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Look up telephony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

In telecommunications, telephony ( /təˈlɛfəni/ tə-LEF-ə-nee) encompasses the general use of equipment to provide communication over distances, specifically by connecting telephones to each other.^[1] The technology is associated with the electronic transmission of voice, fax, or other information between distant parties using systems historically associated with the telephone, a hand-held device containing both a speaker or transmitter and a receiver.^[2] It is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones or telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires.^[3]

To break the term down into further detail, telephony is the science of translating sound into electrical signals, transmitting them, and then converting them back to sound; that is, the science of telephones. The term is used frequently to refer to computer hardware and software that performs functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. For example, telephony software can combine with your modem to turn your computer into a sophisticated answering service. A popular example of this type of telephony software is voice mail.^[4]

Brief overview[link]

Telephones were originally connected directly together in pairs. Each user would have a separate telephone wired to various places he might wish to reach. This became inconvenient when people wanted to communicate with many other people using telephones, so the telephone exchange was invented. Each telephone could then be connected to other local ones, thus inventing the local loop and the telephone call. Soon, nearby exchanges were connected by trunk lines, and eventually distant ones were as well.

In modern times, most telephones are plugged into telephone jacks. The jacks are connected by inside wiring to a drop wire which connects the building to a cable. Cables usually bring a large number of drop wires from all over a district access network to one wire center or telephone exchange. When the user of a telephone wants to make a telephone call, equipment at the exchange examines the dialed telephone number and connects that telephone line to another in the same wire center, or to a trunk to a distant exchange. Most of the exchanges in the world are connected to each other, forming the public switched telephone network (PSTN). By the end of the 20th century almost all were stored program control exchanges.

After the middle of the 20th century, fax and data became important secondary users of the network created to carry voices, and late in the century, parts of the network were upgraded with ISDN and DSL to improve handling of such traffic.

Today, telephony has been digitized and has merged into digital telephony, the use of digital technology in the provision of telephone services and systems. Telephone calls can be provided digitally, but are restricted to cases in which the last mile is digital, or where the conversion between digital and analog signals takes place inside the telephone. This advancement has reduced costs in communication- and improved the quality of voice services. This has been found useful for new network services (ISDN) that transfer data speedily over telephone lines.

Another important concept that has been merged into telephony is computer telephony integration, which enables computers to know about and control phone functions such as making and receiving voice, fax, and data calls with telephone directory services and caller identification. The integration of telephone software and computer systems is a major development in the evolution of the automated office. The term is used in describing the computerized services of call centers, such as those that direct your phone call to the right department at a business you're calling. It's also sometimes used to describe the ability to use your personal computer to initiate and manage phone calls (in which case you can think of your computer as your personal call center).^[5] CTI is not a new concept and has been used in the past in large telephone networks, but only dedicated call centers could justify the costs of the required equipment installation. Primary telephone service providers are offering information services such as automatic number identification, which is a telephone service architecture that separates CTI services from call switching and will make it easier to add new services. Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS) on a scale is wide enough for its implementation to bring real value to business or residential telephone usage. A new generation of applications (middleware) is being developed as a result of standardization and availability of low cost computer telephony links.

Recent developments[link]

The term's scope has been broadened with the advent of the different new communication technologies. In its broadest sense, the terms encompasses phone communication, Internet calling, mobile communication, faxing, voicemail and video conferencing. Telephony's initial idea returns to POTS, (an acronym for "plain old telephone service") technically called the PSTN (public-switched telephone network).

This system is being fiercely challenged by and to a great extent yielding to Voice over IP (VoIP) technology, which is also commonly referred to as IP Telephony and Internet Telephony. IP telephony is a modern form of telephony which uses the TCP/IP protocol popularized by the Internet to transmit digitized voice data. Also, unlike traditional phone service, IP telephony service is relatively unregulated by government. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates phone-to-phone connections, but says they do not plan to regulate connections between a phone user and an IP telephony service provider.Using the Internet, calls travel as packets of data on shared lines, avoiding the tolls of the PSTN. The challenge in IP telephony is to deliver the voice, fax, or video packets in a dependable flow to the user. Much of IP telephony focuses on that challenge.^[6]

See also[link]

Telecommunications portal

• Digital Telephony
• List of telephony terminology
• History of the telephone
• Invention of the telephone
• Push-button telephone
• Telephone
• Videotelephony

References[link]

v t e Telecommunications (general) History Beacons Broadcasting Communications satellites Computer networks Drums Electrical telegraphs Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraphs Internet Mass media Mobile phones Optical telegraphy Photophones Radio Radiotelephones Telegraphy Telephones The Telephone Cases Television Undersea telegraph lines Videophones Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners-Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Lee De Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Guglielmo Marconi Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Media Coaxial cable Free-space optical Optical fiber Radio waves Telephone lines Terrestrial microwave Networks ARPANET BITNET Ethernet FidoNet ISDN Internet Local area Mobile NGN Packet switched Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex Wide area World Wide Web Wireless Geographic v t e Telecommunications in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Azawad Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberanía (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara v t e Telecommunications in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia People's Republic of China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine Republic of China (Taiwan) South Ossetia Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau v t e Telecommunications in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Kosovo Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other territories Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Jersey Isle of Man Svalbard Other entities European Union v t e Telecommunications in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands v t e Telecommunications in Oceania Sovereign states Australia East Timor (Timor-Leste) Fiji Indonesia Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna v t e Telecommunications in South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

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Tamer Hosny (Arabic: تامر حسنى‎, IPA: [ˈtæːmeɾ ˈħosni]; born August 16, 1977) is an Egyptian singer, actor, composer, director, producer and songwriter. Hosny first came to attention when he appeared on mix tapes with other Egyptian artists. He launched his solo career with the 2004 album Hob, becoming a successful singer of romantic music and earning the nickname "King of Generation" from his fans.^[1][2]

Early life[link]

Hosny's mother brought him up alongside his older brother Hossam in the absence of their father, Hosny Sherif Abbas. Tamer Hosny grew up with an interest in soccer and played the sport for 9 years.^[3] As a child, he was a fan of singer Abdel Halim Hafez. He graduated from October 6 University, with a Bachelor's degree in Media Studies.

He was introduced by Salma El Shamaa to the opera. Afterwards, he was recognized by Nasr Mahrous, the manager and owner of Free Music production company. Later on he signed a contract with Free Music in 2002. Tamer didn't debut with Sherine's first mix tape. Instead, he was featured in previous mix tapes, and one of them featured other artists like Khaled Agag and Mohamed Mounir. He released five successful albums with Free Music.

Then in 2009, he signed with Mazzika group Alam El Phan.^[4]

He is an endorser of Pepsi, a well-known soft drink around the world.^[5] He was also the "first Arab celebrity" to advertise the Police brand of sunglasses.^[6]

Music career[link]

Hob

In 2004, he released his first studio album with Ahamd Albanna as a solo artist. Titled Hob, the album featured the single "Arrab Habibi". The album was quite a success with his hit, "Arrab Habibi", which was subject to heavy rotation on satellite music channels.

Enayyah Bethebbak

Enayyah Bethebbak (My Eyes Love You) is his second full-length studio album. Released at the end of 2005, the album was produced by Free Music. The album's main hits were "Enayyah Bethebbak" and "Ba'ish". The album was a success in Egypt and the Middle East. After the release of Enayyah Bethebbak.

Ya Bent El-Eih

Ya Bent El-Eh is his third full length studio album. Released in March 2007 by Free Music, the album featured thirteen songs. Nine of them were stolen and leaked on the internet almost a week before it was released to the market. The Egyptian media^[who?] says about this album: "It's a nice album that considered being his first real step in his musical life".^{[citation needed]} The album has seven hits composed and written by him. Four of the songs were used in his film Omar & Salma; "A'reft Elly Feha", 'Ana Walla A'aref", "Sotek" and "Ergaaly".

Arrab Kaman

Hosny released his fourth studio album Arrab Kaman on June 24, 2008. This album has 9 hits composed and written by Tamer Hosny: "Matwasnesh", "Arab Kaman", "Askoty", "Aftkarly", "Ya taabany", "Albi el habak", "Esma wa nasseb", "Heya de", "Roh alby" and "Asaab ahsas". Four songs from Arrab Kaman were used in his movie Captin Hima.

ElGana Fi Byotna

ElGana Fi Byotna is his fifth full length studio album of Islamic and Ramadan-themed songs, released in September 2007 in the same year of Arrab Kaman. He filmed one music video from this album, "Ana Mesh aref atghyar". The album includes 13 tracks; he wrote and composed all 13 songs.

Ha'eesh Hayaty

In 2009 Hosny released his sixth studio album,Ha'esh Hayaty. This was his first studio album recorded under Mohsen Gaber's Alam El Phan label. Ha'esh Hayaty included Hosny's first English-language song, "Come Back to Me". From this album he filmed one music video, Ta'aba Koll El Nas. Yasser Sami, the director of Omar & Salma also directed the music video. The second part includes two songs from the album, "Khontek Embareh and "Bagher aleeha".

Ikhtart Sah

Ikhtart Sah is his seventh studio album released in 2010. This is the second studio album recorded under Mohsen Gaber's Alam El Phan. It was commercially successful and included "Sweet Melody", Hosny's second English song. Tamer Hosny filmed music videos for three of the album's songs, "Saheet ala sotha", "Taarafy" and "Law hakoun gher leek".

Elly Gai Ahla

Elly Gai Ahla (2011) is the 8th studio album by Tamer Hosny. This is the third studio album recorded under Mohsen Gaber's Alam El Phan. From this album Hosny had four music videos: "Elly Gai Ahla" directed by Yasser Sami, "Dayman Ma'ak", "Matsaa'lnesh" featuring Moroccan singer Bassma Boussil and "Aklemha" directed by Hossam L. Hosseiny. Commercially, it was very successful, reaching number one on the Egyptian charts during its first week of release.^{[citation needed]}

Directing career[link]

Tamer Hosny started his first directorial experience in 2010 by directing his music video "Saheet ala sotha". Hosny had always wanted to be a director; he had dreamed of making his own music video.^[7]

Film career[link]

Hosny starred in the 2003 Egyptian movie, Halet Hob (A State of Love).^[8] The movie featured music by Hosny himself. Halet Hob is a modern film addressing the issues of young people in today's Egypt, including family, immigration, work, and love, as well as how Arab immigrants are viewed and treated abroad. When Nour decides to immigrate to France, his wife refuses to go, so they decide to split the family. She stays in Egypt with their son Youssef, and Nour leaves the country with their other child Seif. As time passes, the split family drifts apart. Although many young people are trying to leave Egypt, after facing the reality of anti-Arab sentiment in France, Seif and his Tunisian/French girlfriend decide to return, seeking to find and help his brother with his budding singing career. His goal is not only to reunite with Youssef, but to use art and music as a forum for bringing youth from around the world together and giving a voice to Arabs abroad. There are many obstacles in the way and bringing the family together will not be easy.

The movie Sayed El Atefy^[9] was released in 2005, and featured two songs, "Koll Marra" and "Nour Einy"; both were performed within the movie. The full versions of the songs accompanied the performance in addition to scenes from the movie were made into music videos. They were initially exclusive to Melody Hits channel. The film is about a simple woman called Um Sayed (Abla Kamel) who raises her son after his father dies. She works as a taxi driver and car pickups to face life's burdens. At the same time loving the Al-Ahli Team so much and sponsor her son Sayed (Tamer Hosny), who is facing several problems at the university with his uncle. Um Sayed and friends try to lifting the injustice done to her son in the comic style concert.

At the beginning of June 2007, Hosny released his third movie Omar & Salma with Mai Ezzedine. Omar (Tamer Hosny) is a young man who likes to flirt with all kinds of girls and has never been a serious relationship. That all changes when he meets Salma (Mai Ezz El Din) who totally changes the way he thinks, but their new relationship turns out to be a bumpy ride.

In 2008, he released Captin Hima,^[10] a social comedy about a young man who is crazy about soccer. Hima (Hosny) believes soccer is a panacea for all problems and "plays" hard to achieve his goals and dreams.

In May 2009, he released Omar & Salma 2,^[11] a sequel to the romance comedy. Starring Tamer Hosny and May Ezzeddin, Omar & Salma 2 features a new arrival, Merihan Hussein, a Star Academy 5 contender. May Ezzeddin (Salma) plays the nagging wife, and Tamer Hosny (Omar) a bored husband longing for good old days of bachelorhood. Salma demands that they move because the block where they live is packed with women. So they move to a block inhabited by a widow, a divorcee and a gay man. Omar ends up having an affair with Carma (Merihan Hussein), an employee at his father’s (Ezzat Abu Owf) business. Salma finds out about the affair and the couple almost file for divorce.

In May 2010, he released the movie Noor Einy (The Light of my Eyes). This is a romantic comedy and drama about Ahmad (who uses the stage name Noor), a young music composer Tamer Hosny and a blind girl named Sarah Menna Shalabi and the great love story between them. Sarah breaks up with Noor after a misunderstanding, and she decides to go to America for surgery in order to regain her eyesight. While Noor has to deal with the death of his brother, he has to deal with the fact that Sarah has left him. As she moves on with her life, she falls in love with her doctor Tarek Amro Yousef, who decides to marry her in back Egypt. What she does not know is that Tarek and Noor are childhood friends, and when Noor meets Tarek in the airport he finds out that his friend's fiancee is his love, Sarah. While Sarah thinks that she sees Tarek's friend Ahmad, she doesn't know the fact that it's Noor. Noor ends up facing the heartbreak silently until the events lead up to the discovery of this strange twist of fate.

In December 2011 , Tamer Released his latest Movie " Omar and salma 3" the 3rd part of his movies Omar and Salma , In this part Omar decided to become a rap singer and Salma Refused this , so Salma Forced Omar to get divorced , so both of them started to make a play on each others to teach each others a lesson the message from this movie was social comedy to discuss that the divorce is the not the solution for the marriage problems , the story was written by Tamer Hosny directed by Mohamed Sami. this part achieved a huge success and preside the wills

Drama[link]

During Ramadan 2011, Hosny starred in the television drama Adam. Directed by Mohammad Sami, the drama also featured Dina Fouad, Ahmad Zaher and Mai Izz.and this series achieved Big Success and high views on YouTube and win best series in 2011 in many votes^[12] His next film Omar and Salma 3 is scheduled to release in November during the Eid al-Adha holiday.^[13]

2011 Egyptian revolution[link]

On January 25, 2011, demonstrations spread across Egypt and ultimately forced Hosni Mubarak to cede power to the military. Tamer Hosny was already outside Egypt on a tour of the Netherlands and the United States. He was scheduled to perform many shows. After performing at Heineken Music Hall in Amsterdam on 29 January 2011 and hearing the news, he cancelled his tour of Canada and the United States, and flew back immediately.

On February 9, 2011, Hosny appeared on stage at Tahrir Square in Cairo, where the Egyptian protesters had gathered. Protesters grew angry at the sight of him and immediately told him to leave the square as he was not welcome. It was initially unclear what his intended message to the protesters in the square was going to be, but he was later quoted on Al Jazeera television as saying that he wanted to tell the protesters that he had made a mistake, and now supported the protests.^[14]

Tamer Hosny has organized charity activities supporting the families of those killed,^[15] launched a blood donation campaign in Egypt with his fans, and called upon them to donate to the victims of the latest events.

He launched two new songs to mark the events: Good Morning Egypt,^[16] and another in memory of those killed, Martyrs 25 Jan.^[17][18]

Collaborations[link]

Supporting new talents

During two years Tamer Hosny had discovered more than 20 new talents in lyricts and composing, more than 5 new talented singer, more than 10 new talented actors and Mohamed Sami as a Drama and Cinema director "Director of his series Adam",^[19]

"Bokra-Tomorrow" Charity Single

Tamer sang Bokra Tomorrow (A Better You, Better Me) a charity single that was released on 11/11/2011 at 11:11PM, along with Shakira, Rim Banna, Akon, Diana Karazon, Marwan Khoury, Latifa, Souad Massi, Hani Mitwassi, Saber El Roba3i, Kathem El Saher, Wa3ed, Sherine and other Arab Artists. The single will distribute the proceeds of its donations to various organisations, institutions and charities with arts and culture programs. The eight minute song was written by Majida Al-Roumi, and produced by Quincy Jones and RedOne. More information about the song can be found on official website of the song.

New Duet with Shaggy

Tamer Hosny has recorded a new duet song with Shaggy, named "Smile". The song, written and composed by Tamer Hosny, will be distributed all over the world. The music video has been released at the beginning of 2012; the music video was shot in New York City, and it has achieved huge success; it has achieved more than one million views in only 3 days on Youtube, and for this exceptional growth rate, Youtube awarded the music video a trending medal.^[20]

Duet with Snoop Dogg

Tamer Hosny has recorded a new duet song with Snoop Dogg, Named Si L Sayed. It will be released in 2012. Tamer Hosny and Snoop Dogg shot the music video in Los Angeles .

Discography[link]

In addition to:

• Free Mix 2000 (2000)
• Free Mix 3 (2002)
• Free Mix 4 (2005)

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Tamer Hosny Official website
• Tamer Hosny at the Internet Movie Database
• Tamer Fans
• Tamer Hosny official Facebook fan page
• Tamer Hosny official Google plus