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Baking is a food cooking method using prolonged dry heat acting by convection, and not by thermal radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones.^[1] It is primarily used for the preparation of bread, cakes, pastries and pies, tarts, quiches, cookies and crackers. Such items are sometimes referred to as "baked goods," and are sold at a bakery. A person who prepares baked goods as a profession is called a baker. It is also used for the preparation of baked potatoes, baked apples, baked beans, some casseroles and pasta dishes such as lasagna, and various other foods, such as the pretzel.

Many commercial ovens are provided with two heating elements: one for baking, using convection and conduction to heat the food, and one for broiling or grilling, heating mainly by radiation. Meat may also be baked, but this is usually reserved for meatloaf, smaller cuts of whole meats, and whole meats that contain stuffing or coating such as breadcrumbs or buttermilk batter; larger cuts prepared without stuffing or coating are more often roasted, a similar process, using higher temperatures and shorter cooking times. Baking can sometimes be combined with grilling to produce a hybrid barbecue variant, by using both methods simultaneously or one before the other, cooking twice. Baking is connected to barbecuing because the concept of the masonry oven is similar to that of a smoke pit.

The baking process does not require any fat to be used to cook in an oven. Some makers of snacks such as potato chips or crisps have produced baked versions of their snack items as an alternative to the usual cooking method of deep-frying in an attempt to reduce the calorie or fat content of their snack products.Baking has opened up doors to businesses like cake making factories and privatised cake shops but the baking process is done in a more larger mass in bigger and open furnaces.

Overview[link]

Woman baking flat bread in an outdoor clay stove in Iraq

The dry heat of baking changes the form of starches in the food and causes its outer surfaces to brown, giving it an attractive appearance and taste. The browning is caused by caramelization of sugars and the Maillard reaction. However, the moisture is never entirely "sealed in"; over time, an item being baked will become dry. This is often an advantage, especially in situations where drying is the desired outcome, like drying herbs or roasting certain types of vegetables. The most common baked item is bread. Variations in the ovens, ingredients and recipes used in the baking of bread result in the wide variety of breads produced around the world.

Some foods are surrounded with moisture during baking by placing a small amount of liquid (such as water or broth) in the bottom of a closed pan, and letting it steam up around the food, a method commonly known as braising or slow baking.

When baking, consideration must be given to the amount of fat that is contained in the food item. Higher levels of fat such as margarine, butter or vegetable shortening will cause an item to spread out during the baking process.

With the passage of time breads harden; they become stale. This is not primarily due to moisture being lost from the baked products, but more a reorganization of the way in which the water and starch are associated over time. This process is similar to recrystallization, and is promoted by storage at cool temperatures, such as in a domestic refrigerator.

History[link]

Baking bread at the Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum

In ancient history, the first evidence of baking occurred when humans took wild grass grains, soaked them in water, and mixed everything together, mashing it into a kind of broth-like paste. The paste was cooked by pouring it onto a flat, hot rock, resulting in a bread-like substance. Later, this paste was roasted on hot embers, which made bread-making easier, as it could now be made anytime fire was created.

Baking flourished in the Roman Empire. In about 300 BC, the pastry cook became an occupation for Romans (known as the pastillarium). This became a respected profession because pastries were considered decadent, and Romans loved festivity and celebration. Thus, pastries were often cooked especially for large banquets, and any pastry cook who could invent new types of tasty treats was highly prized. Around 1 AD, there were more than three hundred pastry chefs in Rome, and Cato wrote about how they created all sorts of diverse foods, and flourished because of those foods. Cato speaks of an enormous amount of breads; included amongst these are the libum (sacrificial cakes made with flour), placenta (groats and cress), spira (our modern day flour pretzels), scibilata (tortes), savaillum (sweet cake), and globus apherica (fritters). A great selection of these, with many different variations, different ingredients, and varied patterns, were often found at banquets and dining halls. The Romans baked bread in an oven with its own chimney, and had mills to grind grain into flour.

Eventually, because of Rome, the art of baking became known throughout Europe, and eventually spread to the eastern parts of Asia. Bakers often baked goods at home and then sold them in the streets. This scene was so common that Rembrandt illustrated a work that depicted a pastry chef selling pancakes in the streets of Germany, with children clamoring for a sample. In London, pastry chefs sold their goods from handcarts. This developed into a system of delivery of baked goods to households, and demand increased greatly as a result. In Paris, the first open-air café of baked goods was developed, and baking became an established art throughout the entire world.

See also[link]

Food portal

• Barbecue
• Baker percentage
• Bread
• Bread pan
• Convection oven
• Grilling
• High altitude cooking
• Kneading
• Parbaking
• Pastry
• Peel
• Proofing
• Roller docker
• Rolling pin
• Smoking
• Wonder Pot

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Baking

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Baking.

• Short video of kneading machine in a bakery.
• [www.68-helpful-monthly-tricks.com decorating techniques for beginning to intermediate bakers]

v t e Bread List of breads Types Brown bread White bread Whole wheat Flatbread Quick Rye bread Salt-rising Soda bread Sourdough Unleavened Ingredients Barm Calcium propanoate Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Pre-ferment Improver Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Lame Peel Stand mixer Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction Proofing Pre-slicing Steaming Vienna process Uses Breadcrumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Recipes on WikiBooks Category:Breads The Food Portal

Megan and Liz (commonly stylized as Megan & Liz) are American pop girl band composed of fraternal twin sisters, Megan and Liz Mace, from Edwardsburg, Michigan. They are both songwriters, and Megan is their guitarist.

Early life[link]

Megan McKinley Mace and Elizabeth Morgan Mace were born on November 21, 1992 in Edwardsburg, Michigan. Megan is the older twin.^{[citation needed]}

YouTube success[link]

Their first video on YouTube, entitled "This Note", is a song which they wrote aged 15.^[1] Their first cover was of "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", originally written by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson and performed by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, but better known from Diana Ross's cover in 1970. They have posted 22 original songs on YouTube (as of March 2012).^[2]

Their YouTube channel currently has over 676,000 subscribers and over 139 million video views. They are the 34th most subscribed music channel on YouTube.^[3]

The duo released their first official music video on May 20, 2011 ^[4] of their self-written song "Happy Never After." Since then they have posted 5 original and official videos. Two days later, on May 22, 2011, Megan and Liz performed at the Totally Tube concert in Westbury, New York, alongside fellow YouTubers Kurt Schneider, Tiffany Alvord, Joseph Vincent, Kait Weston, and Jenna Rose.

Since moving to Nashville, Tennessee the duo has been added to Nashville Hootenanny's 'Teen Hoot' roster, where local artists perform for a crowd of teens at Westwood Studios. Megan and Liz have appeared in June 26, 2011 and August 20, 2011 performances and play both covers and original songs for further shows.^[5] In the August 20 show, they performed a duet with "Need Your Poison" co-writers Memphis High.

Their second music video, "Rest of You", was released on June 17, 2011.^[6] The video was shot in their hometown of Edwardsburg with several of their friends. Views of Lake Michigan can be seen in the video. The single was released two days prior to the music video's release on YouTube and Celebuzz.

In the beginning of August 2011, Megan and Liz debuted their new single, "Here I Go", on Celebuzz!. The song was co-written by the girls and Paula Winger.^[7]

In late August 2011, the twins released their next original song, "Run Away", along with a corresponding music video. The girls co-wrote the song with Alexz Johnson and Jimmy Robbins. The video was shot at Edwin Warner Park in Nashville.^[8]

"World's Gunna End", another Megan and Liz original, was released on September 6, 2011. The accompanying music video was released on September 12. Megan and Liz co-wrote the song back in May 2011 with songwriter and music producer Chris Sernel.^[9] The girls, along with their video producer (who had appeared in the "Here I Go" music video), visited over thirty locations in Nashville to shoot the many alternating scenes in the video.^[10] The girls released an acoustic version of the song as a free download on their Facebook fan page on October 3.^[11]

A Twinning Christmas EP (2011)[link]

In early September 2011, Megan revealed on her official Twitter account that they would be releasing a Christmas EP before the release of their debut album.^[12] Their EP, A Twinning Christmas, was released online (digitally on iTunes and Amazon MP3) on November 15, 2011.^[13] Their first original Christmas song, "It's Christmas Time", was released on November 8.

Debut Album and Recent Releases (2011-)[link]

In June 2011, the girls announced that they had officially begun production on their debut album, to be released in the spring of 2012.^[14]

In mid-September 2011, Megan & Liz announced that they were heading to Los Angeles, California to shoot multiple music videos. One of them was for an original song, "Are You Happy Now?" (co-written with Paula Winger), which was directed by Shenae Grimes of 90210. This song was also recorded for the Do Something organization against bullying.^[15] The single was released on October 8, 2011. The music video premiered on Teen.com on October 17, 2011. The website had been promoting Megan & Liz the week prior, including releasing exclusive behind-the-scenes footage of the video shoot with Grimes, premiering a video teaser, and hosting a giveaway of some of the props used in the video.^[16][17] As of now, an acoustic version of the song taken from one of their live performances is available as a free download on their Facebook fan page.^[18]

Their original song, "Old School Love",^[19] was released early on December 21, 2011, with the re-release slated for January 3, 2012. The filming of the video was completed on October 1, 2011.^[20] It was written by Megan and Liz, along with Alexz Johnson and Jimmy Robbins.^[21] The video was released on January 16, 2012.^[22]

The duo performed their unreleased song, titled "Switch Hearts", at a show at Michigan State University in late October. A new unreleased song, "Just Friends", can be heard in the girls' tour vlog released in early December.^[23][24] They have also performed their original, "Better Than Me," in November 2011. In late December 2011, it was revealed that the duo would be collaborating with Zach Porter from the boy band Allstar Weekend, on a song called "Telescope."^[25] Megan confirmed that this song will be featured on their debut album, along with "Switch Hearts."^[26] They filmed a music video for another unreleased song, "Long Distance," in middle of March.^[27] A demo version of the song was made available for download on April 9, 2012 when fans received ten clicks on their "share" links through a Facebook app.^[28]

On December 2, 2011, the girls performed at the annual 107.5 The River's Acoustic Christmas 2011 concert in Nashville, alongside Demi Lovato, Hot Chelle Rae, Colbie Caillat, Andy Grammer, and Cobra Starship.^[29] On December 9, the girls were invited to perform at Z100 Jingle Ball 2011 Pre-Show in New York City.^[30][31]

In January 2012, the girls travelled to L.A. to film a music video for another original song, "A Girl's Life."^[32] The video was released a short while later on January 30, 2012.^[33]

In May 2012, they performed on the Village stage at the annual Wango Tango concert event.^[34] In that same week, Megan & Liz won the Macy's iHeart Radio Rising Star contest, which means that they will be the opening act at the iHeart Radio Musical Festival, held in Las Vegas, Nevada in the September of 2012.^[35]

This Time EP (2012)[link]

Megan & Liz's fourth EP, This Time, will be sold in physical form for a limited time in F.y.e. stores nationwide. It was released on February 28, 2012.^[36] This EP contains seven original songs, six of which had previously been released as singles. The other original song is called "Princess Charming."^[37] The EP was also released on iTunes on February 20th.^[38]

Personal life[link]

Both of the girls attended Edwardsburg High School in Michigan, where they were both cheerleaders. After their relocation to Tennessee, they returned to Michigan to graduate with their class in June 2011.

Liz can play a little bit of piano and is currently attempting to learn the guitar in her spare time.^[39] Liz is also a vegetarian, while Megan is a pescatarian.

The twins have met and collaborated with several other fellow YouTube artists, such as Memphis High, Emily Harder, Boyce Avenue, and Tiffany Alvord. They have also listed YouTube artist Christina Grimmie as one of their inspirations.

Other inspirations of the Mace twins include Taylor Swift, Beyonce, Demi Lovato, Katy Perry and Aly & AJ.

They teamed up with Friskies to raise $1,000 for the Friends for Dearborn Animal Shelter during the 2010 holiday season. The donation was awarded when their holiday jingle video surpassed 100,000 views after 18 days.^[40]

As of May 2011, the sisters have relocated to Nashville, Tennessee to pursue more music opportunities.^[41][42] They now release their singles through Collective Sounds.^[43]

The duo also have a beauty channel on YouTube where they post videos that focus on hair, makeup, and style, as well as aspects of inner beauty.^[44]

Discography[link]

Megan & Liz have released two EPs. Their first EP is available for online download through Amazon.com and iTunes. It contained all original songs. Their self-titled second EP was only available to purchase on tour in February 2011. This EP contained three covers, as well as two original songs. Their cover "Your Guardian Angel" on the EP was previously unreleased and has not been released online. Their Christmas EP was released in November 2011, which contained two original songs and three covers of popular holiday songs.

Singles[link]

Tour[link]

In mid-January, the Mace twins announced they would be special guests along with Tiffany Alvord on tour with the band Boyce Avenue. They will be on tour from February 11 to February 27. On March 1 they announced that they will open for Boyce Avenue in two more shows at the end of the month. The dates are below:^[49]

In late August, Megan & Liz announced that they will be opening for Action Item on their upcoming, "The Stronger The Love" tour, along with Burnham, Hollywood Ending, and The After Party. They will appear in eight shows.^[50]

The girls joined Allstar Weekend along with Hollywood Ending, Before You Exit, and The After Party on select dates during the winter portion of their 2011-2012 tour.

In February 2012, Megan & Liz began their F.Y.E./radio tour, where they will travel to radio stations across the Mid-Western part of the United States. They will also be performing in various F.Y.E. stores while promoting their EP, "This Time". More dates are to be announced.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Megan and Liz official website
• Megan and Liz at Last.fm
• Megan and Liz YouTube band page

Lorraine Pascale (born 17 November 1972) is a British former model, cook, and pâtissière. She has authored best selling cookery books, presented two television series and has opened her own retail outlet in London selling baked goods.

Family[link]

Pascale was born on 17 November 1972 to West Indian (Caribbean) parents but she was adopted at 18 months old and brought up in Oxfordshire by a white descendant family. When her adoptive parents divorced when she was three years old, Pascale remained with her mother, who subsequently became ill. At this point, at age 7, she was fostered to more than one family, with differing degrees of "fit". Eventually she returned to her mother. She won a full Scholarship given by the Buttle Trust and so was educated at a boarding school in Devon.^[1]

Pascale has an elder adoptive brother and a half-sister (that is, her adoptive father had a daughter after the divorce). She is aware of her biological parents' identity and their four other children, but she does not wish to re-establish contact.^[1]

She married in her "early twenties" and the couple had a daughter. The couple subsequently divorced.^[1]

Career[link]

Pascale was spotted, at then 16, as a potential model by the same agent who had found Naomi Campbell.^[2] Based in New York, she achieved recognition as the first black British model to appear on the cover of American Elle.^[3] She appeared in the 1998 Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue.^[4]

Despite her success, Pascale recognised the need to ensure her future after modelling and embarked on a series of career "try-outs", including hypnotherapy and car mechanics. She took a diploma cookery course at the Leiths School of Food and Wine 2005 and finally found that cookery fitted her "like a pair of old jeans". After gaining her diploma, she did a series of 'stages' in some London restaurants but, realising that restaurant hours would not suit her, Pascale established herself as a specialist cakemaker, with an exclusive contract with Selfridges. Her introduction to Selfridges was at the suggestion of noted chef Marco Pierre White and in 2008 and 2010 she supplied the London store with over 1000 Christmas cakes. She has opened her own shop, Ella's Bakehouse, in Covent Garden. She also studied at Thames Valley University in Culinary Arts and is hoping to finish her dissertation later in 2011.^[3][5]

In January 2011 Pascale presented her own television bakery programme, Baking Made Easy, on BBC television^[3] and published a bakery book based upon this series; this has been followed by a general cookery programme Home Cooking Made Easy in September and October 2011, with a second book based on the series. Also a Last Minute Christmas programme on BBC in December 2011.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Supermodel Superchef in Vogue
• Ella's Bakehouse

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010)

This article includes the top 20 finalists for So You Think You Can Dance in alphabetical order of last names.

Phillip Attmore[link]

Phillip is a tap dancer from Pasadena, California. His partner was Channing Cooke. Phillip was eliminated the second week of competition along with fellow tap dancer Bianca Revels.

Channing Cooke[link]

Channing is a contemporary dancer from Haverhill, Massachusetts. Her partner was Phillip Attmore who was eliminated the second week of competition and has since been paired up with Victor Smalley. Some may know her as Ivan Koumaev's (season 2) former assistant. She was eliminated week 4 along with Kevin Hunte.

Ariana DeBose[link]

Ariana is a contemporary dancer from New Bern, North Carolina. Her partner was Peter Sabasino. She was eliminated in week one along with Brandon Dumlao.

Ashleigh Di Lello[link]

Ashleigh is a ballroom dancer from Orem, Utah. She is married to top 20 finalist, Ryan Di Lello. Her partner is contemporary dancer Jakob Karr. She and Jakob received 56% of the total votes on week 3. She stated that she and fellow top 20 contestant, Karen, were a part of the first season to have two ballroom girls dance together in a ballroom number.

Ryan Di Lello[link]

Ryan is a ballroom dancer from Orem, Utah. He is married to fellow top 20 finalist, Ashleigh Di Lello. His partner is Ellenore Scott. He was praised by judge Mary Murphy as one of the most gifted ballroom dancers to ever appear on the show. Nigel Lythgoe also commented on him after his Contemporary with Ellenore on top 14 week choreographed by Travis Wall as being the best ballroom dancer to do Contemporary

Brandon Dumlao[link]

Brandon is a hip-hop dancer from Concord, California. He was originally not a top 20 finalist however; upon the withdrawal of original top 20 contemporary dancer Billy Bell, he was recalled to be a part of the show. He was eliminated the first week. SYTYCD rules state that once a contestant is announced as a Top 20 finalist they cannot audition/compete in future seasons but after discussions with Producers and FOX Television, it was announced on November 3 that Brandon will be allowed to audition again next season due to his very brief time in the Top 20.

Russell Ferguson[link]

Mollee Gray[link]

Mollee is a jazz dancer from Upland, California. Her partner was Nathan Trasoras. She was a principal dancer for High School Musical 1, 2 and 3 and also danced in the MTV movie "The American Mall". She was also featured on the Big Time Rush episode "Big Time Guru." She's been dancing for 13 years. Her main training was at The Dance Club in Orem, Utah. She graduated High School in 2009. She's 18 years old. She was eliminated on week 7 along with Jonathan "Legacy" Perez.

Karen Hauer[link]

Karen is a ballroom dancer from Valencia, Venezuela. She originally auditioned with her husband but he was eliminated during Vegas week. Her partner was Kevin Hunte. After Hunte's elimination in week 4, she was partnered with contemporary dancer, Victor Smalley. She was then eliminated in week 5 with Victor.Karen was easily a judge favorite having good looks and good dancing but America didn't agree and she landed in the bottom 3 several times in a row. She quickly moved on to "Burn The Floor" with other contestants like Ashleigh,Ryan and Janette from season 5 and with some special appearances from Mary Murphy.

Kevin Hunte[link]

Kevin is a hip-hop dancer from Brooklyn, New York, who specializes popping and locking. His partner was Karen Hauer. He was eliminated week 4 along with Channing Cooke.

Jakob Karr[link]

Jakob is a contemporary dancer from Windermere, Florida (just outside of Orlando, FL). His partner is Latin Ballroom dancer Ashleigh Di Lello. He is also good friends with season 5 winner, Jeanine Mason. He has been exalted by the judges as one of the most technically gifted dancers to ever appear on the show. He and Ashleigh received 56% of the total votes on week 3.

Noelle Marsh[link]

Noelle, a southern belle, is a contemporary dancer from Sanford, North Carolina. Her partner was Russell Ferguson. She sustained an injury during week one, and could not perform. She was automatically safe that week. She was eliminated on week 6 along with Nathan Trasoras.

Pauline Mata[link]

Pauline is a Filipino American jazz dancer from West Covina, California. Her first partner was originally Billy Bell, but upon his medical withdrawal, he was replaced by Brandon Dumlao. Upon Dumlao's elimination, she was partnered with Peter Sabasino. In week 3, they both got eliminated.

Kathryn McCormick[link]

Kathryn Renée McCormick is a contemporary dancer from Augusta, Georgia. Her partner is Jonathan "Legacy" Perez. She placed third in the entire season, and received the most votes for the females in the finale. She is also an All-Star on Season 7 of SYTYCD.

Kathryn started at age 3 at her mother's dance studio, Dance Connection, then moved to Augusta West Studio, where her mother had also studied. She moved to Los Angeles at 18 and landed a non-leading role in the remake of Fame (2009 film). McCormick has also been featured in the Jar of Hearts music video by Christina Perri. She is also confirmed to play the protagonist in the 4th Step Up Movie.

Although Kathryn spent most of the season partnered with Jonathan "Legacy" Perez, her best received performances were two dances with Nathan Trasoras, a sizzling cha-cha with Ryan Di Lello, and a Michael Bublé adagio duet with Jakob Karr.

Jonathan "Legacy" Perez[link]

"Legacy", whose full name is Jonathan Lee Perez, is a 28 year old b-boy (breakdancer) from Miami, Florida. He began dancing at the age of 15 after being influenced by dancers at a local skate park. He has also been seen in the movies B-Girl and Step Up 3D. His partner is Kathryn McCormick. He was eliminated in Week 7 along with Mollee Gray.

Bianca Revels[link]

Bianca is a tap dancer from Detroit, Michigan. She auditioned for seasons 4 and 5, but did not make the show. Her partner is Victor Smalley. She was eliminated in Week 2 along with fellow tapper Phillip Attmore.

Peter Sabasino[link]

Peter is a tap dancer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His first partner was Ariana DeBose, however upon DeBose's elimination, he was partnered with Pauline Mata. On week 3 both got eliminated.

Ellenore Scott[link]

Ellenore is a jazz dancer from Santa Cruz, California. Her partner is Ryan Di Lello.