplanetary Scintillation Array, a large array radio telescope at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (MRAO), Cambridge in order to conduct a high time-resolution radio survey of interplanetary scintillation.
wn.com/Antony_Hewish -
Arno Allan Penzias
Arno Allan Penzias (born 26 April 1933) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics.
Penzias was born in Munich, Germany. At age six he was among the Jewish children evacuated to Britain as part of the Kindertransport rescue operation. Some time later, his parents also fled Nazi Germany for the U.S., and the family settled in the Garment District of New York City in 1940. In 1946, Penzias became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1951 and received a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1954. From Columbia University, he received his Master's degree in 1958 and his Ph.D. in 1962.
He went on to work at Bell Labs in Holmdel, New Jersey, where, with Robert Woodrow Wilson, he worked on ultra-sensitive cryogenic microwave receivers, intended for radio astronomy observations. In 1964, on building their most sensitive antenna/receiver system, the pair encountered radio noise which they could not explain. It was far less energetic than the radiation given off by the Milky Way, and it was isotropic, so they assumed their instrument was subject to interference by terrestrial sources. They tried, and then rejected, the hypothesis that the radio noise emanated from New York City. An examination of the microwave horn antenna showed it was full of pigeon droppings (which Penzias described as "white dielectric material"). After the pair removed the guano buildup, and the pigeons were shot (each physicist says the other ordered the deed), the noise remained. Having rejected all sources of interference, the pair published a paper announcing their findings. This was later identified by Robert Dicke as the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), the radio remnant of the Big Bang. This allowed astronomers to confirm the Big Bang, and to correct many of their previous assumptions about it.
wn.com/Arno_Allan_Penzias -
Arthur Compton
Arthur Holly Compton (September 10, 1892 – March 15, 1962) was an American physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his discovery of the Compton effect. He served as Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis from 1945 to 1953.
Arthur Compton was born in Wooster, Ohio in 1892 to Elias and Otelia Compton. They were an academic family. His father Elias was dean of Wooster University (later The College of Wooster), which Arthur attended, and also became a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. His eldest brother Karl also attended Wooster University, became a physicist, and was later president of MIT. His second brother Wilson Martindale Compton also attended Wooster University and became a diplomat and president of the State College of Washington, later Washington State University. All three brothers earned their Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University.
Around 1913, Arthur Compton devised a demonstration method for the Earth's rotation. In 1918, he began studying X-ray scattering. In 1922, while on faculty at Washington University in St. Louis, Compton found that X-ray wavelengths increase due to scattering of the radiant energy by "free electrons". The scattered quanta have less energy than the quanta of the original ray. This discovery, known as the "Compton effect," or "Compton scattering" demonstrates the "particle" concept of electromagnetic radiation and earned Compton the Nobel Prize in physics in 1927. Compton developed the method for observing at the same instant individual scattered X-ray photons and the recoil electrons (developed with Alfred W. Simon). In Germany, Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger independently developed a similar method.
wn.com/Arthur_Compton -
Ben Roy Mottelson
Benjamin Roy Mottelson (born July 9, 1926) is an American-born Danish nuclear physicist. He won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the non-spherical geometry of atomic nuclei.
Mottelson was born in Chicago, Illinois, and graduated from Lyons Township High School in LaGrange, Illinois. He received a Bachelor's degree from Purdue University in 1947, and a Ph.D. in nuclear physics from Harvard University in 1950.
He moved to Institute for Theoretical Physics (later the Niels Bohr Institute) in Copenhagen on the Sheldon Traveling Fellowship from Harvard, and remained in Denmark, becoming a professor at the newly formed Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita) in 1957. In 1971 he became a naturalized Danish citizen.
In 1950–51, James Rainwater and Aage Bohr had developed models of the atomic nucleus which began to take into account the behaviour of the individual nucleons. These models, which moved beyond the simpler liquid drop treatment of the nucleus as having effectively no internal structure, were the first models which could explain a number of nuclear properties, including the non-spherical distribution of charge in certain nuclei. Mottelson worked with Aage Bohr to compare the theoretical models with experimental data. In three papers which were published in 1952–53, Bohr and Mottelson demonstrated close agreement between theory and experiment, for example showing that the energy levels of certain nuclei could be described by a rotation spectrum. This work stimulated new theoretical and experimental studies.
wn.com/Ben_Roy_Mottelson -
Bertram Brockhouse
Bertram Neville Brockhouse, CC FRSC (July 15, 1918 – October 13, 2003) was a Canadian physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1994, shared with Clifford Shull) "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter", in particular "for the development of neutron spectroscopy".
Brockhouse was born in Lethbridge, Alberta, and was a graduate of the University of British Columbia (BA, 1947) and the University of Toronto (MA, 1948; Ph.D, 1950).
From 1950 to 1962, Brockhouse carried out research at Atomic Energy of Canada's Chalk River Nuclear Laboratory.
In 1962, he became professor at McMaster University in Canada, where he remained until his retirement in 1984.
He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics with American Clifford Shull of MIT for developing neutron scattering techniques for studying condensed matter.
In 1982, Brockhouse was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1995.
In October 2005, as part of the 75th anniversary of McMaster University's establishment in Hamilton, Ontario, a street on the University campus (University Avenue) was renamed to Brockhouse Way in honour of Brockhouse. The town of Deep River, Ontario has also named a street in his honour.
wn.com/Bertram_Brockhouse -
Bolesław Prus
Bolesław Prus (pronounced: [bɔ'lεswaf 'prus];20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), born Aleksander Głowacki, is one of the leading figures in the history of Polish literature and a distinctive voice in world literature.
As a 15-year-old, he had joined the Polish 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia; shortly after his sixteenth birthday, in a battle against Russian forces, he suffered severe injuries. Five months later, he was imprisoned for his part in the Uprising. These early experiences may have precipitated the panic disorder and agoraphobia that would dog him through life, and shaped his opposition to attempts to regain Polish independence by force of arms.
In 1872 at age 25, in Warsaw, he settled into a 40-year journalistic career that highlighted science, technology, education, and economic and cultural development. These societal enterprises were essential to the endurance of a people that had in the 18th century been partitioned out of political existence by Russia, Prussia and Austria. Głowacki took his pen name Prus from the appellation of his family's coat-of-arms.
wn.com/Bolesław_Prus -
Brian Schmidt
Brian P. Schmidt FRS (born February 24, 1967) is a Distinguished Professor, Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and astrophysicist at The Australian National University Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is known for his research in using supernovae as cosmological probes. He currently holds an Australia Research Council Federation Fellowship and was elected to the Royal Society in 2012. Schmidt shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Schmidt, an only child, was born on February 24, 1967, in Missoula, Montana, where his father Dana C. Schmidt was a fisheries biologist. When he was 13, his family relocated to Anchorage, Alaska.
Schmidt attended Bartlett High School in Anchorage, Alaska, and graduated in 1985. He has said that he wanted to be a meteorologist "since I was about five-years-old" but "... I did some work at the USA National Weather Service up in Anchorage and didn't enjoy it very much. It was less scientific, not as exciting as I thought it would be—there was a lot of routine. But I guess I was just a little naive about what being a meteorologist meant." His decision to study astronomy, which he had seen as "a minor pastime", was made just before he enrolled at university. He earned his BS (Physics) and BS (Astronomy) from the University of Arizona in 1989. He received his MA (1992) and then PhD from Harvard University in 1993. Schmidt's PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Kirshner and used Type II Supernovae to measure the Hubble Constant.
wn.com/Brian_Schmidt -
Burton Richter
Burton Richter (born March 22, 1931) is a Nobel Prize-winning American physicist. He led the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) team which co-discovered the J/ψ meson in 1974, alongside the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) team led by Samuel Ting. This discovery was part of the so-called November Revolution of particle physics. He was the SLAC director from 1984 to 1999.
A native of New York City, Richter was born into a Jewish family in Brooklyn and was raised in the Queens neighborhood of Far Rockaway. He graduated from Far Rockaway High School, a school that also produced fellow laureates Baruch Samuel Blumberg and Richard Feynman. He attended Mercersburg Academy in Pennsylvania, then continued on to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1952 and his PhD in 1956. He was director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) from 1984 to 1999.
As a professor at Stanford University, Richter built a particle accelerator called SPEAR (Stanford Positron-Electron Asymmetric Ring) with the help of David Ritson and the support of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. With it he led a team that discovered a new subatomic particle he called a ψ (psi). This discovery was also made by the team led by Samuel Ting at Brookhaven National Laboratory, but he called the particle J. The particle thus became known as the J/ψ meson. Richter and Ting were jointly awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.
wn.com/Burton_Richter -
Carl David Anderson
Carl David Anderson (3 September 1905 – 11 January 1991) was an American physicist. He is best known for his discovery of the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon in 1936.
Anderson was born in New York City, the son of Swedish immigrants. He studied physics and engineering at Caltech (B.S., 1927; Ph.D., 1930). Under the supervision of Robert A. Millikan, he began investigations into cosmic rays during the course of which he encountered unexpected particle tracks in his cloud chamber photographs that he correctly interpreted as having been created by a particle with the same mass as the electron, but with opposite electrical charge. This discovery, announced in 1932 and later confirmed by others, validated Paul Dirac's theoretical prediction of the existence of the positron. Anderson obtained the first direct proof that positrons existed by shooting gamma rays produced by the natural radioactive nuclide ThC'' (208Tl) into other materials, resulting in creation of positron-electron pairs. For this work, Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1936 with Victor Hess.
wn.com/Carl_David_Anderson -
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss ( /ˈɡaʊs/; German: Gauß listen (help·info), Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.
Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum (Latin, "the Prince of Mathematicians" or "the foremost of mathematicians") and "greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss had a remarkable influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians. He referred to mathematics as "the queen of sciences".
Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Braunschweig, in the duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, now part of Lower Saxony, Germany, as the son of poor working-class parents. Indeed, his mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension, which itself occurs 40 days after Easter. Gauss would later solve this puzzle for his birthdate in the context of finding the date of Easter, deriving methods to compute the date in both past and future years. He was christened and confirmed in a church near the school he attended as a child.
wn.com/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss -
Carl Wieman
Carl Edwin Wieman (born March 26, 1951) is an American physicist at the University of British Columbia and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the production, in 1995 with Eric Allin Cornell, of the first true Bose–Einstein condensate.
Wieman was born in Corvallis, Oregon in the United States and graduated from Corvallis High School. Wieman earned his B.S. in 1973 from MIT and his Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1977; he was also awarded a Doctor of Science, honoris causa from the University of Chicago in 1997. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1998. In 2001, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Eric Allin Cornell and Wolfgang Ketterle for fundamental studies of the Bose-Einstein condensate. In 2004, he was named United States Professor of the Year among all doctoral and research universities.
Wieman joined the University of British Columbia on 1 January 2007 and is heading a well-endowed science education initiative there; he retains a twenty percent appointment at the University of Colorado at Boulder to head the science education project he founded in Colorado.
wn.com/Carl_Wieman -
Carlo Rubbia
Carlo Rubbia Knight Grand Cross (born on 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.
Carlo Rubbia studied at Scuola Normale in Pisa and graduated doing cosmic ray experiments at Pisa University in 1959. He then went to the United States where he spent about one and a half years at Columbia University performing experiments on the decay and the nuclear capture of muons. This was the first of a long series of experiments that Rubbia has performed in the field of weak interactions and which culminated in the Nobel Prize-winning work at CERN. He received his PhD in physics from Columbia in 1959.
In 1960 he moved back to Europe, attracted by the newly founded CERN, where he worked on experiments on the structure of weak interactions. CERN had just commissioned a new type of accelerator, the Intersecting Storage Rings, using counter-rotating beams of protons colliding against each other. Rubbia and his collaborators conducted experiments there, again studying the weak force. The main results in this field were the observation of the structure in the elastic scattering process and the first observation of the charmed baryons. These experiments were crucial in order to perfect the techniques needed later for the discovery of more exotic particles in a different type of particle collider.
wn.com/Carlo_Rubbia -
Charles Hard Townes
Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, 1915) is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator. Townes is known for his work on the theory and application of the maser, on which he got the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics connected with both maser and laser devices. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov. The Japanese FM Towns computer and game console is named in his honour.
Townes was born in Greenville, South Carolina on July 28, 1915, the son of Henry Keith Townes, an attorney, and Ellen (Hard) Townes. He attended the Greenville public schools and then Furman University in Greenville, where he completed the requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree in Physics and the Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern Languages, graduating summa cum laude in 1935, at the age of 19. Physics had fascinated him since his first course in the subject during his sophomore year in college because of its "beautifully logical structure". He was also interested in natural history while at Furman, serving as curator of the museum, and working during the summers as collector for Furman's biology camp. In addition, he was busy with other activities, including the swimming team, the college newspaper and the football band.
wn.com/Charles_Hard_Townes -
Chen Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Franklin Yang (simplified Chinese: 杨振宁; traditional Chinese: 楊振寧; pinyin: Yáng Zhènníng) (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese-American physicist who works on statistical mechanics and particle physics. He and Tsung-dao Lee received the 1957 Nobel prize in physics for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction. Yang became a United States citizen in 1964.
Yang was born in Hefei, Anhui, China; his father Yang Ko-Chuen (Chinese: 楊武之; pinyin: Yáng Wǔzhī) (1896–1973) was a mathematician and his mother Luo Meng-hua (羅孟華) was a housewife. Yang attended elementary and high school in Beijing, and in the autumn of 1937 his family moved to Hefei after the Japanese invaded China. In 1938 they moved to Kunming, Yunnan, where the National Southwestern Associated University was located. In the same year, as a second year student, Yang passed the entrance examination and studied at the National Southwestern Associated University. He received his bachelor's degree in 1942, the thesis being about the application of group theory to molecular spectra, under the supervision of Wu Ta-you (吴大猷) (1907–2000). He continued to study graduate courses there for two years under the supervision of Wang Chu-hsi (王竹溪) (1911–1983), working on statistical mechanics. In 1944 he received his master's degree was awarded a scholarship known as the Boxer Indemnity (Chinese: 庚子賠款; pinyin: Gēngzǐ péikuǎn), a scholarship set up by the United States government using the funds raised from the money China was forced to pay out following the Boxer Rebellion. He was delayed for one year, during which time he taught in a middle school as a teacher and studied field theory.
wn.com/Chen_Ning_Yang -
Clifford Shull
Clifford Glenwood Shull (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, September 23, 1915 – March 31, 2001) was a Nobel Prize-winning American physicist.
He attended Schenley High School in Pittsburgh, received BS from Carnegie Institute of Technology and PhD from New York University. He worked for The Texas Company at Beacon, New York during the war time, followed by a position in the Clinton Laboratory (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), and finally joined MIT in 1955, and retired in 1986.
Clifford G. Shull was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics with Canadian Bertram Brockhouse. This is the longest ever time after the original work was completed that the Nobel Prize was awarded. The two won the prize for the development of the neutron scattering technique. He also conducted research on condensed matter. Professor Shull's prize was awarded for his pioneering work in neutron scattering, a technique that reveals where atoms are within a material like ricocheting bullets reveal where obstacles are in the dark.
wn.com/Clifford_Shull -
Clinton Davisson
Clinton Joseph Davisson (October 22, 1881 – February 1, 1958), was an American physicist who won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of electron diffraction. Davisson shared the Nobel Prize with George Paget Thomson, who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson.
Davisson was born in Bloomington, Illinois. He graduated from Bloomington High School in 1902, and entered the University of Chicago on scholarship. Upon the recommendation of Robert A. Millikan, in 1905 Davisson was hired by Princeton University as Instructor of Physics. He completed the requirements for his B.S. degree from Chicago in 1908, mainly by working in the summers. While teaching at Princeton, he did doctoral thesis research with Owen Richardson. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton in 1911; in the same year he married Richardson's sister, Charlotte.
Davisson was then appointed as an assistant professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1917 he took a leave from the Carnegie Institute to do war-related research with the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company (later Bell Telephone Laboratories). At the end of the war, Davisson accepted a permanent position at Western Electric after receiving assurances of his freedom there to do basic research. He had found that his teaching responsibilities at the Carnegie Institute largely precluded him from doing research. Davisson remained at Western Electric (and Bell Telephone) until his formal retirement in 1946. He then accepted a research professor appointment at the University of Virginia that continued until his second retirement in 1954.
wn.com/Clinton_Davisson -
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Russian: Королевство Польское, Царство Польское, Korolevstvo Polskoye, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Russian pronunciation: [ˈtsarstʋə ˈpolʲskəje], translation: Tsardom of Poland), informally known as Congress Poland (Polish: Królestwo Kongresowe [kruˈlɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ] or Russian Poland), created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in 1867, and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in 1915 with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in 1830–31 and 1863, as the country became governed by namestniks, and later divided into guberniya (provinces). Thus from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
wn.com/Congress_Poland -
David Gross
David Jonathan Gross (born February 19, 1941) is an American particle physicist and string theorist. Along with Frank Wilczek and David Politzer, he was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of asymptotic freedom. He is currently the director and holder of the Frederick W. Gluck Chair in Theoretical Physics at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics of the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is also a faculty member in the UC Santa Barbara Physics Department.
He was born in Washington, D.C. in February 19th, 1941. His father was Bertram Myron Gross (1912–1998). Gross received his bachelor's degree and master's degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, in 1962. He received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1966 under the supervision of Geoffrey Chew.
He was a Junior Fellow at Harvard University and a Professor at Princeton University until 1997. He was the recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1987, the Dirac Medal in 1988 and the Harvey Prize in 2000.
wn.com/David_Gross -
Dennis Gabor
Dennis Gabor CBE, FRS (original Hungarian name: Gábor Dénes; 5 June 1900 – 8 February 1979) was a Hungarian-Britishelectrical engineer and physicist, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics.
He was born as Günszberg Dénes, into a Jewish family in Budapest, Hungary, as the first born son of Günszberg Bernát and Jakobovits Adél. In 1902, the family received the permission to change their family name from Günszberg to Gábor. He served with the Hungarian artillery in northern Italy during World War I. He studied at the Technical University of Budapest from 1918, later in Germany, at the Charlottenburg Technical University in Berlin, now known as the Technical University of Berlin. At the start of his career, he analysed the properties of high voltage electric transmission lines by using cathode-beam oscillographs, which led to his interest in electron optics. Studying the fundamental processes of the oscillograph, Gabor was led to other electron-beam devices such as electron microscopes and TV tubes. He eventually wrote his Ph.D. thesis concerning the cathode ray tube in 1927, and worked on plasma lamps.
wn.com/Dennis_Gabor -
Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (also romanized Mendeleyev or Mendeleef; Russian: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев listen (help·info); 8 February [O.S. 27 January] 1834 – 2 February [O.S. 20 January] 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered.
Mendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia, to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleev (née Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a priest of the Russian Orthodox Church from the Tver region. Ivan, along with his brothers and sisters, obtained new family names while attending the theological seminary.
Mendeleev is thought to be the youngest of either 11, 13, 14 or 17 siblings; the exact number differs among sources. His father was a teacher of fine arts, politics and philosophy. Unfortunately for the family's financial well being, his father became blind and lost his teaching position. His mother was forced to work and she restarted her family's abandoned glass factory. At the age of 13, after the passing of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.
wn.com/Dmitri_Mendeleev -
Douglas Osheroff
Douglas Dean Osheroff (born August 1, 1945) is an American physicist known for his work in experimental condensed matter physics, in particular for his co-discovery of superfluidity in Helium-3. For his contributions he shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics along with David Lee and Robert C. Richardson.
Osheroff's father was the son of Jewish immigrants who left Russia and his mother was the daughter of Slovak immigrants. Osheroff, born in Aberdeen, Washington, earned his Bachelor's degree in 1967 from Caltech, where he attended lectures by Richard Feynman and did undergraduate research for Gerry Neugebauer.
Osheroff joined the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics at Cornell University as a graduate student, doing research in low-temperature physics. Together with David Lee, the head of the laboratory, and Robert C. Richardson, Osheroff used a Pomeranchuk cell to investigate the behaviour of 3He at temperatures within a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero. They discovered unexpected effects in their measurements, which they eventually explained as phase transitions to a superfluid phase of 3He. Lee, Richardson and Osheroff were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1996 for this discovery.
wn.com/Douglas_Osheroff -
Eduard Buchner
Eduard Buchner (20 May 1860 – 13 August 1917) was a German chemist and zymologist, awarded with the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry thanks to his work on fermentation.
Buchner was born in Munich to a physician and Doctor Extraordinary of Forensic Medicine. His older brother was Hans Ernst August Buchner. In 1884, he began studies of chemistry with Adolf von Baeyer and of botany with Professor C. von Naegeli, at the Botanic Institute in Munich. After a period working with Otto Fischer in Erlangen, Buchner was awarded a doctorate from the University of Munich in 1888.
The experiment for which Buchner won the Nobel Prize consisted of producing a cell-free extract of yeast cells and showing that this "press juice" could ferment sugar. This dealt yet another blow to vitalism by showing that the presence of living yeast cells was not needed for fermentation. The cell-free extract was produced by combining dry yeast cells, quartz and kieselguhr and then pulverizing the yeast cells with a pestle and mortar. This mixture would then become moist as the yeast cells' contents would come out of the cells. Once this step was done, the moist mixture would be put through a press and the resulting "press juice" had glucose, fructose, or maltose added and carbon dioxide was seen to evolve, sometimes for days. Microscopic investigation revealed no living yeast cells in the extract. One interesting thing is that Buchner hypothesized that yeast cells secrete proteins into their environment in order to ferment sugars, instead of the fermentation occurring inside the yeast cells, which is the actual mechanism.
wn.com/Eduard_Buchner -
Edward Mills Purcell
Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 – March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (published 1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular structure of pure materials and the composition of mixtures. See also Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Born and raised in Taylorville, Illinois, Purcell received his BSEE in electrical engineering from Purdue University, followed by his M.A. and Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University. He was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Phi Kappa Sigma while at Purdue. After spending the years of World War II working at the MIT Radiation Laboratory on the development of microwave radar, Purcell returned to Harvard to do research. In December 1946, he discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with his colleagues Pound and Torrey. NMR provides scientists with an elegant and precise way of determining chemical structure and properties of materials, and is widely used in physics and chemistry. It also is the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most important medical advances of the 20th century. For his discovery of NMR, Purcell shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in physics with Felix Bloch of Stanford University.
wn.com/Edward_Mills_Purcell -
Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi (Italian pronunciation: [enˈriko ˈfermi]; 29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954) was an Italian-born, naturalized American physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. He was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.
Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 20th century, highly accomplished in both theory and experiment. Along with J. Robert Oppenheimer, he is frequently referred to as "the father of the atomic bomb". He also held several patents related to the use of nuclear power.
Several awards, concepts, and institutions are named after Fermi, such as the Enrico Fermi Award, the Enrico Fermi Institute, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, a class of particles called fermions, the synthetic element fermium, and many more.
wn.com/Enrico_Fermi -
Eric Allin Cornell
Eric Allin Cornell (born December 19, 1961) is an American physicist who, along with Carl E. Wieman, was able to synthesize the first Bose–Einstein condensate in 1995. For their efforts, Cornell, Wieman, and Wolfgang Ketterle shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001.
Cornell was born in Palo Alto, California, where his parents were completing graduate degrees at nearby Stanford University. Two years later he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where his father was a professor of civil engineering at MIT. Here he grew up with his younger brother and sister, with yearlong intermezzos in Berkeley, California and Lisbon, Portugal, where his father spent sabbatical years.
In Cambridge he attended Cambridge Rindge and Latin School. The year before his graduation he moved back to California with his mother and finished high school at San Francisco's Lowell High School, a local magnet school for academically talented kids.
After high school he enrolled at Stanford University, where he was to meet his future wife, Celeste Landry. As an undergraduate he earned money as an assistant in the various low-temperature physics groups on campus. He was doing well both in his courses and his jobs in the labs and seemed set for a career in physics. He however doubted whether he wished to pursue such a career, or rather a different one in literature or politics. Halfway through his undergraduate years he went to China and Taiwan for nine months as volunteer teaching conversational English and to study Chinese. He learned that this was not where his talents lay, and returned to Stanford with renewed resolve to pursue his true talent, physics. He graduated with honors and distinction in 1985.
wn.com/Eric_Allin_Cornell -
Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel Laureate, known for his invention, utilization, and improvement of the cyclotron atom-smasher beginning in 1929, based on his studies of the works of Rolf Widerøe, and his later work in uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project. Lawrence had a long career at the University of California, Berkeley, where he became a Professor of Physics. In 1939, Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in inventing the cyclotron and developing its applications. Chemical element number 103 is named "lawrencium" in Lawrence's honor. He was also the first recipient of the Sylvanus Thayer Award. His brother John H. Lawrence was known for pioneering in the field of nuclear medicine.
Ernest Orlando Lawrence was born in Canton, South Dakota. His parents, Carl Gustavus and Gunda (née Jacobson) Lawrence, were both the offspring of Norwegian immigrants who had met while teaching at the high school in Canton, South Dakota, where his father was also the superintendent of schools. Growing up, his best friend was Merle Tuve, who would also go on to become a highly accomplished nuclear physicist.
wn.com/Ernest_Lawrence -
Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson OM, FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand chemist and physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. In early work he discovered the concept of radioactive half-life, proved that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another, and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation, proving that the former was essentially helium ions. This work was done at McGill University in Canada. It is the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".
Rutherford performed his most famous work after he had moved to the Victoria University of Manchester in the UK in 1907 and was already a Nobel laureate. In 1911, he theorized that atoms have their positive charge concentrated in a very small nucleus, and thereby pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom, through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering in his gold foil experiment. He is widely credited with first "splitting the atom" in 1917 in a nuclear reaction between nitrogen and alpha particles, in which he also discovered (and named) the proton. This led to the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner, performed by two students working under his direction, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, in 1932. After his death in 1937, he was honoured by being interred with the greatest scientists of the United Kingdom, near Sir Isaac Newton's tomb in Westminster Abbey. The chemical element rutherfordium (element 104) was named after him in 1997.
wn.com/Ernest_Rutherford -
Ernest Walton
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (6 October 1903 – 25 June 1995) was an Irish physicist and Nobel laureate for his work with John Cockcroft with "atom-smashing" experiments done at Cambridge University in the early 1930s, and so became the first person in history to artificially split the atom, thus ushering the nuclear age. Walton is the only Irishman to have won a Nobel Prize in science.
Ernest Walton was born in Abbeyside, County Waterford, Ireland, to a Methodist minister father, Rev. John Walton (1874–1936) and Anna Sinton (1874–1906). In those days a general clergyman's family moved once every three years, and this practice carried Ernest and his family, while he was a small child, to Rathkeale in County Limerick (where his mother died) and to County Monaghan. He attended day schools in counties Down, Tyrone, and Wesley College Dublin before becoming a boarder at Methodist College Belfast in 1915, where he excelled in science and mathematics.
In 1922 Walton won scholarships to Trinity College, Dublin for the study of mathematics and science. He was awarded bachelor's and master's degrees from Trinity in 1926 and 1927, respectively. During these years at college, Walton received numerous prizes for excellence in physics and mathematics (seven prizes in all). Following graduation he was accepted as a research student at Trinity College, Cambridge, under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford, Director of Cambridge University's Cavendish Laboratory. At the time there were four Nobel Prize laureates on the staff at the Cavendish lab and a further five were to emerge, including Walton and John Cockcroft. Walton was awarded his Ph.D. in 1931 and remained at Cambridge as a researcher until 1934.
wn.com/Ernest_Walton -
Ernst Ruska
Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (25 December 1906 – 27 May 1988) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope.
Ruska was born in Heidelberg. He was educated at the Technical University of Munich from 1925 to 1927 and then entered the Technical University of Berlin, where he posited that microscopes using electrons, with wavelengths 1000 times shorter than those of light, could provide a more detailed picture of an object than a microscope utilizing light, in which magnification is limited by the size of the wavelengths. In 1931, he demonstrated that a magnetic coil could act as an electron lens, and used several coils in a series to build the first electron microscope in 1933.
After completing his PhD in 1933, Ruska continued to work in the field of electron optics, first at Fernseh Ltd in Berlin-Zehlendorf, and then from 1937 at Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG. At Siemens, he was involved in developing the first commercially-produced electron microscope in 1939. As well as developing the technology of electron microscopy while at Siemens, Ruska also worked at other scientific institutions, and encouraged Siemens to set up a laboratory for visiting researchers, which was initially headed by Ruska's brother Helmut, a medical doctor who developed the use of the electron microscope for medical and biological applications.
wn.com/Ernst_Ruska -
Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger ( /ˈʃroʊdɪŋər/; German: [ˈɛʁviːn ˈʃʁøːdɪŋɐ]; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961) was an Austrian born physicist and theoretical biologist who was one of the fathers of quantum mechanics, and is famed for a number of important contributions to physics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933. In 1935 he proposed the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment.
In 1887 Schrödinger was born in Vienna, Austria to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist) and Georgine Emilia Brenda (daughter of Alexander Bauer, Professor of Chemistry, Technische Hochschule Vienna).
His mother was half Austrian and half English; His father was Catholic and his mother was Lutheran. Despite having a religious background, he was later said to be an atheist.
In 1898 he attended the Akademisches Gymnasium. Between 1906 and 1910 Schrödinger studied in Vienna under Franz Serafin Exner(1849–1926) and Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874–1915). He also conducted experimental work with Karl Wilhelm Friedrich "Fritz" Kohlrausch 1884–1953.
wn.com/Erwin_Schrödinger -
Eugene Wigner
Eugene Paul "E. P." Wigner (Hungarian Wigner Jenő Pál; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) FRS was a Hungarian American theoretical physicist and mathematician.
He received a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"; the other half of the award was shared between Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen. Wigner is important for having laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics as well as for his research into the structure of the atomic nucleus. It was Eugene Wigner who first identified Xe-135 "poisoning" in nuclear reactors, and for this reason it is sometimes referred to as Wigner poisoning. Wigner is also important for his work in pure mathematics, having authored a number of theorems.
Wigner was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, into a middle class Jewish family. He had two sisters, one of whom later married Paul Dirac. At the age of 11, Wigner contracted what his parents believed to be tuberculosis. They sent him to live for six weeks in a sanatorium in the Austrian mountains. During this period, Wigner developed an interest in mathematical problems. From 1915 through 1919, together with John von Neumann, Wigner studied at the Fasori Evangélikus Gimnázium, where they both benefited from the instruction of the noted mathematics teacher László Rátz. In 1919, to escape the Béla Kun communist regime, the Wigner family briefly moved to Austria, returning to Hungary after Kun's downfall. Partly as a reaction to the prominence of Jews in the Kun regime, the family converted to Lutheranism.
wn.com/Eugene_Wigner -
Eusapia Palladino
Eusapia Palladino (alternate spelling: Paladino; 21 January 1854 – 16 May 1918) was an Italian Spiritualist medium.
In Italy, France, Germany, Poland and Russia, Palladino seemed to display extraordinary powers in the dark: levitating and elongating herself, "apporting" flowers, materializing the dead, producing spirit hands and faces in wet clay, levitating tables, playing musical instruments under the table without contact, communicating with the dead through her spirit guide John King, and other related phenomena. It was expensive to watch one of her performances.
Many Europeans, including some Nobel laureates, regarded Palladino as a genuine Spiritualist medium, claiming that she did not employ the standard deceptions used by fraudulent mediums. As late as 1926, eight years after her death, Arthur Conan Doyle in his History of Spiritualism praised the psychic phenomena and spirit materializations that she had produced.
In the United States, she was described as a medium who resorted to trickery when her alleged talents failed her.
wn.com/Eusapia_Palladino -
Felix Bloch
Felix Bloch (October 23, 1905 – September 10, 1983) was a Swiss physicist, working mainly in the U.S.
Bloch was born in Zürich, Switzerland to Jewish parents Gustav and Agnes Bloch. He was educated there and at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, also in Zürich. Initially studying engineering he soon changed to physics. During this time he attended lectures and seminars given by Peter Debye and Hermann Weyl at ETH Zürich and Erwin Schrödinger at the neighboring University of Zürich. A fellow student in these seminars was John von Neumann. Graduating in 1927 he continued his physics studies at the University of Leipzig with Werner Heisenberg, gaining his doctorate in 1928. His doctoral thesis established the quantum theory of solids, using Bloch waves to describe the electrons.
He remained in European academia, studying with Wolfgang Pauli in Zürich, Niels Bohr in Copenhagen and Enrico Fermi in Rome before he went back to Leipzig assuming a position as privatdozent (lecturer). In 1933, immediately after Hitler came to power, he left Germany, emigrating to work at Stanford University in 1934. In the fall of 1938, Bloch began working with the University of California at Berkeley 37" cyclotron to determine the magnetic moment of the neutron. Bloch went on to become the first professor for theoretical physics at Stanford. In 1939, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. During WW II he worked on nuclear power at Los Alamos National Laboratory, before resigning to join the radar project at Harvard University.
wn.com/Felix_Bloch -
Frank Wilczek
Frank Anthony Wilczek (born May 15, 1951) is a theoretical physicist from the United States and a Nobel laureate. He is currently the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Wilczek, along with David Gross and H. David Politzer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004 for their discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.
Born in Mineola, New York, of Polish and Italian origin, Wilczek was educated in the public schools of Queens, attending Martin Van Buren High School. It was around this time Wilczek's parents realized that he was exceptional - in part as a result of Frank Wilczek having been administered an IQ test.
He received his Bachelor of Science in Mathematics at the University of Chicago in 1970, a Master of Arts in Mathematics at Princeton University, 1972, and a Ph.D. in physics at Princeton University in 1974. Wilczek holds the Herman Feshbach Professorship of Physics at MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
wn.com/Frank_Wilczek -
Françoise Giroud
Françoise Giroud, born France Gourdji (21 September 1916 in Lausanne, Switzerland and not in Geneva as often written – 19 January 2003 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French journalist, screenwriter, writer and politician.
Giroud was born to immigrant Sephardic Turkish Jewish parents; her father was Salih Gourdji, Director of the Agence Télégraphique Ottomane in Geneva. She did not graduate from university. She married and had two children, a son (who predeceased her) and a daughter.
Giroud's work in cinema began with director Marc Allégret as a script-girl on his 1932 version of Marcel Pagnol's Fanny. In 1936 she worked with Jean Renoir on the set of La Grande Illusion. She later wrote screenplays, eventually completed 30 full-length books (both fiction and non-fiction), and wrote newspaper columns. She was the editor of Elle magazine from 1946 (shortly after it was founded) until 1953, when she and Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber founded the French newsmagazine L'Express. She edited L'Express until 1971, then was its director until 1974, when she was asked to participate in the French national government.
wn.com/Françoise_Giroud -
Frederick Reines
Frederick Reines (March 16, 1918 – August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. He was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for his co-detection of the neutrino with Clyde Cowan in the neutrino experiment, and may be the only scientist in history "so intimately associated with the discovery of an elementary particle and the subsequent thorough investigation of its fundamental properties".
Reines was born in Paterson, New Jersey, the son of Jewish emigrants to the US from Russia and a paternal relative of the Rabbi Yitzchak Yaacov Reines, as the youngest of four children. Reines and his family moved to upstate New York, where he spent much of his childhood in a small town where his father ran a country store. Looking back, Reines said: "My early childhood memories center around this typical American country store and life in a small American town, including fourth of July celebrations marked by fireworks and patriotic music played from a pavilion bandstand."
Reines was an Eagle Scout, and also participated in singing in a chorus, performing solo roles in pieces, including Händel's Messiah. He was encouraged to take lessons with a well-known voice coach at the Metropolitan Opera, where they were provided for him free of charge, since he could not afford to pay for them.
wn.com/Frederick_Reines -
Frederick Soddy
Frederick Soddy (2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956) was an English radiochemist and monetary economist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions. He also proved the existence of isotopes of certain radioactive elements. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1921, and named after him is small crater on the far side of the Moon and the radioactive Uranium mineral, Soddyite.
Soddy was born at 6 Bolton Road, Eastbourne, England. He went to school at Eastbourne College, before going on to study at University College of Wales at Aberystwyth and at Merton College, Oxford. He was a researcher at Oxford from 1898 to 1900.
In 1900 he became a demonstrator in chemistry at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, where he worked with Ernest Rutherford on radioactivity. He and Rutherford realized that the anomalous behaviour of radioactive elements was because they decayed into other elements. This decay also produced alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. When radioactivity was first discovered, no one was sure what the cause was. It needed careful work by Soddy and Rutherford to prove that atomic transmutation was in fact occurring.
wn.com/Frederick_Soddy -
Frits Zernike
Frits Zernike (/ˈzɜrr.nɪ.kiː/; July 16, 1888 – March 10, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and winner of the Nobel prize for physics in 1953 for his invention of the phase contrast microscope, an instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain and thus kill the cells.
Zernike was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands to Carl Frederick August Zernike and Antje Dieperink. Both parents were teachers of mathematics, and he especially shared his father's passion for physics. He studied chemistry (his major), mathematics and physics at the University of Amsterdam. In 1912 he was awarded a prize for his work on opalescence in gases. In 1913 he became assistant to Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn at the astronomical laboratory of Groningen University. In 1914, he was responsible jointly with Leonard Salomon Ornstein for the derivation of the Ornstein-Zernike equation in critical-point theory. In 1915, he obtained a position in theoretical physics at the same university and in 1920 he was promoted to full professor of theoretical physics.
wn.com/Frits_Zernike -
Fritz Haber
Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for synthesizing ammonia, important for fertilizers and explosives. Haber, along with Max Born, proposed the Born–Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid. He has also been described as the "father of chemical warfare" for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I.
Haber was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), into a Hasidic Jewish family. His family was one of the oldest families of that town. Haber later converted from strict Judaism to Lutheranism. His mother died during childbirth. His father was a well-known merchant in the town. From 1886 until 1891, he studied at the University of Heidelberg under Robert Bunsen, at the University of Berlin (today the Humboldt University of Berlin) in the group of A. W. Hofmann, and at the Technical College of Charlottenburg (today the Technical University of Berlin) under Carl Liebermann. He married Clara Immerwahr during 1901. Clara was also a chemist and an opponent of Haber's work in chemical warfare. Following an argument with Haber over the subject, she committed suicide. Their son, Hermann, born in 1902, would later also commit suicide because of his shame over his father's chemical warfare work. Before starting his own academic career, he worked at his father's chemical business and in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich with Georg Lunge.
wn.com/Fritz_Haber -
Fritz Pregl
Fritz Pregl (in Slovene also Friderik Pregl) (3 September 1869 – 13 December 1930), was an Austrian chemist and physician from a mixed Slovene-German-speaking background. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1923 for making important contributions to quantitative organic microanalysis, one of which was the improvement of the combustion train technique for elemental analysis.
Pregl was born in Ljubljana within Austria-Hungary to a Slovene-speaking father and German-speaking mother. He died in Graz, Austria in 1930.
Pregl started his career as physician after he studied medicine at the University of Graz. With his focus on physiology and especially chemical physiology, he suffered from the limitations of quantitative organic microanalysis. The small quantities of substances he obtained during the research of bile acid made it necessary to improve the process of elemental analysis by reducing the necessary components. At the end of his research, he had lowered the minimal amount of substance necessary for the analysis process by a factor of 50. He invited chemists to learn his method of elemental analysis, so that the method was soon widely accepted.
wn.com/Fritz_Pregl -
Gabriel Lippmann
Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (16 August 1845 – 13 July 1921) was a Franco-Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, and Nobel laureate in physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference.
Gabriel Lippmann was born in Bonnevoie, Luxembourg, on 16 August 1845. At the time, Bonnevoie was part of the commune of Hollerich which is often given as his place of birth. His father, Isaïe, a French Jew born in Ennery near Metz, managed the family glove-making business at the former convent in Bonnevoie. In 1848, the family moved to Paris where Lippmann was initially tutored by his mother, Miriam Rose Lévy, before attending the Lycée Napoléon (now Lycée Henri-IV). He was said to have been a rather inattentive but thoughtful pupil with a special interest in mathematics. In 1868, he was admitted to the Ecole normale supérieure in Paris where he failed the agrégation examination which would have enabled him to enter the teaching profession, preferring instead to study physics. In 1872, the French government sent him on a mission to Heidelberg University where he was able to specialize in electricity with the encouragement of Gustav Kirchhoff, receiving a doctorate with the "summa cum laude" distinction in 1874. Lippmann then returned to Paris in 1875, where he continued to study until 1878, when he became professor of physics at the Sorbonne.
wn.com/Gabriel_Lippmann -
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science".
His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved military compass and other instruments.
Galileo's championing of heliocentrism was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system. He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism due to the absence of an observed stellar parallax. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, and they concluded that it could only be supported as a possibility, not as an established fact. Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he wrote one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. Here he summarized the work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.
wn.com/Galileo_Galilei -
George Gamow
George Gamow (Russian pronunciation: [ˈɡaməf]; March 4 [O.S. February 20] 1904 – August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (Russian: Георгий Антонович Гамов), was a Ukrainian-born theoretical physicist and cosmologist - notably an early advocate and developer of Lemaître's Big Bang theory. He discovered a theoretical explanation of alpha decay via quantum tunneling, and worked on radioactive decay of the atomic nucleus, star formation, stellar nucleosynthesis and Big Bang nucleosynthesis (which he collectively called nucleocosmogenesis), the cosmic microwave background, and molecular genetics.
In his middle and late career, Gamow focussed more on teaching, and became well-known as an author of popular books on science, including One, Two, Three...Infinity, and the Mr. Tompkins... series of books (1939–1967). Some of his books are still in print more than a half-century after their original publication, and have become classic but still-relevant introductions to fundamental principles of mathematics and science.
wn.com/George_Gamow -
George Paget Thomson
Sir George Paget Thomson, FRS (3 May 1892 – 10 September 1975) was an English physicist and Nobel laureate in physics recognised for his discovery with Clinton Davisson of the wave properties of the electron by electron diffraction.
Thomson was born in Cambridge, England, the son of physicist and Nobel laureate J. J. Thomson and Rose Elisabeth Paget, the daughter of the professor of medicine at the University of Cambridge. Thomson went to The Perse School, Cambridge before going on to read mathematics and physics at Trinity College, Cambridge, until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he was commissioned into the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment. After brief service in France, he worked on aerodynamics at Farnborough and elsewhere. He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1920.
In 1924, Thomson married Kathleen Buchanan Smith, daughter of the Very Rev. Sir George Adam Smith. They had four children, two sons and two daughters. Kathleen died in 1941.
After briefly serving in the First World War Thomson became a Fellow at Cambridge and then moved to the University of Aberdeen. George Thomson was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for his work in Aberdeen in discovering the wave-like properties of the electron. The prize was shared with Clinton Joseph Davisson who had made the same discovery independently. Whereas his father had seen the electron as a particle (and won his Nobel Prize in the process), Thomson demonstrated that it could be diffracted like a wave, a discovery proving the principle of wave-particle duality which had first been posited by Louis-Victor de Broglie in the 1920s as what is often dubbed the de Broglie hypothesis.
wn.com/George_Paget_Thomson -
George Smoot
George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American astrophysicist, cosmologist, Nobel laureate, and $1 million TV quiz show prize winner (Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?). He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on the Cosmic Background Explorer with John C. Mather that led to the measurement "of the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation."
This work helped further the Big Bang theory of the universe using the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE). According to the Nobel Prize committee, "the COBE project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science." Smoot donated his share of the Nobel Prize money, less travel costs, to a charitable foundation.
Currently he is a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and since 2010, a professor of physics at the Paris Diderot University, France. In 2003, he was awarded the Einstein Medal.
wn.com/George_Smoot -
Georges Charpak
Georges Charpak (1 August 1924 – 29 September 2010) was a French physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992.
wn.com/Georges_Charpak -
Gerd Binnig
Gerd Binnig (born 20 July 1947) is a German physicist, and a Nobel laureate.
He was born in Frankfurt am Main and played in the ruins of the city during his childhood. His family lived partly in Frankfurt and partly in Offenbach am Main, and he attended school in both cities. At the age of 10, he decided to become a physicist, but he soon wondered whether he had made the right choice. He concentrated more on music, playing in a band. He also started playing the violin at 15 and played in his school orchestra.
In 1969, he married Lore Wagler, a psychologist, and they have a daughter born in Switzerland and a son born in California. His hobbies are reading, swimming and golf.
In 1978, he accepted an offer from IBM to join their Zürich research group. There, he met Heinrich Rohrer, with whom he shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) (the other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska).
The team included Christoph Gerber and Edmund Weibel, and they were soon recognized with a number of prizes: the German Physics Prize, the Otto Klung Prize, the Hewlett Packard Prize, the King Faisal Prize and, ultimately, the Nobel Prize.
wn.com/Gerd_Binnig -
Greer Garson
Greer Garson, CBE (29 September 1904 – 6 April 1996) was a British actress who was very popular during World War II, being listed by the Motion Picture Herald as one of America's top ten box office draws in 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, and 1946. As one of MGM's major stars of the 1940s, Garson received seven Academy Award nominations, winning the Best Actress award for Mrs. Miniver (1942).
Greer Garson was born Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson in Manor Park, Essex (now Greater London), England in 1904, the only child of George Garson (1865–1906), a clerk born in London, but with Scottish lineage, and his wife, Nina (née Nancy Sophia Greer; died 1958). Her maternal grandfather was David Greer, a RIC sergeant in Castlewellan, County Down, Ireland in the 1880s and who later became a land steward to the Annesley family (wealthy landlords who built the town of Castlewellan). He lived in a large detached house built on the lower part of what was known as Pig Street or known locally as the Back Way near Shilliday's builder's yard. The house was called ‘Claremount’ and today the street is named Claremount Avenue. It was often reported that Garson was born in this house. She was, in fact, born in London, but spent much of her childhood in Castlewellan.
wn.com/Greer_Garson -
Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi (Italian pronunciation: [ɡuʎˈʎɛːlmo marˈkoːni]; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and indeed he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built upon previous experimentation and the commercial exploitation of ideas by others such as Hertz, Maxwell, Faraday, Popov, Lodge, Fessenden, Stone, Bose, and Tesla. As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in 1897, Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi.
Marconi was born in Bologna on April 25, 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian landowner, and his Irish wife, Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford, Ireland and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons. Marconi was educated privately in Bologna in the lab of Augusto Righi, in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. As a child Marconi did not do well in school.Baptized as a Catholic, he was also a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it; however, he still received a Catholic annulment.
wn.com/Guglielmo_Marconi -
Gustaf Dalén
Nils Gustaf Dalén (30 November 1869 – 9 December 1937) was a Swedish Nobel Laureate and industrialist, the founder of the AGA company and inventor of the AGA cooker and the Dalén light. In 1912 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys".
Dalén was born in Stenstorp, a small village in Falköping Municipality, Västra Götaland County. He managed the family farm, which he expanded to include a market garden, a seed merchants and a dairy. In 1892 he invented a milk-fat tester to check milk quality of the milk delivered and went to Stockholm to show his new invention for Gustaf de Laval. de Laval was impressed by the self-taught Dalén and the invention and encouraged him to get a basic technical education. He was admitted to the Chalmers University of Technology where he earned his Master's degree and a Doctorate on leaving in 1896. Dalén was much the same type of inventor as Gustaf de Laval, not afraid of testing "impossible" ideas, but Dalén was much more careful with the company economy. The products should have a solid market place before he introduced a new product.
wn.com/Gustaf_Dalén -
Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Gustav Ludwig Hertz (22 July 1887 – 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.
Hertz was born in Hamburg, the son of Auguste (née Arning) and a lawyer, Dr. Gustav Hertz. He studied at the Georg-August University of Göttingen (1906–1907), the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (1907–1908), and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1908–1911). He received his doctorate in 1911 under Heinrich Leopold Rubens.
From 1911 to 1914, Hertz was an assistant to Rubens at the University of Berlin. It was during this time that Hertz and James Franck performed experiments on inelastic electron collisions in gases, known as the Franck–Hertz experiments, and for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1925.
During World War I, Hertz served in the military from 1914. He was seriously wounded in 1915. In 1917, he returned to the University of Berlin as a Privatdozent. In 1920, he took a job as a research physicist at the Philips Incandescent Lamp Factory in Eindhoven, which he held until 1925.
wn.com/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz -
Hannes Alfvén
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (born 30 May 1908 in Norrköping, Sweden; died 2 April 1995 in Djursholm, Sweden) was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves. He was originally trained as an electrical power engineer and later moved to research and teaching in the fields of plasma physics and electrical engineering. Alfvén made many contributions to plasma physics, including theories describing the behavior of aurorae, the Van Allen radiation belts, the effect of magnetic storms on the Earth's magnetic field, the terrestrial magnetosphere, and the dynamics of plasmas in the Milky Way galaxy.
Alfvén received his PhD from the University of Uppsala in 1934. His thesis was titled "Investigations of the Ultra-short Electromagnetic Waves."
In 1934, Alfvén taught physics at both the University of Uppsala and the Nobel Institute for Physics (later renamed the Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics) in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1940, he became professor of electromagnetic theory and electrical measurements at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 1945, he acquired the nonappointive position of Chair of Electronics. His title was changed to Chair of Plasma Physics in 1963. In 1954-1955, Alfvén was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 1967, after leaving Sweden and spending time in the Soviet Union, he moved to the United States. Alfvén worked in the departments of electrical engineering at both the University of California, San Diego and the University of Southern California.
wn.com/Hannes_Alfvén -
Hans Bethe
Hans Albrecht Bethe (German pronunciation: [ˈhans ˈalbʁɛçt ˈbeːtə]; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American nuclear physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. A versatile theoretical physicist, Bethe also made important contributions to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics and astrophysics. During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory which developed the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons, and did theoretical work on the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the "Fat Man" weapon dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.
During the early 1950s, Bethe also played an important role in the development of the larger hydrogen bomb, though he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made. Bethe later campaigned together with Albert Einstein in the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race. He influenced the White House to sign the ban of atmospheric nuclear tests in 1963 and the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, SALT I. His scientific research never ceased even into the later years of his life and he was publishing papers well into his nineties. He is one of the few scientists who can claim a major paper in his field every decade of his career, which spanned nearly 70 years. Freeman Dyson called Bethe the "supreme problem solver of the 20th century."
wn.com/Hans_Bethe -
Hans Georg Dehmelt
Hans Georg Dehmelt (born September 9, 1922 in Görlitz, Germany) is a German-born American physicist, who co-developed the ion trap technique with Wolfgang Paul, for which they shared one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 (the other half of the Prize in that year was awarded to Norman Foster Ramsey). Their technique was used for high precision measurement of the electron g-factor.
At the age of ten Dehmelt enrolled in the Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, a Latin school in Berlin, where he was admitted on a scholarship. After graduating in 1940, he volunteered for service in the German army, which ordered him to attend the University of Breslau to study physics in 1943. After a year of study he returned to army service and was captured during the Battle of the Bulge.
After his release from an American prisoner of war camp in 1946, Dehmelt returned to his study of physics at the University of Göttingen, where he supported himself by repairing and bartering old, pre-war radio sets. He completed his master's thesis in 1948 and received his Ph.D. in 1950, both from the University of Göttingen. He was then invited to Duke University as a postdoctoral associate, emigrating in 1952.
wn.com/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt -
Heinrich Kayser
Heinrich Gustav Johannes Kayser (16 March 1853 – 14 October 1940) was a German physicist.
He was born at Bingen am Rhein. Kayser's early work was concerned with the characteristics of acoustic waves. He discovered the occurrence of helium in the Earth's atmosphere. Together with Carl Runge, he examined the spectra of chemical elements. In 1905, he wrote a paper on electron theory.
The kayser unit, associated with wavenumber, of the CGS system was named after him. He died at Bonn in 1940.
wn.com/Heinrich_Kayser -
Heinrich Rohrer
Heinrich Rohrer (born June 6, 1933) is a Swiss physicist who shared half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics with Gerd Binnig for the design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) (the other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska).
Rohrer was born in St. Gallen half an hour after his twin sister. He enjoyed a carefree country childhood until the family moved to Zürich in 1949. He enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in 1951, where he studied with Wolfgang Pauli. His doctoral dissertation was on his work measuring the length changes of superconductors at the magnetic-field-induced superconducting transition, a project begun by Jörgen Lykke Olsen. In the course of his research, he found that he had to do most of his research at night after the city was asleep because his measurements were so sensitive to vibration.
His studies were interrupted by his military service in the Swiss mountain infantry. In 1961, he married Rose-Marie Egger. Their honeymoon trip to the United States included a stint doing research on thermal conductivity of type-II superconductors and metals with Bernie Serin at Rutgers University in New Jersey.
wn.com/Heinrich_Rohrer -
Hendrik Lorentz
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Arnhem, 18 July 1853 – Haarlem, 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time.
Hendrik Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Gelderland (The Netherlands), the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822 – 1893), a well-off nurseryman, and Geertruida van Ginkel (1826 – 1861). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes. Despite being raised as a Protestant, he was a freethinker in religious matters. From 1866-1869 he attended the newly established high school in Arnhem, and in 1870 he passed the exams in classical languages which were then required for admission to University.
Lorentz studied physics and mathematics at the University of Leiden, where he was strongly influenced by the teaching of astronomy professor Frederik Kaiser; it was his influence that led him to become a physicist. After earning a bachelor's degree, he returned to Arnhem in 1872 to teach high school classes in mathematics, but he continued his studies in Leiden in addition to his teaching position. In 1875 Lorentz earned a doctoral degree under Pieter Rijke on a thesis entitled "Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht" (On the theory of reflection and refraction of light), in which he refined the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell.
In 1881 Hendrik married Aletta Catharina Kaiser, niece of Frederik Kaiser. She was the daughter of Johann Wilhelm Kaiser, director of the Amsterdam's Engraving School and professor of Fine Arts, and designer of the first Dutch postage stamps (1852). Later Kaiser was the Director of the National Gallery of Amsterdam. Hendrik and Aletta's eldest daughter Geertruida Luberta Lorentz was to become a physicist as well.
wn.com/Hendrik_Lorentz -
Henri Becquerel
Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the discoverer of radioactivity along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, for which all three won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Becquerel was born in Paris into a family which produced four generations of scientists: Becquerel's grandfather (Antoine César Becquerel), father (Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel), and son (Jean Becquerel). He studied engineering at the École Polytechnique and the École des Ponts et Chaussées. In 1890 he married Louise Désirée Lorieux.
In 1892, he became the third in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. In 1894, he became chief engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways.
Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity is a famous example of serendipity, of how chance favors the prepared mind. Becquerel had long been interested in the phosphorescence, the emission of light of one color following a body's exposure to light of another color. In early 1896, in the wave of excitement following Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen's discovery of X-rays the previous fall, Becquerel thought that phosphorescent materials, such as some uranium salts, might emit penetrating X-ray-like radiation when illuminated by bright sunlight. His first experiments appeared to show this.
wn.com/Henri_Becquerel -
Henri Moissan
Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan (September 28, 1852 – February 20, 1907) was a French chemist who won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in isolating fluorine from its compounds.
The family Moissan originated from Toulouse and moved to Paris, where Moissan was born September 28, 1852, the son of a lesser officer of the eastern railway company and a seamstress. In 1864 they moved to Meaux, where he attended the local school. In 1870 he left the school without the "grade universitaire" necessary to attend the university. He started working at a chemist's in Paris where he was able to save a person intoxicated with arsenic. He decided to study chemistry and started first at the laboratory of Edmond Frémy and later at that of Pierre Paul Dehérain. Dehérain argued him into an academic career. The baccalauréat which was necessary to study at the university Moissan obtained in 1874 after a failed attempt. During his time in Paris he became friend of the chemist Alexandre Léon Étard and botanist Vasque.
wn.com/Henri_Moissan -
Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) (French pronunciation: [ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃nkaˈʁe]) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and a philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.
As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. He was responsible for formulating the Poincaré conjecture, which was one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.
Poincaré made clear importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928) in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.
wn.com/Henri_Poincaré -
Henry Way Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
Kendall was born in Boston to Evelyn Way and Henry P. Kendall, an industrialist. Kendall grew up in Sharon, Massachusetts and attended Deerfield Academy. He enrolled in the U. S. Merchant Marine Academy in 1945, and served on a troop transport on the North Atlantic in the winter of 1945 - 1946.
In 1946, he enrolled at Amherst College where he majored in mathematics, graduating in 1950. While at Amherst, he operated a diving and marine salvage company during two summers. He co-authored two books, one on shallow water diving and the other on underwater photography.
He did graduate research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, involving an experimental study of positronium, and he obtained his PhD in 1955. He then spent then next two years as a postdoctoral fellow at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He then spent five years in Robert Hofstadter's research group at Stanford University in the late 50's and early 60's, where he worked with Jerome Friedman and Richard Taylor, studying the structure of protons and neutrons, using the university's 300 feet long linear electron accelerator. He developed a close working relationship with Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky at Stanford.
wn.com/Henry_Way_Kendall -
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈxɛnrɨk ˈadam alɛˈksandɛr ˈpʲus ɕɛŋˈkʲevʲit͡ʂ]; also known as "Litwos" [ˈlitfɔs]; May 5, 1846 – November 15, 1916) was a Polish journalist and Nobel Prize-winning novelist. A Polish szlachcic (noble) of the Oszyk coat of arms, he was one of the most popular Polish writers at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer."
Born into an impoverished noble family in Russian-ruled Poland, Sienkiewicz wrote historical novels set during the Rzeczpospolita (Polish Republic, or Commonwealth). Many of his novels were first serialized in newspapers, and even today are still in print. In Poland, he is best known for his historical novels "With Fire and Sword", "The Deluge", and "Fire in the Steppe" (The Trilogy) set during the 17th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, while internationally he is best known for Quo Vadis, set in Nero's Rome. Quo Vadis has been filmed several times, most notably the 1951 version.
wn.com/Henryk_Sienkiewicz -
Herbert Kroemer
Herbert Kroemer (born August 25, 1928), a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1952 from the University of Göttingen, Germany, with a dissertation on hot electron effects in the then-new transistor, setting the stage for a career in research on the physics of semiconductor devices. In 2000, Dr. Kroemer, along with Zhores I. Alferov, was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics". The other co-recipient of the Nobel Prize was Jack Kilby for his invention and development of integrated circuits and micro-chips.
He had an early success in a rather different subject, when together with Burgess and Houston in 1953, he detected a mathematical error in Nordheim's theory of electron tunneling through the image-force rounded barrier used in the theory of field electron emission. Between them, they generated tables of correction-factor values that are still in use over 50 years later.
wn.com/Herbert_Kroemer -
Hermann Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Fischer, Emil Fischer (9 October 1852, Euskirchen, Rhine Province – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He discovered the Fischer esterification. He developed the Fischer projection, a symbolic way of drawing asymmetric carbon atoms.
Fischer was born in Euskirchen, near Cologne, the son of a businessman. After graduating he wished to study natural sciences, but his father compelled him to work in the family business until determining that his son was unsuitable. Fischer then attended the University of Bonn in 1872, but switched to the University of Strasbourg in 1872. He earned his doctorate in 1874 with his study of phthalein and was appointed to a position at the university.
In 1875 von Baeyer was asked to succeed Liebig at the University of Munich and Fischer went there with him to become an assistant in organic chemistry.
In 1878 Fischer qualified as a Privatdozent at Munich, where he was appointed Associate Professor of Analytical Chemistry in 1879. In the same year he was offered, but refused, the Chair of Chemistry at Aachen.
wn.com/Hermann_Emil_Fischer -
Hideki Yukawa
Hideki Yukawa FRSFRSE (湯川 秀樹, Yukawa Hideki?, 23 January 1907 – 8 September 1981), was a Japanese theoretical physicist and the first Japanese Nobel laureate.
Yukawa was born in Tokyo and grew up in Kyoto. In 1929, after receiving his degree from Kyoto Imperial University, he stayed on as a lecturer for four years. After graduation, he was interested in theoretical physics, particularly in the theory of elementary particles. In 1932, he married Sumi (スミ?); they had two sons, Harumi and Takaaki. In 1933 he became an assistant professor at Osaka University, at age 26.
In 1935 he published his theory of mesons, which explained the interaction between protons and neutrons, and was a major influence on research into elementary particles. In 1940 he became a professor in Kyoto University. In 1940 he won the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy, in 1943 the Decoration of Cultural Merit from the Japanese government. In 1949 he became a professor at Columbia University, the same year he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, after the discovery by Cecil Frank Powell, Giuseppe Occhialini and César Lattes of Yukawa's predicted pion in 1947. Yukawa also worked on the theory of K-capture, in which a low energy electron is absorbed by the nucleus, after its initial prediction by G. C. Wick.
wn.com/Hideki_Yukawa -
Horst Ludwig Störmer
Horst Ludwig Störmer (born April 6, 1949 in Frankfurt, Germany) is a German physicist who shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics with Daniel Tsui and Robert Laughlin. The three shared the prize "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" (the fractional quantum Hall effect). He and Tsui were working at Bell Labs at the time of the experiment cited by the Nobel committee, though the experiment itself was carried out in a laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Laughlin did not participate in the experiment but was later able to explain its results).
Störmer studied physics at the J.W. Goethe-Universität at Frankfurt am Main and completed a PhD at the University of Stuttgart in 1977. After working at Bell Labs for 20 years, he became the I.I. Rabi professor of physics and applied physics at Columbia University in New York City. Perhaps as important as the work for which he won the Nobel prize is his invention of modulation doping, a method for making extremely high mobility two dimensional electron systems in semiconductors. This enabled the later observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
wn.com/Horst_Ludwig_Störmer -
Hugh David Politzer
Hugh David Politzer (born 31 August 1949) is an American theoretical physicist. He shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics with David Gross and Frank Wilczek for their discovery of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics.
Politzer was born in New York City the son Drs Alan and Valerie Politzer who immigrated to the US after World War 2. He graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1966, received his bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1969, and his PhD in 1974 from Harvard University, where his graduate advisor was Sidney Coleman.
In his first published article, which appeared in 1973, Politzer described the phenomenon of asymptotic freedom: the closer quarks are to each other, the weaker the strong interaction will be between them. When quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost like free particles. This result—independently discovered at around the same time by Gross and Wilczek at Princeton University—was extremely important in the development of quantum chromodynamics. With Thomas Appelquist, Politzer also played a central role in predicting the existence of "charmonium", a subatomic particle formed of a charm quark and a charm antiquark.
wn.com/Hugh_David_Politzer -
Ignacy Mościcki
Ignacy Mościcki (Polish pronunciation: [iɡˈnat͡sɨ mɔˈɕt͡ɕit͡skʲi]; 1 December 1867 – 2 October 1946) was a Polish chemist, politician, and President of Poland (1926–39). He was the longest-serving President of Poland (13 years).
Ignacy Mościcki was born on 1 December 1867 in Mierzanowo, a small village near Ciechanów, Poland. After completing school in Warsaw, he studied chemistry at the Riga Polytechnicum. There he joined the Polish underground leftist organization, Proletariat.
On graduating, he returned to Warsaw, but was threatened by the Tsarist secret police with life imprisonment in Siberia and was forced to emigrate in 1892 to London. In 1896 he was offered an assistantship at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. There he patented a method for cheap industrial production of nitric acid.
In 1912 Mościcki moved to Lwów, where he accepted a chair in physical chemistry and technical electrochemistry at the Lwów Polytechnic. In 1925 he was elected rector of the Polytechnic, but soon moved to Warsaw to continue his research at the Warsaw Polytechnic.
wn.com/Ignacy_Mościcki -
Igor Tamm
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (Russian И́горь Евге́ньевич Тамм; 8 July 1895 – 12 April 1971) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Ilya Frank, for their 1934 discovery of Cherenkov radiation.
According to Russian sources, Tamm was born in Vladivostok, Russian Empire (now Russia) into a noble family of German extraction. His grandfather Theodor Tamm emigrated from Thuringia), and other sources describe him as Jewish. He studied at a gymnasium in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovohrad, Ukraine). In 1913-1914 he studied at the University of Edinburgh together with his school-friend Boris Hessen.
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 he joined the army as a volunteer field medic. In 1917 he joined the Revolutionary movement and became an active anti-War campaigner, serving on revolutionary committies after the March Revolution. He returned to the Moscow State University from which he graduated in 1918.
Tamm married Nataliya Shuyskaya in September of 1917. She belonged to an old princely family of Rurikid descent . Their daughter Irina eventually became a noted chemist.
wn.com/Igor_Tamm -
Ilya Frank
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (Russian: Илья́ Миха́йлович Франк) (23 October 1908 – 22 June 1990) was a Soviet winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union. He received the award for his work in explaining the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation. He received Stalin prize in 1946 and 1953 and the USSR state prize in 1971.
Ilya Frank was born on 23 October 1908 in St. Petersburg. His father, Mikhail Lyudvigovich Frank, was a talented mathematician, while his mother Yelizaveta Mikhailovna Gratsianova, was a physician. His father participated in the student revolutionary movement, and as a result was expelled from Moscow University. After the October Revolution, he was reinstated and appointed professor. Ilya's uncle, Semen Frank, a noted Russian philosopher, wasn't as fortunate and was expelled from the USSR in 1922 together with 160 other intellectuals. Ilya had one elder brother, Gleb Mikhailovich Frank, who became an eminent biophysicist and member of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R..
wn.com/Ilya_Frank -
Isabelle Huppert
Isabelle Anne Madeleine Huppert (French pronunciation: [izabɛl yˈpɛʁ]; born 16 March 1953/1955) is a French actress who has appeared in over 90 film and television productions since 1971. She has had 14 films in official competition at the Cannes Film Festival, and won the Best Actress Award twice, for Violette Nozière (1978) and La pianiste (2001). She is also the most nominated actress for the César Award, with 13 nominations. She won a César Award for Best Actress in 1996 for her performance in La Cérémonie.
Huppert was born in Paris, the daughter of Annick Beau, a teacher of English, and Raymond Huppert, a safe manufacturer. Her father was born Jewish and converted to Catholicism; he was descended from immigrants from Hungary. She was raised in a western suburb of Ville-d'Avray. Huppert was encouraged by her mother to begin acting at a young age, and became a teenage star in Paris. She later attended Versailles Conservatoire, where she won a prize for her acting. She is also an alumna of the National Conservatory of Dramatic Art of Paris, CNSAD.
wn.com/Isabelle_Huppert -
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi ( /ˈrɑːbi/; 29 July 1898 – 11 January 1988) was a Galician-born American physicist and Nobel laureate recognized in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.
Rabi was born into a traditional Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland), and was brought to the United States as a child the following year. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry degree from Cornell University in 1919, continuing his studies at Columbia University and received his Ph.D. in 1927. A fellowship enabled him to spend the next two years in Europe working with such eminent physicists as Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli and Otto Stern. He then joined the Columbia faculty and never left.
In 1930 Rabi conducted investigations into the nature of the force binding protons to atomic nuclei. This research eventually led to the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1944.
wn.com/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi -
Ivar Giaever
Ivar Giaever (Giæver, born April 5, 1929, in Bergen, Norway) is a physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Leo Esaki and Brian Josephson "for their discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in solids". Giaever's share of the prize was specifically for his "experimental discoveries regarding tunnelling phenomena in superconductors". Giaever is an institute professor emeritus at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, a professor-at-large at the University of Oslo, and the president of Applied Biophysics.
Giaever earned a degree in mechanical engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1952. In 1954, he emigrated from Norway to Canada, where he was employed by the Canadian division of General Electric. He moved to the United States two years later, joining General Electric's Research and Development Center at Schenectady, New York, in 1958. He has lived in Niskayuna, New York, since then, taking up US citizenship in 1964. While working for General Electric, Giaever earned a Ph.D. from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1964.
wn.com/Ivar_Giaever -
Jack Kilby
Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005) was an American physicist who took part (along with Robert Noyce) in the realization of the first integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1958. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 2000. He is also the inventor of the handheld calculator and the thermal printer.
Born in Jefferson City, Missouri, Kilby grew up and attended school in Great Bend, Kansas, graduating from Great Bend High School. Road signs at the entrances to the town commemorate his time there, and the Commons Area at Great Bend High School has been named The Jack Kilby Commons Area.
Kilby received his bachelor of science degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he is an honorary member of Acacia Fraternity. In 1947, he received a degree in Electrical Engineering. He obtained his master of science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Extension in Milwaukee, which later became the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1950, while simultaneously working at Centralab in Milwaukee.
wn.com/Jack_Kilby -
Jack Steinberger
Jack Steinberger (born May 25, 1921) is a German-American physicist currently residing near Geneva, Switzerland. He co-discovered the muon neutrino, along with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz, for which they were given the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Steinberger was born in the city of Bad Kissingen in Bavaria, Germany, in 1921. The rise of the Nazi party in Germany, with its open anti-Semitism, prompted his parents to send him out of the country.
Steinberger emigrated to the United States at the age of 13, making the trans-Atlantic trip with his brother Herbert. Barnett Farroll cared for him as a foster child, the connection was made by Jewish charities in the United States. During this period, Steinberger attended New Trier Township High School, in Winnetka, Illinois.
Steinberger studied chemical engineering at Armour Institute of Technology (now Illinois Institute of Technology) but left after his scholarship ended to help supplement his family's income. He obtained a bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the University of Chicago, in 1942. Shortly thereafter, he joined the Signal Corps at MIT. With the help of the G.I. Bill, he returned to graduate studies at the University of Chicago in 1946, where he studied under Edward Teller and Enrico Fermi. His Ph.D. thesis concerned the energy spectrum of electrons emitted in muon decay; his results showed that this was a three-body decay, and implied the participation of two neutral particle in the decay (later identified as the electron (ν
e) and muon (ν
μ) neutrinos) rather than one.
wn.com/Jack_Steinberger -
James Chadwick
Sir James Chadwick CH FRS (20 October 1891 – 24 July 1974) was an English Nobel laureate in physics awarded for his discovery of the neutron.
Chadwick studied at the University of Manchester and the University of Cambridge. He was the primary British scientist who collaborated in the Manhattan Project during World War II. He was knighted in 1945 for achievements in his field.
Chadwick was born in Bollington, Cheshire to John Joseph Chadwick and Anne Mary Knowles. He attended Bollington Cross C of E Primary School and the Central Grammar School for Boys in Manchester, and studied at the Universities of Manchester and Cambridge.
In 1913 Chadwick entered the Technical University of Berlin, working under Hans Geiger and Ernest Rutherford. He was in Germany at the start of World War I and was interned in Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp near Berlin. While he was interned, he was allowed to set up a laboratory in the stables. With the help of Charles D. Ellis he worked on the ionization of phosphorus and on the photo-chemical reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine. He spent most of the war years in Ruhleben until Geiger's laboratory interceded for his release.
wn.com/James_Chadwick -
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell of GlenlairFRS FRSE (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottishphysicist and mathematician. His most prominent achievement was formulating classical electromagnetic theory. This unites all previously unrelated observations, experiments, and equations of electricity, magnetism, and optics into a consistent theory.Maxwell's equations demonstrate that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field. Subsequently, all other classic laws or equations of these disciplines became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's achievements concerning electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics", after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves and at the constant speed of light. In 1865, Maxwell published A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. It was with this that he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is one of the greatest advances in physics.
wn.com/James_Clerk_Maxwell -
James Cronin
James Watson Cronin (born September 29, 1931) is an American nuclear physicist.
Cronin was born in Chicago, Illinois and attended Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Cronin and co-researcher Val Logsdon Fitch were awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for a 1964 experiment that proved that certain subatomic reactions do not adhere to fundamental symmetry principles. Specifically, they proved, by examining the decay of kaons, that a reaction run in reverse does not merely retrace the path of the original reaction, which showed that the interactions of subatomic particles are not indifferent to time. Thus the phenomenon of CP violation was discovered.
Cronin received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1976 for major experimental contributions to particle physics including fundamental work on weak interactions culminating in the discovery of asymmetry under time reversal. In 1999, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.
Cronin is Professor Emeritus at the University of Chicago and a spokesperson emeritus for the Auger project. Cronin is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
wn.com/James_Cronin -
James Franck
James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German physicist and Nobel laureate.
Franck was born to Jacob Franck and Rebecca Nachum Drucker. Franck completed his Ph.D. in 1906 and received his venia legendi, or Habilitation, for physics in 1911, both at the University of Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of extraordinarius professor. After World War I, in which he served and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class, Franck became the Head of the Physics Division of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft for Physical Chemistry. In 1920, Franck became ordinarius professor of experimental physics and Director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Göttingen. While there he worked on quantum physics with Max Born, who was Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics.
In 1925, Franck received the Nobel Prize in Physics, mostly for his work in 1912-1914, which included the Franck-Hertz experiment, an important confirmation of the Bohr model of the atom.
wn.com/James_Franck -
James Rainwater
Leo James Rainwater (December 9, 1917 – May 31, 1986) was an American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1975 for his part in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei.
Rainwater was born on December 9, 1917 in Council, Idaho, but later moved to Hanford, California, after the death of his father to the great influenza epidemic of 1918. He received his bachelor's degree from California Institute of Technology in 1939 as a physics major, then went on to earn a PhD at Columbia University in 1946, working with Enrico Fermi.
During World War II, he worked on the Manhattan Project, which was the nick-name given to underground research conducted to invent the first usable atomic bomb. In 1949, he began developing his theory that, contrary to what was then believed, not all atomic nuclei are spherical. His ideas were later tested and confirmed by Bohr's and Mottelson's experiments. Rainwater also contributed to the scientific understanding of X-rays and participated in the United States Atomic Energy Commission and naval research projects. He joined the physics faculty at Columbia in 1946, where he reached the rank of full professor in 1952. He was named Pupin Professor of Physics in 1982. Rainwater also received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award for Physics in 1963. In 1975 Rainwater was awarded the Noble Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection".
wn.com/James_Rainwater -
Jean Baptiste Perrin
Jean Baptiste Perrin FRS (30 September 1870 – 17 April 1942) was a French physicist and Nobel laureate.
Born in Lille, France, Perrin attended the École Normale Supérieure, the elite grande école in Paris. He became an assistant at the school during the period of 1894-97 when he began the study of cathode rays and X-rays. He was awarded the degree of docteur ès sciences (PhD) in 1897. In the same year he was appointed as a lecturer in physical chemistry at the Sorbonne, Paris. He became a professor at the University in 1910, holding this post until the German occupation of France during World War II.
In 1895, Jean Perrin showed that cathode rays were made of corpuscles with negative electric charge. He computed Avogadro's number through several methods. He explained solar energy by the thermonuclear reactions of hydrogen.
After Albert Einstein published (1905) his theoretical explanation of Brownian motion in terms of atoms, Perrin did the experimental work to test and verify Einstein's predictions, thereby settling the century-long dispute about John Dalton's atomic theory.
wn.com/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin -
Johannes Stark
Johannes Stark (15 April 1874 – 21 June 1957) was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime.
Born in Schickenhof, Kingdom of Bavaria (now Freihung), Stark was educated at the Bayreuth Gymnasium (secondary school) and later in Regensburg. His collegiate education began at the University of Munich, where he studied physics, mathematics, chemistry, and crystallography. His tenure at that college began in 1894; he graduated in 1897, with his doctoral dissertation titled Untersuchung über einige physikalische, vorzüglich optische Eigenschaften des Rußes (Investigation of some physical, in particular optical properties of soot).
Stark worked in various positions at the Physics Institute of his alma mater until 1900, when he became an unsalaried lecturer at the University of Göttingen. An extraordinary professor at Hanover by 1906, in 1908 he became professor at the RWTH Aachen University. He worked and researched at physics departments of several universities, including the University of Greifswald, until 1922. In 1919, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" (the latter is known as the Stark effect). From 1933 until his retirement in 1939, Stark was elected President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, while also President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
wn.com/Johannes_Stark -
John Bardeen
John Bardeen FRS (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.
The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers to missiles. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second Nobel, are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on LIFE Magazine's list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century."
John Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin on May 23, 1908. He was the second son of Dr. Charles Russell Bardeen and Althea Harmer Bardeen. He was one of five children. His father, Charles Bardeen, was Professor of Anatomy and the first Dean of the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Althea Bardeen, before marrying, had taught at the Dewey Laboratory School and run an interior decorating business; after marriage she was an active figure in the art world.
wn.com/John_Bardeen -
John Cockcroft
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft OM KCB CBE FRS (27 May 1897 – 18 September 1967) was a British physicist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for splitting the atomic nucleus with Ernest Walton, and was instrumental in the development of nuclear power.
Cockcroft was born in Todmorden, England the eldest son of a mill owner. He was educated at Todmorden Secondary School (1909–1914) (where his physics teacher, Luke Sutcliffe, would later tutor another future Nobel Prize-winner, Geoffrey Wilkinson) and studied mathematics at the Victoria University of Manchester (1914–1915). He was a signaller in the Royal Artillery from 1915 to 1918. After the war ended, he studied electrotechnical engineering at Manchester College of Technology from 1919 until 1920. Cockcroft received a mathematics degree from St. John's College, Cambridge in 1924 and began research work under Ernest Rutherford. In 1929 he was elected a Fellow of St. John's College.
In 1928, he began to work on the acceleration of protons with Ernest Walton. In 1932, they bombarded lithium with high energy neutrons, electrons and protons and succeeded in transmuting it into helium and other chemical elements. This was one of the earliest experiments to change the atomic nucleus of one element to a different nucleus by artificial means. This feat was popularly – if somewhat inaccurately – known as splitting the atom.
wn.com/John_Cockcroft -
John Dalton
John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness (sometimes referred to as Daltonism, in his honour).
John Dalton was born into a Quaker family at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, Cumberland, England. The son of a weaver, he joined his older brother Jonathan at age 15 in running a Quaker school in nearby Kendal. Around 1790 Dalton seems to have considered taking up law or medicine, but his projects were not met with encouragement from his relatives – Dissenters were barred from attending or teaching at English universities – and he remained at Kendal until, in the spring of 1793, he moved to Manchester. Mainly through John Gough, a blind philosopher and polymath to whose informal instruction he owed much of his scientific knowledge, Dalton was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the "New College" in Manchester, a dissenting academy. He remained in that position until 1800, when the college's worsening financial situation led him to resign his post and begin a new career in Manchester as a private tutor for mathematics and natural philosophy.
wn.com/John_Dalton -
John Napier
John Napier of Merchiston (1550 – 4 April 1617) – also signed as Neper, Nepair – named Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scottish landowner known as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer and astrologer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchistoun.
John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms. He was also the inventor of the so-called "Napier's bones". Napier also made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.
Napier's birthplace, the Merchiston Tower in Edinburgh, Scotland, is now part of the facilities of Edinburgh Napier University. After his death from the effects of gout, Napier's remains were buried in St Cuthbert's Church, Edinburgh.
Napier's father was Sir Archibald Napier of Merchiston Castle, and his mother was Janet Bothwell, daughter of a member of the Estates of Parliament, and a sister of Adam Bothwell who became the Bishop of Orkney. Archibald Napier was 16 years old when John Napier was born.
As was the common practice for members of the nobility at that time, John Napier did not enter schools until he was 13. He did not stay in school very long, however. It is believed that he dropped out of school in Scotland and perhaps travelled in mainland Europe to better continue his studies. Little is known about those years, where, when, or with whom he might have studied, although his uncle Adam Bothwell wrote a letter to John's father on 5 December 1560, saying "I pray you, sir, to send John to the schools either to France or Flanders, for he can learn no good at home", and it is believed that this advice was followed.
wn.com/John_Napier -
Jozef Mazur
Jozef C. Mazur (March 17, 1897 – April 23, 1970) was a Polish-American (Galician) stained glass artist, painter and sculptor. His works can be found signed as Josef Mazur, Joseph Mazur, Joe Mazur, J. C. Mazur as well as a few others.
Mazur was born to a Galician family in 1897. He studied at the Albright Art School in Buffalo and at the Art Students League of New York. Mazur worked in a variety of media. His stained glass works can be found in churches in Philadelphia, New York City and Buffalo. Before he became 30, Mazur distinguished himself as an ecclesiastical painter in this area. His first commission was the complete decoration of St. Stanislaus Church in Buffalo. His paintings can also be found in St. Adalbert's Basilica, Blessed Trinity, the Polish National Cathedral Holy Mother of the Rosary , St. John Gualbert's, and Villa Maria Academy. He also executed murals at Holy Trinity in Niagara Falls, statuary for St. Aloysius in Springville and stained glass windows for St. Barbara in Lackawanna. Mazur also painted many churches outside of Western New York including Rochester, NY, Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, Michigan, Adams, Massachusetts, New Haven, Connecticut, and Trenton and Perth Amboy in New Jersey. Churches that feature his stained glass include SS. Rita & Patrick in Buffalo and Our Lady of Czestochowa Church in North Tonawanda. Mazur's secular works include the sculpted bust of Frederick Chopin, a life-size portrait of Kazimierz Pulaski in Olean, and interior decoration at the UB Main Street Campus.
wn.com/Jozef_Mazur -
Julian Schwinger
Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), in particular for developing a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and for renormalizing QED to one loop order.
Schwinger is recognized as one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, responsible for much of modern quantum field theory, including a variational approach, and the equations of motion for quantum fields. He developed the first electroweak model, and the first example of confinement in 1+1 dimensions. He is responsible for the theory of multiple neutrinos, Schwinger terms, and the theory of the spin 3/2 field.
Julian Seymour Schwinger was born in New York City, to a Polish Jewish family, who had immigrated to America. Both his father and his mother's parents were prosperous clothing manufacturers, although the family business declined after the 1929 Wall Street Crash. The family followed the Orthodox Jewish tradition. He attended Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York as an undergraduate before transferring to Columbia University, where he received his B.A. in 1936 and his Ph.D. (overseen by I.I. Rabi) in 1939 at the age of 21. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley (under J. Robert Oppenheimer), and was later appointed to a position at Purdue University.
wn.com/Julian_Schwinger -
Józef Boguski
Józef Jerzy Boguski (1853–1933) was a Polish chemist and a professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic.
Boguski had served as an assistant in St. Petersburg to the great Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev.
From 1895 Boguski was a professor at Warsaw's Wawelberg and Rotwand School, and from 1920 at the Warsaw Polytechnic.
He carried out pioneering studies in chemical kinetics and formulated "Boguski's rule" concerning the speed of dissolution of solids in liquids.
It was at a laboratory run by Boguski in the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66 in Warsaw that his cousin Maria Skłodowska (Marie Curie), future investigator of radioactivity and future double Nobel laureate, in 1890–91 began her practical scientific training.
During World War I, Boguski studied explosives and poisons with military applications.
He was also a popularizer of science.
In 1926 Kraków University and the Warsaw Polytechnic bestowed an honorary doctorate on Boguski.
wn.com/Józef_Boguski -
Kai Siegbahn
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn (20 April 1918 – 20 July 2007) was a Swedish physicist.
Siegbahn was born in Lund, Sweden, son of Manne Siegbahn the 1924 physics Nobel Prize winner. Siegbahn earned his doctorate at the University of Stockholm in 1944. He was professor at the Royal Institute of Technology 1951-1954, and then professor of experimental physics at Uppsala University 1954-1984, which was the same chair his father had held. He shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Schawlow for their work in laser spectroscopy.
Siegbahn obtained the Nobel Prize for developing the method of Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), now usually described as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At the time of his death he was still active as a scientist at the Ångström Laboratory at Uppsala University.
Kai Siegbahn was one of the original editors of the Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
wn.com/Kai_Siegbahn -
Karl Ferdinand Braun
Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics. Braun contributed significantly to the development of the radio and television technology: he shared with Guglielmo Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Braun was born in Fulda, Germany, and educated at the University of Marburg and received a Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1872. In 1874 he discovered that a point-contact semiconductor rectifies alternating current. He became director of the Physical Institute and professor of physics at the University of Strassburg in 1895.
In 1897 he built the first cathode-ray tube (CRT) and cathode ray tube oscilloscope. CRT technology has been replaced by flat screen technologies (such as liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) and plasma displays) on television sets and computer monitors. The CRT is still called the "Braun tube" in German-speaking countries (Braunsche Röhre) and in Japan (Buraun-kan).
During the development of radio, he also worked on wireless telegraphy. In 1897 Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, and its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention in 1898, and for many years after that he applied himself almost exclusively to the task of solving its problems. Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals. In 1899, he would apply for the patents, Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction colls and Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces.
wn.com/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun -
Kazimierz Żorawski
Kazimierz Żorawski (June 22, 1866 – January 23, 1953) was a Polish mathematician. His work earned him an honored place in mathematics alongside such Polish mathematicians as Wojciech Brudzewski, Jan Brożek (Broscius), Nicolas Copernicus, Samuel Dickstein, Stefan Banach, Stefan Bergman, Marian Rejewski, Wacław Sierpiński, Stanisław Zaremba and Witold Hurewicz.[citation needed]
Żorawski's main interests were invariants of differential forms, integral invariants of Lie groups, differential geometry and fluid mechanics. His work in these disciplines was to prove important in other fields of mathematics and science, such as differential equations, geometry and physics (especially astrophysics and cosmology).
Kazimierz Żorawski was born in Szczuki, near Ciechanów, in the Russian Empire, now in Poland, to Juliusz Bronislaw Wiktor Żorawski and Kazimiera Żorawska. In 1884 he completed secondary school in Warsaw. From 1884 to 1888 he studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw. In 1889 he was selected to continue his mathematics studies on the strength of a paper on observations that he had made at the Warsaw Astronomical Observatory.
wn.com/Kazimierz_Żorawski -
Klaus von Klitzing
Klaus von Klitzing (28 June 1943 in Schroda) is a German physicist known for discovery of the integer quantum Hall Effect, for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1962, von Klitzing passed the Abitur at Artland Gymnasium in Quakenbrück, Germany, before studying physics at the Braunschweig University of Technology, where he received his diploma in 1969. He continued his studies at the University of Würzburg, completing his PhD thesis Galvanomagnetic Properties of Tellurium in Strong Magnetic Fields in 1972, and habilitation in 1978. This work was performed at the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford and the Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory in France, where he continued to work until becoming a professor at the Technical University of Munich in 1980. Von Klitzing has been a director of the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart since 1985.
The von Klitzing constant, RK = h/e2 = 25,812.807449(86) Ω, is named in honor of von Klitzing's discovery of the quantum Hall effect, and is listed in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. The inverse of the von Klitzing constant is equal to half that of the conductance quantum value.
wn.com/Klaus_von_Klitzing -
Konstantin Novoselov
Sir Konstantin Sergeevich "Kostya" Novoselov, FRS, HonFRSC, FInstP (Russian: Константи́н Серге́евич Новосёлов; born 23 August 1974) is a Russo-British physicist, most notably known for his works on graphene together with Sir Andre Geim, which earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. Novoselov is currently a member of the mesoscopic physics research group at the University of Manchester as a Royal Society University Research Fellow. Novoselov is also a recipient of an ERC Starting Grant from the European Research Council.
Konstantin Novoselov was born in Nizhny Tagil, Soviet Union, in 1974 in a Russian family. He received a Diploma from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, and undertook his Ph.D. studies at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands before moving to the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom with his doctoral advisor Andre Geim in 2001. He now holds both Russian and British citizenship.
Together with Geim, Novoselov has published more than 90 peer-reviewed research papers on several topics including mesoscopic superconductivity (Hall magnetometry), subatomic movements of magnetic domain walls, the discovery of gecko tape and graphene.
wn.com/Konstantin_Novoselov -
Leo Esaki
Reona Esaki also known as Leo Esaki (江崎 玲於奈 Esaki Reona, born March 12, 1925) is a Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his discovery of the phenomenon of electron tunneling. He is known for his invention of the Esaki diode, which exploited that phenomenon. This research was done when he was with Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now known as Sony). He has also contributed as a pioneer of the semiconductor superlattice while he was with IBM.
He was born in Osaka, Japan. Studying physics at the University of Tokyo, he received his B.Sc. in 1947 and his Ph.D. in 1959. Esaki was awarded the Nobel Prize for research had conducted around 1958 regarding electron tunneling in solids. He moved to the United States in 1960 and joined the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, where he became an IBM Fellow in 1967. His first paper on the semiconductor superlattice was published when he was with IBM. A comment by Esaki in a 1987 number of Current Contents regarding the original paper on superlattices notes:
wn.com/Leo_Esaki -
Leon Cooper
Leon N Cooper (born February 28, 1930) is an American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate, who with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, developed the BCS theory of superconductivity. He is also the namesake of the Cooper pair and co-developer of the BCM theory of synaptic plasticity.
Cooper graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1947 and received a B.A. in 1951, M.A. in 1953, and Ph.D. in 1954 from Columbia University. He spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study and taught at the University of Illinois and Ohio State University before coming to Brown University in 1958. He is the Thomas J. Watson, Sr. Professor of Science at Brown, and Director of the Institute for Brain and Neural Systems.
He has carried out research at various institutions including the Institute for Advanced Study, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.
The character Sheldon Cooper, featured in the CBS comedy The Big Bang Theory, is named after Leon Cooper.
Cooper is the author of an unconventional liberal-arts physics textbook, originally An Introduction to the Meaning and Structure of Physics (Harper and Row, 1968) and still in print in a somewhat condensed form as Physics: Structure and Meaning (Lebanon: New Hampshire, University Press of New England, 1992).
wn.com/Leon_Cooper -
Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau (Russian language: Ле́в Дави́дович Ланда́у; January 22 [O.S. January 9] 1908 – April 1, 1968) was a prominent Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. His accomplishments include the independent co-discovery of the density matrix method in quantum mechanics (alongside John von Neumann), the quantum mechanical theory of diamagnetism, the theory of superfluidity, the theory of second-order phase transitions, the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, the theory of Fermi liquid, the explanation of Landau damping in plasma physics, the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, and the two-component theory of neutrinos. He received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a mathematical theory of superfluidity that accounts for the properties of liquid helium II at a temperature below 2.17 K (−270.98 °C).
Landau was born on January 22, 1908 to Jewish parents in Baku, in what was then the Russian Empire. Landau's father was an engineer with the local oil industry and his mother was a doctor. Recognized very early as a child prodigy in mathematics, Landau was quoted as saying in later life that he scarcely remembered a time when he was not familiar with calculus. Landau graduated at 13 from gymnasium. His parents considered him too young to attend university, so for a year he attended the Baku Economical Technicum. In 1922, at age 14, he matriculated at Baku State University, studying in two departments simultaneously: the department of Physics and Mathematics, and the department of Chemistry. Subsequently he ceased studying chemistry, but remained interested in the field throughout his life.
wn.com/Lev_Landau -
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history and ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century. Pauling was among the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.
Pauling is one of only four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize. He is one of only two people awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields (the Chemistry and Peace prizes), the other being Marie Curie (the Chemistry and Physics prizes), and the only person awarded two unshared prizes.
Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, as the first-born child of Herman Henry William Pauling (1876–1910) and Lucy Isabelle "Belle" Darling (1881–1926). He was named "Linus Carl," in honor of Lucy's father, Linus, and Herman's father, Carl. Herman and Lucy – then 23 and 18 years old, respectively – had met at a dinner party in Condon. Six months later, the two were married.
wn.com/Linus_Pauling -
Lise Meitner
Lise Meitner, FRS (7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was an Austrian, later Swedish, physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics. Meitner was part of the team that discovered nuclear fission, an achievement for which her colleague Otto Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize. Meitner is often mentioned as one of the most glaring examples of women's scientific achievement overlooked by the Nobel committee. A 1997 Physics Today study concluded that Meitner's omission was "a rare instance in which personal negative opinions apparently led to the exclusion of a deserving scientist" from the Nobel. Element 109, Meitnerium, is named in her honour.
Meitner was born into a Jewish family as the third of eight children in Vienna, 2nd district (Leopoldstadt). Her father, Philipp Meitner, was one of the first Jewish lawyers in Austria. She was born on 7 November 1878. She shortened her name from Elise to Lise. The birth register of Vienna's Jewish community lists Meitner as being born on 17 November 1878, but all other documents list it as 7 November, which is what she used. As an adult, she converted to Christianity, following Lutheranism, and being baptized in 1908.
wn.com/Lise_Meitner -
Loránd Eötvös
Baron Loránd Eötvös de Vásárosnamény (Hungarian: Vásárosnaményi báró Eötvös Loránd Ágoston or Loránd Eötvös, pronounced [ˈloraːnd ˈøtvøʃ]; 27 July 1848 – 8 April 1919), more commonly called Baron Roland von Eötvös in English literature, was a Hungarian physicist. He is remembered today largely for his work on gravitation and surface tension.
Born in 1848, the year of the Hungarian revolution, Eötvös was the son of József Eötvös, a well-known poet, writer, and liberal politician, who was cabinet minister at the time, and played an important part in 19th century Hungarian intellectual and political life.
Loránd Eötvös first studied law, but soon switched to physics and went abroad to study in Heidelberg and Königsberg. After earning his doctorate, he became a university professor in Budapest and played a leading part in Hungarian science for almost half a century. He gained international recognition first by his innovative work on capillarity, then by his refined experimental methods and extensive field studies in gravity.
wn.com/Loránd_Eötvös -
Louis de Broglie
Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, FRS (/dəˈbrɔɪ/; French: [də bʁœj] ( listen); Dieppe, France, 15 August 1892 – Louveciennes, France, 19 March 1987) was a French physicist and a Nobel laureate in 1929. He was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary of the Académie des sciences, France.
Louis de Broglie was born to a noble family in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, younger son of Victor, 5th duc de Broglie. He became the 7th duc de Broglie upon the death without heir in 1960 of his older brother, Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie, also a physicist. He did not marry. When he died in Louveciennes, he was succeeded as duke by a distant cousin, Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie.
De Broglie had intended a career in humanities, and received his first degree in history. Afterwards, though, he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree in physics. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.
wn.com/Louis_de_Broglie -
Louis Néel
Louis Eugène Félix Néel ForMemRS (22 November 1904 – 17 November 2000) was a French physicist born in Lyon. He studied at the Lycée du Parc in Lyon and was accepted at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Science at the University of Strasbourg. He was corecipient (with the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfvén) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1970 for his pioneering studies of the magnetic properties of solids. His contributions to solid state physics have found numerous useful applications, particularly in the development of improved computer memory units. About 1930 he suggested that a new form of magnetic behavior might exist; called antiferromagnetism, as opposed to ferromagnetism. Above a certain temperature (the Néel temperature) this behaviour stops. Néel pointed out (1947) that materials could also exist showing ferrimagnetism. Néel has also given an explanation of the weak magnetism of certain rocks, making possible the study of the history of Earth's magnetic field.
wn.com/Louis_Néel -
Luis Walter Alvarez
Luis W. Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) was an American experimental physicist and inventor, who spent nearly all of his long professional career on the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley. The American Journal of Physics commented, "Luis Alvarez (1911–1988) was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century." He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968, and took out over 40 patents, some of which led to commercial products.
Alvarez was of Spanish descent from his paternal grandfather. Alvarez was the son of Walter C. Alvarez, a doctor who for a time was a researcher at the Mayo Clinic, and of Harriet Smythe, and a grandson of Luis F. Alvarez, a doctor living in Hawaii who found a better method for diagnosing macular leprosy. His aunt, Mabel Alvarez, was a California artist specializing in oil painting. Alvarez married Geraldine Smithwick in 1936 and had two children, Walter and Jean. In 1958, he married Janet L. Landis and had two more children, Donald and Helen.
wn.com/Luis_Walter_Alvarez -
Lydia Davis
Lydia Davis (born 1947) is a contemporary American writer noted for her short stories. Davis is also a French translator, and has produced several new translations of French literary classics, including Proust's Swann’s Way and Flaubert's Madame Bovary.
The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis was published as a single volume in 2010.
She is the daughter of Robert Gorham Davis and Hope Hale Davis. From 1974 to 1978 Davis was married to Paul Auster, with whom she has a son, Daniel Auster. Davis is currently married to artist Alan Cote, with whom she has a son, Theo Cote. She is a professor of creative writing at University at Albany, SUNY and Lillian Vernon Distinguished Writer-in-Residence at New York University.
She has published six collections of short stories, including The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories (1976) and Break It Down (1986). Her most recent collection was Varieties of Disturbance, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2007. "The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis", published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2009, contains all her stories to date.
wn.com/Lydia_Davis -
Manne Siegbahn
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn FRS (3 December 1886 – 26 September 1978) was a Swedish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 "for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy".
Siegbahn was born in Örebro, Sweden. He obtained his Ph.D. at the Lund University in 1911, his thesis was titled Magnetische Feldmessungen (magnetic field measurements). He was acting professor for Johannes Rydberg when his health was failing, and succeeded him as full professor in 1920.
Following his Ph.D., he started research on X-ray spectroscopy. This work continued when he moved to the University of Uppsala in 1923. He developed improved experimental apparatus which allowed him to make very accurate measurements of the X-ray wavelengths produced by atoms of different elements. He developed a convention for naming the different spectral lines that are characteristic to elements in X-ray spectroscopy, the Siegbahn notation. Siegbahn's precision measurements drove many developments in quantum theory and atomic physics.
wn.com/Manne_Siegbahn -
Marguerite Perey
Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. She was a student of Marie Curie. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975.
wn.com/Marguerite_Perey -
Marie Curie
Marie Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a French-Polish physicist and chemist famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. She was the first female professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.
She was born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ([ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]) in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared her 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with the physicist Henri Becquerel. Her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, would similarly share a Nobel Prize. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Skłodowska-Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to date to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences.
wn.com/Marie_Curie -
Martin Lewis Perl
Martin Lewis Perl (born June 24, 1927 in New York) is an American physicist, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau lepton. His parents were Jewish emigrants to the US from the Polish area of Russia.
Perl is a 1948 chemical engineering graduate of Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute (now known as NYU-Poly) in Brooklyn. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1955, where his thesis advisor was I.I. Rabi who won the Nobel Prize in Phyics for 1944 . He spent his career at the University of Michigan and then at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC).
While at Michigan, Perl and Lawrence W. Jones served as co-advisors to Samuel C. C. Ting, who earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976.
He has currently joined University of Liverpool as a visiting professor. He also serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.
In 2009, Perl received an honorary doctorate from the University of Belgrade.
wn.com/Martin_Lewis_Perl -
Martin Ryle
Sir Martin Ryle FRS (27 September 1918 – 14 October 1984) was an English radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e.g. aperture synthesis) and used them for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources. In 1946 Ryle and Vonberg were the first people to publish interferometric astronomical measurements at radio wavelengths, although it is claimed that Joseph Pawsey from the University of Sydney had actually made interferometric measurements earlier in the same year. With improved equipment, Ryle observed the most distant known galaxies in the universe at that time. He was the first Professor of Radio Astronomy at the University of Cambridge, and founding director of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. He was Astronomer Royal from 1972 to 1982.
Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974, the first Nobel prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.
He was born in Brighton, the son of Professor John Alfred Ryle and Miriam (née Scully) Ryle. He is also the nephew of the famous Oxford University Professor of Philosophy Gilbert Ryle (Gilbert Ryle and John Alfred Ryle were brothers).
wn.com/Martin_Ryle -
Masatoshi Koshiba
Masatoshi Koshiba (小柴 昌俊, Koshiba Masatoshi?) (born on September 19, 1926 in Toyohashi, Aichi) is a Japanese physicist. He jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002.
He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1951 and received a Ph.D. in physics at the University of Rochester, New York, in 1955. From July 1955 to February 1958 he was Research Associate, Department of Physics, University of Chicago; from March 1958 to October 1963, he was Associate Professor, Institute of Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, although from November 1959 to August 1962 he was on leave from the above as Senior Research Associate with the honorary rank of Associate Professor and as the Acting Director, Laboratory of High Energy Physics and Cosmic Radiation, Department of Physics, University of Chicago. At the University of Tokyo he became Associate Professor in March 1963 and then Professor in March 1970 in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, and Emeritus Professor there in 1987. From 1987 to 1997, Koshiba taught at Tokai University. In 2002, he jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos". (The other shares of that year's Prize were awarded to Raymond Davis Jr. & Riccardo Giacconi of the U.S.A.)
wn.com/Masatoshi_Koshiba -
Max Born
Max Born (11 December 1882 – 5 January 1970) was a German-British physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 30s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics (shared with Walther Bothe).
Max was born on 11 December 1882 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), which at Born's birth was in the Prussian Province of Silesia in the German Empire, to a family of Jewish descent. He was one of two children born to Gustav Born, (b. 22 April 1850, Kempen, d. 6 July 1900, Breslau), an anatomist and embryologist, and Margarethe ('Gretchen') Kauffmann (b. 22 January 1856, Tannhausen, d. 29 August 1886, Breslau), from a Silesian family of industrialists.
Gustav and Gretchen married on 7 May 1881. She died when Max was four years old, on 29 August 1886.
Max had a sister Käthe (b. 5 March 1884), and a half-brother Wolfgang (b. 21 October 1892) from his father's second marriage (m. 13 September 1891) with Bertha Lipstein.
wn.com/Max_Born -
Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS, (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was a German physicist who discovered quantum physics, initiating a revolution in natural science and philosophy. He is regarded as the founder of quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.
Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge.
Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx (a now obsolete variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for Max, which is actually short for Maximilian) was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life.
He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.
wn.com/Max_Planck -
Max von Laue
Max Theodor Felix von Laue (9 October 1879 – 24 April 1960) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. In addition to his scientific endeavors with contributions in optics, crystallography, quantum theory, superconductivity, and the theory of relativity, he had a number of administrative positions which advanced and guided German scientific research and development during four decades. A strong objector to National Socialism, he was instrumental in re-establishing and organizing German science after World War II.
Laue was born in Pfaffendorf, now part of Koblenz, to Julius Laue and Minna Zerrenner. In 1898, after passing his Abitur in Strassburg, he entered his compulsory year of military service, after which he began his studies in mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in 1899, at the University of Strassburg, the University of Göttingen, and the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU). At Göttingen, he was greatly influenced by the physicists Woldemar Voigt and Max Abraham and the mathematician David Hilbert. After only one semester at Munich, he went to the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Berlin in 1902. There, he studied under Max Planck, who gave birth to the quantum theory revolution on 14 December 1900, when he delivered his famous paper before the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. At Berlin, Laue attended lectures by Otto Lummer on heat radiation and interference spectroscopy, the influence of which can be seen in Laue’s dissertation on interference phenomena in plane-parallel plates, for which he received his doctorate in 1903. Thereafter, Laue spent 1903 to 1905 at Göttingen. Laue completed his Habilitation in 1906 under Arnold Sommerfeld at LMU.
wn.com/Max_von_Laue -
Melvin Schwartz
Melvin Schwartz (November 2, 1932 – August 28, 2006) was an American physicist. He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger for their development of the neutrino beam method and their demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.
He grew up in New York City in the Great Depression and went to the Bronx High School of Science. His interest in physics began there at the age of 12.
He earned his B.A. (1953) and Ph.D. (1958) at Columbia University, where Nobel laureate I. I. Rabi was the head of the physics department. Schwartz became an assistant professor at Columbia in 1958. He was promoted to associate professor in 1960 and full professor in 1963. Tsung-Dao Lee, a Columbia colleague who had recently won the Nobel prize at age 30, inspired the experiment for which Schwartz received his Nobel. Schwartz and his colleagues performed the experiments which led to their Nobel Prize in the early 1960s, when all three were on the Columbia faculty. The experiment was carried out at the nearby Brookhaven National Laboratory.
wn.com/Melvin_Schwartz -
Nevill Francis Mott
Sir Nevill Francis Mott, CH, FRS (30 September 1905 – 8 August 1996) was an English physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977 for his work on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, especially amorphous semiconductors. The award was shared with Philip W. Anderson and J. H. Van Vleck, who had pursued independent research.
Mott was born in Leeds to Lilian Mary Reynolds and Charles Francis Mott and grew up first in the village of Giggleswick, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, where his father was Senior Science Master at the local school. The family moved (due to his father's jobs) first to Staffordshire, then to Chester and finally Liverpool, where his father had been appointed Director of Education. Mott was at first educated at home by his mother, who was a Cambridge Mathematics Tripos graduate. His parents met in the Cavendish Laboratory, when both were engaged in physics research. At age ten, he began formal education at Clifton College in Bristol, then at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he read the Mathematics Tripos.
wn.com/Nevill_Francis_Mott -
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Nicolaas Bloembergen (born Dordrecht, March 11, 1920) is a Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate.
He received his Ph.D. degree from University of Leiden in 1948; while pursuing his PhD at Harvard, Bloembergen also worked part-time as a graduate research assistant for Edward Mills Purcell at the MIT Radiation Laboratory [1]. He became a professor at Harvard University in Applied Physics.
Bloembergen enrolled in 1938 at the University of Utrecht to study physics. Bloembergen left the war ravaged Netherlands in 1945 to pursue graduate studies at Harvard University. Six weeks before his arrival, Harvard Professor Edward M. Purcell (along with his graduate students Torrey and Pound) discovered nuclear magnetic resonance. Bloembergen was hired to develop a first NMR machine. While at Harvard he enjoyed classes from J. Schwinger, J. H. van Vleck, and E. C. Kemble. His thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation was submitted in Leiden, where he passed qualifying criteria. After a brief postdoctoral appointment with C. J. Gorter in the Netherlands, he joined Harvard where he was named a junior fellow of Society of Fellows in 1949 and Associate Professor in 1951.
wn.com/Nicolaas_Bloembergen -
Niels Bohr
Niels Henrik David Bohr (Danish pronunciation: [ˈniːls ˈboɐ̯ˀ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen. He was part of the British team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist who in 1975 also received the Nobel Prize. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.
Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1885. His father, Christian Bohr, was professor of physiology at the University of Copenhagen (it is his name which is given to the Bohr shift or Bohr effect), while his mother, Ellen Adler Bohr, came from a wealthy Jewish family prominent in Danish banking and parliamentary circles (in 1891, Bohr was baptized a Lutheran, his father's religion).Despite having a religious background, he later became an atheist.His brother was Harald Bohr, a mathematician and Olympic footballer who played on the Danish national team. Niels Bohr was a passionate footballer as well, and the two brothers played a number of matches for the Copenhagen-based Akademisk Boldklub, with Niels in goal.
wn.com/Niels_Bohr -
Nikolay Basov
Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (Russian: Никола́й Генна́диевич Ба́сов; 14 December 1922 – 1 July 2001) was a Soviet physicist and educator. For his fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics that led to the development of laser and maser, Basov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics with Alexander Prokhorov and Charles Hard Townes.
Basov was born in the town Usman, now in Lipetsk Oblast in 1922. He finished school in 1941 in Voronezh, and was later called for the military service at Kuibyshev Military Medical Academy. In 1943 he left academy and served in the Red Army participating in the Second World War with the 1st Ukrainian Front.
Basov graduated from Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) in 1950. He then held a professorship at MEPhI and also worked in the Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI), where defended a dissertation for the Candidate of Sciences degree (equivalent to PhD) in 1953 and a dissertation for the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1956. Basov was the Director of the LPI in 1973–1988. He was elected as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Russian Academy of Sciences since 1991) in 1962 and an Full Member of the Academy in 1966. In 1967 he was elected a Member of the Presidium of the Academy (1967—1990), and since 1990 he was the councillor of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science. He was the head of the laboratory of quantum radiophysics at the LPI until his death in 2001.
wn.com/Nikolay_Basov -
Otto Hahn
Otto Hahn FRS (8 March 1879 – 28 July 1968) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate, a pioneer in the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. He is regarded as "the father of nuclear chemistry". Hahn was a courageous opposer of Jewish persecution by the Nazis and after World War II he became a passionate campaigner against the use of nuclear energy as a weapon. He served as the last President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) in 1946 and as the founding President of the Max Planck Society (MPG) from 1948 to 1960. Considered by many to be a model for scholarly excellence and personal integrity, he became one of the most influential citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Hahn was the youngest son of Heinrich Hahn (1845–1922), a prosperous glazier and entrepreneur ("Glasbau Hahn"), and Charlotte Hahn, née Giese (1845–1905). Together with his brothers Karl, Heiner and Julius, Otto was raised in a sheltered environment. At the age of 15, he began to take a special interest in chemistry and carried out simple experiments in the laundry room of the family home. His father wanted Otto to study architecture, as he had built or acquired several residential and business properties. But Otto persuaded him that his ambition was to become an industrial chemist.
wn.com/Otto_Hahn -
Otto Stern
Otto Stern (17 February 1888 – 17 August 1969) was a German physicist and Nobel laureate in physics.
Stern was born into a Jewish family (father Oskar Stern and mother Eugenia née Rosenthal) in Sohrau (now Żory) in Upper Silesia, the German Empire's Kingdom of Prussia (now in Poland). He studied at Breslau, now Wrocław in Lower Silesia.
Stern completed his studies at the University of Breslau in 1912 with a doctor's degree in physical chemistry. He then followed Albert Einstein to Charles University in Prague and in later to ETH Zurich. Stern received his Habilitation at the University of Frankfurt in 1915 and in 1921, he became a professor at the University of Rostock, which he left in 1923 to work at the newly founded Institut für Physikalische Chemie at the University of Hamburg.
After resigning from his post at the University of Hamburg in 1933 because of the Nazis' Machtergreifung (seizure of power), he became professor of physics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and later professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley.
wn.com/Otto_Stern -
Otto Wallach
Otto Wallach (27 March 1847 - 26 February 1931) was a German chemist and recipient of the 1910 Nobel prize in Chemistry for his work on alicyclic compounds.
Wallach was born in Königsberg, the son of a Prussian official. His father descended from a Jewish family that had converted to Lutheranism. His mother was an ethnic German of Protestant religion. Wallach's father was transferred to Stettin (Szczecin) and later to Potsdam. Otto Wallach went to school, a Gymnasium, in Potsdam, where he learned about literature and the history of art, two subjects he was interested his whole life. At this time he also started private chemical experiments at the house of his parents.
In 1867 he started studying chemistry at the University of Göttingen, where at this time Friedrich Wöhler was head of organic chemistry. After one semester at the University of Berlin with August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Wallach received his Doctoral degree from the University of Göttingen in 1869, and worked as a Professor in the University of Bonn (1870–89) and the University of Göttingen (1889–1915). Wallach died at Göttingen.
wn.com/Otto_Wallach -
Owen Chamberlain
Owen Chamberlain (July 10, 1920 – February 28, 2006) was an American physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his discovery, with collaborator Emilio Segrè, of antiprotons, a sub-atomic antiparticle.
Born in San Francisco, California, Chamberlain graduated from Germantown Friends School in Philadelphia in 1937. He studied physics at Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Theta Chi Fraternity, and at the University of California, Berkeley. He remained in school until the start of World War II, and joined the Manhattan Project in 1942, where he worked with Segrè, both at Berkeley and in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He married Beatrice Babette Copper (d. 1988) in 1943, with whom he had four children.
In 1946, after the war, Chamberlain continued with his doctoral studies at the University of Chicago under legendary physicist Enrico Fermi. Fermi acted as an important guide and mentor for Chamberlain, encouraging him to leave behind the more prestigious theoretical physics for experimental physics, for which Chamberlain had a particular aptitude. Chamberlain officially received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1949.
wn.com/Owen_Chamberlain -
Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS ( /dɪˈræk/ di-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, was a member of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, and spent the last decade of his life at Florida State University.
Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation, which describes the behaviour of fermions, and predicted the existence of antimatter.
Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1933 with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born at his parents' home in Bristol, England, on 8 August 1902, and grew up in the Bishopston area of the city. His father, Charles Adrien Ladislas Dirac, was an immigrant from Saint-Maurice in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland, who worked in Bristol as a French teacher. His mother, Florence Hannah Dirac, née Holten, the daughter of a ship's captain, was born in Cornwall and worked as a librarian at the Bristol Central Library. Paul had a younger sister, Béatrice Isabelle Marguerite, known as Betty, and an older brother, Reginald Charles Félix, known as Felix, who committed suicide in March 1925. Dirac later recalled: "My parents were terribly distressed. I didn't know they cared so much. /.../ I never knew that parents were supposed to care for their children, but from then on I knew."
wn.com/Paul_Dirac -
Paul Langevin
Paul Langevin FRS (23 January 1872 – 19 December 1946) was a prominent French physicist who developed Langevin dynamics and the Langevin equation. He was one of the founders of the Comité de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes, an antifascist organization created in the wake of the 6 February 1934 far right riots. Langevin was also president of the Human Rights League (LDH) from 1944 to 1946 — he had just recently joined the French Communist Party. He is entombed at the Panthéon. Being a public opponent against fascism in the 1930s resulted in his arrest and consequently he was held under house arrest by the Vichy government for most of the war. Paul Langevin, previously a doctoral student of Pierre Curie and later a lover of Marie Curie, is also famous for his two US patents with Constantin Chilowski in 1916 and 1917 regarding a systematic ultrasonic submarine detection.
Langevin was born in Paris, and studied at the École de Physique et Chimie and the École Normale Supérieure. He then went to Cambridge University and studied in the Cavendish Laboratory under Sir J. J. Thomson. Langevin returned to the Sorbonne and obtained his Ph.D. from Pierre Curie in 1902. In 1904 he became professor of physics at the Collège de France. In 1926 he became director of the École de Physique et Chimie, where he had been educated. He was elected, in 1934, to the Académie des sciences.
wn.com/Paul_Langevin -
Pavel Cherenkov
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russian: Павел Алексеевич Черенков, 1904–1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation, made in 1934.
Cherenkov was born in 1904 to Alexey Cherenkov and Mariya Cherenkova in the small village of Novaya Chigla in present day Voronezh Oblast, Russia.
He graduated from the Department of Physics and Mathematics of Voronezh State University in 1928, and in 1930 he took a post as a senior researcher in the Lebedev Institute of Physics. That same year he married Maria Putintseva, daughter of A.M. Putintsev, a Professor of Russian Literature. They had two children, a son, Alexey, and a daughter, Yelena.
Cherenkov was promoted to section leader, and in 1940 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences. In 1953 he was confirmed as Professor of Experimental Physics. Starting in 1959, he headed the institute's photo-meson processes laboratory. He remained a professor for fourteen years. In 1970 he became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
wn.com/Pavel_Cherenkov -
Per Olov Enquist
Per Olov Enquist, better known as P. O. Enquist, (born 23 September 1934 in Hjoggböle, Skellefteå, Västerbotten) is a Swedish author. He has worked as a journalist, playwright and novelist. In the nineties, he gained international recognition with his novel The Visit of the Royal Physician.
After a degree in history of literature at Uppsala University he worked as a newspaper columnist and TV debate moderator from 1965 to 1976. Because of his work he soon became an influential figure on the Swedish literary scene. From 1970 to 1971 Enquist lived in Berlin on a grant from the German Academic Exchange Service and in 1973 he was a visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has been working as an independent writer since 1977.
Enquist's works are characterized by a chronic pessimistic view of the world. They always describe the restrictions imposed by the pietistical way of living, especially in March of the Musicians (1978) and Lewi's Journey (2001). He gained international recognition with his novel The Visit of the Royal Physician (1999) where he tells the story of Johann Friedrich Struensee, the personal physician of the Danish King Christian VII.
wn.com/Per_Olov_Enquist -
Peter Debye
Peter Joseph William Debye FRS (March 24, 1884 – November 2, 1966) was a Dutch physicist and physical chemist, and Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
Born Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Debije in Maastricht, Netherlands, Debye attended the Aachen University of Technology, Rhenish Prussia just 30 km away in 1901. He studied mathematics and classical physics, and, in 1905, received a degree in electrical engineering. In 1907, he published his first paper, a mathematically elegant solution of a problem involving eddy currents. At Aachen, he studied under the theoretical physicist Arnold Sommerfeld, who later claimed that his most important discovery was Peter Debye.
In 1906, Sommerfeld received an appointment at Munich, Bavaria, and took Debye with him as his assistant. Debye got his Ph.D. with a dissertation on radiation pressure in 1908. In 1910, he derived the Planck radiation formula using a method which Max Planck agreed was simpler than his own.
In 1911, when Albert Einstein took an appointment as a professor at Prague, Bohemia, Debye took his old professorship at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. This was followed by moves to Utrecht in 1912, to Göttingen in 1913, to ETH Zurich in 1920, to Leipzig in 1927, and in 1934 to Berlin, where, succeeding Einstein, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics (now named the Max-Planck-Institut) whose facilities were built only during Debye's era. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1935. From 1937 to 1939 he was the president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
wn.com/Peter_Debye -
Peter Grünberg
Peter Andreas Grünberg (born 18 May 1939) is a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.
Grünberg was born in Pilsen, Bohemia, which at the time was in the Nazi-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic) to the Sudeten German family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg which first lived in Dysina (Dýšina) to the East of Pilsen.
After the war, the family was interned, the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a Russia-born engineer who since 1928 worked for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Pilsen which is also inscribed with Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945. His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100) had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the Petermann house in Untersekerschan (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (a sister was born in 1937) were brought to later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1946. Seven year old Peter came to Lauterbach, Hesse where he attended gymnasium.
wn.com/Peter_Grünberg -
Philipp Lenard
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (June 7, 1862 – May 20, 1947), -German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. He was also an active proponent of Nazi ideology.
Philipp Lénárd was born in Bratislava, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian-Hungarian Empire (since 1993 in Slovakia) on July 7, 1862, as the son of a wine merchant. Lenard's parents were German-speakers, and the Lenard family had originally come from Tyrol in the 17th century. His father Philipp von Lenardis (1812-1896) was a wine-merchant in Bratislava. His mother was Antoine Baumann (1831-1865). The young Lenard learned in Hungarian in the Royal Hungarian Gymnasium, and as he writes it in his autobiography this made a big impression on him (especially the personality of his teacher, Virgil Klatt). In 1880 he studied physics and chemistry in Vienna and in Budapest. In 1882 he left Budapest and returned to Bratislava but in 1883 Lenard moved to Heidelberg after his tender for an assistant job in the University of Budapest was refused. In Heidelberg he studied under the illustrious Robert Bunsen, interrupted by one semester in Berlin with Hermann von Helmholtz, and obtained his doctoral degree in 1886. In 1887 he worked again in Budapest under Loránd Eötvös as a demonstrator. After posts at Aachen, Bonn, Breslau, Heidelberg (1896–1898), and Kiel (1898–1907), he returned finally to the University of Heidelberg in 1907 as the head of the Philipp Lenard Institute. In 1905 Philip Lénárd became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1907 of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
wn.com/Philipp_Lenard -
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity, and Nobel laureate. In 1903 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Salomea Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".
Born in Paris, France, Pierre was the son of Dr. Eugène Curie (28 August 1827 – 25 February 1910)' and Sophie-Claire Depouilly Curie (15 January 1832 – 27 September 1897). He was educated by his father, and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. When he was 16, he earned his math degree. By the age of 18 he had completed the equivalent of a higher degree, but did not proceed immediately to a doctorate due to lack of money. Instead he worked as a laboratory instructor.
In 1880, Pierre and his older brother Jacques (1856–1941) demonstrated that an electric potential was generated when crystals were compressed, i.e. piezoelectricity. To aid their work, they invented the Piezoelectic Quartz Electrometer. Shortly afterwards, in 1881, they demonstrated the reverse effect: that crystals could be made to deform when subject to an electric field. Almost all digital electronic circuits now rely on this in the form of crystal oscillators.
wn.com/Pierre_Curie -
Pieter Zeeman
Pieter Zeeman (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzeːmɑn]) (25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect.
Pieter Zeeman was born in Zonnemaire, a small town on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland, Netherlands, to Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman, a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and Willemina Worst.
He became interested in physics at an early age. In 1883 the Aurora borealis happened to be visible in the Netherlands. Zeeman, then a student at the high school in Zierikzee, made a drawing and description of the phenomenon and submitted it to Nature, where it was published. The editor praised "the careful observations of Professor Zeeman from his observatory in Zonnemaire".
After finishing high school in 1883 he went to Delft for supplementary education in classical languages, then a requirement for admission to University. He stayed at the home of Dr J.W. Lely, co-principal of the gymnasium and brother of Cornelis Lely, who was responsible for the concept and realization of the Zuiderzee Works. While in Delft, he first met Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was to become his thesis adviser.
wn.com/Pieter_Zeeman -
Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
wn.com/Poles -
Polykarp Kusch
Polykarp Kusch (January 26, 1911 – March 20, 1993) was a German-American physicist. In 1955 he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics with Willis Eugene Lamb for his accurate determination that the magnetic moment of the electron was greater than its theoretical value, thus leading to reconsideration of—and innovations in—quantum electrodynamics.
He received his bachelor's degree in physics in 1931 from Case Western Reserve University. From the University of Illinois, he received his master's degree in 1933 and his Ph.D. in 1936. He spent much of his career as a professor at Columbia University in New York City, and served as the university's provost for several years before departing for the newly-created University of Texas at Dallas. During his tenure at Columbia, he was the doctoral supervisor for Gordon Gould, the inventor of the laser.
A residential dormitory for undergraduate students at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio on the South Campus is named after Dr. Kusch. The building is named Kusch House. It is located on Carlton Road in Cleveland Heights.
wn.com/Polykarp_Kusch -
Pyotr Kapitsa
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Russian Пётр Леони́дович Капи́ца) (8 July [O.S. 26 June] 1894 – 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate.
Kapitsa was born in Kronstadt, Russian Empire to Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa, a military engineer who constructed fortifications, and Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa. Kapitsa' studies were interrupted by the First World War, in which he served as an ambulance driver for two years on the Polish front. He graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. He subsequently studied in Britain, working for over ten years with Ernest Rutherford in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1929 and was the first director (1930–34) of the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge. In the 1920s he originated techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields by injecting high current for brief periods into specially constructed air-core electromagnets. In 1928 he discovered the linear dependence of resistivity on magnetic field for various metals in very strong magnetic fields.
wn.com/Pyotr_Kapitsa -
Riccardo Giacconi
Riccardo Giacconi (born October 6, 1931) is an Italian-born, naturalized American Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist who laid the foundations of X-ray astronomy. He is currently a professor at the Johns Hopkins University.
Born in Genoa, Italy he received a degree from the University of Milan before moving to the US to pursue a career in astrophysics research. He became an American citizen.[not in citation given]
Cosmic X-ray radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, and so space-based telescopes are needed for X-ray astronomy. Giacconi worked on the instrumentation for X-ray astronomy, from rocket-borne detectors in the late 1950s and early 1960s, through to Uhuru, the first orbiting X-ray astronomy satellite, the Einstein Observatory, the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space, and the Chandra X-ray Observatory which was launched in 1999 and is still in operation. Giacconi also transferred his expertise to other fields of astronomy, including being the first director of the Space Telescope Science Institute, the science operations center for the Hubble Space Telescope.
wn.com/Riccardo_Giacconi -
Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman ( /ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics (he proposed the parton model). For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time.
He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb and was a member of the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. In addition to his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing, and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard Chace Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology.
wn.com/Richard_Feynman -
Richard Willstätter
Richard Martin Willstätter FRS (13 August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Willstätter invented paper chromatography independently of Mikhail Tsvet.
Willstätter was born in to a Jewish family in Karlsruhe. He went to school there and, when his family moved, he attended the Technical School in Nuremberg. At age 18 he entered the University of Munich to study science and stayed for the next fifteen years. He was in the Department of Chemistry, first as a student of Adolf von Baeyer -- he received his doctorate in 1894 - then as a faculty member. His doctoral thesis was on the structure of cocaine. Willstätter continued his research into other alkaloids and synthesized several of them. In 1896 he was named Lecturer and in 1902 Professor extraordinarius (professor without a chair).
In 1905 he left Munich to become professor at the ETH Zürich and there he worked on the plant pigment chlorophyll. He first determined its structure.
wn.com/Richard_Willstätter -
Robert Bunsen
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (30 March 1811[N1] – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with Gustav Kirchhoff. Bunsen developed several gas-analytical methods, was a pioneer in photochemistry, and did early work in the field of organoarsenic chemistry. With his laboratory assistant, Peter Desaga, he developed the Bunsen burner, an improvement on the laboratory burners then in use. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
Robert Bunsen was born at Göttingen in 1811 in what is now the state of Lower Saxony in Germany, but was then the short-lived Kingdom of Westphalia; upon the defeat of Napoleon three years later it became the Kingdom of Hanover. Robert was the youngest of four sons of the University of Göttingen's chief librarian and professor of modern philology, Christian Bunsen (1770–1837).Sources disagree on Robert Bunsen's exact birth date. His parish register, as well as two curricula vitae, handwritten by Bunsen himself, support the claim that 30 March 1811 is Bunsen's true birth date; however, many later sources cite 31 March as the date. According to his biographer Georg Lockemann, Bunsen himself celebrated his birthday on the 31st in his later years. Lockemann nevertheless regarded the 30th as the correct date.
wn.com/Robert_Bunsen -
Robert Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist. He was the joint winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons."
Hofstadter was born in New York City on Feb. 5, 1915, to Louis Hofstadter, a salesman, and the former Henrietta Koenigsberg. He attended elementary and high schools in New York City and entered City College of New York, graduating with a B.S. degree magna cum laude in 1935 at the age of 20, and was awarded the Kenyon Prize in Mathematics and Physics. He also received a Charles A. Coffin Foundation Fellowship from the General Electric Company, which enabled him to attend graduate school at Princeton University, where he earned his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 1938. He did his post-doctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania before joining Stanford University. Hofstadter taught at Stanford University from 1950 to 1985.
wn.com/Robert_Hofstadter -
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958) was a British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who made critical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. The DNA work achieved the most fame because DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) plays essential roles in cell metabolism and genetics, and the discovery of its structure helped scientists understand how genetic information is passed from parents to children.
Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA which led to discovery of DNA double helix. Her data, according to Francis Crick, was "the data we actually used" to formulate Crick and Watson's 1953 hypothesis regarding the structure of DNA. Franklin's X-ray diffraction images confirming the helical structure of DNA were shown to Watson without her approval or knowledge. Though this image and her accurate interpretation of the data provided valuable insight into the DNA structure, Franklin's scientific contributions to the discovery of the double helix are often overlooked. Unpublished drafts of her papers (written just as she was arranging to leave King's College London) show that she had independently determined the overall B-form of the DNA helix and the location of the phosphate groups on the outside of the structure. However, her work was published third, in the series of three DNA Nature articles, led by the paper of Watson and Crick which only hinted at her contribution to their hypothesis.
wn.com/Rosalind_Franklin -
Rudolf Mössbauer
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (German spelling: Mößbauer; January 31, 1929 – September 14, 2011) was a German physicist best known for his 1957 discovery of recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics. This effect, called the Mössbauer effect, is the basis for Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Mössbauer was born in Munich, where he also studied physics at the Technical University of Munich. He prepared his Diplom thesis in the Laboratory of Applied Physics of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz and graduated in 1955. He then went to the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg. Since this institute, not being part of a university, had no right to award a doctorate, Mössbauer remained under the auspices of Maier-Leibnitz who was his official thesis advisor when he passed his PhD exam in Munich in 1958.
In his PhD work, he discovered recoilless nuclear fluorescence of gamma rays in 191 iridium, the Mössbauer effect. His fame grew immensely in 1960 when Robert Pound and Glen Rebka used this effect to prove the red shift of gamma radiation in the gravitational field of the earth; this Pound–Rebka experiment was one of the first experimental precision tests of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. The long-term importance of the Mössbauer effect, however, is its use in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Along with Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Mössbauer was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics.
wn.com/Rudolf_Mössbauer -
Russell Alan Hulse
Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation". He was a specialist in the pulsar studies and gravitational waves.
Hulse was born in New York City and attended Bronx High School of Science and the Cooper Union before moving to University of Massachusetts Amherst (Ph.D. Physics 1975).
There he worked with Taylor on a large-scale survey for pulsars using the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. It was this work that led to the discovery of the first binary pulsar.
In 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered binary pulsar PSR B1913+16, which is made up of a pulsar and black companion star. Neutron star rotation emits impulses that are extremely regular and stable in the radio wave region and is nearby condensed material body gravitation (non-detectable in the visible field). Hulse, Taylor, and other colleagues have used this first binary pulsar to make high-precision tests of general relativity, demonstrating the existence of gravitational radiation. An approximation of this radiant energy is described by the formula of the quadrupolar radiation of Albert Einstein (1918).
wn.com/Russell_Alan_Hulse -
Saul Perlmutter
Saul Perlmutter (born September 22, 1959) is an American astrophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2003. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Perlmutter shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Saul Perlmutter was born one of three children in the Jewish family of professor emeritus of chemical and biomolecular engineering at University of Pennsylvania Daniel D. Perlmutter and professor emerita of Temple University’s School of Social Administration Felice (Feige) D. Perlmutter (née Davidson). His maternal grandfather, the Yiddish teacher Samuel Davidson (1903–1989), immigrated to Canada (and then with his wife Chaika Newman to New York) from the Bessarabian town of Floreşti in 1919.
wn.com/Saul_Perlmutter -
Sheldon Lee Glashow
Sheldon Lee Glashow (born December 5, 1932) is a Nobel Prize winning American theoretical physicist. He is the Metcalf Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Boston University and Higgins Professor of Physics, Emeritus, at Harvard University.
Sheldon Lee Glashow was born in New York City to Jewish immigrants from Russia. He graduated from Bronx High School of Science in 1950. Glashow was in the same graduating class as Steven Weinberg, whose own research, independent of Glashow's, would result in the two and Abdus Salam sharing the same 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics (see below). Glashow received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell University in 1954 and a Ph.D. degree in physics from Harvard University in 1959 under Nobel-laureate physicist Julian Schwinger. After graduation, Glashow joined the University of California, Berkeley and worked as an Associate Professor from 1962-66. He joined the Harvard physics department as a professor in 1966, and was named Higgins Professor of Physics in 1979; he became emeritus in 2000. Glashow has been a visiting professor or scientist at CERN, the University of Marseilles, MIT, Brookhaven Laboratory, Texas A&M, the University of Houston, and Boston University.
wn.com/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow -
Simon van der Meer
Simon van der Meer (24 November 1925 – 4 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the CERN project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles, two of the most fundamental constituents of matter.
One of four children, Simon van der Meer was born and grew up in The Hague, the Netherlands, in the family of teachers. He was educated at the city's gymnasium, graduating in 1943 during the German occupation of the Netherlands. He studied Technical Physics at the Delft University of Technology, and received an engineer's degree in 1952. After working for Philips Research in Eindhoven on high-voltage equipment for electron microscopy for a few years, he joined CERN in 1956 where he stayed until his retirement in 1990.
He married Catharina M. Koopman in the mid-1960s; they had two children: Esther van der Meer (daughter) and Mathijs van der Meer (son). He also had a sister: Ge van der Meer, and a granddaughter.
wn.com/Simon_van_der_Meer -
Steven Chu
Steven Chu (Chinese: 朱棣文; pinyin: Zhū Dìwén) is an American physicist and the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level. Previously, he had been a professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. For example, he has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.
wn.com/Steven_Chu -
Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
Steven Weinberg was born in 1933 in New York City to Jewish immigrants Frederick and Eva Weinberg. He graduated from Bronx High School of Science in 1950 in the same graduating class as Sheldon Glashow, whose own research, independent of Weinberg's, would result in them (and Abdus Salam) sharing the same 1979 Nobel in Physics (see below).
Weinberg received his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1954, living at the Cornell branch of the Telluride Association. He left Cornell and went to the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen where he started his graduate studies and research. After one year, Weinberg returned to Princeton University where he earned his Ph.D. degree in Physics in 1957, studying under Sam Treiman. Weinberg is an atheist.
wn.com/Steven_Weinberg -
Susan Quinn
Susan Quinn is an award-winning writer of non-fiction books and articles. Born in 1940, she grew up in Chillicothe, Ohio, and graduated from Oberlin College. She began her writing career as a newspaper reporter on a suburban daily outside of Cleveland, following two years as an apprentice actor at the Cleveland Playhouse, a professional repertory company. In 1967, she published her first book under the name Susan Jacobs: a nonfiction account of the making of a Broadway play called On Stage (Alfred A. Knopf). In 1972, after moving to Boston, she became a regular contributor to an alternative Cambridge weekly, The Real Paper, then a contributor and staff writer on Boston Magazine. In 1979, she won the Penney-Missouri magazine award for an investigative article for Boston Magazine on dangerous cargo transported through the city, and the Golden Hammer Award from the National Association of Home Builders for an investigative article on home inspections. She has written articles for many publications, including the New York Times Magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, and Ms Magazine.
wn.com/Susan_Quinn -
Svante Arrhenius
Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist, originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, and one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903. The Arrhenius equation, lunar crater Arrhenius and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University are named after him.
Arrhenius was born on February 19, 1859 at Vik (also spelled Wik or Wijk), near Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Svante Gustav and Carolina Thunberg Arrhenius. His father had been a land surveyor for Uppsala University, moving up to a supervisory position. At the age of three, Arrhenius taught himself to read without the encouragement of his parents, and by watching his father's addition of numbers in his account books, became an arithmetical prodigy. In later life, Arrhenius enjoyed using masses of data to discover mathematical relationships and laws.
At age 8, he entered the local cathedral school, starting in the fifth grade, distinguishing himself in physics and mathematics, and graduating as the youngest and most able student in 1876.
wn.com/Svante_Arrhenius -
Toshihide Maskawa
Toshihide Maskawa (or Masukawa) (益川 敏英, Masukawa Toshihide?, born February 7, 1940 in Nagoya, Japan) is a Japanese theoretical physicist known for his work on CP-violation who was awarded one quarter of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
A native of Aichi Prefecture, Maskawa graduated from Nagoya University in 1962 and received a Ph.D in particle physics from the same university in 1967. At Kyoto University in the early 1970s, he collaborated with Makoto Kobayashi on explaining broken symmetry (the CP violation) within the Standard Model of particle physics. Maskawa and Kobayashi's theory required that there be at least three generations of quarks, a prediction that was confirmed experimentally four years later by the discovery of the bottom quark.
Maskawa and Kobayashi's 1973 article, "CP Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction", is the fourth most cited high energy physics paper of all time as of 2009. The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, which defines the mixing parameters between quarks was the result of this work. Kobayashi and Maskawa were jointly awarded half of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, with the other half going to Yoichiro Nambu.
wn.com/Toshihide_Maskawa -
Val Logsdon Fitch
Val Logsdon Fitch (born March 10, 1923, Merriman, Nebraska, USA) is an American nuclear physicist. A native of Merriman, Nebraska, he graduated from Gordon High School and attended Chadron State College for three years before being drafted into the U.S. army in 1943. He later graduated from McGill University with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1948 and completed his Ph.D. in physics in 1954 from Columbia University. In World War II, he worked on the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos. He is a member of the faculty at Princeton University.
Fitch and co-researcher James Watson Cronin were awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for a 1964 experiment using the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory that proved that certain subatomic reactions do not adhere to fundamental symmetry principles. Specifically, they proved, by examining the decay of K-mesons, that a reaction run in reverse does not merely retrace the path of the original reaction, which showed that the reactions of subatomic particles are not indifferent to time. Thus the phenomenon of CP violation was discovered.
wn.com/Val_Logsdon_Fitch -
Victor Francis Hess
Victor Francis Hess (24 June 1883 – 17 December 1964) was an Austrian-American physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics, who discovered cosmic rays.
Hess was born to Vinzens Hess and Serafine Edle von Grossbauer-Waldstätt, in Waldstein Castle, near Peggau in Styria, Austria. His father was a royal forester in Prince Louis of Oettingen-Wallerstein's service. He attended secondary school at Graz Gymnasium from 1893 to 1901.
From 1901 to 1905 Hess was an undergraduate student at the University of Graz, and continued postgraduate studies in physics until he received his PhD there in 1910. He worked as Assistant under Stefan Meyer at the Institute for Radium Research, Viennese Academy of Sciences, from 1910 to 1920. Hess took a leave of absence in 1921 and travelled to the United States, working at the US Radium Corporation, in New Jersey, and as Consulting Physicist for the US Bureau of Mines, in Washington DC. In 1923, he returned to the University of Graz, and was appointed the Ordinary Professor of Experimental Physics in 1925. The University of Innsbruck appointed him Professor, and Director Institute of Radiology, in 1931.
wn.com/Victor_Francis_Hess -
Victor Grignard
François Auguste Victor Grignard (May 6, 1871 in Cherbourg - December 13, 1935 in Lyon) was a Nobel Prize-winning French chemist.
Grignard was the son of a sail maker. After studying mathematics at Lyon he transferred to chemistry and discovered the synthetic reaction bearing his name (the Grignard reaction) in 1900. He became a professor at the University of Nancy in 1910 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912. During World War I he studied chemical warfare agents, particularly the manufacture of phosgene and the detection of mustard gas. His counterpart on the German side was another Nobel Prize winning Chemist, Fritz Haber.
Grignard is most noted for devising a new method for generating carbon-carbon bonds using magnesium to couple ketones and alkyl halides. This reaction is valuable in organic synthesis. It occurs in two steps:
The Grignard reaction is an important means of preparing organic compounds from smaller precursor molecules. For this work, Grignard was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1912 jointly with fellow Frenchman Paul Sabatier.
wn.com/Victor_Grignard -
Vincent Sheean
Vincent Sheean (5 December 1899, Pana, Illinois – 16 March 1975, Arolo, Frz. of Leggiuno, Italy), born James Vincent Sheean, American journalist and novelist.
He most famous work was Personal History (New York: Doubleday, 1935). It won one of the inaugural National Book Awards: the Most Distinguished Biography of 1935.Film producer Walter Wanger acquired the political memoir and made it the basis for his 1940 film production Foreign Correspondent, directed by Alfred Hitchcock.
Sheean served as a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune during the Spanish Civil War.
Sheean wrote the narration for the feature-length documentary Crisis (1939) directed by Alexander Hammid and Herbert Kline. He translated Eve Curie's biography of her mother, Madame Curie (1939), into English. Sheean wrote Oscar Hammerstein I: Life and Exploits of an Impresario (1955) as well as a controversial biography of Dorothy Thompson and Sinclair Lewis, Dorothy and Red (1963).
Vincent and Diana Forbes-Robertson Sheean were friends of Edna St. Vincent Millay and her husband Eugen; they spent time together on Ragged Island off the coast of Maine during the summer of 1945.
wn.com/Vincent_Sheean -
Vitaly Ginzburg
Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, ForMemRS (Russian: Вита́лий Ла́заревич Ги́нзбург; October 4, 1916 – November 8, 2009) was a Soviet theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, a member of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences and one of the fathers of Soviet hydrogen bomb. He was the successor to Igor Tamm as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Academy's physics institute (FIAN), and an outspoken atheist.
He was born to a Jewish family in Moscow in 1916, the son of an engineer Lazar Efimovich Ginzburg and a doctor Augusta Felgenauer, and graduated from the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University in 1938. He defended his candidate's (Ph.D.) dissertation in 1940, and his doctor's dissertation in 1942. He worked at the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow from 1940. In 1944, he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Among his achievements are a partially phenomenological theory of superconductivity, the Ginzburg-Landau theory, developed with Lev Landau in 1950; the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas (for example, in the ionosphere); and a theory of the origin of cosmic radiation. He is also known to biologists as being part of the group of scientists that helped bring down the reign of the politically connected anti-Mendelian agronomist Trofim Lysenko, thus allowing modern genetic science to return to the USSR.
wn.com/Vitaly_Ginzburg -
Walter Pidgeon
Walter Davis Pidgeon (September 23, 1897 – September 25, 1984) was a Canadian actor, who starred in many motion pictures, including Mrs. Miniver, The Bad and the Beautiful, Forbidden Planet, Advise & Consent, Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, Funny Girl and Harry in Your Pocket.
Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Pidgeon was the son of Hannah (née Sanborn), a homemaker, and Caleb Burpee Pidgeon, a merchant who owned a men's clothing store. Pidgeon attended local schools, followed by the University of New Brunswick, where he studied law and drama. His university education was interrupted by World War I, and he enlisted in the 65th Battery, Royal Canadian Field Artillery. Pidgeon never saw combat, however, as he was severely injured in an accident. He was crushed between two gun carriages and spent 17 months in a military hospital. Following the war, he moved to Boston, where he worked as a bank runner, at the same time studying voice at the New England Conservatory of Music. He was a classically trained baritone.
wn.com/Walter_Pidgeon -
Walther Bothe
Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 in Oranienburg – 8 February 1957 in Heidelberg) was a German nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born.
In 1913, he joined the newly created Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Reich Physical and Technical Institute (PTR), where he remained until 1930, the latter few years as the director of the laboratory. He served in the military during World War I from 1914, and he was a prisoner of war of the Russians, returning to Germany in 1920. Upon his return to the laboratory, he developed and applied coincidence methods to the study of nuclear reactions, the Compton effect, cosmic rays, and the wave-particle duality of radiation, for which he would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954.
In 1930 he became a full professor and director of the physics department at the University of Giessen. In 1932, he became director of the Physical and Radiological Institute at the University of Heidelberg. He was driven out of this position by elements of the deutsche Physik movement. To preclude his emigration from Germany, he was appointed director of the Physics Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research (KWImF) in Heidelberg. There, he built the first operational cyclotron in Germany. Furthermore, he became a principal in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club, which was started in 1939 under the supervision of the Army Ordnance Office.
wn.com/Walther_Bothe -
Walther Nernst
Walther Hermann Nernst FRS (25 June 1864 – 18 November 1941) was a German physical chemist and physicist who is known for his theories behind the calculation of chemical affinity as embodied in the third law of thermodynamics, for which he won the 1920 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Nernst helped establish the modern field of physical chemistry and contributed to electrochemistry, thermodynamics, solid state chemistry and photochemistry. He is also known for developing the Nernst equation.
Nernst was born in Briesen in West Prussia (now Wąbrzeźno, Poland) as son of Gustav Nernst, who was a country judge. Gustav died when Walther was only 24 years old. His mother was Polish and died when Nernst was young. Walther also had three older sisters and one younger brother. The third sister died due to cholera. Nernst went to elementary school at Graudentz. He studied physics and mathematics at the universities of Zürich, Berlin, Graz and Würzburg, where he graduated in 1887.
It was said that Nernst was mechanically minded in that he was always thinking of ways to apply new discoveries to industry. Nernst's hobbies included the pastimes of hunting and fishing.
wn.com/Walther_Nernst -
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics.
Heisenberg, along with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, set forth the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics in 1925. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics for the creation of quantum mechanics, and its application especially to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.
Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which was soon thereafter renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958, when it was expanded and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics.
Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
wn.com/Werner_Heisenberg -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
Wilhelm Ostwald
Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (Latvian: Vilhelms Ostvalds; 2 September 1853 – 4 April 1932) was a Baltic German chemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1909 for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction velocities. Ostwald, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, and Svante Arrhenius are usually credited with being the modern founders of the field of physical chemistry.
Ostwald was born ethnically Baltic German in Riga, to master-cooper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald (1824–1903) and Elisabeth Leuckel (1824–1903). He was the middle of two brothers, Eugen (1851–1932) and Gottfried (1855–1918). Ostwald graduated from the University of Tartu, Estonia, in 1875, received his Ph.D. there in 1878 under the guidance of Carl Schmidt, and taught at Co-Arc from 1875 to 1881 and at Riga Polytechnicum from 1881 to 1887.
Wilhelm Ostwald is usually credited with inventing the Ostwald process (patent 1902), used in the manufacture of nitric acid, although the basic chemistry had been patented some 64 years earlier by Kuhlmann, when it was probably of only academic interest due to the lack of a significant source of ammonia. That may have still been the state of affairs in 1902, although things were due to change dramatically in the second half of the decade as a result of Haber and Bosch's work on their nitrogen fixing process (completed by 1911 or 1913). The date 1908 (six years after the patent) is often given for the invention of the Ostwald process, and it may be that these developments motivated him to do additional work to commercialize the process in that time-frame. Alternatively, six years might simply have been the bureaucratic interval between filing the patent and the time it was granted.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Ostwald -
Wilhelm Röntgen
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈʁœntɡən]; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Röntgen was born in a traditional Catholic family in Lennep, Germany as the only child of a merchant and manufacturer of cloth. His mother was Charlotte Constanze Frowein of Amsterdam. In March 1848, the family moved to Apeldoorn and Wilhelm was raised in the Netherlands. He received his early education at the boarding school, Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, in Apeldoorn. From 1861 to 1863, he attended the ambachtsschool in Utrecht. He was expelled for refusing to reveal the identity of a classmate guilty of drawing an unflattering portrait of one of the school's teachers. Not only was he expelled, he subsequently found that he could not gain admittance into any other Dutch or German gymnasium.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Röntgen -
Wilhelm Wien
Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (German pronunciation: [ˈviːn]; 13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature.
He also formulated an expression for the black-body radiation which is correct in the photon-gas limit. His arguments were based on the notion of adiabatic invariance, and were instrumental for the formulation of quantum mechanics. Wien received the 1911 Nobel Prize for his work on heat radiation.
Wien was born at Gaffken near Fischhausen (Rybaki), Province of Prussia (now Primorsk, Russia) as the son of landowner Carl Wien. In 1866, his family moved to Drachstein near Rastenburg (Rastembork).
In 1879, Wien went to school in Rastenburg and from 1880-1882 he attended the city school of Heidelberg. In 1882 he attended the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin. From 1883-85, he worked in the laboratory of Hermann von Helmholtz and, in 1886, he received his Ph.D. with a thesis on the diffraction of light upon metals and on the influence of various materials upon the color of refracted light. From 1896 to 1899, Wien lectured at the prestigious RWTH Aachen University. In 1900 he went to the University of Würzburg and became successor of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Wien -
Willard Boyle
Willard Sterling Boyle, CC (August 19, 1924 – May 7, 2011) was a Canadian physicist and co-inventor of the charge-coupled device. On October 6, 2009, it was announced that he would share the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor".
Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, he was the son of a medical doctor and moved to Quebec with his father and mother Beatrice when he was three. He was home schooled by his mother until age fourteen, when he attended Montreal's Lower Canada College to complete his secondary education. Boyle attended McGill University, but his education was interrupted in 1943, when he joined the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. He was loaned to the Britain's Royal Navy, where he was learning how to land Spitfires on aircraft carriers as the war ended. He gained a BSc (1947), MSc (1948) and PhD (1950) from McGill University.
After receiving his doctorate, Boyle spent one year at Canada's Radiation Lab and two years teaching physics at the Royal Military College of Canada. In 1953 Boyle joined Bell Labs where he invented the first continuously operating ruby laser with Don Nelson in 1962, and was named on the first patent for a semiconductor injection laser. He was made director of Space Science and Exploratory Studies at the Bell Labs subsidiary Bellcomm in 1962, providing support for the Apollo space program and helping to select lunar landing sites. He returned to Bell Labs in 1964, working on the development of integrated circuits.
wn.com/Willard_Boyle -
William Henry Bragg
Sir William Henry Bragg OM, KBE, PRS (2 July 1862 – 10 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman who uniquely shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics. The mineral Braggite is named after him and his son.
Bragg was born at Westward near Wigton, Cumberland, the son of Robert John Bragg, a merchant marine officer and farmer, and his wife Mary née Wood, a clergyman's daughter. When Bragg was seven years old, his mother died, and he was raised by his uncle, also named William Bragg, at Market Harborough, Leicestershire. He was educated at the Old Grammar School there, at King William's College on the Isle of Man, and having won an exhibition [scholarship], at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated in 1884 as third wrangler, and in 1885 was awarded a "first" in the mathematical tripos.
In 1885, (at the age of 23), Bragg was appointed Elder Professor of Mathematics and Experimental Physics at the University of Adelaide, and started work there early in 1886. Being a skilled mathematician, at that time he had limited knowledge of physics, most of which was in the form of applied mathematics he had learnt at Trinity. Also at that time, there were only about a hundred students doing full courses at Adelaide, of whom less than a handful belonged to the science school, whose deficient teaching facilities Bragg improved by apprenticing himself to a firm of instrument makers. Bragg was an able and popular lecturer; he encouraged the formation of the student union, and the attendance, free of charge, of science teachers at his lectures.
wn.com/William_Henry_Bragg -
William Ramsay
Sir William Ramsay KCB FRSE FRS (1852–1916) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" (along with Lord Rayleigh who received the Nobel Prize in Physics that same year for the discovery of argon).
Ramsay was born in Glasgow on 2 October 1852, the son of civil engineer William Ramsay and Catherine, née Robertson. He was a nephew of the geologist Sir Andrew Ramsay.
He attended the Glasgow Academy and then continued his education at the University of Glasgow under Thomas Anderson and then went to study in Germany at the University of Tübingen with Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig where his doctoral thesis was entitled Investigations in the Toluic and Nitrotoluic Acids.
Ramsay returned to Glasgow as Anderson's assistant at the Anderson College. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the University College of Bristol in 1879 and married Margaret Buchanan in 1881. In the same year he became the Principal of University College, Bristol, and somehow managed to combine that with active research both in organic chemistry and on gases.
wn.com/William_Ramsay -
William Shockley
William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. Along with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, Shockley co-invented the transistor, for which all three were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s led to California's "Silicon Valley" becoming a hotbed of electronics innovation. In his later life, Shockley was a professor at Stanford and became a staunch advocate of eugenics.
Shockley was born in London, England to American parents, and raised in his family's hometown of Palo Alto, California, from age three. His father, William senior, was a mining engineer who speculated in mines for a living, and spoke eight languages. His mother, Mary, grew up in the American West, graduated from Stanford University, and became the first female US Deputy mining surveyor.
He received his Bachelor of Science degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1932. While still a student, Shockley married Iowan Jean Bailey in August 1933. In March 1934 Jean had a baby girl, Alison; she also had a son, Richard (Dick) who also became a physicist. Shockley was awarded his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1936. The title of his doctoral thesis was Electronic Bands in Sodium Chloride, and was suggested by his thesis advisor, John C. Slater. After receiving his doctorate, he joined a research group headed by Clinton Davisson at Bell Labs in New Jersey. The next few years were productive ones for Shockley. He published a number of fundamental papers on solid state physics in Physical Review. In 1938, he got his first patent, "Electron Discharge Device" on electron multipliers.
wn.com/William_Shockley -
Willis Lamb
Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. (July 12, 1913 – May 15, 2008) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 together with Polykarp Kusch "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum". Lamb and Kusch were able to precisely determine certain electromagnetic properties of the electron (see Lamb shift). Lamb was a professor at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences.
Lamb was born in Los Angeles, California, United States and attended Los Angeles High School. First admitted in 1930, he received a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1934. For theoretical work on scattering of neutrons by a crystal, guided by J. Robert Oppenheimer, he received the Ph.D. in physics in 1938. Because of limited computational methods available at the time, this research narrowly missed revealing the Mössbauer Effect, 19 years before its recognition by Mössbauer. Lamb was the Wykeham Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford from 1956 to 1962, and also taught at Yale, Columbia, Stanford and the University of Arizona. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963.
wn.com/Willis_Lamb -
Wolfgang Ketterle
Wolfgang Ketterle (born 21 October 1957) is a German physicist and professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His research has focused on experiments that trap and cool atoms to temperatures close to absolute zero, and he led one of the first groups to realize Bose-Einstein condensation in these systems in 1995.[1] For this achievement, as well as early fundamental studies of condensates, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001, together with Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman.
Ketterle was born in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, and attended school in Eppelheim and Heidelberg. In 1976 he entered the University of Heidelberg, before transferring to the Technical University of Munich two years later, where he gained his master's diploma in 1982. In 1986 he earned a Ph.D in experimental molecular spectroscopy under the supervision of Herbert Walther and Hartmut Figger at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching, before conducting postdoctoral research at Garching and the University of Heidelberg. In 1990 he joined the group of David E. Pritchard at the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE). He was appointed to the MIT physics faculty in 1993. Since 1998 he has been John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics. In 2006, he was appointed Associate Director of RLE, and began serving as director of MIT's Center for Ultracold Atoms.
wn.com/Wolfgang_Ketterle -
Wolfgang Paul
Wolfgang Paul (August 10, 1913 – December 7, 1993) was a German physicist, who co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what we now call an ion trap. He shared one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work with Hans Georg Dehmelt; the other half of the Prize in that year was awarded to Norman Foster Ramsey.
Wolfgang Paul was born on 10 August 1913 in Lorenzkirch, Germany. He grew up in Munich where his father was professor for pharmaceutic chemistry. After the first few years at the Technical University of Munich he changed to the Technical University of Berlin in 1934 where he finished his Diploma in 1937 at the group of Hans Geiger. He followed his doctorate advisor Hans Kopfermann to the University of Kiel and after being drafted to the airforce he finished his PhD in 1940 at the Technical University of Berlin.
During World War II, he researched isotope separation, which is necessary to produce fissionable material for use in making nuclear weapons.
wn.com/Wolfgang_Paul -
Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after being nominated by Albert Einstein, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle," involving spin theory, underpinning the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry.
Pauli was born in Vienna to a chemist Wolfgang Joseph Pauli (né Wolf Pascheles, 1869–1955) and his wife Bertha Camilla Schütz. His middle name was given in honor of his godfather, physicist Ernst Mach. Pauli's paternal grandparents were from prominent Jewish families of Prague; his great-grandfather was the Czech-Jewish publisher Wolf Pascheles. His father converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism shortly before his marriage in 1899. His mother, Bertha Schütz, was raised in her mother's Roman Catholic religion; her father was Jewish writer Friedrich Schütz. Pauli was raised as a Roman Catholic, although eventually he and his parents left the Church.
wn.com/Wolfgang_Pauli -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I -
Yahoo Serious
Yahoo Serious (born 27 July 1953), born Greg Pead (name-change by deed poll in 1980), is an Australian film actor, director and score composer. He is best known for his 1988 comedy Young Einstein. He also created Reckless Kelly in 1993 and Mr. Accident in 2000. Serious writes, directs, produces, stars in, and has composed the scores for his movies.
Yahoo Serious was born in Cardiff, City of Lake Macquarie in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. He went to Glendale East Public School and Cardiff High School, then worked as a tyre fitter to pay for his tuition at the National Art School in Sydney. After being expelled, Serious co-wrote, co-produced, and directed his first film at age 21, a documentary called Coaltown which explored the social and political history of coal mining. The following year, his television series Lifestyle won the Australian Penguin Award for Best Educational Documentary.
In 1988, Serious co-wrote, produced, and directed Young Einstein, an intentionally inaccurate movie portraying Albert Einstein as a young farmer in Tasmania who discovers hop-skotch, rock music and surfing, romances Marie Curie, and derives the formula E=mc² while trying to discover a means of creating beer bubbles, splitting the lager atom in the process. The movie was an international hit, propelling Serious to stardom.
wn.com/Yahoo_Serious -
Yoichiro Nambu
Yoichiro Nambu (南部 陽一郎, Nambu Yōichirō?, born January 18, 1921) is a Japanese-born American physicist, currently a professor at the University of Chicago. Known for his contributions to the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded a one-half share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. The other half share was split equally between Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
Nambu was born in Tokyo, Japan, in 1921. After graduating from the then Fukui Secondary High School in Fukui City, he enrolled in the Tokyo Imperial University and studied physics. He received his B.S. in 1942 and D.Sc. in 1952. In 1949 he was appointed to associate professor at the Osaka City University and promoted to professorship the next year at the age of 29.
In 1952, he was invited by the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, to study. He moved to the University of Chicago in 1954 and was promoted to professor in 1958. From 1974 to 1977 he was also Chairman of the Department of Physics. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1970.
wn.com/Yoichiro_Nambu -
Zhores Alferov
Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (Russian: Жоре́с Ива́нович Алфёров, [ʐɐˈrʲɛs ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ɐlˈfʲorəf]; Belarusian: Жарэс Іва́навіч Алфёраў; born March 15, 1930) is a Soviet and Russian physicist and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. He is an inventor of the heterotransistor and the winner of 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is also a Russian politician and has been a member of the Russian State Parliament, the Duma, since 1995. Lately, he has become one of the most influential members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
Alferov was born in Vitebsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union to a Belarusian father and a Jewish mother. In 1952 he graduated from V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad. Since 1953 he has worked in the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From the Institute he earned several scientific degrees: a Candidate of Sciences in Technology in 1961 and a Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics in 1970. He has been director of the Institute since 1987. He was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1972, and a full member in 1979. From 1989 he has been Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and President of its Saint Petersburg Scientific Center. Since 1995 he is a member of the State Duma on the list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He received 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Herbert Kroemer, "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics".
wn.com/Zhores_Alferov -
Ève Curie
Ève Denise Curie Labouisse (December 6, 1904 – October 22, 2007) was a French writer, journalist and pianist. Ève Curie was the younger daughter of Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. Her sister was Irène Joliot-Curie and her brother-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Ève was the only member of her family who did not choose a career as a scientist and did not win a Nobel Prize, although her husband Henry Richardson Labouisse, Jr. did collect the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on behalf of UNICEF. She worked as a journalist and authored her mother's biography Madame Curie and a book of war reportage, Journey Among Warriors. From the 1960s she committed herself to work for UNICEF, providing help to children and mothers in developing countries.
Ève Denise Curie was born in Paris, France on December 6, 1904. She was the younger daughter of the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, who also had another daughter Irène (born 1897). Ève virtually did not know her father, who died in 1906 in an accident, run over by a horse cart. After this accident, Marie Curie and her daughters were supported for some time by their paternal grandfather Dr. Eugène Curie. When he died in 1910, Marie Curie was forced to bring up her daughters herself with the help of governesses. Even though Ève confessed later that as a child she had suffered from a lack of sufficient attention of her mother and that only later, in her teens, she developed a stronger emotional bond to her, Marie took great care for the education and development of interests of both her daughters. Whereas Irène followed in her mother's footsteps and became an eminent scientist (she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with her husband Frédéric Joliot-Curie in 1935), Ève showed more artistic and literary interests. Even as a child she displayed a particular talent for music.
wn.com/Ève_Curie -
Édouard Branly
Édouard Eugène Désiré Branly (23 October 1844 – 24 March 1940) was a French inventor, physicist and professor at the Institut Catholique de Paris. He is primarily known for his early involvement in wireless telegraphy and his invention of the Branly coherer around 1890.
The coherer was the first widely used detector for radio communication. Branly built upon the discoveries of Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti, who demonstrated in experiments in 1884 through 1886 that iron filings contained in an insulating tube will conduct an electrical current under the action of an electromagnetic wave. The operation of the coherer is based upon the large resistance offered to the passage of electric current by loose metal filings, which decreases under the influence of radio frequency alternating current. The coherer became the basis for radio reception, and remained in widespread use for about ten years, until about 1907. British radio pioneer Oliver Lodge made the coherer into a practical receiver by adding a "decoherer" which tapped the coherer after each reception to dislodge clumped filings, thus restoring the device's sensitivity. It was further developed by Guglielmo Marconi, then replaced about 1907 by crystal detectors.
wn.com/Édouard_Branly -
Óscar Moreno
Óscar Moreno (Porto, November 16, 1878 - Porto, May 26, 1971), was a Portuguese urologist, doctor, scientist and chemist.
Moreno was born in Porto, in the parish of Victoria, the son of Joseph Lawrence Russo, and Lucinda de Sousa Martins Ribeiro. His uncle (on his mother's side) was Dr. Rodrigo de Sousa Moreno, doctor of the medical school of Porto and administrator of the county of Gondomar.
Influenced by his uncle, he started his medical studies in the School of Medicine and Surgery of Porto. On completing the course of medicine in 1908 as a student of Roberto Frias, he attended the Medical School of Paris (Necker Hospital) as a student of Marie Curie. There he specialized in urology, completing his doctorate in medicine in the year of 1911. His thesis "About Kidney Functions" received the best classification.
Moreno was monitor of the Urinary service in the Medical School of Paris (Necker Hospital) from 1908 to 1911. He was also hired to be Professor of Urology at the School of Medicine of Porto, from 1917 to 1948, the first professor to occupy that position in the School of Medicine of Porto. He founded and directed the Department of Urology in the General Hospital of Santo António (1924), originally called the Department of Urology and Venerology.
wn.com/Óscar_Moreno
Marie Curie
Cast
- Jane Lapotaire
- Nigel Hawthorne
- James Berwick
- Richard Bebb
- Maurice Denham
- Hugh Dickson
- Denis Carey
- William Sleigh
- Sally Home
- Peter Birrel
- Robin Halstead
- Gerald Case
- Geoffrey Edwards
- Tim Meats
- Michael Poole
- Penelope Lee
- Clive Graham
- Marion Mathie
- Terry Bale
- Martin Howells
- Vernon Dobtcheff
- Nigel Lambert
- Adrienne Byrne
- Daphne Heard
- Ania Marson
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: (#1.1)
RAT:1.33 : 1...
-
Episode 2: (#1.2)
RAT:1.33 : 1...
-
Episode 3: (#1.3)
RAT:1.33 : 1...
-
Episode 4: (#1.4)
RAT:1.33 : 1...
-
Episode 5: (#1.5)
UK:13 September 1977...
Matching books:
Untersuchungen \xfcber die radioaktiven Substanzen
Famous quotes by Marie Curie:
"we must believe that we are gifted for something, and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be attained"
"Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas."
"All my life through, the new sights of Nature made me rejoice like a child."
"You cannot hope to build a better world without improving the individuals. To that end, each of us must work for our own improvement and, at the same time, share a general responsibility for all humanity, our particular duty being to aid those to who"
"I never see what has been done; I only see what remains to be done."
"I am among those who think that science has great beauty. A scientist in his laboratory is not only a technician: he is also a child placed before natural phenomena which impress him like a fairy tale."
"Life is not easy for any of us. But what of that? We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something, and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be attained."
"Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less."
"One never notices what has been done; one can only see what remains to be done."
"Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood."
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
TEDxEast - Lauren Redniss - Mistakes Have Been Made
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:24
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
May 9, 2011- Lauren shares her process both as a writer and and artist to create her works. Lauren also shares the unexpected benefits of trail and error throughout her journey as an artist.
http://wn.com/TEDxEast_Lauren_Redniss_Mistakes_Have_Been_Made
May 9, 2011- Lauren shares her process both as a writer and and artist to create her works. Lauren also shares the unexpected benefits of trail and error throughout her journey as an artist.
Marie Curie Actions: Chemical Party
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
directed by Roderick Fenske
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Actions_Chemical_Party
Marie Curie Google Doodle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Google honors Marie Curie with an impressionistic doodle. She was born 1867 as Maria Skodowska in Warsaw, Poland. 1891 (age 24) she went to Paris to study Physics and Chemistry. Marie Curie gets famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. 1903 she won the Noble Prize in Physics - she shared it with her husband Pierre Curie and with Henri Becquerel. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. 1911 Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes. The doodle shows Marie Curie working at a table. The Google logo looks like a radioactive trace. Marie Curie died on July 4th, 1934. She was born 144 years ago (November 7th, 1867). Happy Birthday, Marie Curie. Thumbs up if you like the doodle. Music: "Long Stroll" by the unbelievable Kevin MacLeod (www.incompetech.com). Donate if you like his music! More about the Marie Curie Google Doodle www.tagseoblog.de (german)
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Google_Doodle
Google honors Marie Curie with an impressionistic doodle. She was born 1867 as Maria Skodowska in Warsaw, Poland. 1891 (age 24) she went to Paris to study Physics and Chemistry. Marie Curie gets famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. 1903 she won the Noble Prize in Physics - she shared it with her husband Pierre Curie and with Henri Becquerel. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. 1911 Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes. The doodle shows Marie Curie working at a table. The Google logo looks like a radioactive trace. Marie Curie died on July 4th, 1934. She was born 144 years ago (November 7th, 1867). Happy Birthday, Marie Curie. Thumbs up if you like the doodle. Music: "Long Stroll" by the unbelievable Kevin MacLeod (www.incompetech.com). Donate if you like his music! More about the Marie Curie Google Doodle www.tagseoblog.de (german)
- published: 06 Nov 2011
- views: 32448
- author: tagSeoBlog
Guinness World Record Midsummer Skinnydip 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
A new Guinness world record raising money and awareness for Marie Curie Cancer Care, nearly 400 skinnydippers take to the sea in Rhossili Beach in the Gower, Wales at 8:30am. A great story of like minded people getting together for a good cause. Filmed by Brightworks Media Ltd. Thanks to the Moon Loungers for their fantastic cover of 'Higher and Higher' by Jackie Wilson. Visit www.themoonloungers.com for some more great covers.
http://wn.com/Guinness_World_Record_Midsummer_Skinnydip_2011
A new Guinness world record raising money and awareness for Marie Curie Cancer Care, nearly 400 skinnydippers take to the sea in Rhossili Beach in the Gower, Wales at 8:30am. A great story of like minded people getting together for a good cause. Filmed by Brightworks Media Ltd. Thanks to the Moon Loungers for their fantastic cover of 'Higher and Higher' by Jackie Wilson. Visit www.themoonloungers.com for some more great covers.
- published: 21 Jun 2011
- views: 523657
- author: BrightworksMediaLtd
Marie Curie Fellowship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:06
- Updated: 01 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Fellowship
'Falling Slowly' Darius Campbell at the Marie Curie Charity Event
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 26 May 2012
Darius Campbell sang 'Falling Slowly' from the film 'Once' at Covent Garden for the Marie Curie cancer cgarity.
http://wn.com/'Falling_Slowly'_Darius_Campbell_at_the_Marie_Curie_Charity_Event
Darius Campbell sang 'Falling Slowly' from the film 'Once' at Covent Garden for the Marie Curie cancer cgarity.
- published: 15 Mar 2010
- views: 1210
- author: meghamtoo
Periodic Dinner Table w/ DJ Marie Curie-Us
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Watch our whole 2nd episode at fridaynitebytes.com - 11 brand new sketches! Yes we know the half-life of Radium is 1600 years and that a mole is NOT raised to a negative power. (And we admire anyone who noticed.) Writer - Drew Director - Seth Camera - Eon Production - Phil and Matt Music - Charlie Starring - Alisha, Chris, Annie, Quatman, Paige, Craig, Timmy, JP, and Russ Additional Music - Russ Production Audio - Russ Costumes - Ali and Phil Props - Beejay and Phil Makeup - Adela Editor - John Graphics - Jason D., John, and Phil Color - John Post Audio - Russ Producers - Phil and Nora Thanks to DJ Joe and Ryan Wolff!
http://wn.com/Periodic_Dinner_Table_w_DJ_Marie_Curie-Us
Watch our whole 2nd episode at fridaynitebytes.com - 11 brand new sketches! Yes we know the half-life of Radium is 1600 years and that a mole is NOT raised to a negative power. (And we admire anyone who noticed.) Writer - Drew Director - Seth Camera - Eon Production - Phil and Matt Music - Charlie Starring - Alisha, Chris, Annie, Quatman, Paige, Craig, Timmy, JP, and Russ Additional Music - Russ Production Audio - Russ Costumes - Ali and Phil Props - Beejay and Phil Makeup - Adela Editor - John Graphics - Jason D., John, and Phil Color - John Post Audio - Russ Producers - Phil and Nora Thanks to DJ Joe and Ryan Wolff!
- published: 16 Sep 2012
- views: 25605
- author: fridaynitebYtes
2012 Marie Curie Cancer Care Etape Pennines
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
This is the official highlights video from the 2012 Marie Curie Cancer Care Etape Pennines. Around 2000 riders took to the breathtaking Pennine hills surrounding County Durham in a bid to tackle what has been described as the UK's toughest sportive.
http://wn.com/2012_Marie_Curie_Cancer_Care_Etape_Pennines
This is the official highlights video from the 2012 Marie Curie Cancer Care Etape Pennines. Around 2000 riders took to the breathtaking Pennine hills surrounding County Durham in a bid to tackle what has been described as the UK's toughest sportive.
- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 2928
- author: EtapeSeriesUK
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Marie Curie (biografia - parte 1/2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie Curie:
- gli studi sulla radioattività e sui raggi X;
- la scoperta del Radio, effettuata insieme al marito Pierre, e del Polonio;
- il Premio Nobel;
- i Congressi Solvay;
- la creazione della prima unità radiologica mobile durante la prima guerra mondiale;
- la realizzazione dell'Istituto del Radio presso l'Università di Parigi.
Nell'Istituto del Radio la figlia di Marie, Irene, insieme al marito Frederic Joliot, fece la sensazionale scoperta della radioattività artificiale e la trasformazione di un elemento in un altro mediante bombardamento con particelle alfa.
(PARTE 1).
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_biografia_parte_1_2
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie Curie:
- gli studi sulla radioattività e sui raggi X;
- la scoperta del Radio, effettuata insieme al marito Pierre, e del Polonio;
- il Premio Nobel;
- i Congressi Solvay;
- la creazione della prima unità radiologica mobile durante la prima guerra mondiale;
- la realizzazione dell'Istituto del Radio presso l'Università di Parigi.
Nell'Istituto del Radio la figlia di Marie, Irene, insieme al marito Frederic Joliot, fece la sensazionale scoperta della radioattività artificiale e la trasformazione di un elemento in un altro mediante bombardamento con particelle alfa.
(PARTE 1).
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 30215
- author: Etienne Jansen
Marie Curie (biografia - parte 2/2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie Curie:
- gli studi sulla radioattività e sui raggi X;
- la scoperta del Radio, effettuata insieme al marito Pierre, e del Polonio;
- il Premio Nobel;
- i Congressi Solvay;
- la creazione della prima unità radiologica mobile durante la prima guerra mondiale;
- la realizzazione dell'Istituto del Radio presso l'Università di Parigi.
Nell'Istituto del Radio la figlia di Marie, Irene, insieme al marito Frederic Joliot, fece la sensazionale scoperta della radioattività artificiale e la trasformazione di un elemento in un altro mediante bombardamento con particelle alfa.
(PARTE 2).
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_biografia_parte_2_2
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie Curie:
- gli studi sulla radioattività e sui raggi X;
- la scoperta del Radio, effettuata insieme al marito Pierre, e del Polonio;
- il Premio Nobel;
- i Congressi Solvay;
- la creazione della prima unità radiologica mobile durante la prima guerra mondiale;
- la realizzazione dell'Istituto del Radio presso l'Università di Parigi.
Nell'Istituto del Radio la figlia di Marie, Irene, insieme al marito Frederic Joliot, fece la sensazionale scoperta della radioattività artificiale e la trasformazione di un elemento in un altro mediante bombardamento con particelle alfa.
(PARTE 2).
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 8053
- author: Etienne Jansen
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 and Radioactivity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 and Radioactivity
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_1867_1934_and_Radioactivity
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 and Radioactivity
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 36484
- author: Etienne Jansen
Creative Quotations from Marie Curie for Nov 7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Marie Curie (1867-1934); born on Nov 7. Polish-French chemist; She was renown for her work on radioactivity and discovering polonium and radium; two time winner of the Nobel Prize.
http://wn.com/Creative_Quotations_from_Marie_Curie_for_Nov_7
A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Marie Curie (1867-1934); born on Nov 7. Polish-French chemist; She was renown for her work on radioactivity and discovering polonium and radium; two time winner of the Nobel Prize.
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 13257
- author: Etienne Jansen
Marie Curie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
movie outlining contributions of Marie Curie to atomic theory
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie
movie outlining contributions of Marie Curie to atomic theory
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 2156
- author: Etienne Jansen
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 1 de 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
http://wn.com/DC1867_Marie_Curie_PARTE_1_de_4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 3587
- author: geluentur
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 2 de 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
http://wn.com/DC1867_Marie_Curie_PARTE_2_de_4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 1607
- author: geluentur
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 3 de 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
http://wn.com/DC1867_Marie_Curie_PARTE_3_de_4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 732
- author: geluentur
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 4 de 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
http://wn.com/DC1867_Marie_Curie_PARTE_4_de_4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 708
- author: geluentur
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Marie Curie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Documentary by freshman Paulina Campbell - won 1st place in the 2009 National History Day District contest (Senior Division) held at UNC-Charlotte.
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie
Documentary by freshman Paulina Campbell - won 1st place in the 2009 National History Day District contest (Senior Division) held at UNC-Charlotte.
- published: 15 Apr 2009
- views: 106177
- author: woodlawnschool
Marie Curie Biography Short
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:50
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Marie Curie (7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934) was a French-Polish physicist and chemist, famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. Activity Book- docs.google.com
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Biography_Short
Marie Curie (7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934) was a French-Polish physicist and chemist, famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. Activity Book- docs.google.com
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 5881
- author: JabbaDoyle
Marie Curie: Great Minds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Hank tells us the story of his favorite genius lady scientist and radioactive superhero, Marie Curie. Like SciShow on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow SciShow on Twitter: www.twitter.com This episode was written by Jesslyn Shields. The video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the REFERENCES for this video in the Google document here: dft.ba The video also contains music by Kevin MacLeod from incompetech.com. The SciShow theme was composed by Tom Milsom. tags: marie curie, marie sklodowska, scishow, science, physics, chemistry, education, great minds, radioactivity, radioactive, radiation, nobel prize, superhero, warsaw, poland, university, pierre curie, france, uranium, becquerel, electricity, polonium, radium, atom, toxic, cancer, sorbonne, leukemia, pantheon
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Great_Minds
Hank tells us the story of his favorite genius lady scientist and radioactive superhero, Marie Curie. Like SciShow on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow SciShow on Twitter: www.twitter.com This episode was written by Jesslyn Shields. The video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the REFERENCES for this video in the Google document here: dft.ba The video also contains music by Kevin MacLeod from incompetech.com. The SciShow theme was composed by Tom Milsom. tags: marie curie, marie sklodowska, scishow, science, physics, chemistry, education, great minds, radioactivity, radioactive, radiation, nobel prize, superhero, warsaw, poland, university, pierre curie, france, uranium, becquerel, electricity, polonium, radium, atom, toxic, cancer, sorbonne, leukemia, pantheon
- published: 08 Apr 2012
- views: 137572
- author: scishow
The Runaways Premiere with Eric Blair
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
featured interviews with Scout Taylor-Compton,Stella Maeve,Hannah Marks,Rodney Bingenheimer, Kim Fowley, Nancey Wilson of Heart ,Marie Currie and makeup department head Robin Mathews ....
http://wn.com/The_Runaways_Premiere_with_Eric_Blair
featured interviews with Scout Taylor-Compton,Stella Maeve,Hannah Marks,Rodney Bingenheimer, Kim Fowley, Nancey Wilson of Heart ,Marie Currie and makeup department head Robin Mathews ....
- published: 18 Mar 2010
- views: 2731
- author: blairingoutshow
Marie Curie's Radium - Part 1 of 3 - The Six Experiments that Changed the World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
A great video about the life of Marie Curie and the discovery of Radium. All rights reserved to Channel 4. This video has been uploaded for educational purposes only.
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie's_Radium_Part_1_of_3_The_Six_Experiments_that_Changed_the_World
A great video about the life of Marie Curie and the discovery of Radium. All rights reserved to Channel 4. This video has been uploaded for educational purposes only.
- published: 10 Oct 2009
- views: 21252
- author: Capra Physics
Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD The Animated Hero Classic Series on DVD consists of 20 inspiring and educational stories of heroic men and women, with the emphasis placed on their accomplishments in world history and social sciences. The series focuses on the role in which they contributed to developing social, economic and political structures as well as in establishing and spreading ideas that helped to transform the world forever. Learn about the life of Marie Curie! At an early age, Madame Curie was taught the importance of education. As an adult she became an amazing heroine of science. Her devotion to her work, despite poverty and sickness, gave the world the theory of radioactivity, the discovery of plutonium, and the isolation of radium. Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD www.nestlearning.com 20 Animated Hero Classics Biography DVD Collection: www.nestlearning.com
http://wn.com/Animated_Hero_Classics_Marie_Curie_on_DVD
Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD The Animated Hero Classic Series on DVD consists of 20 inspiring and educational stories of heroic men and women, with the emphasis placed on their accomplishments in world history and social sciences. The series focuses on the role in which they contributed to developing social, economic and political structures as well as in establishing and spreading ideas that helped to transform the world forever. Learn about the life of Marie Curie! At an early age, Madame Curie was taught the importance of education. As an adult she became an amazing heroine of science. Her devotion to her work, despite poverty and sickness, gave the world the theory of radioactivity, the discovery of plutonium, and the isolation of radium. Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD www.nestlearning.com 20 Animated Hero Classics Biography DVD Collection: www.nestlearning.com
- published: 09 Aug 2010
- views: 43727
- author: NestLearning
Since You've Been Gone - Cherie and Marie Currie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Since You've Been Gone performed by sisters Cherie and Marie Currie
http://wn.com/Since_You've_Been_Gone_Cherie_and_Marie_Currie
Since You've Been Gone performed by sisters Cherie and Marie Currie
- published: 17 Oct 2008
- views: 82334
- author: kpdave
Manya - A Living History of Marie Curie.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:53
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
This one-woman drama exposes the struggles and triumphs of Madame Marie Curie (née Maria Skłodowska) — an academically impassioned, vehemently private, fervently Polish scientist, mother, and teacher. From the political oppression of her childhood, to scientific emergence and fame to the tragedy that forced her into single motherhood as well as further world prominence, this is a life that challenges our assumptions about what one person can achieve and the responsibilities of science.
http://wn.com/Manya_A_Living_History_of_Marie_Curiemov
This one-woman drama exposes the struggles and triumphs of Madame Marie Curie (née Maria Skłodowska) — an academically impassioned, vehemently private, fervently Polish scientist, mother, and teacher. From the political oppression of her childhood, to scientific emergence and fame to the tragedy that forced her into single motherhood as well as further world prominence, this is a life that challenges our assumptions about what one person can achieve and the responsibilities of science.
- published: 17 Feb 2011
- views: 2348
- author: CurieLivingHistory
Cherie & Marie Currie - Messin' with the Boys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Cherie & Marie on the Sh*-N*-N* show, circa 1980.
http://wn.com/Cherie_Marie_Currie_Messin'_with_the_Boys
Cherie & Marie on the Sh*-N*-N* show, circa 1980.
- published: 19 Jun 2007
- views: 92856
- author: CherieO
Marie Curie Biography
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: www.cloudbiography.com
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Biography
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: www.cloudbiography.com
- published: 25 May 2012
- views: 1218
- author: TheCloudBiography
Marie Curie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
The official trailer of "Marie Curie: Rogue Scientist," an inspirational, award-winning one-woman play based upon the life and achievements of Madame Marie Curie, pioneer of radioactivity research, the discoverer of radium and polonium, and the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Despite cultural, sociopolitical and misogynistic oppression, she became one of history's most influential women. Starring Rebecca Lynn Morales as Madame Marie Curie. Written and directed by GS Morales. Information & Tickets www.mariecurieplay.com Rebecca Lynn Morales http GS Morales www.facebook.com www.latheatercritic.com (c) 2012 Twin Pierrot Productions.
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie
The official trailer of "Marie Curie: Rogue Scientist," an inspirational, award-winning one-woman play based upon the life and achievements of Madame Marie Curie, pioneer of radioactivity research, the discoverer of radium and polonium, and the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Despite cultural, sociopolitical and misogynistic oppression, she became one of history's most influential women. Starring Rebecca Lynn Morales as Madame Marie Curie. Written and directed by GS Morales. Information & Tickets www.mariecurieplay.com Rebecca Lynn Morales http GS Morales www.facebook.com www.latheatercritic.com (c) 2012 Twin Pierrot Productions.
- published: 09 Jan 2012
- views: 33526
- author: mariecurieplay
Marie Curie Truck Fest - Hugo Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
www.irvinestowntruckfestival.co.uk
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Truck_Fest_Hugo_Interview
Marie Curie Truck Fest - Sheena Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
www.irvinestowntruckfestival.co.uk
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Truck_Fest_Sheena_Interview
Marie Curie - Un portrait
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
La Cinquième, CNDP, 1996 / www.lesite.tv/videotheque/0428.0010.00-marie-curie-un-portrait / Remise à Marie Curie d'un diplôme honorifique aux Etats-Unis. (36 s) / Rétrospective de sa vie consacrée à sa famille et à la science.(1 min 47 s)/ Travaux de recherche avec Pierre Curie et découverte du polonium puis du radium. (2 min 03 s) / Le couple reçoit le prix Nobel de physique pour cette dernière découverte. ( 29 s)/ Marie Curie, devenue veuve, continue ses recherches et obtient le prix Nobel de chimie. (41 s)/ Responsable de l'Institut du radium, Marie Curie tente de rassembler des financements qu'elle trouvera finalement aux Etats-Unis.(1 min 45 s)/ Décès de Marie Curie.(49 s)
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_Un_portrait
La Cinquième, CNDP, 1996 / www.lesite.tv/videotheque/0428.0010.00-marie-curie-un-portrait / Remise à Marie Curie d'un diplôme honorifique aux Etats-Unis. (36 s) / Rétrospective de sa vie consacrée à sa famille et à la science.(1 min 47 s)/ Travaux de recherche avec Pierre Curie et découverte du polonium puis du radium. (2 min 03 s) / Le couple reçoit le prix Nobel de physique pour cette dernière découverte. ( 29 s)/ Marie Curie, devenue veuve, continue ses recherches et obtient le prix Nobel de chimie. (41 s)/ Responsable de l'Institut du radium, Marie Curie tente de rassembler des financements qu'elle trouvera finalement aux Etats-Unis.(1 min 45 s)/ Décès de Marie Curie.(49 s)
- published: 03 May 2011
- views: 15410
- author: eTwinningFrancophone
Marie Curie's Radium - Part 2 of 3 - The Six Experiments that Changed the World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Part 2 of Marie Curies's Radium Video
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie's_Radium_Part_2_of_3_The_Six_Experiments_that_Changed_the_World
Marie Curie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
this was a project for Social Studies big end of the year project my mom is the voice of Marie Curie =) the song in the back round is La Marseillaise the French National anthem hope u like :)
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie
this was a project for Social Studies big end of the year project my mom is the voice of Marie Curie =) the song in the back round is La Marseillaise the French National anthem hope u like :)
- published: 03 Jun 2009
- views: 13850
- author: doggydog6165
Cherie & Marie Currie - Since You've been gone '80
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
TV Live
http://wn.com/Cherie_Marie_Currie_Since_You've_been_gone_'80
Marie Curie "La chimie de l'impondérable"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:54
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
La découverte du polonium par Marie Curie1911 Marie Curie reçoit le Prix Nobel de chimie pour la découverte du polonium et du radium .En suivant la démarche de Pierre et Marie Curie et en utilisant l'électromètre mis au point par Pierre Curie, deux étudiants vont purifier et tenter d'isoler une « nouvelle substance » dont seules les propriétés radioactives permettent de l'identifier. Pour cela, ils vont tenter d'extraire le polonium d'un prélèvement d'1 gramme de pechblende qui contient 60% d'oxyde d'uranium
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie_La_chimie_de_l'impondérable
La découverte du polonium par Marie Curie1911 Marie Curie reçoit le Prix Nobel de chimie pour la découverte du polonium et du radium .En suivant la démarche de Pierre et Marie Curie et en utilisant l'électromètre mis au point par Pierre Curie, deux étudiants vont purifier et tenter d'isoler une « nouvelle substance » dont seules les propriétés radioactives permettent de l'identifier. Pour cela, ils vont tenter d'extraire le polonium d'un prélèvement d'1 gramme de pechblende qui contient 60% d'oxyde d'uranium
- published: 16 Mar 2012
- views: 2060
- author: CEADSMCOM
Biografia di Marie Curie - I grandi della scienza del novecento
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:07
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Marie Curie (7/11/1867 - 4/7/1934) Chimica e fisica polacca. Nel 1903 fu insignita del premio Nobel per la fisica (assieme al marito Pierre Curie ea Antoine Henri Becquerel) e, nel 1911, del premio Nobel per la chimica per i suoi lavori sul radio. Maria Sklodowska, conosciuta anche come Marie Curie, nacque a Varsavia (Polonia) il 7 novembre 1867. Figlia di un insegnante di scuola superiore, iniziò gli studi con il padre proseguendoli a Varsavia ed infine all'Università della Sorbona di Parigi, conseguendo le lauree in chimica e in fisica. A Parigi conobbe Pierre Curie, scienziato già noto ed insegnante alla Sorbona, e lo sposò nel 1895. Nel 1897 nacque la prima figlia Irène, e nel dicembre del 1904 la seconda, Eve. I coniugi Curie, lavorando insieme, scoprirono nei sali di torio proprietà radioattive simili a quelle che poco prima aveva scoperto H. Becquerel nei sali di uranio. Dopo anni di studi arrivarono ad isolare due nuovi elementi radioattivi: il polonio, così chiamato in onore delle origini di Marie, e il radio. Marito e moglie non brevettarono il metodo di estrazione: volevano che tutti potessero produrre liberamente il radio per il bene dell'umanità poichè si era scoperto che il nuovo elemento era in grado di combattere il cancro. Insieme al marito Pierre Curie ed a Antoine Henri Becquerel, Maria Sklodowska-Curie ricevette - prima donna della storia - il premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1903. Otto anni dopo, nel 1911, fu insignita di un altro premio Nobel, questa ...
http://wn.com/Biografia_di_Marie_Curie_I_grandi_della_scienza_del_novecento
Marie Curie (7/11/1867 - 4/7/1934) Chimica e fisica polacca. Nel 1903 fu insignita del premio Nobel per la fisica (assieme al marito Pierre Curie ea Antoine Henri Becquerel) e, nel 1911, del premio Nobel per la chimica per i suoi lavori sul radio. Maria Sklodowska, conosciuta anche come Marie Curie, nacque a Varsavia (Polonia) il 7 novembre 1867. Figlia di un insegnante di scuola superiore, iniziò gli studi con il padre proseguendoli a Varsavia ed infine all'Università della Sorbona di Parigi, conseguendo le lauree in chimica e in fisica. A Parigi conobbe Pierre Curie, scienziato già noto ed insegnante alla Sorbona, e lo sposò nel 1895. Nel 1897 nacque la prima figlia Irène, e nel dicembre del 1904 la seconda, Eve. I coniugi Curie, lavorando insieme, scoprirono nei sali di torio proprietà radioattive simili a quelle che poco prima aveva scoperto H. Becquerel nei sali di uranio. Dopo anni di studi arrivarono ad isolare due nuovi elementi radioattivi: il polonio, così chiamato in onore delle origini di Marie, e il radio. Marito e moglie non brevettarono il metodo di estrazione: volevano che tutti potessero produrre liberamente il radio per il bene dell'umanità poichè si era scoperto che il nuovo elemento era in grado di combattere il cancro. Insieme al marito Pierre Curie ed a Antoine Henri Becquerel, Maria Sklodowska-Curie ricevette - prima donna della storia - il premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1903. Otto anni dopo, nel 1911, fu insignita di un altro premio Nobel, questa ...
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 2027
- author: liberascienza2010
Henri Becquerel + Marie Curie - Forschung zur Radioaktivität
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:25
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Ein Beitrag aus "Planet Wissen" SWR. Henri Becquerel - Uran Marie Curie - Radium Polonium 1902 Pierre Curie
http://wn.com/Henri_Becquerel_+_Marie_Curie_Forschung_zur_Radioaktivität
Ein Beitrag aus "Planet Wissen" SWR. Henri Becquerel - Uran Marie Curie - Radium Polonium 1902 Pierre Curie
- published: 27 Mar 2010
- views: 16822
- author: InfoVideoWelt
Cherry Bomb" - Cherie & Marie Currie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Currie sisters version of Runaways song
http://wn.com/Cherry_Bomb_Cherie_Marie_Currie
Tribute to Marie Curie and science
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Marie Curie's achievements include the creation of a theory of radioactivity (a term coined by her), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium. It was also under her personal direction that the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms ("cancers"), using radioactive isotopes. www.crystalinks.com
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_Marie_Curie_and_science
Marie Curie's achievements include the creation of a theory of radioactivity (a term coined by her), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two new elements, polonium and radium. It was also under her personal direction that the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms ("cancers"), using radioactive isotopes. www.crystalinks.com
- published: 13 Dec 2011
- views: 1751
- author: SybylFlight
MARIE CURIE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 07 May 2012
She was born 1867 as Maria Skodowska in Warsaw, Poland. 1891 (age 24) she went to Paris to study Physics and Chemestry. Marie Curie gets famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. 1903 she won the Noble Prize in Physics - she shared it with her husband Pierre Curie and with Henri Becquerel. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. 1911 Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes.
http://wn.com/MARIE_CURIE
She was born 1867 as Maria Skodowska in Warsaw, Poland. 1891 (age 24) she went to Paris to study Physics and Chemestry. Marie Curie gets famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. 1903 she won the Noble Prize in Physics - she shared it with her husband Pierre Curie and with Henri Becquerel. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. 1911 Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes.
- published: 07 Nov 2011
- views: 3724
- author: training4u1
9:15
Marie Curie (biografia - parte 1/2)
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie C...
published: 07 Aug 2010
author: Etienne Jansen
Marie Curie (biografia - parte 1/2)
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie Curie:
- gli studi sulla radioattività e sui raggi X;
- la scoperta del Radio, effettuata insieme al marito Pierre, e del Polonio;
- il Premio Nobel;
- i Congressi Solvay;
- la creazione della prima unità radiologica mobile durante la prima guerra mondiale;
- la realizzazione dell'Istituto del Radio presso l'Università di Parigi.
Nell'Istituto del Radio la figlia di Marie, Irene, insieme al marito Frederic Joliot, fece la sensazionale scoperta della radioattività artificiale e la trasformazione di un elemento in un altro mediante bombardamento con particelle alfa.
(PARTE 1).
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 30215
- author: Etienne Jansen
5:01
Marie Curie (biografia - parte 2/2)
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie Cu...
published: 07 Aug 2010
author: Etienne Jansen
Marie Curie (biografia - parte 2/2)
Tratto da "Explora Science Now"; RAI Educational 2009.
Interessante biografia di Marie Curie:
- gli studi sulla radioattività e sui raggi X;
- la scoperta del Radio, effettuata insieme al marito Pierre, e del Polonio;
- il Premio Nobel;
- i Congressi Solvay;
- la creazione della prima unità radiologica mobile durante la prima guerra mondiale;
- la realizzazione dell'Istituto del Radio presso l'Università di Parigi.
Nell'Istituto del Radio la figlia di Marie, Irene, insieme al marito Frederic Joliot, fece la sensazionale scoperta della radioattività artificiale e la trasformazione di un elemento in un altro mediante bombardamento con particelle alfa.
(PARTE 2).
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 8053
- author: Etienne Jansen
0:13
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 and Radioactivity
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 and Radioactivity...
published: 07 Aug 2010
author: Etienne Jansen
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 and Radioactivity
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 and Radioactivity
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 36484
- author: Etienne Jansen
1:28
Creative Quotations from Marie Curie for Nov 7
A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Marie Curie (1867-1934); born o...
published: 07 Aug 2010
author: Etienne Jansen
Creative Quotations from Marie Curie for Nov 7
A thought provoking collection of Creative Quotations from Marie Curie (1867-1934); born on Nov 7. Polish-French chemist; She was renown for her work on radioactivity and discovering polonium and radium; two time winner of the Nobel Prize.
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 13257
- author: Etienne Jansen
4:50
Marie Curie
movie outlining contributions of Marie Curie to atomic theory...
published: 07 Aug 2010
author: Etienne Jansen
Marie Curie
movie outlining contributions of Marie Curie to atomic theory
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 2156
- author: Etienne Jansen
Vimeo results:
3:20
Highlands to Himalayas: Training for Everest
In February 2010, Trunk followed 23 year old Stephen Green's training preparations in the ...
published: 25 Feb 2010
author: Trunk Films
Highlands to Himalayas: Training for Everest
In February 2010, Trunk followed 23 year old Stephen Green's training preparations in the Cairngorms National Park, for an attempted summit of Mount Everest in May of that year.
In the process he aimed to raise over £30k for Cancer Research and Marie Curie.
In May 2011, after 2 failed attempts, Stephen finally achieved his goal. For more information on his ascent , go to his blog stephengreen.net
Music by Tired Eyes ft. Cali P.. myspace.com/hmobproductions
1:00
Marie Curie
A preview of one of our great NowYouKnowAbout Scientists films!...
published: 02 Nov 2009
author: NowYouKnowAbout
Marie Curie
A preview of one of our great NowYouKnowAbout Scientists films!
6:02
Marie Curie
Voleu conèixer la vida i obra de Marie Curie? Els nois i noies de l'Escola Baró de Viver u...
published: 08 Jun 2012
author: Tomasson
Marie Curie
Voleu conèixer la vida i obra de Marie Curie? Els nois i noies de l'Escola Baró de Viver us l'explican en el següent vídeo.
7:53
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 1 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noch...
published: 29 Jun 2010
author: geluentur
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 1 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 3587
- author: geluentur
9:57
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 2 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noch...
published: 29 Jun 2010
author: geluentur
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 2 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 1607
- author: geluentur
9:30
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 3 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noch...
published: 29 Jun 2010
author: geluentur
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 3 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 732
- author: geluentur
4:52
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 4 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noch...
published: 29 Jun 2010
author: geluentur
DC1867 Marie Curie PARTE 4 de 4
pasajes de la historia de Juan Antonio Cebrian para la rosa de los vientos y turno de noche en ONDA CERO
- published: 29 Jun 2010
- views: 708
- author: geluentur
Vimeo results:
3:20
Highlands to Himalayas: Training for Everest
In February 2010, Trunk followed 23 year old Stephen Green's training preparations in the ...
published: 25 Feb 2010
author: Trunk Films
Highlands to Himalayas: Training for Everest
In February 2010, Trunk followed 23 year old Stephen Green's training preparations in the Cairngorms National Park, for an attempted summit of Mount Everest in May of that year.
In the process he aimed to raise over £30k for Cancer Research and Marie Curie.
In May 2011, after 2 failed attempts, Stephen finally achieved his goal. For more information on his ascent , go to his blog stephengreen.net
Music by Tired Eyes ft. Cali P.. myspace.com/hmobproductions
1:00
Marie Curie
A preview of one of our great NowYouKnowAbout Scientists films!...
published: 02 Nov 2009
author: NowYouKnowAbout
Marie Curie
A preview of one of our great NowYouKnowAbout Scientists films!
6:02
Marie Curie
Voleu conèixer la vida i obra de Marie Curie? Els nois i noies de l'Escola Baró de Viver u...
published: 08 Jun 2012
author: Tomasson
Marie Curie
Voleu conèixer la vida i obra de Marie Curie? Els nois i noies de l'Escola Baró de Viver us l'explican en el següent vídeo.
10:01
Marie Curie
Documentary by freshman Paulina Campbell - won 1st place in the 2009 National History Day ...
published: 15 Apr 2009
author: woodlawnschool
Marie Curie
Documentary by freshman Paulina Campbell - won 1st place in the 2009 National History Day District contest (Senior Division) held at UNC-Charlotte.
- published: 15 Apr 2009
- views: 106177
- author: woodlawnschool
25:50
Marie Curie Biography Short
Marie Curie (7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934) was a French-Polish physicist and chemist, fa...
published: 12 Aug 2012
author: JabbaDoyle
Marie Curie Biography Short
Marie Curie (7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934) was a French-Polish physicist and chemist, famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes—in physics and chemistry. Activity Book- docs.google.com
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 5881
- author: JabbaDoyle
9:43
Marie Curie: Great Minds
Hank tells us the story of his favorite genius lady scientist and radioactive superhero, M...
published: 08 Apr 2012
author: scishow
Marie Curie: Great Minds
Hank tells us the story of his favorite genius lady scientist and radioactive superhero, Marie Curie. Like SciShow on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow SciShow on Twitter: www.twitter.com This episode was written by Jesslyn Shields. The video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the REFERENCES for this video in the Google document here: dft.ba The video also contains music by Kevin MacLeod from incompetech.com. The SciShow theme was composed by Tom Milsom. tags: marie curie, marie sklodowska, scishow, science, physics, chemistry, education, great minds, radioactivity, radioactive, radiation, nobel prize, superhero, warsaw, poland, university, pierre curie, france, uranium, becquerel, electricity, polonium, radium, atom, toxic, cancer, sorbonne, leukemia, pantheon
- published: 08 Apr 2012
- views: 137572
- author: scishow
10:58
The Runaways Premiere with Eric Blair
featured interviews with Scout Taylor-Compton,Stella Maeve,Hannah Marks,Rodney Bingenheime...
published: 18 Mar 2010
author: blairingoutshow
The Runaways Premiere with Eric Blair
featured interviews with Scout Taylor-Compton,Stella Maeve,Hannah Marks,Rodney Bingenheimer, Kim Fowley, Nancey Wilson of Heart ,Marie Currie and makeup department head Robin Mathews ....
- published: 18 Mar 2010
- views: 2731
- author: blairingoutshow
8:00
Marie Curie's Radium - Part 1 of 3 - The Six Experiments that Changed the World
A great video about the life of Marie Curie and the discovery of Radium. All rights reserv...
published: 10 Oct 2009
author: Capra Physics
Marie Curie's Radium - Part 1 of 3 - The Six Experiments that Changed the World
A great video about the life of Marie Curie and the discovery of Radium. All rights reserved to Channel 4. This video has been uploaded for educational purposes only.
- published: 10 Oct 2009
- views: 21252
- author: Capra Physics
1:53
Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD
Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD The Animated Hero Classic Series on DVD consist...
published: 09 Aug 2010
author: NestLearning
Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD
Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD The Animated Hero Classic Series on DVD consists of 20 inspiring and educational stories of heroic men and women, with the emphasis placed on their accomplishments in world history and social sciences. The series focuses on the role in which they contributed to developing social, economic and political structures as well as in establishing and spreading ideas that helped to transform the world forever. Learn about the life of Marie Curie! At an early age, Madame Curie was taught the importance of education. As an adult she became an amazing heroine of science. Her devotion to her work, despite poverty and sickness, gave the world the theory of radioactivity, the discovery of plutonium, and the isolation of radium. Animated Hero Classics: Marie Curie on DVD www.nestlearning.com 20 Animated Hero Classics Biography DVD Collection: www.nestlearning.com
- published: 09 Aug 2010
- views: 43727
- author: NestLearning
3:47
Since You've Been Gone - Cherie and Marie Currie
Since You've Been Gone performed by sisters Cherie and Marie Currie...
published: 17 Oct 2008
author: kpdave
Since You've Been Gone - Cherie and Marie Currie
Since You've Been Gone performed by sisters Cherie and Marie Currie
- published: 17 Oct 2008
- views: 82334
- author: kpdave
13:53
Manya - A Living History of Marie Curie.mov
This one-woman drama exposes the struggles and triumphs of Madame Marie Curie (née Maria S...
published: 17 Feb 2011
author: CurieLivingHistory
Manya - A Living History of Marie Curie.mov
This one-woman drama exposes the struggles and triumphs of Madame Marie Curie (née Maria Skłodowska) — an academically impassioned, vehemently private, fervently Polish scientist, mother, and teacher. From the political oppression of her childhood, to scientific emergence and fame to the tragedy that forced her into single motherhood as well as further world prominence, this is a life that challenges our assumptions about what one person can achieve and the responsibilities of science.
- published: 17 Feb 2011
- views: 2348
- author: CurieLivingHistory
2:18
Marie Curie Biography
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to...
published: 25 May 2012
author: TheCloudBiography
Marie Curie Biography
Marie Curie 1867 - 1934 All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License creativecommons.org Attribution: www.cloudbiography.com
- published: 25 May 2012
- views: 1218
- author: TheCloudBiography
1:43
Marie Curie
The official trailer of "Marie Curie: Rogue Scientist," an inspirational, award-winning on...
published: 09 Jan 2012
author: mariecurieplay
Marie Curie
The official trailer of "Marie Curie: Rogue Scientist," an inspirational, award-winning one-woman play based upon the life and achievements of Madame Marie Curie, pioneer of radioactivity research, the discoverer of radium and polonium, and the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Despite cultural, sociopolitical and misogynistic oppression, she became one of history's most influential women. Starring Rebecca Lynn Morales as Madame Marie Curie. Written and directed by GS Morales. Information & Tickets www.mariecurieplay.com Rebecca Lynn Morales http GS Morales www.facebook.com www.latheatercritic.com (c) 2012 Twin Pierrot Productions.
- published: 09 Jan 2012
- views: 33526
- author: mariecurieplay
8:21
Marie Curie - Un portrait
La Cinquième, CNDP, 1996 / www.lesite.tv/videotheque/0428.0010.00-marie-curie-un-portrait ...
published: 03 May 2011
author: eTwinningFrancophone
Marie Curie - Un portrait
La Cinquième, CNDP, 1996 / www.lesite.tv/videotheque/0428.0010.00-marie-curie-un-portrait / Remise à Marie Curie d'un diplôme honorifique aux Etats-Unis. (36 s) / Rétrospective de sa vie consacrée à sa famille et à la science.(1 min 47 s)/ Travaux de recherche avec Pierre Curie et découverte du polonium puis du radium. (2 min 03 s) / Le couple reçoit le prix Nobel de physique pour cette dernière découverte. ( 29 s)/ Marie Curie, devenue veuve, continue ses recherches et obtient le prix Nobel de chimie. (41 s)/ Responsable de l'Institut du radium, Marie Curie tente de rassembler des financements qu'elle trouvera finalement aux Etats-Unis.(1 min 45 s)/ Décès de Marie Curie.(49 s)
- published: 03 May 2011
- views: 15410
- author: eTwinningFrancophone
Vimeo results:
3:20
Highlands to Himalayas: Training for Everest
In February 2010, Trunk followed 23 year old Stephen Green's training preparations in the ...
published: 25 Feb 2010
author: Trunk Films
Highlands to Himalayas: Training for Everest
In February 2010, Trunk followed 23 year old Stephen Green's training preparations in the Cairngorms National Park, for an attempted summit of Mount Everest in May of that year.
In the process he aimed to raise over £30k for Cancer Research and Marie Curie.
In May 2011, after 2 failed attempts, Stephen finally achieved his goal. For more information on his ascent , go to his blog stephengreen.net
Music by Tired Eyes ft. Cali P.. myspace.com/hmobproductions
1:00
Marie Curie
A preview of one of our great NowYouKnowAbout Scientists films!...
published: 02 Nov 2009
author: NowYouKnowAbout
Marie Curie
A preview of one of our great NowYouKnowAbout Scientists films!
6:02
Marie Curie
Voleu conèixer la vida i obra de Marie Curie? Els nois i noies de l'Escola Baró de Viver u...
published: 08 Jun 2012
author: Tomasson
Marie Curie
Voleu conèixer la vida i obra de Marie Curie? Els nois i noies de l'Escola Baró de Viver us l'explican en el següent vídeo.
Youtube results:
8:00
Marie Curie's Radium - Part 2 of 3 - The Six Experiments that Changed the World
Part 2 of Marie Curies's Radium Video...
published: 10 Oct 2009
author: Capra Physics
Marie Curie's Radium - Part 2 of 3 - The Six Experiments that Changed the World
Part 2 of Marie Curies's Radium Video
- published: 10 Oct 2009
- views: 9895
- author: Capra Physics
2:40
Marie Curie
this was a project for Social Studies big end of the year project my mom is the voice of M...
published: 03 Jun 2009
author: doggydog6165
Marie Curie
this was a project for Social Studies big end of the year project my mom is the voice of Marie Curie =) the song in the back round is La Marseillaise the French National anthem hope u like :)
- published: 03 Jun 2009
- views: 13850
- author: doggydog6165
3:11
Cherie & Marie Currie - Since You've been gone '80
TV Live...
published: 17 Jul 2007
author: fuckinchikenshit
Cherie & Marie Currie - Since You've been gone '80
TV Live
- published: 17 Jul 2007
- views: 115679
- author: fuckinchikenshit
23:54
Marie Curie "La chimie de l'impondérable"
La découverte du polonium par Marie Curie1911 Marie Curie reçoit le Prix Nobel de chimie p...
published: 16 Mar 2012
author: CEADSMCOM
Marie Curie "La chimie de l'impondérable"
La découverte du polonium par Marie Curie1911 Marie Curie reçoit le Prix Nobel de chimie pour la découverte du polonium et du radium .En suivant la démarche de Pierre et Marie Curie et en utilisant l'électromètre mis au point par Pierre Curie, deux étudiants vont purifier et tenter d'isoler une « nouvelle substance » dont seules les propriétés radioactives permettent de l'identifier. Pour cela, ils vont tenter d'extraire le polonium d'un prélèvement d'1 gramme de pechblende qui contient 60% d'oxyde d'uranium
- published: 16 Mar 2012
- views: 2060
- author: CEADSMCOM
photo: AP / Mohamed Sheikh Nor
12 Jan 2013
Helicopter raid fails to rescue agent 'Denis Allex' from Islamist group al-Shabaab, as French combat pilot killed in Mali. French secret service hostage 'Denis Allex' pictured in Somalia in October 2012. Photograph. SITE Monitoring Service/AFP/Getty Images. A French hostage and two French soldiers have been killed during a failed secret service rescue mission in Somalia ... The group said it had also captured a wounded French commando ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
photo: AP / Adj Nicolas-Nelson Richard, ECPAD
14 Jan 2013
Bamako/Paris - French fighter jets pounded Islamist rebel strongholds deep in northern Mali on Sunday as Paris poured more troops into the capital, Bamako, awaiting a West African force to dislodge al-Qaeda-linked insurgents from the country’s north ... Defence Minister Jean-Yves le Drian said France’s intervention on Friday prevented the advancing rebels from seizing Bamako and vowed air strikes would continue ... – ... Doubt....(size: 6.6Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
14 Jan 2013
Allahabad. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims led by naked, ash-covered holy men streamed into the sacred river Ganges on Monday at the start of the world's biggest religious festival. The Kumbh Mela in the Indian town of Allahabad will see up to 100 million worshippers gather over the next 55 days to take a ritual bath in the holy waters, believed to cleanse sins and bestow blessings ... "I am ecstatic ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Gretchen Albrecht
13 Jan 2013
The draft version of the US National Climate Assessment, released on Friday, makes remarkable reading – not just for Americans but for all humanity. Put together by a special panel of more than 240 scientists, the federally commissioned report reveals that the US is already reeling under the impact of global warming ... Nor is there any doubt about the cause of these rising temperatures ... A bitter struggle lies ahead ... Sender's name ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
14 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama issued a strong warning to Republicans on Monday that he will not negotiate over the debt ceiling or allow Republicans to use it as a bargaining chip. "To even entertain the idea of the United States of America not paying our bills is irresponsible. It's absurd," Obama said in a press conference ... "They will not collect a ransom in exchange for not crashing the economy," Obama said ... Also on HuffPost ... ....(size: 10.3Kb)
The Guardian
14 Jan 2013
With many opportunities in the sector, here's our roundup of some of the best appearing this new year. Which position will take the top spot in our jobs top 10 feature? Photograph. Christopher Thomond for the Guardian. 10. The Heart Foundation which is after a project officer ... If you have proven experience in project management in the sector this could be right up your street. 9 ... 8 ... 7 ... Senior research information officer at Marie Curie Care ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
noodls
11 Jan 2013
The 'ChangingEmployment' programme, funded through a European Commission-sponsored Marie Curie Initial Training Networks (ITN) award, will aim to find solutions to some of the most pressing employment issues currently facing the EU ... The Marie Curie Initial Training Networks (ITN) award, which is designed to create opportunities for new academic ......(size: 4.4Kb)
York Press
10 Jan 2013
Orange News
10 Jan 2013
The Pirates of the Caribbean star has recorded a new radio campaign for Marie Curie Cancer Care's Great Daffodil Appeal, urging the public to hit the streets to sell the organisation's trademark yellow flower emblem in March ... The money you raise will help Marie Curie Cancer Care nurse terminally ill people in their final hours."....(size: 1.6Kb)
noodls
10 Jan 2013
(Source. NYU - New York University). We rely on our visual system more heavily than previously thought in determining the causality of events ... The study was supported by grants from the EU Seventh Framework Programme (Marie Curie IOF 235625), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (RO 3579/2-1, FOR868/1), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FKZ 01GQ1001A), and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche Chaire d'Excellence....(size: 5.5Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
10 Jan 2013
The implementation of the Liverpool Care Pathway must be handled with delicacy ... PA. By Fiona Bruce. 8.29PM GMT 10 Jan 2013. Comments ... In the years since, I have often asked myself ... Indeed, I understand a recent audit by the Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute and the Royal College of Physicians stated that almost half of those on the LCP – some 60,000 cases a year – are never told that they are on such a pathway ... ... EXPAT....(size: 15.1Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
10 Jan 2013
The implementation of the Liverpool Care Pathway must be handled with delicacy ... PA. By Fiona Bruce. 8.29PM GMT 10 Jan 2013. Comments ... In the years since, I have often asked myself ... Indeed, I understand a recent audit by the Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute and the Royal College of Physicians stated that almost half of those on the LCP – some 60,000 cases a year – are never told that they are on such a pathway ... ... EXPAT....(size: 15.1Kb)
PR Newswire
10 Jan 2013
Remaining members were Miquel Canals, Professor of Marine Geology in the Geology School at the University of Barcelona; Sandrine Bony-Lena, senior scientist in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique belonging to the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Pierre et Marie Curie University (France); Kirsten Halsnaes, Head of the ......(size: 17.7Kb)
The Examiner
09 Jan 2013
Cathy Marie Buchanan, author of "The Painted Girls" (available January 10, 2013) and "The Day the Falls Stood Still" answers 10 questions about her favorite time period in history, her favorite figures from history, and the age old question of coffee or tea ... Marie Curie, the Polish physicist and chemist famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity ... Cathy Marie Buchanan's official website.....(size: 3.7Kb)
BBC News
08 Jan 2013
There is a shortage of specialist end-of-life care in England, causing unnecessary suffering, experts say ... As well as helping to achieve as comfortable a death as possible, the support can also reduce costs to the NHS by keeping people out of hospital, said the report, produced by a host of specialist bodies including the Association of Palliative Medicine and Marie Curie Cancer Care. 'Paralysis' ... Complaints ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Independent
08 Jan 2013
It was developed as a measure to help ease the suffering of the dying ... The audit last year by the Royal College of Physicians and Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute in Liverpool of 178 hospitals found 44 per cent of patients who were conscious and a third of families were not consulted before the decision was taken ... The independent review has been stalled for six weeks while ministers have sought an independent chairman ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
The Guardian
07 Jan 2013
Marie Curie Cancer Care is looking to increase donation by building on a new demographic of donor who like playing games. Photograph. Jae C. Hong/AP ... Age UK ... Age UK had identified two challenges ... Marie Curie Cancer Care ... Working with partners, Marie Curie is developing a new, data-driven gaming website where supporters can play a wide choice of free and paid-for games, and manage their winnings, donations and account preferences online ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
noodls
07 Jan 2013
(Source. Liverpool City Council) Community. Published on January 7th, 2013 . by News Team. Voluntary groups in Woolton will benefit from a charity established to improve recreation and education in the neighbourhood ... Last year a total of £20,600 was distributed with the following organisations benefiting. ... Friends of Gateacre - summer planting and watering - £4543. Marie Curie Cancer Care - improvement of IT provision for patients -£1450 ... R....(size: 3.0Kb)
"Madame Curie" redirects here. For the 1943 biographical film about her, see Madame Curie (film).
This article is about the chemist and physicist. For the schools named after her, see École élémentaire Marie-Curie and Marie Curie High School.
| Marie Skłodowska-Curie | |
|---|---|
 Marie Curie, ca. 1920 |
|
| Born | (1867-11-07)7 November 1867 Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland, then part of Russian Empire[1] |
| Died | 4 July 1934(1934-07-04) (aged 66) Passy, Haute-Savoie, France |
| Citizenship | Russian, later French |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Fields | Physics, chemistry |
| Institutions | University of Paris |
| Alma mater | University of Paris ESPCI |
| Doctoral advisor | Henri Becquerel |
| Doctoral students | André-Louis Debierne Óscar Moreno Marguerite Catherine Perey |
| Known for | Radioactivity, polonium, radium |
| Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) Davy Medal (1903) Matteucci Medal (1904) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911) |
| Spouse | Pierre Curie (1859–1906) |
Signature |
|
|
Notes
She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. She was the wife of Pierre Curie, and the mother of Irène Joliot-Curie and Ève Curie. |
|
Marie Skłodowska-Curie (7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a French-Polish physicist and chemist famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first person honored with two Nobel Prizes[2]—in physics and chemistry. She was the first female professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.[3]
She was born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ([ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]) in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared her 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with the physicist Henri Becquerel. Her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie, would similarly share a Nobel Prize. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Skłodowska-Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to date to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences.
Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined[4]), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. [5] Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today.
While an actively loyal French citizen, Skłodowska-Curie (she used both surnames) never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered – polonium, which she first isolated in 1898 – after her native country.[6] During World War I she became a member of the Committee for a Free Poland (Komitet Wolnej Polski).[7] In 1932, she founded a Radium Institute (now the Maria Skłodowska–Curie Institute of Oncology) in her home town, Warsaw, headed by her physician-sister Bronisława. Curie died in 1934 of aplastic anemia brought on by her years of exposure to radiation.[8]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława and Władysław Skłodowski. Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born 1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866).
Maria's paternal grandfather Józef Skłodowski had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus.[9] Her father Władysław Skłodowski taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys, in addition to lodging boys in the family home. Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she suffered from tuberculosis and died when Maria was twelve.
Maria's father was an atheist; her mother—a devout Catholic.[10] Two years earlier Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of typhus. The deaths of her mother and sister, according to Robert William Reid, caused Maria to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.[11]
When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school that her mother had operated while she was well; next Maria attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883. She spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father's, and the next with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.
On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aiming at the restoration of Poland's independence (most recent of which was the January Uprising). This condemned each subsequent generation, including that of Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[12]
File:Kazm.JPG
Elderly Żorawski
Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.[13] In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first with a lawyer's family in Kraków; then for two years in Ciechanów with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father. While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, which was reciprocated by this future eminent mathematician. His parents, however, rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them. Maria lost her position as governess.[14] She found another with the Fuchs family in Sopot, on the Baltic Sea coast, where she spent the next year, all the while financially assisting her sister.
At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława, a few months after she married Kazimierz Dłuski, invited Maria to join them in Paris. Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition and was still counting on marrying Kazimierz Żorawski. She returned home to her father in Warsaw, where she remained till the fall of 1891. She tutored, studied at the clandestine Floating University,[15] and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town.[16] The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been assistant in Saint Petersburg to the great Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.[17]
In October 1891, at her sister's insistence and after receiving a letter from Żorawski, in which he definitively broke his relationship with her, she decided to go to France after all.[10]
Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University and president of the Warsaw Society of Learning. Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.[18]
In Paris, Maria briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a primitive garret[19] and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris).
Pierre Curie[link]
Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory at Lippman's. Meanwhile she continued studying at the Sorbonne, and in 1894, earned a degree in mathematics.
That same year, Pierre Curie entered her life. He was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI). Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels; it was their mutual interest in magnetism that drew Skłodowska and Curie together.[20]
Her departure for the summer to Warsaw only enhanced their mutual feelings for each other. She still was laboring under the illusion that she would be able to return to Poland and work in her chosen field of study. When she was denied a place at Kraków University merely because she was a woman, she returned to Paris.[21] Almost a year later, in July 1895, she and Pierre Curie married, and thereafter the two physicists hardly ever left their laboratory. They shared two hobbies, long bicycle trips and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. Maria had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator upon whom she could depend.[21]
New elements[link]
In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power. He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy, but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself. Becquerel had, in fact, discovered radioactivity.
Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. She used a clever technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had invented the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electrical charge. Using the Curie electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity.[22] Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present. She had shown that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules, but must come from the atom itself. In scientific terms, this was the most important single piece of work that she conducted.[23]
Curie's systematic studies had included two uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite). Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of some other substance that was far more active than uranium itself.[24]
The idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.[25]
In her systematic search for other substances beside uranium salts that emitted radiation, Curie had found that the element thorium likewise, was radioactive.
She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would have gone to Silvanus Thompson instead. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann.[26]
Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium. Two months earlier, Gerhard Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.[27]
At that time, however, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."[28]
Pierre Curie was sure that what she had discovered was not a spurious effect. He was so intrigued that he decided to drop his work on crystals temporarily and to join her. On 14 April 1898, they optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they eventually would have to process tons of the ore.[28]
As they were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their chronic unprotected work with radioactive substances, Curie and her husband had no idea what price they would pay for the effect of their research upon their health.[21]
In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a paper together, announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honor of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires. On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium" for its intense radioactivity — a word that they coined.
Pitchblende is a complex mineral. The chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive. It is closely related, chemically, to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898, the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, still were beyond reach.[29]
The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. By 1910, Curie, working on without her husband, who had been killed accidentally by a horse drawn vehicle[30] in 1906, had isolated the pure radium metal.[31]
In an unusual decision, Marie Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium-isolation process, so that the scientific community could do research unhindered.[32]
In 1903, under the supervision of Henri Becquerel,[33] Marie was awarded her DSc from the University of Paris.
Nobel Prizes[link]
.png)
In 1903 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
Curie and her husband were unable to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person, but they shared its financial proceeds with needy acquaintances, including students.[21]
On receiving the Nobel Prize, Marie and Pierre Curie suddenly became very famous. The Sorbonne gave Pierre a professorship and permitted him to establish his own laboratory, in which Curie became the director of research.
In 1897 and 1904, respectively, Curie gave birth to their daughters, Irène and Ève Curie. She later hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.[34]
Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Eight years later, in 1911, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."
A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalized with depression and a kidney ailment.
Curie was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes. She is one of only two people who have been awarded a Nobel Prize in two different fields, the other person being Linus Pauling (for chemistry and for peace). Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by two votes. Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph.[35] It would be a doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, who would become the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later, in 1962.
Pierre's death[link]
On 19 April 1906 Pierre was killed in a street accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels; his skull was fractured.[30] While it has been speculated that previously he may have been weakened by prolonged radiation exposure, there are no indications that this contributed to the accident.
Curie was devastated by the death of her husband. She noted that, as of that moment she suddenly had become "an incurably and wretchedly lonely person". On 13 May 1906, the Sorbonne physics department decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre Curie and they entrusted it to Marie Curie together with full authority over the laboratory. This allowed her to emerge from Pierre's shadow. She became the first woman to become a professor at the Sorbonne, and in her exhausting work regime she sought a meaning for her life.
Recognition for her work grew to new heights, and in 1911 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded her a second Nobel Prize, this time for Chemistry. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by world-famous novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country.[21]
In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910–11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre Curie's.[36] He was a married man who was estranged from his wife. This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Despite her fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair–which also fueled false speculation that Curie was Jewish. She was five years older than Langevin and was portrayed in the tabloids as a home-wrecker.[37] Later, Curie's granddaughter, Hélène Joliot, married Langevin's grandson, Michel Langevin.
Curie's second Nobel Prize, in 1911, enabled her to talk the French government into funding the building of a private Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now the Institut Curie), which was built in 1914 and at which research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine. The Institute became a crucible of Nobel Prize winners, producing four more, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie.
World War I[link]
During World War I, Marie saw a need for field radiological centers near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons. After a quick study of radiology, anatomy and automotive mechanics she procured x-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators and developed mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies"). She directed the installation of twenty mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. It is estimated that over one million wounded soldiers were treated with her x-ray units.[11]
Afterwards, Marie produced hollow needles containing 'radium emanation', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon to be used for sterilizing infected tissue. Curie provided the radium, from her own personal one gram supply.
Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the official refused to accept them. She was also active member in committees of Polish Polonia in France dedicated to Polish cause.[38]
Post-war years[link]
In 1921 Curie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Curie, raised money to buy 1 gram of radium and publicized the trip.[39] President Warren Harding received her at the White House.[40]
Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute, founded in 1925 with her sister Bronisława as director.[41]
These distractions from her scientific labors and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work.
In her later years Curie headed the Curie Pavilion, a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris. It was one of four major radioactivity-research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, with Stefan Meyer; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner. [42]
In 1933, when Russian physicists George Gamow and his wife — who had together been trying for two years to defect from the Soviet Union — attended the 7th Solvay Conference on physics, in Brussels, Marie Curie and other physicists helped them extend their stay, and Gamow obtained temporary work at the Curie Institute.
Death[link]
Curie visited Poland for the last time in the spring of 1934.[21] Only a few months later, on 4 July 1934, Curie died at the Sancellemoz Sanatorium in Passy, in Haute-Savoie, eastern France, from aplastic anemia contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation.[8] The damaging effects of ionizing radiation were not then known, and much of her work had been carried out in a shed, without the safety measures that would later be developed. She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket[citation needed] and stored them in her desk drawer, remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark.[43] Marie was also exposed to x-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war.
She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux, alongside her husband Pierre. Sixty years later, in 1995, in honor of their achievements, the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon, Paris. She became the first – and so far the only – woman to be honored with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits.
Her laboratory is preserved at the Musée Curie.
Because of their levels of radioactivity, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. Even her cookbook is highly radioactive. They are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing.[44]
Legacy[link]
The physical and societal aspects of the work of the Curies contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes:
The result of the Curies' work was epoch-making. Radium's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored. It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics. On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom. As a result of Rutherford's experiments with alpha radiation, the nuclear atom was first postulated. In medicine, the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked.[31]
(See physics, conservation of energy, Ernest Rutherford, atom, alpha decay, atomic nucleus.)
If the work of Marie Curie helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere. To attain her scientific achievements, she had to overcome barriers that were placed in her way because she was a woman, in both her native and her adoptive country. This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Giroud's Marie Curie: A Life, which emphasizes Curie's role as a feminist precursor. She was ahead of her time, emancipated, independent, and in addition uncorrupted. Albert Einstein is reported to have remarked that she was probably the only person who was not corrupted by the fame that she had won.[45]
Awards[link]
Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize and the first person to win two Nobel Prizes.
- Nobel Prize in Physics (1903)
- Davy Medal (1903)
- Matteucci Medal (1904)
- Elliott Cresson Medal (1909)
- Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911)
- Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society (1921)[46]
The Curies reportedly used part of their award money to replace wallpaper in their Parisian home and install modern plumbing into a bathroom.[47]
Honors[link]
- Madame Curie was decorated with the French Legion of Honor. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic (1912), Poznań University (1922), Kraków's Jagiellonian University (1924), and the Warsaw Polytechnic (1926).
- Their elder daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 for discovering that aluminum could be made radioactive and emit neutrons when bombarded with alpha rays. Their younger daughter, Ève Curie, later wrote a biography of her mother.
- Michalina Mościcka, wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki, unveiled a 1935 statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw's Radium Institute, which had been founded by Marie Curie. Within a decade, during the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the monument suffered damage from gunfire. After the war, when maintenance was done, it was decided to leave the bullet-inflicted scars on the statue.[21]
- In 1967, a museum devoted to Curie was established in Warsaw's "New Town", in her birthplace on ulica Freta (Freta Street).[21]
- The year 2011 was declared the Year of Marie Curie by France and Poland. "Madame Curie", which fills the Jacobs gallery at the Museum of Contemporary Art’s downtown space, is an artistic installation celebrating the scientist.[48]
- Rue Madame Curie is a street in Beirut, Lebanon, that was named in her honor.
- On 7 November 2011, Google celebrated her birthday with a special Google Doodle.[49]
- On 10 December 2011, the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden.[50]
Tributes[link]
As one of the most famous female scientists to date, Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris, alongside her husband Pierre Curie. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre,[51][52] as is the element with atomic number 96 – curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite.
Curie's likeness appeared on the Polish late-1980s inflationary 20,000-złoty banknote. Her likeness also has appeared on stamps and coins, as well as on the last French 500-franc note, before the franc was replaced by the euro. In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist, Marie Curie was voted the "most inspirational woman in science". Curie received 25.1 per cent of all votes cast, nearly twice as many as second-place Rosalind Franklin (14.2 per cent).[53][54]
Polish institutions named after Marie Curie include:
- Maria Skłodowska–Curie Institute of Oncology, in Warsaw
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, in Lublin, founded in 1944;
- a private college in Warsaw (Uczelnia Warszawska im. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie)
- numerous schools of various levels in Poland
- Polish nuclear research reactor Maria.
French institutions named after Marie Curie include:
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, the largest science, technology and medicine university in France, and successor to the faculty of science at the University of Paris, where Marie Curie taught. The university is home to the laboratory where the couple discovered radium.
- The Curie Institute and Curie Museum, in Paris
- In 2007, the Pierre Curie Paris Métro station was renamed the "Pierre et Marie Curie" station.
American institutions named after Marie Curie include:
- Curie Community at the Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, in Chicago, a memorial gathering room for students at the university
- In Bayside, Queens, New York, another school named for her, Marie Curie M.S. 158, specializes in science and technology; as does Curie Metropolitan High School – located in Archer Heights, on Chicago's Southwest Side – which has a Technical, Performing Arts and IB program
- The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion, a stained-glass panel created by Jozef Mazur, may be found at the University at Buffalo Polish Room.
Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar-nominated film, Madame Curie, based on her life. "Marie Curie" also is the name of a character in a 1988 comedy, Young Einstein, by Yahoo Serious.
More recently, in 1997, a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released, Les Palmes de M. Schutz. It was adapted from a play of the same name. In the film, Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert. Unlike the 1943 drama, Les Palmes de M. Shutz is a light comedy.
A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCC) is named in her honor.[55]
- KVS is celebrating IYC 2011, and, under this programme, held a nationwide quiz in India, with the topic being "Life and Works of Madam Curie".[56]
See also[link]
- Eusapia Palladino
- List of female Nobel laureates
- List of people on stamps of Ireland (Marie Curie stamp, issued in 2000)
- List of Polish people – Physics
- Marie Curie Cancer Care
- Marie Mattingly Meloney, organized drive to buy radium for Marie Curie
References[link]
- ^ http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie.html
- ^ "Nobel Laureate Facts". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Marie Curie Enshrined in Pantheon, The New York Times, New York, 21 April 1995.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 184.
- ^ "The Discovery of Radioactivity". http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/03/4.html.
- ^ Poland had been partitioned in the 18th century among Russia, Prussia and Austria, and it was Skłodowska–Curie's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to its lack of independence. Polonium may have been the first chemical element named to highlight a political question. K. Kabzińska, "Chemical and Polish Aspects of Polonium and Radium Discovery", Przemysł chemiczny (The Chemical Industry), vol. 77, 1998, pp. 104–7.
- ^ Henryk Zieliński, Historia Polski 1914–1939 (History of Poland: 1914–39), Ossolineum, 1983, p. 83.
- ^ a b Rollyson, Carl (2004). Marie Curie: Honesty In Science. iUniverse, prologue, x. ISBN 0-595-34059-8
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 12.
- ^ a b Eve Curie, Marie Curie.
- ^ a b Reid, Robert William (1974). Marie Curie. London: Collins. p. 19. ISBN 0-00-211539-5. "Unusually at such an early age, she became what T.H. Huxley had just invented a word for: agnostic."
- ^ Wojciech A. Wierzewski, "Mazowieckie korzenie Marii" ("Maria's Mazowsze Roots") [1][dead link], Gwiazda Polarna (The Pole Star), a Polish-American biweekly, no. 13, 21 June 2008, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Marie Curie, Autobiography.
- ^ Susan Quinn, Marie Curie: A Life.
- ^ "Marie Curie — Polish Girlhood (1867–1891)". Aip.org. http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl1.htm. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ "Marie Curie — Polish Girlhood (1867–1891)". Aip.org. http://www.aip.org/history/curie/polgirl2.htm. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ Another of Skłodowska's teachers at the Museum, Napoleon Milicer, had been a pupil of Robert Bunsen. Robert Reid, Marie Curie, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 24.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 32.
- ^ L. Pearce Williams, "Curie, Pierre and Marie", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 8, p. 331.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wierzewski, p. 17.
- ^ Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity. http://www.aip.org/history/curie/resbr1.htm.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, pp. 61–63.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 64.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 65. In fact, such multiple, independent discoveries appear to be the rule in science and technology; see List of independent discoveries.
- ^ a b Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 65.
- ^ L. Pearce Williams, pp. 331–32.
- ^ a b "Prof. Curie killed in a Paris street" (PDF). The New York Times. 20 April 1906. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9402E4DC1438EF32A25753C2A9629C946797D6CF. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
- ^ a b L. Pearce Williams, p. 332.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, p. 265.
- ^ Mould, R. F. (1998). "The discovery of radium in 1898 by Maria Sklodowska-Curie (1867–1934) and Pierre Curie (1859–1906) with commentary on their life and times" (PDF). The British Journal of Radiology 71 (852): 1229–54. PMID 10318996. http://bjr.birjournals.org/cgi/reprint/71/852/1229.pdf. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
- ^ Barbara Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius, p. 149.
- ^ Barbara Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius, pp. 170–71.
- ^ Robert Reid, Marie Curie, pp. 44, 90.
- ^ Barbara Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius, pp. 165–76.
- ^ Emigracja polska we Francji 1871–1918, page 274 Wiesław Śladkowski, 1980
- ^ Ann M. Lewicki. "Marie Sklodowska Curie in America, 1921". Radiology.rsna.org. http://radiology.rsna.org/content/223/2/299.full. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ Julie Des Jardins (October 2011). "Madame Curie's Passion". Smithsonin Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Madame-Curies-Passion.html.
- ^ "Marie Curie — The Radium Institute (1919–1934)". Aip.org. http://www.aip.org/history/curie/radinst1.htm. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ "Chemistry International — Newsmagazine for IUPAC". Iupac.org. 5 January 2011. http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3301/3_boudia.html. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ Blom, Philipp (2008). "1903: A Strange Luminescence". The Vertigo Years: Europe, 1900–1914. Basic Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-465-01116-2. http://books.google.com/?id=-3G9gMNCpowC&pg=PA76&dq=%22The+glowing+tubes+looked+like+faint,+fairy+lights.%22#v=onepage&q=%22The%20glowing%20tubes%20looked%20like%20faint%2C%20fairy%20lights.%22&f=false. Retrieved 8 December 2010. "The glowing tubes looked like faint, fairy lights."
- ^ Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, p. 148.
- ^ Wierzewski, p. 16.
- ^ "Minutes". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (American Philosophical Society) 60 (4): p.xxii. 1921. JSTOR 984523. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/984523.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
- ^ The People's Almanac, David Wallechinsky and Irving Wallace, 1975, Doubleday and Company
- ^ Chute, James (5 March 2011). "Video artist Steinkamp’s flowery ‘Madame Curie’ is challenging, and stunning". signonsandiego.com. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/05/video-artist-steinkamp-madame-curie/. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Marie Curie’s 144th Birthday". DoodleToday.com. 7 November 2011. http://www.doodletoday.com/marie-curies-144th-birthday/. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
- ^ "Princess Madeleine attends celebrations to mark anniversary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize". Sveriges Kungahus. http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/royalfamily/latestnews/news/princessmadeleineattendscelebrationstomarkanniversaryofmariecuriessecondnobelprize.5.70e7de59130bc8da54e800013910.html. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
- ^ "curie – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. 15 April 2006. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028251/curie#245574.hook. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ Paul W. Frame. "How the Curie Came to Be". http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm. Retrieved 30 April 2008.
- ^ "Most inspirational woman scientist revealed". Newscientist.com. 2 July 2009. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327156.600-most-inspirational-woman-scientist-revealed.html. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ "Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist". The Daily Telegraph (London). 2 July 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/5715220/Marie-Curie-voted-greatest-female-scientist.html. Retrieved 10 April 2010. "Marie Curie, the Nobel Prize-winning nuclear physicist has been voted the greatest woman scientist of all time."
- ^ "Picture of the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 aircraft". Airliners.net. http://www.airliners.net/open.file/1207719/L/. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ "Cluster Level Competition — International Year of Chemistry Celebration". Kvklibrary.in. 30 September 2011. http://kvklibrary.in/pages/international-year-of-chemistry.php. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Bibliography[link]
- Robert Reid, Marie Curie, New York, New American Library, 1974.
- Teresa Kaczorowska, Córka mazowieckich równin, czyli Maria Skłodowska–Curie z Mazowsza (Daughter of the Mazovian Plains: Maria Skłodowska–Curie of Mazowsze), Ciechanów, 2007.
- Wojciech A. Wierzewski, "Mazowieckie korzenie Marii" ("Maria's Mazowsze Roots"), Gwiazda Polarna (Pole Star), a Polish-American biweekly, vol. 100, no. 13 (21 June 2008), pp. 16–17.
- L. Pearce Williams, "Curie, Pierre and Marie", Encyclopedia Americana, Danbury, Connecticut, Grolier, Inc., 1986, vol. 8, pp. 331–32.
- Barbara Goldsmith, Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie, New York, W.W. Norton, 2005, ISBN 0-393-05137-4.
- Naomi Pasachoff, Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-509214-7.
- Eve Curie, Madame Curie: A Biography, translated by Vincent Sheean, Da Capo Press, 2001, ISBN 0-306-81038-7.
- Susan Quinn, Marie Curie: A Life, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1995, ISBN 0-671-67542-7.
- Françoise Giroud, Marie Curie: A Life, translated by Lydia Davis, Holmes & Meier, 1986, ASIN B000TOOU7Q.
- Redniss, Lauren, Radioactive, Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale of Love and Fallout, New York, Harper Collins, 2010, ISBN 978-0-06-135132-7.
Fiction[link]
- Olov Enquist, Per (2006). The Book about Blanche and Marie. New York: Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-668-3. A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist featuring Maria Skłodowska-Curie, neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, and his Salpêtrière patient "Blanche" (Marie Wittman). The English translation was published in 2006.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marie Curie |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Marie Curie |
- Out of the Shadows-A study of women physicists
- Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska : The First Century of Their Impact on Human Knowledge
- The official web page of Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland in English.
- Detailed Biography at Science in Poland website; with quotes, photographs, links etc.
- European Marie Curie Fellowships
- Marie Curie Fellowship Association
- Marie Curie Cancer Care, UK
- Marie Sklodowska Curie: Her Life as a Media Compendium
- Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium Chronology from nobelprize.org
- Annotated bibliography of Marie Curie from the Alsos Digital Library
- Obituary, New York Times, 5 July 1934 Mme. Curie Is Dead; Martyr to Science
- Some places and memories related to Marie Curie
- Marie Curie on the 500 French Franc and 20000 old Polish zloty banknotes.
- Marie Curie at the Internet Movie Database – Animated biography of Marie Curie on DVD from an animated series of world and American history – Animated Hero Classics distributed by Nest Learning.
- Marie Curie – More than Meets the Eye at the Internet Movie Database – Live Action portrayal of Marie Curie on DVD from the Inventors Series produced by Devine Entertainment.
- Marie Curie at the Internet Movie Database – Portrayal of Marie Curie in a television mini series produced by the BBC
- Works by or about Marie Curie in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics and 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry – Nobel committee page; presentation speech, her award lecture etc.
- "Marie Curie and the Study of Radioactivity" at American Institute of Physics website. (Site also has a short version for kids entitled "Her story in brief!".)
- "Marie Curie Walking Tour of Paris". Hypatia. http://www.hypatiamaze.org/m_curie/curie_walk.html. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
|
||||||||
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Curie, Marie |
| Alternative names | Skłodowska-Curie, Maria (Polish) |
| Short description | Physicist and chemist |
| Date of birth | 7 November 1867 |
| Place of birth | Warsaw, Poland |
| Date of death | 4 July 1934 |
| Place of death | Sancellemoz, France |
http://wn.com/Marie_Curie
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Marie Curie
http://es.wn.com/Marie Curie
http://ru.wn.com/Склодовская-Кюри, Мария
http://cs.wn.com/Maria Curie-Skłodowska
http://pt.wn.com/Marie Curie
http://pl.wn.com/Maria Skłodowska-Curie
http://hi.wn.com/मेरी क्युरी
http://it.wn.com/Marie Curie
http://id.wn.com/Marie Curie
http://nl.wn.com/Marie Curie
http://fr.wn.com/Marie Curie
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2012) |
| Darius Campbell | |
|---|---|
 Darius Campbell |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Darius Campbell-Danesh |
| Also known as | Darius Danesh, Darius |
| Born | (1980-08-19) 19 August 1980 (age 31) Glasgow, Scotland |
| Genres | Acoustic, swing, opera |
| Occupations | Actor, singer, songwriter, musician |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 2000–present |
| Labels | 19 (2002–present) Mercury Records (2002–present) |
| Website | www.dariusmusic.com |
Darius Campbell[1] (born Darius Campbell-Danesh, 19 August 1980), also known professionally either as Darius Danesh or simply Darius, is a Scottish platinum-selling singer-songwriter, a West End stage actor, an operatic baritone, a Sunday Times best-selling author, and an Ambassador for The Prince's Trust.
He performed the role of Billy Flynn in the West End production of Chicago, the youngest one ever to play that part, in two successful runs of that musical. He played both the lead role of Sky Masterson in the Olivier Award winning Guys and Dolls, and the originating role of Rhett Butler in Sir Trevor Nunn's theatrical adaptation of Gone with the Wind.
In 2010 he trained with tenor Rolando Villazón, won the hit ITV1 competition Popstar to Operastar, and performed a duet with Villazón on "The Impossible Dream." Early that year, he corrected the unauthorized deletion of Campbell from his surname. The United Kingdom's biggest operatic production ever was the occasion of his operatic debut, at The O2 arena with the Royal Philharmonic, in Carmen. At 29, he became the youngest performer to assume the lead role of Carmen's lover, a role more often awarded to a baritone in his forties.
He starred in The History of the Big Bands tour during 2010, a show which takes the audience on a musical journey through the Big Band and Swing era.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Campbell was born in Glasgow, to an Iranian father Dr. Booth Danesh and a Scottish mother Dr. Avril Campbell.[1] His family live in Bearsden[2] and he has two younger brothers, Cyrus and Aria. Educated at Bearsden Primary School[3] and the Glasgow Academy,[4] he went on to study English Literature and Philosophy at Edinburgh University.
His professional career began acting as a ten-year-old Trojan boy in a non-singing role of the Scottish Opera's avant garde 1990s production of The Trojans. As a teenager he then performed at Covent Garden Royal Opera House with the Scottish Opera in a critically acclaimed production of Carmen.[5][6]
Career[link]
[edit] 2001-02: Pop Idol and Popstars
He first gained fame in 2001 while studying English literature at Edinburgh University, after appearing on the British talent competition Popstars. A year later millions voted him to the finals of the hit TV talent show, Pop Idol. He turned down Simon Cowell's million-pound record deal, then signed with grammy-winning U2 producer Steve Lillywhite. The first single written by Campbell himself, "Colourblind", entered the UK singles chart at number 1, his debut album went platinum in 2004, and he has subsequently had five UK Top Ten singles and a second gold album. He supported Shakira on her world tour, and headlined in India with Alanis Morissette. His book "Sink or Swim", about the perils of the music business, was a Sunday Times sixth best seller.
While studying English Literature and Philosophy at Edinburgh University, he auditioned for the talent competition, Popstars, where he became a finalist. Then he won the support, and millions votes, from the British public on Pop Idol in 2001, with a third place finish. When that series had ended, he declined Simon Cowell's offer to sing cover songs,[7] and instead sent a self-composed track to producer Steve Lillywhite, who signed him to a five-album deal. Darius Danesh's Dive In Tour took place in April and May 2003. The fifteen dates scheduled for May expanded to twenty three dates on public demand.[8]
[edit] 2002-04: Dive In and Dive In Tour
In 2002 Colourblind became Darius' first number one single and his self-penned album Dive In went platinum.[7] He wrote all 12 songs on the album and produced one of the tracks called Better Than That whilst collaborating with a number of other producers such as The Misfits and The Matrix on the other tracks. Steve Lillywhite was executive producer on the album. Campbell, then performing as Darius Danesh, went on to support Shakira in Paris on her World Tour[7] and completed his own sell-out UK Dive In Tour. It was a huge success and went platinum in the UK, charting at number 6 in the UK albums chart during the competitive pre-Christmas sales. He wrote all 12 songs on the album, collaborating with a number of other producers such as The Misfits and The Matrix. Steve Lillywhite was executive producer and Darius himself produced the track Better Than That. The first single Colourblind, was released on July 29, 2002 and went straight to number 1 in the UK for two weeks and was certified Silver. The second single Rushes, also did well, going to number 5 in the UK charts, and the third single Incredible (What I Meant to Say) went to number 9. The fourth and last single Girl in the Moon didn't do as well but still got to number 21. The album actually has 69 tracks, but after the first 12 they are all 5 seconds of silence until the last one, which is a songwriting demo of Gotta Know Tonight, effectively making it a hidden track. This songwriting demo has lyrics and music written by Danesh, showing the song as it was first written before other producers added their production ideas to the song. The album was certified platinum in the UK for selling over 300,000 copies.
[edit] 2004-05: Sink or Swim book and Live Twice
He contributed to the War Child charity album[9] with Coldplay and Oasis and headlined in India with Alanis Morissette[10] after his album went platinum there. The first single Colourblind, was released on July 29, 2002 and went straight to number 1 in the UK for two weeks and was certified Silver. The second single Rushes, also did well, going to number 5 in the UK charts, and the third single Incredible (What I Meant to Say) went to number 9. The fourth and last single Girl in the Moon didn't do as well but still got to number 21. The album actually has 69 tracks, but after the first 12 they are all 5 seconds of silence until the last one, which is a songwriting demo of Gotta Know Tonight, effectively making it a hidden track. This songwriting demo has lyrics and music written by Danesh, showing the song as it was first written before other producers added their production ideas to the song. The album was certified platinum in the UK for selling over 300,000 copies. The first single released from the album was Kinda Love on October 18, 2004. It peaked at number 8 on the UK singles chart. The second and final single from the album was the title track, Live Twice, released on January 10, 2005. It reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart, making it his fifth single to reach the UK top 10.
The last song on the album, Secret Song, is a hidden track as it is included at the end of the song Devil in You after a 3 minute silence between the songs. Secret Song was written and produced by Darius.
He also wrote a no. 6 Sunday Times Best Seller book, "Sink or Swim". After receiving news that his father was diagnosed with terminal cancer, he wrote and dedicated his second studio album Live Twice to Dr Booth Danesh.[7] In 2005, the album's title-track "Live Twice" became his fifth Top Ten single.[11]
[edit] 2005-08: Chicago and Guys and Dolls
Campbell had two West End runs in Chicago[11] during 2005-2006, and at 25, officially became the youngest actor to fill the role of Billy Flynn since the show first opened on Broadway in 1975.
In 2007, after seeing Ewan McGregor in the role, he landed the lead in Michael Grandage's Olivier Award winning production of Guys and Dolls, starring as Sky Masterson.[12] Later that year he reprised his role of Billy Flynn for the 10th Anniversary charity performance of Chicago in London, to benefit the charities Breast Cancer Haven and Breast Health Institute.[13]
In 2008 he returned to London's West End to originate the role of Rhett Butler in Sir Trevor Nunn's musical adaptation of Gone With The Wind.[14] It officially opened at the New London Theatre on 22 April 2008, the production closing on 14 June 2008, after 79 performances (including previews).
[edit] 2010-2011: Popstar to Operastar
In 2010 he starred in The History of the Big Bands tour[15] – a show which takes the audience on a musical journey through the times of the Big Band and Swing Era. Featuring the songs of Frank Sinatra and the music of the key musicians of the big band era, including music from Harry James, Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, Woody Herman and Buddy Rich. In January and February 2010 Campbell competed in and won the UK's ITV1 talent show Popstar to Operastar, in which eight pop stars were trained to perform world-famous opera arias. He was mentored by world-leading tenor Rolando Villazón, with whom he went on to duet with on the song "The Impossible Dream", to popular acclaim. In May 2010 he appeared as toreador Escamillo in Bizet's opera Carmen at The O2 arena in London.[16]
2011–present: Third studio album[link]
In 2010, following his Popstar To Operastar, Campbell confirmed he had began recording his third album. Regarding the album, Campbell said, "I am going to be making a record and releasing my third album. I'm looking forward to hitting the road again and it's great to be back in the UK." He added, "I've spent a lot of time [in] the States and it's great to be back over here. "I'm having the time of my life at the moment with this show, singing again, making news friends and working with classically trained experts". "I'm enjoying this show so much, it will definitely influence the third album."
In September 2011, it was confirmed that Campbell had lost all the songs he had recorded for his third album, however, all the songs were recovered. Darius said: "One of my bags was badly handled and the hard drive was damaged.
"I was gutted. It was the only copy I had left and I thought that was it.The technical experts at Apple said nothing could be done and in London no one could help. I saw this place [in Glasgow] called Databusters and walked in. "I couldn't believe it when he emailed me my demos in few days."[17]
Other work[link]
Television[link]
In 2003 Campbell appeared as himself in episode of the Channel 4 soap Hollyoaks, performing 'Girl in the Moon' at a graduation ball. In 2009 he guest-starred on the BBC show Hotel Babylon, starring as Gennaro Fazio, an Italian magazine editor.[18]
In January and February 2010 Campbell competed in and won the UK's ITV1 talent show Popstar to Operastar, in which eight pop stars were trained to perform world-famous opera arias. He was mentored by world-leading tenor Rolando Villazón, with whom he went on to duet with on the song "The Impossible Dream", to popular acclaim.
He has also worked on a pilot of Beauty and the Beast for ABC. Darius will play Shiro, the beastly bodyguard of the beauty Grace, played by Primeval‘s Ruth Bradley. It’s described as ‘a fantasy re-imagining of the classic fairy tale set in a mythical, dangerous world’. The show is created by Jonathan E. Steinberg (Jericho).
Charity[link]
Campbell is an Ambassador for The Prince's Trust, helping to give opportunities and support to underprivileged youth. He has designed a guitar for Guitar Aid.[19] He works with and supports the Lymphoma Association and Cancer Research UK amongst other cancer charities.
Personal life[link]
Name change[link]
On 15 January 2010, the Daily Record reported that Darius would henceforth be known professionally by the name on his passport — "Darius Campbell " — out of reverence for his Scottish roots and his homeland. Just a few weeks before Christmas, a visit to his grandfather brought both men to tears when his grand dad declared, "I am proud of you. No matter where you are in the world, you'll always be a Campbell. You'll always be a Scot and you'll always be my grandson."[1] "I am Scottish," Darius says. "I am proud of my heritage and I don't want to lose that." "We live in a world that is becoming [so] Americanised. Everything is a bit of a jumble and knowing where you are from is [so] important." "When I travel the world, I feel so deeply Scottish." "Darius", as he was previously known as a recording artist, was too short and his birth name "Darius Campbell-Danesh" was too long, he says. He kept the name "Darius" to honour his Persian heritage.
Relationships[link]
Campbell is married to Canadian actress Natasha Henstridge. Newspaper reports said they had broken off their engagement in early 2010,[20] but they resumed their relationship later that year and Campbell and Henstridge married in a secret ceremony in February 2011 that was arranged in 7 days.[21][22] Campbell is stepfather to Henstridge's two sons from a previous relationship Tristan and Asher.[23][24]
Discography[link]
Main article: Darius Danesh discography
- Dive In (2002)
- Live Twice (2004)
- TBA (2012)[25]
See also[link]
- List of British Iranians
- List of Scots
- List of Scottish actors
- List of Scottish musicians
- List of famous Glaswegians
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c "Darius Campbell: I've changed my name from Danesh because I feel so Scottish". Dailyrecord.co.uk. 2010-01-15. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-interviews/2010/01/15/darius-campbell-i-ve-changed-my-name-from-danesh-because-i-feel-so-scottish-86908-21969360/. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ Sarah Swain (2010-10-12). "Snow White has to be woken up by a real Scotsman – you won’t see me in a pair of tights! - Evening Times | Features | Editor's Picks". Evening Times. http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/features/editor-s-picks/snow-white-has-to-be-woken-up-by-a-real-scotsman-you-won-t-see-me-in-a-pair-of-tights-1.1060986. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
- ^ Published on Wed Mar 16 15:36:42 GMT 2011. "Centenary celebrations for Bearsden Primary - Local Headlines". Milngavie Herald. http://www.milngavieherald.co.uk/news/local-headlines/centenary_celebrations_for_bearsden_primary_1_1517411. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
- ^ Bernadette McNulty Published: 12:01AM BST 09 Apr 2008 (2008-04-09). "Frankly, Darius Danesh does give a damn". Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/drama/3672429/Frankly-Darius-Danesh-does-give-a-damn.html. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "GMTV 12 January 2010 : Popstar to Opera Star". Gm.tv. http://www.gm.tv/videos/?vxClipId=1441_gmtv_8007. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "Broadway.com". London.broadway.com. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080430002817/http://london.broadway.com/story/id/3009385. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ a b c d The Record Music Magazine, January 2005
- ^ CBBC Newsround 11 December 2002: Original Tour dates
- ^ "Music stars unite for war charity, 14 October 2002". BBC News. 2002-10-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/2321151.stm. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "Alanis Morissette and Darius to stage at MTV Immies, 1 December 2004". IndianTelevision.com. 2004-12-01. http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k4/dec/decmam5.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ a b "The Big Smoke, 7 November 2005". Thebigsmokex.blogspot.com. 2005-11-07. http://thebigsmokex.blogspot.com/2005/11/interview-with-darius.html. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "Guys And Dolls the Musical". Guys And Dolls the Musical. http://guysanddollsthemusical.com/tour/. Retrieved 2010-03-01. [dead link]
- ^ Official London Theatre Guide[dead link]
- ^ "Darius Danesh Is Gone with the Wind Rhett Butler". Whatsonstage.com. http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201859410. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "History of the Big Bands". historyofthebigbands.com. http://www.historyofthebigbands.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ^ "Darius lands first major opera role". The Press Association. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5jq9m5enzY0Um1vA2-cW-oon2zuQw. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
- ^ "Darius Campbell's relief after 'lost' songs are saved | TV: Latest News | STV Entertainment". Entertainment.stv.tv. 2011-09-26. http://entertainment.stv.tv/tv/271906-darius-campbells-relief-after-lost-songs-are-saved/. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
- ^ "Hotel Babylon credits". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/06_june/01/babylon1.shtml. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "The Darius Guitar". Guitar Aid. http://www.guitar-aid.com/darius.html. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
- ^ "Popstar to Operastar Darius: Love split with Natasha Henstridge was down to distance". The Daily Record. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/2010/02/05/popstar-to-operastar-darius-love-split-with-natash-henstridge-was-down-to-distance-86908-22019993/. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
- ^ "Natasha Henstridge - Natasha Henstridge And Darius Campbell Wed - Contactmusic News". Contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/natasha-henstridge-and-darius-campbell-wed_1207185. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ "Singer Darius shares his secret Valentine's wedding". Hello! Magazine. http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/201103145097/darius-campbell/natasha-henstridge/secret-wedding/1/. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
- ^ "Darius Campbell: I've changed my name from Danesh because I feel so Scottish". The Daily Record. 2010-01-15. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-interviews/2010/01/15/darius-campbell-i-ve-changed-my-name-from-danesh-because-i-feel-so-scottish-86908-21969360/. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
- ^ "Darius Campbell and his new wife Natasha Henstridge share a romantic kiss | Mail Online". dailymail.co.uk. 2011-03-21. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1368278/Darius-Campbell-new-wife-Natasha-Henstridge-share-romantic-kiss.html. Retrieved 2012-01-19.
- ^ "Darius Campbell confirms new album release | News | Popstar to Operastar | stv.tv Programmes". Programmes.stv.tv. 2010-02-20. http://programmes.stv.tv/popstar-to-operastar/news-gossip/158642-darius-campbell-confirms-new-album-release/. Retrieved 2011-11-16.
References[link]
- Danesh, Darius. Darius, Sink or Swim, My Story. ISBN 0-7553-1281-3
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Darius Campbell |
- Official website
- Darius Campbell at the Open Directory Project
- Darius Campbell at the Internet Movie Database
- Guitar Aid - The Darius Guitar
| Preceded by None |
Winner of Popstar to Operastar 2010 |
Succeeded by Joe McElderry |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Campbell, Darius |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1980-08-19 |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland, UK |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Darius_Campbell
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Darius Danesh
http://nl.wn.com/Darius Campbell
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Campbell
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
