Diyarbakır Amed / Amid
—  City  —
A view of Diyarbakır's city center
Diyarbakır Location of Diyarbakır within Turkey.
Coordinates: 37°55′N 40°14′E / 37.91°N 40.24°E / 37.91; 40.24
Country	Turkey
Region	Southeastern Anatolia
Province	Diyarbakır
Government
• Mayor	Osman Baydemir (Peace and Democracy Party)
Elevation	675 m (2,215 ft)
Population (2010)
• Urban	843,460
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)	EEST[1] (UTC+3)
Postal code	21x xx
Area code(s)	(0090)+ 412
Licence plate	21
Website	[1]

Diyarbakır (Ottoman Turkish دیاربکر, Diyâr-ı Bekr; Armenian: Դիարբեքիր, Diarbeqir; Kurdish ئامه‌د, Amed; anc. Amida; Syriac: ܐܡܝܕ, Amid ) is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey. Situated on the banks of the River Tigris, it is the administrative capital of the Diyarbakır Province and with a population of about 843,460 it is the second largest city in Turkey's South-eastern Anatolia region, after Gaziantep. Within Turkey.

Etymology[link]

The name of the city is inscribed as Amid on the sheath of a sword from the Assyrian period, and the same name was used in other contemporary Syriac and Arabic works.^[2] The Romans and Byzantines called the city Amida.^[2] Among the Artukid and Akkoyunlu it was known as "Black Amid" (Kara Amid) for the dark color of its walls, while in the Zafername, or eulogies in praise of military victories, it is called "Black Fortress" (Kara Kale).^[2] In the Book of Dede Korkut and some other Turkish works it appears as Kara Hamid.^[2]

Origin of the current name[link]

Following the Arab conquests in the 7th century, the Arab Bekr tribe occupied this region,^[2] which became known as became known as the Diyar-ı Bekir (landholdings of the Bekr tribe).^[3][4] In 1937, Atatürk had the city renamed Diyarbakır, which remains its current name.^[2]

History[link]

Antiquity[link]

Amid(a) was the capital of the Aramean kingdom Bet-Zamani from the 13th century B.C. onwards, and later part of the Neo Assyrian Empire. Amid is the name used in the Syriac sources, which also testifies to the fact that it once was the seat of the Church of the East Patriarch and thus an original Assyrian/Syriac stronghold that produced many famous Assyrian theologians and Patriarchs. Some of them found their final resting place in St. Mary Church. There are many relics in the Church, such as the bones of the apostle Thomas and St. Jacob of Sarug (d. 521).

The city was called Amida when the region was under the rule of the Roman (from 66 BC) and the succeeding Byzantine Empires.^[5]

From 189 BC to 384 AD, the area to the east and south of present-day Diyarbakır, was ruled by a kingdom known as Corduene.^[6]

In 359, Shapur II of Persia captured Amida after a siege of 73 days. The Roman soldiers and a large part of the population of the town were massacred by the Persians. The siege is vividly described by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus who was an eyewitness of the event and survived the massacre by escaping from the town.^[7]

Armenian historians at one time hypothesized that Diyarbakır was the site of the ancient Armenian city of Tigranakert, (pronounced Dikranagerd in the Western Armenian dialect) and by the 19th century the Armenian inhabitants were referring to the city as Dikranagerd. Scholarly research has shown that while the ancient Armenian city was close by, it was not in the same place. The real location of Dikranagerd remains the subject of debate, but Armenians who trace their ancestry to Diyarbakır continue to refer to themselves as "Dikranagerdtsi" (native of Dikranagerd.) The "Dikranagerdtsis" or Armenians of Diyarbakır were noted for having one of the most unusual dialects of Armenian, one difficult for a speaker of standard Armenian to understand.^{[citation needed]}

The Middle Ages[link]

In 639 the city was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and it remained in Arab hands until the Kurdish dynasty of Marwanid ruled the area during the 10th and 11th centuries. After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the city came under the rule of the Mardin branch of Oghuz Turks and then the Anatolian beylik of Artuqids (circa 1100–1250 in effective terms, although almost a century longer nominally). The whole area was then disputed between the Ilkhanate and Ayyubid dynasties for a century, after which it was taken over by the rising Turkmen states of Kara Koyunlu (the Black Sheep) first and Ak Koyunlu (the White Sheep). It was also ruled by Sultanate of Rûm between 1241–1259.

The Ottoman Empire[link]

The city became part of the Ottoman Empire during Sultan Süleyman I's campaign of Irakeyn (the two Iraqs, e.g. Arabian and Persian) in 1534.^{[citation needed]} The Ottoman eyalet of Diyarbakır corresponded to Turkey's southeastern provinces today, a rectangular area between the Lake Urmia to Palu and from the southern shores of Lake Van to Cizre and the beginnings of the Syrian desert, although its borders saw some changes over time.^{[citation needed]} The city was an important military base for controlling this region and at the same time a thriving city noted for its craftsmen, producing glass and metalwork. For example the doors of Mevlana's tomb in Konya were made in Diyarbakır, as were the gold and silver decorated doors of the tomb of Imam-i Azam in Baghdad.

In the 19th century, Diyarbakır prison gained infamy throughout the Ottoman Empire as a site where political prisoners from the enslaved Balkan ethnic groups were sent to serve harsh sentences for speaking or fighting for national freedom.^[8] Thousands of its Christians population perished during the 1895 massacres in Anatolia.^[9]

The 20th century[link]

The 20th century was turbulent for Diyarbakir. Armenians killed there exceeded the city's Armenian population because it was a centre of deportation for all parts of the province.^[10] The massacre of Armenians in Diyarbakir was witnessed by Rafael De Nogales,^[11] who served as an officer in the Ottoman Army. At one time, Diyarbakır had a substantial Armenian and Assyrian population, who comprised almost a third of the city's population. However, almost all were killed. Few Assyrians and Armenians remain today. The holder of the Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Diyarbakir is currently living in Istanbul.

In the three decades following the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Diyarbakır became the object of Turkish-nationalist policies against Kurds, as a result of which Kurdish elites were destroyed and many Kurds deported to western Turkey.^{[citation needed]}

The 41-year-old American-Turkish Pirinçlik Air Force Base near Diyarbakır, known as NATO's frontier post for monitoring the former Soviet Union and the Middle East, closed on 30 September 1997. This closure was the result of the general drawdown of US bases in Europe and the improvement in space surveillance technology. The base housed sensitive electronic intelligence-gathering systems that monitored the Middle East, the Caucasus and Russia.^{[citation needed]}

Diyarbakır today[link]

Great Mosque of Diyarbakır

A typical example of Diyarbakır's historic architectural style, with masonry tiles built of the city's indigenous type of dark stone.

Diyarbakır's city walls, built by Constantius II and extended by Valentinian I between 367 and 375, stretch almost unbroken for about 6 kilometres.

Dicle University campus in Diyarbakır.

During the recent conflict, the population of the city grew dramatically as villagers from remote areas where fighting was serious left or were forced to leave for the relative security of the city. Rural to urban movement has often been the first step in a migratory pattern that has taken large numbers of Kurds from the east to the west. Diyarbakır grew from 30,000 in the 1930s to 65,000 by 1956, to 140,000 by 1970, to 400,000 by 1990,^[12] and eventually swelled to about 1.5 million by 1997.^[13] Today the intricate warren of alleyways and old-fashioned tenement blocks that makes up the old city within and around the walls contrasts dramatically with the sprawling suburbs of modern apartment blocks and cheaply-built gecekondu slums to the west.

After the cessation of hostilities between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Turkish army, a large degree of normality returned to the city, with the Turkish government declaring an end to the 15-year period of emergency rule on 30 November 2002. In August 2005, the Kurdish mayor Osman Baydemir presented the Turkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdoğan with the following complaints:

• A grant of 500,000 euros from the German Development Fund KFW to redesign the city's waste disposal system was refused by the State Planning Authority (DPT) of the Turkish government in Ankara, and then a 22 million project to renew the system was also prevented.
• A grant of 350,000 euros for the rehabilitation of the Tigris valley, from the Turco-Spanish Economic and Financial Union, was declared unnecessary by the DPT in 2005.
• A dentistry project jointly agreed with and funded by South Korea and EAID (the Eurasian Institute of Dentistry) had to abandoned after the dentists were refused work permits.
• A five million euro project to build a tram system in the city was abandoned after the Turkish government refused to guarantee a 15-year loan from Deutsche Bank that the city had negotiated.
• In the urban renewal project for 2005 presented to the EU commission 10 million euros were granted to Diyarbakır. However the State Planning Authority (DPT) of the Turkish government reallocated 4 million of this to other cities (Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa and Erzurum), which failing to present projects lost this money.
• In another instance a 30 million euro loan from the EU was prevented by the DPT.^[14]

According to a November 2006 survey by the Sur Municipality, one of Diyarbakır's metropolitan municipalities, 72% of the inhabitants of the municipality use Kurdish most often in their daily speech, followed by Turkish, and 69% are illiterate in their most widely used vernacular.^[15]

Arts and culture[link]

Some jewelry making and other craftwork continues today although the fame of the Diyarbakır's craftsmen has long passed. Folk dancing to the drum and zurna (pipe) are a part of weddings and celebrations in the area.

Cuisine[link]

Diyarbakır is known for rich dishes of lamb (and lamb's liver, kidneys etc.); spices such as black pepper, sumac and coriander; rice, bulgur and butter.

Main sights[link]

Diyarbakır is surrounded by an almost intact, dramatic set of high walls of black basalt forming a 5.5 km (3.4 mi) circle around the old city. There are four gates into the old city and 82 watch-towers on the walls, which were built in antiquity, restored and extended by the Roman emperor Constantius in 349. In addition, the walls of Diyarbakir in the world after the Great Wall of China is the second largest city walls.^{[citation needed]}

Diyarbakır boasts numerous medieval mosques and madrassahs including:

• Great Mosque of Diyarbakır built by the Seljuk Turkish Sultan Malik Shah in the 11th century. The mosque, one of the oldest in Turkey, is constructed in alternating bands of black basalt and white limestone (The same patterning is used in the 16th century Deliler Han Madrassah, which is now a hotel). The adjoining Mesudiye Medresesi was built at the same time as was another prayer-school in the city, Zinciriye Medresesi.
• Beharampaşa Camii – an Ottoman mosque built in 1572 by the governor of Diyarbakır, Behram Pasha, noted for the well-constructed arches at the entrance.
• Dört Ayaklı Minare (the four-footed minaret) – built by Kasim Khan of the Ak Koyunlu. It is said that one who passes seven times between the four columns will have his wishes granted.
• Fatihpaşa Camii – built in 1520 by Diyarbakır's first Ottoman governor, Bıyıklı Mehmet Paşa ("the moustachioed Mehmet pasha"). The city's earliest Ottoman building, it is decorated with fine tilework.
• Hazreti Süleyman Camii – 1155–1169 – Süleyman son of Halid Bin Velid, who died capturing the city from the Arabs, is buried here along with his companions.
• Hüsrevpaşa Camii – the mosque of the second Ottoman governor, 1512–1528. Originally the building was intended to be a school (medrese)
• İskender Paşa Camii – a mosque of an Ottoman governor, an attractive building in black and white stone, built in 1551.
• Melek Ahmet Camii a 16th century mosque noted for its tiled prayer-niche and for the double stairway up the minaret.
• Nebii Camii – an Ak Koyunlu mosque, a single-domed stone construction from the 16th century. Nebi Camii means "the mosque of the prophet" and is so-named because of the number of inscriptions in honour of the prophet on its minaret.
• Safa Camii – built in 1532 by the Ak Koyunlu Turkmen tribe.

Famous churches include:

• St. Giragos Armenian Church – A disused and restored Armenian Orthodox church.
• The Syriac Orthodox Church of Our Lady (Syriac: ܐ ܕܝܠܕܬ ܐܠܗܐ `Idto d-Yoldat Aloho, Turkish: Meryemana kilisesi), was first constructed as a pagan temple in the 1st century BCE. The current construction dates back to the 3rd century, has been restored many times, and is still in use as a place of worship today.^{[citation needed]} There are a number of other churches in the city.

Museums include:

• The Archaeological Museum contains artifacts from the neolithic period, through the Early Bronze Age, Assyrian, Urartu, Roman, Byzantine, Artuqids, Seljuk Turk, Aq Qoyunlu, and Ottoman Empire periods.
• Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı Museum – the home of the late poet and a classic example of a traditional Diyarbakır home.
• The birthplace of poet Ziya Gökalp – preserved as a museum to his life and works.

Climate[link]

Diyarbakır has a semi-arid climate. Summer are very hot and very dry, due to its location on the Mesopotamian plain which is subject to hot winds from the deserts of Syria and Iraq to the south. The highest recorded temperature was 44.8°C (112.64°F) on 28 August 1998. Winters are cold and wet and with frosty nights. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two. The lowest recorded temperature was −23.4°C (−10.12°F) on 30 December 2006.

Notable residents[link]

• Abdülkadir Aksu: Former Turkish minister of interior affairs
• Ahmed Arif: Poet
• Aziz Yıldırım: President of Fenerbahçe S.K. sports club
• Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı: Poet
• Cihan Haspolatlı: Galatasaray SK footballer
• Gazi Yaşargil: medical scientist and neurosurgeon
• Hesenê Metê: writer
• Hikmet Çetin: Former Turkish foreign minister, former NATO Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan
• Leyla Zana: politician
• Lokman Polat: writer
• Mehmed Emin Bozarslan: writer
• Mehmet Polat: actor
• Naum Faiq: writer
• Osman Baydemir: politician
• Rojen Barnas: writer
• Songül Öden: actress
• Süleyman Nazif: Prominent Young Turk
• Ziya Gökalp: Prominent ideologue of Pan-Turkism and Turanism
• Mıgırdiç Margosyan: writer, some of his books: Gavur Mahallesi, Söyle Margos Nerelisen?, Biletimiz İstanbul'a Kesildi
• Coşkun Sabah: musician
• Sayf al-Din al-Amidi: (d. 631/1233 in Damascus), Islamic theologian and legal scholar of the Shafi'i school.

See also[link]

• Amid (Chaldean Diocese)
• Dicle University

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Diyarbakır

• (Turkish) Governorship of Diyarbakır
• (Turkish) Diyarbakır Metropolitan Municipality
• (Turkish) Diyarbakırspor funs, news, informarmation
• (Turkish) local info
• (Turkish) Information on Diyarbakır
• (Turkish) Diyarbakır news
• (Turkish) Diyarbakır news
• (Turkish) Diyarbakır news
• Pictures of the City
• Diyarbakır Guide and Photo Album, more, more
• Diyarbakır Weather Forecast Information

Coordinates: 37°55′N 40°14′E / 37.91°N 40.24°E / 37.91; 40.24

v t e Diyarbakır in Diyarbakır Province (in the Southeastern Anatolia region) of Turkey Urban districts Diyarbakır (Bağlar- Kayapınar- Sur- Yenişehir) Rural districts Bismil - Çermik - Çınar - Çüngüş - Dicle - Eğil - Ergani - Hani - Hazro - Kocaköy - Kulp - Lice - Silvan Regions Provinces Aegean Afyonkarahisar - Aydın - Denizli - Izmir - Kütahya - Manisa - Muğla - Uşak Black Sea Amasya - Artvin - Bartın - Bayburt - Bolu - Çorum - Düzce - Giresun - Gümüşhane - Karabük - Kastamonu - Ordu - Rize - Samsun - Sinop - Tokat - Trabzon - Zonguldak Central Anatolia Aksaray - Ankara - Çankırı - Eskişehir - Karaman - Kayseri - Kırıkkale - Kırşehir - Konya - Nevşehir - Niğde - Sivas - Yozgat Eastern Anatolia Ağrı - Ardahan -Bingöl - Bitlis - Elâzığ - Erzincan - Erzurum - Hakkâri - Iğdır - Kars - Malatya - Muş - Siirt - Tunceli - Van Marmara Balıkesir - Bilecik - Bursa - Çanakkale - Edirne - Istanbul - Kırklareli - Kocaeli - Sakarya - Tekirdağ - Yalova Mediterranean Adana - Antalya- Burdur - Hatay - Isparta - Kahramanmaraş - Mersin - Osmaniye Southeastern Anatolia Adıyaman - Batman - Diyarbakır - Gaziantep - Kilis - Mardin - Şanlıurfa - Şırnak

v t e Metropolitan centers in Turkey Adana Ankara Antalya Bursa Diyarbakır Erzurum Eskişehir Gaziantep İstanbul İzmir Kayseri Kocaeli Konya Mersin Sakarya Samsun

v t e The Tigris Countries Turkey (523 km) Syria (40 km) Iraq (1,377 km) Cities Diyarbakır Bismil Hasankeyf Cizre Mosul Tikrit Samarra Kadhimiya Baghdad Amarah Al-Kūt Tributaries Ambar Kuru Pamuk Hazro Batman Garzan Göksu Savur Botan Little Khabur Great Zab Little Zab ‛Adhaim Diyala List of crossings

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Anthony Wayne
Nickname	Mad Anthony
Born	(1745-01-01)January 1, 1745 Easttown Township, Pennsylvania
Died	December 15, 1796(1796-12-15) (aged 51)
Buried at	Fort Presque Isle (now Erie, Pennsylvania)
Allegiance	United States of America
Years of service	1775-1783 1792-1796
Rank	Colonel 1775-1777 Brigadier General 1777-1783 Major General 1783; 1792-1796
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War Battle of Trois-Rivières Battle of Brandywine Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Battle of Monmouth Battle of Stony Point Battle of Bull's Ferry Battle of Green Spring Northwest Indian War Siege of Fort Recovery Battle of Fallen Timbers

Anthony Wayne (January 1, 1745 – December 15, 1796) was a United States Army general and statesman. Wayne adopted a military career at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, where his military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him a promotion to the rank of brigadier general and the sobriquet of Mad Anthony.

American Revolution[link]

At the onset of the war in 1775, Wayne raised a militia unit and, in 1776, became colonel of the 4th Pennsylvania Regiment. He and his regiment were part of the Continental Army's unsuccessful invasion of Canada where he was sent to aid Benedict Arnold, during which he commanded a successful rear-guard action at the Battle of Trois-Rivières, and then led the distressed forces at Fort Ticonderoga. His service resulted in a promotion to brigadier general on February 21, 1777.

Later, he commanded the Pennsylvania Line at Brandywine, Paoli, and Germantown. After winter quarters at Valley Forge, he led the American attack at the Battle of Monmouth. During this last battle, Wayne's forces were pinned down by a numerically superior British force. However, Wayne held out until relieved by reinforcements sent by Washington. This scenario would play out again years later, in the Southern campaign.

The highlight of Wayne's Revolutionary War service was probably his victory when he attacked the British at Stony Point, New York. In July 1779 Washington named Wayne to command the Corps of Light Infantry, a temporary unit of four regiments of light infantry companies from all the regiments in the Main Army. On July 16, 1779, in a bayonets-only night attack lasting thirty minutes, three columns of light infantry, the main attack personally led by Wayne, stormed British fortifications at Stony Point, a cliffside redoubt commanding the southern Hudson River. The success of this operation provided a boost to the morale of an army which had at that time suffered a series of military defeats. Congress awarded him a medal for the victory.

On July 21, 1780, Washington sent Wayne with two Pennsylvania brigades and four cannons to destroy a blockhouse at Bulls Ferry opposite New York City. In the Battle of Bull's Ferry, Wayne's troops were unable to capture the position, suffering 64 casualties, while inflicting only 21 on the loyalist defenders.^[1]

Letter from Anthony Wayne to Israel Shreve, 1780

On January 1, 1781, Wayne, then the commanding officer of the Pennsylvania Line of the Continental Army, was faced with a mutiny over pay and conditions that was one of the most serious of the war. The mutiny was successfully resolved by dismissing about one half of the line, which Wayne then had to rebuild. This work was largely completed by May 1781, but it delayed his departure to Virginia, where he had been sent to assist the Marquis de Lafayette against British forces operating there. The line's departure was delayed once more when the men again complained about being paid in the nearly-worthless Continental currency.

In Virginia, Wayne led Lafayette's advance forces in an action at Green Spring, where he led a bayonet charge against the numerically superior British forces after stepping into a trap set by Charles Cornwallis. This increased his popular reputation as a bold commander. After the British surrendered at Yorktown, he went further south and severed the British alliance with Native American tribes in Georgia. He then negotiated peace treaties with both the Creek and the Cherokee, for which Georgia rewarded him with the gift of a large rice plantation. He was promoted to major general on October 10, 1783.

Political career[link]

Statue of Wayne at Valley Forge

After the war, Wayne returned to Pennsylvania and served in the state legislature for a year in 1784. He then moved to Georgia and settled upon the tract of land granted him by that state for his military service. He was a delegate to the state convention which ratified the United States Constitution in 1788.

In 1791, he served a year in the Second United States Congress as a U.S. Representative of Georgia but lost his seat during a debate over his residency qualifications and declined to run for re-election in 1792.^[2]

Major-General Anthony Wayne (Pastel by James Sharples, Sr ca. 1795)

President George Washington recalled Wayne from civilian life in order to lead an expedition in the Northwest Indian War, which up to that point had been a disaster for the United States. Many American Indians in the Northwest Territory had sided with the British in the Revolutionary War. In the Treaty of Paris that had ended the conflict, the British had ceded this land to the United States. The Indians, however, had not been consulted, and resisted annexation of the area by the United States. The Western Indian Confederacy achieved major victories over U.S. forces in 1790 and 1791 under the leadership of Blue Jacket of the Shawnees and Little Turtle of the Miamis. They were encouraged and supplied by the British, who had refused to evacuate British fortifications in the region as called for in the Treaty of Paris.

General Wayne with the Legion of the United States, 1794.

Washington placed Wayne in command of a newly-formed military force called the "Legion of the United States". Wayne established a basic training facility at Legionville to prepare professional soldiers for his force. Wayne's was the first attempt to provide basic training for regular U.S. Army recruits and Legionville was the first facility established expressly for this purpose.

He then dispatched a force to Ohio to establish Fort Recovery as a base of operations. On August 3, a tree fell on Wayne's tent. He survived, but was rendered unconscious. By the next day, he had recovered sufficiently to resume the march.^[3] On August 20, 1794, Wayne mounted an assault on the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, in modern Maumee, Ohio (just south of present-day Toledo), which was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces, ending the war. Wayne then negotiated the Treaty of Greenville between the tribal confederacy and the United States, which was signed on August 3, 1795. The treaty gave most of what is now Ohio to the United States, and cleared the way for that state to enter the Union in 1803.

Wayne died of complications from gout on December 15, 1796, during a return trip to Pennsylvania from a military post in Detroit, and was buried at Fort Presque Isle (now Erie, Pennsylvania) where the modern Wayne Blockhouse stands. His body was disinterred in 1809 and, after the body was boiled to remove the remaining flesh, as many of the bones as would fit in two saddlebags were relocated to the family plot in St. David's Episcopal Church cemetery in Radnor, Pennsylvania.^[4] A legend says that many bones were lost along the roadway that encompasses much of modern U.S. Route 322, and that every January 1 (Wayne's birthday), his ghost wanders the highway searching for his lost bones.^[5]

Battle of Fallen Timbers, commemorative issue of 1928, 2c

Legacy[link]

On September 14, 1929, the US Post office issued a stamp honoring General Wayne and which commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The post office issued a series of stamps often referred to as the "Two Cent Reds" by collectors, issued to commemorate the 150th Anniversaries of the many events that occurred during the American Revolution and to honor people such as General Wayne and those others who were there during these times of struggle. The stamp shows Bruce Saville's Battle of Fallen Timbers Monument.

His home, Waynesborough near Paoli, Pennsylvania

His grave at St. David's.

Municipalities and institutions[link]

There are many political jurisdictions and institutions named after Wayne, especially in Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana, the region where he fought many of his battles.

Boroughs[link]

• The Borough of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania
• The Borough of Waynesburg, Pennsylvania

Businesses, structures[link]

Anthony Wayne Suspension Bridge

• The former Anthony Wayne Bank in Fort Wayne
• Anthony Wayne Barber Shop in Maumee, Ohio
• Anthony Wayne, a campsite at Woodland Trails Scout Reservation in Camden, Ohio
• The Anthony Wayne Movie Theater in Wayne, Pennsylvania
• Anthony Wayne Recreation Area in Harriman State Park, New York
• AWS, formerly Anthony Wayne Rehabilitation Center for the Handicapped and Blind, Inc. in Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Anthony Wayne Restaurant, defunct[1], in Wayne, New Jersey
• Anthony Wayne Suspension Bridge near downtown Toledo, Ohio
• Anthony Wayne Terrace Housing Association Baden, Pennsylvania
• Mad Anthony Brewing Company, in Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Fort Wayne in Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Fort Wayne in Detroit, Michigan
• General Wayne Inn in Merion, Pennsylvania
• "Mad Anthony's", a local pub in Waterville, Ohio
• Wayne Corporation defunct school bus manufacturer, originally Wayne Agricultural Works, then Wayne Works
• Wayne Hospital in Greenville, Ohio
• Anthony Wayne Hotel in Akron, Ohio, demolished in 1996

Cities[link]

• The City of Fort Wayne, Indiana
• The City of Wayne, Michigan
• The City of Wayne, Nebraska
• The City of Waynesboro, Georgia
• The City of Waynesboro, Mississippi
• The City of Waynesboro, Tennessee
• The City of Waynesboro, Virginia
• The City of Wayne, New Jersey

Communities[link]

• The community of Wayne, Pennsylvania
• The community of Waynedale, Fort Wayne, Indiana

Counties[link]

• Wayne County, Georgia
• Wayne County, Illinois
• Wayne County, Indiana
• Wayne County, Iowa
• Wayne County, Kentucky
• Wayne County, Michigan
• Wayne County, Mississippi
• Wayne County, Missouri
• Wayne County, Nebraska
• Wayne County, New York
• Wayne County, North Carolina
• Wayne County, Ohio
• Wayne County, Pennsylvania
• Wayne County, Tennessee
• Wayne County, West Virginia

Forests and parks[link]

• Wayne National Forest in Ohio
• Anthony Wayne Recreation Area, part of Harriman State Park, in New York State

Towns[link]

• The town of Wayne, Michigan
• The town of Wayne, New York
• The town of Wayne, Oklahoma
• The town of Waynesville, Missouri
• The town of Waynesville, North Carolina
• The town of Wayne, New Jersey
• The town of Wayne, Maine
• The town of Wayne, Ohio

Rivers[link]

• the Mad River, a tributary of the Great Miami River, Dayton, Ohio

Schools[link]

• Anthony Wayne Elementary School in Defiance, Ohio
• Anthony Wayne Elementary School in Franklin, Ohio
• Anthony Wayne Middle School in Wayne, New Jersey
• Anthony Wayne School District, Ohio, whose sports teams are known as the "Fighting Generals"
• General Wayne Elementary School, in Malvern, Pennsylvania
• Wayne County High School, in Monticello, Kentucky
• Wayne Community Schools in Corydon, Iowa
• Wayne County Community College in Detroit, Michigan
• Wayne Elementary School Erie, Pennsylvania
• Wayne High School, Huber Heights, Ohio
• Wayne High School (Oklahoma), Wayne, Oklahoma
• Wayne High School, Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Wayne State College, Wayne, Nebraska
• Wayne State University, Detroit
• Waynesboro High School in Waynesboro, Virginia
• Waynesburg University in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania
• Waynesfield-Goshen Schools, Waynesfield, Ohio
• Anthony Wayne Elementary School in Detroit, MI

Streets and highways[link]

• Anthony Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Anthony Wayne Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio
• (Anthony) Wayne Avenue, Ticonderoga, New York
• Anthony Wayne Drive, in Detroit, Michigan
• Anthony Wayne Drive, in Baden, Pennsylvania
• Anthony Wayne Drive, in Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania
• Anthony Wayne Drive, Warminster, Pennsylvania
• Anthony Wayne Trail, in Toledo, Ohio
• Anthwyn Road, Merion, Pennsylvania (across from the inn)
• Mad Anthony Street, Cincinnati, Ohio
• Mad Anthony Street, Millersburg, Ohio
• North Wayne Avenue in Lockland, Ohio
• South Wayne Avenue, Fort Wayne, Indiana
• South Wayne Avenue in Lockland, Ohio
• Southwest Anthony Wayne Drive, Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Wayne Avenue, Bronx, New York
• Wayne Avenue, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
• Wayne Avenue, Chicago, Illinois^[6]
• Wayne Avenue, Dayton, Ohio
• Wayne Avenue (Rte 112), Stony Point, New York
• Wayne Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• Wayne Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Wayne Street, Toledo, Ohio
• Wayne Trace, Fort Wayne, Indiana
• Mad River Road, in Hillsboro, Ohio

This flag, presented to Miami chief She-Moc-E-Nish at the Treaty of Greenville, is signed "A.Wayne commander in chief".^[7] It is currently owned by the State of Indiana^[8]

Townships[link]

• Wayne Township, Illinois
• Wayne Township, Allen County, Indiana
• Wayne Township, Indianapolis, Indiana
• The former Wayne Township, Montgomery County, Ohio (now the City of Huber Heights)
• Wayne Township, New Jersey
• Wayne Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
• the former Mad River Township and Mad River Township Local School District (now Riverside, Ohio)

Villages[link]

• The Village of Wayne, Illinois
• The Village of Waynesfield, Ohio
• The Village of Waynesville, Illinois
• The Village of Waynesville, Ohio
• The Village of Wayne City, Illinois
• The Village of Waynesburg, Ohio

Popular culture[link]

Wayne's legacy has extended to American popular culture in a number of ways.

In literature and publications[link]

(alphabetized by author)

• Wayne is mentioned in Donald Barthelme's novel, The King.
• Contrary to the popular belief that Bruce Wayne (the real name of the superhero character Batman) was named after John Wayne, comic book writer Bill Finger named Batman's alter ego after Robert the Bruce and Anthony Wayne. In the DC Comics, Bruce Wayne is depicted as General Wayne's direct descendant. Furthermore, the property on which Wayne Manor is built was given to General Wayne for his service during the Revolution. Rumours that Bruce's middle name is "Anthony" have yet to be confirmed by DC Comics.
• In F. Scott Fitzgerald's Tender Is the Night (1934), Dick Diver mentions his descent from Mad Anthony Wayne.
• Anthony Wayne is one of the main characters in Ann Rinaldi's historical novel, A Ride into Morning.
• In J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye (1951), Mr. Spencer, one of the teachers at (fictitious) Pencey Prep School, lives across the street from campus on Anthony Wayne Avenue.

In products[link]

• Mad Anthony Ale (Mad Anthony's APA), an American Pale Ale (APA) brewed by the Erie Brewing Companyin Erie, Pennsylvania

Onscreen[link]

• Actor Marion Robert Morrison was initially given the stage name of Anthony Wayne, after the general, by Raoul Walsh, who directed The Big Trail (1930), but Fox Studios changed it to John Wayne instead, saying "Anthony" sounded "too Italian". John Wayne was leading man in 142 of his 153 movies, more than any other actor in history.^{[citation needed]}
• In "Guy Walks Into a Psychiatrist's Office...", the Season Two premiere of The Sopranos, the character Dr. Jennifer Melfi is shown seeing patients at the "Anthony Wayne Motel" in Wayne, New Jersey, while on the lam, in fear for her life.
• The 1971 made-for-TV movie Assault on the Wayne, starring Leonard Nimoy, takes place on board the submarine U.S.S Anthony Wayne.

In sculpture[link]

• General Anthony Wayne relief, by James Edward Kelly, Tryon, North Carolina, 1896
• The Wayne County Building in Detroit, Michigan, features a pediment by Edward Wagner that depicts an equestrian Wayne, c. 1900
• Equestrian statue by Henry Kirke Bush-Brown at Valley Forge, 1908
• Anthony Wayne Monument by George Etienne Ganiere, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1918
• Battle of Fallen Timbers Monument also known as the Anthony Wayne Monument, by Bruce Saville, Maumee, Ohio, 1929
• Equestrian statue by John Gregory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1937

In transportation[link]

The Anthony Wayne side-wheel passenger and cargo steamship.

• The Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne, a side-wheel steamboat, sank in April 1850 in Lake Erie while en route from the Toledo, Ohio, area to Buffalo, New York. Out of 93 passengers and crew on board, 38 died. On June 21, 2007, it was announced that the wreck had been discovered by Thomas Kowalczk, an amateur shipwreck hunter.^[9]
• Major General Anthony Wayne, U.S. Army tugboat based at Southampton, UK.

Other uses[link]

• The Mad Ants basketball team represents Ft. Wayne, Indiana, in the NBA Development League.^[10]
• In 1987, artist Mark Cline lobbied the Waynesboro, Virginia, city council to erect a 60 ft (18 m) bust of "Mad" Anthony Wayne atop the city's capped landfill.^[11]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Allen, William B. (1872). A History of Kentucky: Embracing Gleanings, Reminiscences, Antiquities, Natural Curiosities, Statistics, and Biographical Sketches of Pioneers, Soldiers, Jurists, Lawyers, Statesmen, Divines, Mechanics, Farmers, Merchants, and Other Leading Men, of All Occupations and Pursuits. Bradley & Gilbert. pp. 46–47. http://books.google.com/books?id=s_wTAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2008-11-10. 
• Boatner, Mark M. III (1994). Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1. 
• Carter, Harvey Lewis. The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash. ©1987, Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01318-2.
• Dubin, Michael J. United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company, 1998. ISBN 0-7864-0283-0.
• Knopf, Richard C. [editor] Anthony Wayne: A Name in Arms (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1960).
• Pleasants, Henry; Delaware County Historical Society (1907). History of Old St. David's Church Radnor, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. John C.Winston Co. p. 206. http://books.google.com/books?id=KlQVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anthony Wayne

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anthony Wayne

	Biography portal
	United States Army portal

• Anthony Wayne and the Battle of Fallen Timbers from The Army Historical Foundation
• General Anthony Wayne
• Anthony Wayne family papers. WIlliam L. Clements Library.
• National Park Service Museum Collection: American Revolutionary War Exhibit, Wayne portrait & bio
• Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor
• Anthony Wayne - The Man Buried in Two Places
• "The Man Buried in Two Places", Chester County Genealogy, 2007/7/10

v t e Leaders of the United States Army Senior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Wilkinson Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn Brown Macomb Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin

Yasin Malik (1963) is the chairman of one of the two factions of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, the chairman for other faction is Farooq Siddiqi(Farooq Papa).Kashmir watchers think that Yasin Malik's shifting policy of seeking an internal solution with India after its alleged secret meeting with the Prime Minister of India led to the secession of its senior leaders, (see Praveen Swami; PMO in secret talks with secessionists)^[1].Farooq Papa is considered to be a hard liner ideologically.The organisation, Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front split^[2] in two after the senior leaders of the party disagreed with his policy of dealing Kashmir issue on bilateral level with India on the basis as was done in Nagaland. The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), founded by Amanullah Khan and Maqbool Bhat, is a Kashmiri nationalist organization founded in Birmingham, UK on May 29, 1977. Within a couple of years branches were established in several cities and towns of the UK; and also in several countries of Europe, USA and Middle East. In 1982 branches were established in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Pakistan and in 1987 in Indian-administered Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir) which shows it essential foreign origin. He started his movement^[3] for separation of Jammu & Kashmir from secular India as an Islamic Nation of Darul Islam while silent on freedom of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. He spent almost 6 years of his life in jail and in interrogations. Yasin Malik originally came to prominence as a Militant Area Commander under the chief commander of Ishfaq Wani of JKLF^[4] who was killed in an encounter with Indian army. In 1994, Yasin Malik renounced violence after he was released from jail and thenceforth, he and his organization called for a peaceful method to come to a settlement on the Kashmir Conflict. He supports the return of Kashmiri Hindus back to the valley^[5]

Personal life[link]

Yasin Malik was born in 1963 in a modest Kashmir household of Maisuma Bazar in the centre of Srinagar. His father was a Government Bus Driver, driving through the toughest routes of the world between Srinagar and Laddakh. He is married to the artist Mishal Malik. Mishal, a distance learning graduate from the London School of Economics and an artist, is the daughter of Rehana Hussain, chief of the Muslim League (women’s wing). Her father, the late M.A. Hussain Malik, was an internationally renowned Pakistani economist. Yasin Malik met Mushaal during a lunch hosted by PML (Q) in favour of Huriet Delegation including Yasin malik who visited Pakistan through LOC during General Pervez Musharrafs tenure.

Militancy[link]

Yasin Malik has admitted killing 4 Indian Airforce Personnel. In 1987, he was arrested, taken to an interrogation center for twenty days and then imprisoned for a year under the Public Safety Act. It was during this period that the four core activist member of the JKLF, Ashfaq Majid Wani (The JKLF Chief), Hamid Sheikh, Javid Mir and Yasin Malik met to form the famous HAJY group, an acronym formed of the first letters of their first names.

Two members of the HAJY Group Hamid and Ashfaq, were killed during encounter with security forces. Yasin Malik and Javid Mir were caught and imprisoned until 1994. In that year, Malik was released on grounds of ill- health. Soon after his release, he announced a unilateral cease-fire on the part of his party. He has stuck, to this day, to his commitment of reverting to a non-violent struggle. Even since his release in 1994 he has been arrested numerous times by Government and had six attempts made on his life by other terrorists. Yet despite this, he has sought to moderate the militant attitudes of fellow party workers.^[6] Meanwhile the years of imprisonment have left him frail. Yasin Malik recently completed two lengthy visits to the United States for health reasons. He undertook campaigns to educate the U.S public and garner support for the cause of Kashmiri struggle.

Yasin Malik was arrested in October 1999 by Indian Authorities under the Public Safety Act and was again arrested on March 26, 2002 under the POTA. He was detained for almost a year. In recent times Yasin has had one to one meetings with President of Pakistan, Prime Minister of Pakistan, Prime Minister of India and other world leaders.^[7] In 2007 Yasin Malik and his party launched a \campaign known as Safar-i-Azadi (Journey to Freedom).^[8] This journey was to create an atmosphere for anti-Indian agitations among public which lasted for one year and during it, Yasin Malik and his colleagues visited about 3500 towns and villages of Kashmir.^[9] Stone pelting and sporadic attacks by Muslim majority of Kashmir of security forces have increased hence forth.^[10]

Some of his prominent party workers include Adv. Bashir Butt, Enj. Ghulam Rasool Dar, Noor Mohammed Kalwal, Showkat Ahmed Bakhshi and Mohammed Hussain Khan Altaf etc. Yasin Malik has Shaheed Maqbool Bhat, Jinnah & Yaser Arafat as his ideals.^[11] Yasin has studied only up to 5th standard but claims that most of the studies he has done are self studies done in various jails. He loves poetry of Allama Iqbal and writings of Imam Gazali. He is influenced with the visions of struggle of Che Guevara.^[12]

In January 2010, asked Kashmiri Pandit migrants to return to their homes in the Kashmir valley.^[13][14]

References[link]

External Links[link]

• http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm
• http://www.kashmirnewsline.com/2009/02/13/sacrifices-wont-go-waste-says-siddiqi/
• http://www.youtube.com/results?search_type=&search_query=jklfmaqboolmanzil.
• http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/.../Militant-kashmiri-leader-Yasin-Malik-to-marry-racy-artist-Mushaal-Mullick.html -
• http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=8652 -
• http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
• http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
• http://www.khalidhasan.net/2005/12/18/yasin-malik%E2%80%99s-dream/
• http://www.jamespot.com/a/115935-Pro-independence-Jammu-Kashmir-Liberation-Front-chairman-Mohamme.html -
• http://www.conclave.digitaltoday.in/conclave2008/index.php?option=com_magazine&opt=section&sectionid=3...32...T... -
• http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1413145.cms -
• http://www.outlookindia.com/author.asp?name=Mohammad+Yasin+Malik -
• http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2008/kashmir20080617a.html
• http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/18/local.htm
• http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
• http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJuly2008/profilejuly.htm -
• http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/04/12/08/142842.html
• JKLF Website
• JKLF Website

Annie Lennox OBE
Annie Lennox performing at the Rally for Human Rights during the International AIDS Conference 2010 in Vienna as part of her SING Campaign.
Background information
Birth name	Ann Lennox
Born	(1954-12-25) 25 December 1954 (age 57)
Genres	Pop, rock, blue-eyed soul, New Wave, pop rock, R&B
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, activist, humanitarian ambassador
Instruments	Vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar, accordion, harmoniumflute
Years active	1975–present
Labels	RCA, Arista (1981–2009) Island, Decca (2010–)
Associated acts	The Catch, The Tourists, Eurythmics
Website	www.annielennox.com

Ann "Annie" Lennox, OBE (born 25 December 1954), is a Scottish singer-songwriter, political activist and philanthropist. After achieving minor success in the late 1970s as part of the New Wave band The Tourists, she and fellow musician David A. Stewart went on to achieve major international success in the 1980s as Eurythmics. Lennox is the most recognized female artist at the Brit Awards, winning a total of eight awards. She has also been named the "Brits Champion of Champions".^[1]

Lennox embarked on a solo career in the 1990s with her debut album, Diva (1992), which produced several hit singles including "Why" and "Walking on Broken Glass". To date, she has released five solo studio albums and a compilation album, The Annie Lennox Collection (2009). She is the recipient of eight Brit Awards, four Grammy Awards and an MTV Video Music Award. In 2002, Lennox received a Billboard Century Award; the highest accolade from Billboard Magazine.^[2] In 2004, she won both the Golden Globe and the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Into the West", written for the soundtrack to the feature film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.^[3]

In addition to her career as a musician, Lennox is also a political and social activist, notable for raising money and awareness for HIV charities in Africa. She also objected to the unauthorised use of the 1999 Eurythmics song "I Saved the World Today" in an election broadcast for Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni in 2009.^[4] In 2011, Lennox was appointed to the OBE by Queen Elizabeth II for her "tireless charity campaigns and championing of humanitarian causes".^[2][5]

Known as a pop culture icon for her distinctive contralto vocals and visual performances, Lennox has been named "The Greatest White Soul Singer Alive" by VH1 and one of The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time by Rolling Stone.^[6] She has earned the distinction of "most successful female British artist in UK music history" due to her global commercial success since the early 1980s. Including her work within Eurythmics, Lennox is one of the world's best-selling music artists, having sold over 80 million records worldwide.^[7]