Coordinates: 31°41′56″N 35°18′23″E / 31.69889°N 35.30639°E / 31.69889; 35.30639

Map of the twelve tribes of Israel

Judea or Judæa ( /dʒuː.ˈdiː.ə/^[1]; from Hebrew: יהודה‎, Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh "Tribe of Judah", Greek: Ιουδαία, Ioudaía; Latin: Iudaea) was the name of the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ ישראל‎ Eretz Yisrael) from the 8th century BCE (Assyrian rule) to the 2nd century CE, when Roman Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina following the Jewish Bar Kokhba revolt.

Etymology[link]

The name Judea is a Greek and Roman adaptation of the name "Judah", which originally encompassed the territory of the Israelite tribe of that name and later of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. Judea was sometimes used as the name for the entire region, including parts beyond the river Jordan.^[2] It was the name in use in English until the Jordanian occupation of the area in 1948. Jordan called the area of Judea and Samaria ad-difa’a al-gharbiya (translated into English as the "West Bank").^[3] "Yehuda" is the Hebrew term used for the area in modern Israel since the region was conquered and occupied by Israel in 1967.^[4]

Historical boundaries[link]

The Judean hills

The classical Roman-Jewish historian Josephus wrote: "In the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village Anuath, which is also named Borceos. This is the northern boundary of Judea. The southern parts of Judea, if they be measured lengthways, are bounded by a village adjoining to the confines of Arabia; the Jews that dwell there call it Jordan. However, its breadth is extended from the river Jordan to Joppa. The city Jerusalem is situated in the very middle; on which account some have, with sagacity enough, called that city the Navel of the country. Nor indeed is Judea destitute of such delights as come from the sea, since its maritime places extend as far as Ptolemais: it was parted into eleven portions, of which the royal city Jerusalem was the supreme, and presided over all the neighboring country, as the head does over the body. As to the other cities that were inferior to it, they presided over their several toparchies; Gophna was the second of those cities, and next to that Acrabatta, after them Thamna, and Lydda, and Emmaus, and Pella, and Idumea, and Engaddi, and Herodium, and Jericho; and after them came Jamnia and Joppa, as presiding over the neighboring people; and besides these there was the region of Gamala, and Gaulonitis, and Batanea, and Trachonitis, which are also parts of the kingdom of Agrippa. This [last] country begins at Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan, and reaches breadthways to the lake of Tiberias; and in length is extended from a village called Arpha, as far as Julias. Its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews and Syrians. And thus have I, with all possible brevity, described the country of Judea, and those that lie round about it."^[5]

Geography[link]

Mediterranean oak and terebinth woodland in the Valley of Elah, southwestern Judea.

Judea is a mountainous region, part of which is considered to be a desert. It varies greatly in height, rising to an altitude of 1,020 m (3,346 ft) in the south at Mount Hebron, 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Jerusalem, and descending to as much as 400 m (1,312 ft) below sea level in the east of the region. It also varies in rainfall, starting with about 400–500 millimetres (16–20 in) in the western hills, rising to 600 millimetres (24 in) around western Jerusalem (in central Judea), falling back to 400 millimetres (16 in) in eastern Jerusalem and dropping to around 100mm in the eastern parts, due to a rainshadow effect (this is the Judean desert). The climate, accordingly, moves between Mediterranean in the west and desert climate in the east, with a strip of steppe climate in the middle. Major urban areas in the region include Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Gush Etzion, Jericho and Hebron.^[6]

Geographers divide Judea into several distinct regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the Bethel hills and the Judean desert east of Jerusalem, which descends in a series of steps to the Dead Sea. The hills are distinct for their anticline structure. In ancient times the hills were forested, and the Bible records agriculture and sheep farming being practiced in the area. Animals are still grazed today, with shepherds moving them between the low ground to the hilltops (which have more rainfall) as summer approaches, while the slopes are still layered with centuries-old stone terracing. The Jewish Revolt against the Romans ended in the devastation of vast areas of the Judaean countryside.^[7]

History[link]

Early Iron Age[link]

By the Early Iron Age, around 1020 BCE, the Southern Levant came to be ruled by the Kingdom of Israel, and its successors, the Northern Kingdom and the Kingdom of Judah. The Northern Kingdom was conquered into the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 720 BCE. The Kingdom of Judah remained nominally independent, but paid tribute to the Assyrian Empire from 715 and throughout the first half of the 7th century BCE, regaining its independence as the Assyrian Empire declined after 640 BCE, but after 609 again fell under the sway of imperial rule, this time paying tribute at first to the Egyptians and after 601 BCE to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, until 586 BCE, when it was finally conquered by Babylonia.

Judea is central to much of the narrative of the Torah, with the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob said to have been buried at Hebron in the Tomb of the Patriarchs.

Persian and Hellenistic periods[link]

The Babylonian Empire fell to the conquests of Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE.^[8] Judea remained under Persian rule until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, eventually falling under the rule of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire until the revolt of Judas Maccabeus resulted in the Hasmonean dynasty of Kings who ruled in Judea for over a century.^[9]

Roman conquest[link]

Judea lost its independence to the Romans in the 1st century BCE, by becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire. The Romans had allied themselves to the Maccabees and interfered again in 63 BCE, at the end of the Third Mithridatic War, when the proconsul Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome. Queen Alexandra Salome had recently died, and a civil war broke out between her sons, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II. Pompeius restored Hyrcanus but political rule passed to the Herodian family who ruled as client kings. In 6 CE, Judea came under direct Roman rule as the province of Iudaea. Eventually, the Jews rose against Roman rule in 66 CE in a revolt that was unsuccessful. Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 CE and much of the population was killed or enslaved.^[10]

Bar Kokhba revolt[link]

The Jews rebelled again 70 years later under the leadership of Simon bar Kokhba and established the last Kingdom of Israel, which lasted three years, before the Romans managed to conquer the province for good, at a high cost in terms of manpower and expense.

After the defeat of Bar Kokhba (132–135 CE) the Roman Emperor Hadrian was determined to wipe out the identity of Israel-Judah-Judea, and renamed it Philistina (Syria Palaestina, after the ancient enemy of the Israelites; the Philistines). Until that time the area had been called "province of Judea" (Roman Judea) by the Romans.^[11] At the same time, he changed the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina. The Romans killed many Jews and sold many more into slavery; many Jews departed into the Jewish diaspora, but there was never a complete Jewish abandonment of the area, and Jews have been an important (and sometimes persecuted) minority in Judea since that time.^[12]

Jewish resettlement[link]

The failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt and the subsequent Roman conquest greatly diminished Jewish presence in Judea. Since then, the Jewish population of Judea has fluctuated greatly, with other Jews joining and leaving the ancient local population over time.

Beginning in the late 19th century, Jewish settlement increased within the territory of what is now Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, with Judea (or the territory of the West Bank south of Jerusalem) attracting a growing number of settlements and resulting in growing conflict between Muslim and Jewish residents of the region. Today, much of Judea falls under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and the presence of Jewish settlers in now-Palestinian cities such as Hebron and the establishment of Jewish settlements (under Israeli jurisdiction) is considered controversial. Jewish settlers have proposed establishing the State of Judea should Israel withdraw from the West Bank.

See also[link]

• Judea and Samaria Area
• Kingdom of Judah
• Judaea (Roman province)
• History of Palestine (region)

Timeline[link]

Map of the southern Levant, c.830s BCE.

  Kingdom of Judah

  Kingdom of Israel

  Philistine city-states

  Phoenician states

  Kingdom of Ammon

  Kingdom of Edom

  Kingdom of Aram-Damascus

  Aramean tribes

  Arubu tribes

  Nabatu tribes

  Assyrian Empire

  Kingdom of Moab

• 11th century BCE–930 BCE — part of the Kingdom of Israel
• 930 BCE–586 BCE — Kingdom of Judah
• 586 BCE–539 BCE — Babylonian Empire
• 539 BCE–332 BCE — Persian Empire
• 332 BCE–305 BCE — Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great
• 305 BCE–198 BCE — Ptolemaics
• 198 BCE–141 BCE — Seleucids
• 141 BCE–37 BCE — The Hasmonean state in Israel established by the Maccabees, after 63 BCE under Roman supremacy
• 37 BCE–70 CE — Herodian Dynasty ruling Judea under Roman supremacy (37 BCE–6 CE, 41–44 CE), interchanging with direct Roman rule (6–41, 44–66). This ended in the first Jewish Revolt of 66–73, which saw the Temple destroyed in 70.
• 73 — Fall of Masada
• 115–117 — Kitos War
• 132–135 — Bar Kokhba's revolt
• 135 — Emperor Hadrian reverts to the name Syria Palaestina first used by Herodotus.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Judean Desert

• The Jewish History Resource Center Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Judea and civil war
• The subjugation of Judea
• Judaea 6–66 CE
• Judea photos

v t e Judea and Samaria Area Cities Ariel · Beitar Illit · Ma'ale Adumim · Modi'in Illit Regional committee Committee of the Jewish Community of Hebron Local councils Alfei Menashe · Beit Aryeh-Ofarim · Beit El · Efrat · Elkana · Giv'at Ze'ev · Har Adar · Immanuel · Karnei Shomron · Kedumim · Kiryat Arba · Ma'ale Efrayim · Oranit Regional councils Gush Etzion · Har Hevron · Mateh Binyamin · Megilot Dead Sea · Shomron · Southern Jordan Valley (Bik'at HaYarden) Region: West Bank Other sub-divisions: Center District · Haifa District · Jerusalem District · North District · South District · Tel Aviv District See also: Population statistics · Israeli settlement  · Israeli settlement timeline · Israeli West Bank barrier

Luis Maravilla (Luis Lopez Tejera) (1 June 1914 – 2000) was a Flamenco composer. He was born in Seville, Spain.

Maravilla studied guitar under Marcelo Molina and Pepe de Badajoz, and debuted professionally at the age of 12 in the Pavon Theatre of Seville. In the 1930's he toured much of North and South America. The Spanish Civil War brought him to France. Returning to Spain in 1940, he performed with such troupes as Gracia de Triana and Estrellita Castro. Maravilla retired in 1957 to begin teaching.

External links[link]

• Luis Maravilla, Google books
• Saturday review, Volume 36
• Oxford notes Music Library Association
• Biography of Luis Maravilla (Spanish)
• Mention of Luis Maravilla's death (Spanish)

Judea Pearl (born 1936) is an Israeli American computer scientist and philosopher, best known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of Bayesian networks (see the article on belief propagation). He is also credited for developing a theory of causal and counterfactual inference based on structural models (see article on causality). He is the 2011 winner of the ACM Turing Award, the highest distinction in computer science, "for fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning."^[1][2]

Judea Pearl is the father of journalist Daniel Pearl, who was kidnapped and murdered by militants in Pakistan connected with Al-Qaeda and the International Islamic Front in 2002 for his being American and Jewish.^[3][4]

Biography[link]

Judea Pearl was born in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 1936 and received a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Technion in 1960. In 1960 he came to the United States and received a masters degree in Physics from Rutgers University, U.S. and a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, U.S., in 1965. He worked at RCA Research Laboratories on superconductive parametric and storage devices and at Electronic Memories, Inc., on advanced memory systems. He then joined UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1970, where he is currently a professor of computer science and statistics and director of the Cognitive Systems Laboratory. He and his wife, Ruth, had three children. In addition, as of 2011^[update], he is a member of the International Advisory Board of NGO Monitor.^[5]

Murder of Daniel Pearl[link]

In 2002, his son, Daniel Pearl, a journalist working for the Wall Street Journal was kidnapped and murdered in Pakistan, leading Judea and the other members of the family and friends to create the Daniel Pearl Foundation.^[6] On the seventh anniversary of Daniel's death, Judea wrote an article in the Wall Street Journal titled Daniel Pearl and the Normalization of Evil: When will our luminaries stop making excuses for terror?.^[7]

Research[link]

Judea Pearl was one of the pioneers of Bayesian networks and the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence, and one of the first to mathematize causal modeling in the empirical sciences. His work is also intended as a high-level cognitive model. He is interested in the philosophy of science, knowledge representation, nonstandard logics, and learning. Pearl is described as "one of the giants in the field of artificial intelligence” by UCLA computer science professor Richard Korf.^[8] His work on causality has "revolutionized the understanding of causality in statistics, psychology, medicine and the social sciences" according to the Association for Computing Machinery.^[9]

Books[link]

• Heuristics, Addison-Wesley, 1984
• Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems, Morgan-Kaufmann, 1988
• Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference, Cambridge University Press, 2000
• I Am Jewish: Personal Reflections Inspired by the Last Words of Daniel Pearl, Jewish Lights, 2004.

Scientific papers[link]

• List of papers on Pearl's personal website

Lectures[link]

• "The Algorithmization of Counterfactuals" video of the Rumelhart Lecture given July 21, 2011.
• "On Causes and Counterfactuals" video of a lecture given at a tribute sympoium, March 12, 2010
• Honorary Doctorate of Science degree received from the University of Toronto - commencement speech given June 21, 2007
• "The Art and Science of Cause and Effect": a slideshow and tutorial lecture by Judea Pearl
• Reasoning with Cause and Effect

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

	Biography portal
	Greater Los Angeles portal
	Israel portal

• Judea Pearl's personal website
• Daniel Pearl Foundation Website
• Interview with Judea Pearl from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
• Interview with Judea Pearl on Robots and Free Will
• Judea Pearl at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Judea Pearl at the AI Genealogy Project.

Caroline Glick
Born	Chicago, Illinois[1]
Ethnicity	Jewish
Education	Bachelor of Arts in Political Science Master of Arts in Public Policy
Occupation	deputy managing editor
Notable credit(s)	Author of "Shackled Warrior"
Website
http://www.carolineglick.com/e/

Caroline Glick is an American-Israeli journalist for Makor Rishon and is the deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post.^[2] She is also the Senior Fellow for Middle East Affairs of the Washington, D.C.-based Center for Security Policy.^[3]

Life[link]

Glick was born in Chicago and grew up in the Hyde Park neighborhood,^[1][4] and graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. She immigrated to Israel in 1991 and joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).^[5]

She worked in the IDF's Judge Advocate General division during the First Intifada in 1992, and while there edited and co-authored an IDF-published book, Israel, the Intifada and the Rule of Law. Following the Oslo Accords, she worked as coordinator of negotiations with the Palestinian Authority. She retired from the military with the rank of captain at the end of 1996. She worked for about a year as the assistant to the director general of the Israel Antiquities Authority. She then served as assistant foreign policy advisor to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. She returned to the US to get her Master of Arts in Public Policy from Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, in 2000.^[4]

Upon her return to Israel, she became, and remains, the chief diplomatic correspondent for the Makor Rishon newspaper, for which she writes a weekly column in Hebrew. She is also the deputy managing editor of The Jerusalem Post for which she writes two weekly syndicated columns. Her writings have appeared in The Wall Street Journal, the National Review, The Boston Globe, the Chicago Sun-Times, The Washington Times, Maariv, Moment, and other newspapers found worldwide. She has also contributed to many online journals.^[4] Along with Israel’s major television networks, she has appeared on US television programs seen on MSNBC and the Fox News Channel.^[6] She makes frequent radio appearances both in the US and Israel.

In 2003, during Operation Iraqi Freedom, Glick was embedded with the US Army’s 3rd Infantry Division and filed front-line reports for The Jerusalem Post and the Chicago Sun-Times.^[4] She also reported daily from the front lines, via satellite phone, for the Israeli Channel 1 news. Glick was on the scene when US forces took the Baghdad International Airport. She was awarded a distinguished civilian service award from the U.S. Secretary of the Army for her battlefield reporting.^[7]

She is the Senior Middle East Fellow at the Center for Security Policy^[4] and is one of several co-authors of the Center’s latest book, War Footing. She has been a senior researcher at the IDF’s Operational Theory Research Institute (the Israel Defense establishment’s most prestigious think tank).^[7] She has also worked as an adjunct lecturer in tactical warfare at the IDF’s Command and Staff College.^[6]

In its Israeli Independence Day supplement in 2003, Israeli newspaper Maariv named her the most prominent woman in Israel.^[8] She was the 2005 recipient of the Zionist Organization of America’s Ben Hecht award for Outstanding Journalism (previous recipients have included A. M. Rosenthal, Sidney Zion and Daniel Pipes).^[4] She has also been awarded the Abramowitz Prize for Media Criticism by Israel Media Watch. A representative for the organization praised Glick’s high degree of professionalism and her critical reporting after Glick wrote a series of articles accusing the Israeli media of blatantly rallying support for carrying out the disengagement plan.^[6][9] On May 31, 2009 she received the Guardian of Zion Award from the Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies at Bar Ilan University.^[8]

She is an editor of the political satire website Latma TV.^[10]

Controversy[link]

In June 2010, Glick co-produced and appeared in We Con the World, a satirical video by Latma TV about the Gaza flotilla attempt to breach the Israeli blockade of Gaza. The video clip quickly garnered over 3,000,000 hits from YouTube viewers before being abruptly removed by the online hosting site due to alleged copyright concerns, though some^[11][12] have speculated that its removal was prompted by considerations other than legitimate copyright concerns.^[13] The video drew both criticism^[14] and praise.^[15][16] Writing for the Guardian, Meron Rapoport said the video was "anti-Muslim,"^[17] while Eileen Read, in The Huffington Post described the mocking of the flotilla crew as "tasteless and blatantly racist."^[14] Glick has dismissed claims that the video is offensive, saying "The point of satire is to make people uncomfortable. We’re not trying to be fair and balanced, we’re trying to make a point."^[18]

Documentaries[link]

Glick is featured as a speaker in the documentaries Relentless: The Struggle for Peace in the Middle East and Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West.^[7]

Articles[link]

Glick's articles and papers can be found on the websites of The Jerusalem Post, the Center for Security Policy, www.carolineglick.com, and Townhall.com. A few of the articles that have been published by the Post have been titled "The world according to Olmert", "Column One: Anatomy of a massacre", and " prayer for 5767".

Glick has voiced support in her columns for Dutch politician Geert Wilders who was acquitted of "the alleged 'crime' of inciting hatred against Muslims" through his film Fitna.^[19]

Books[link]

• Yahav, David; Amit-Kohntitle, Uzi (1993). Edited and wrote several chapters. Israel, the Intifada and the Rule of Law. Israel Ministry of Defense Publications. ISBN 978-965-05-0693-3.
• Gaffney Jr., Frank J.; et al. (2005). Contributions to "Part IV: Waging the 'War of Ideas'". War Footing: 10 Steps America Must Take to Prevail in the War for the Free World. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-301-7
• Glick, Caroline (2008). Shackled Warrior. Israel and the Global Jihad?. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-415-9

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Caroline Glick

Official website