Approximate culture extent c. 3200-2300 BC.

The Yamna culture in 4th millennium BC Europe.

The Yamna culture ( Ukrainian: Ямна культура, Russian: Ямная культура, "Pit [Grave] Culture", from Russian/Ukrainian яма, "pit") is a late copper age/early Bronze Age culture of the Southern Bug/Dniester/Ural region (the Pontic steppe), dating to the 36th–23rd centuries BC. The name also appears in English as Pit Grave Culture or Ochre Grave Culture.

The culture was predominantly nomadic, with some agriculture practiced near rivers and a few hillforts.^[1]

The Yamna culture was preceded by the Sredny Stog culture, Khvalynsk culture and Dnieper-Donets culture, while succeeded by the Catacomb culture and the Srubna culture.

Characteristics[link]

Characteristic for the culture are the inhumations in kurgans (tumuli) in pit graves with the dead body placed in a supine position with bent knees. The bodies were covered in ochre. Multiple graves have been found in these kurgans, often as later insertions.^{[citation needed]}

Significantly, animal grave offerings were made (cattle, sheep, goats and horse), a feature associated with Proto-Indo-Europeans (including Proto-Indo-Iranians).^[2]

The earliest remains in Eastern Europe of a wheeled cart were found in the "Storozhova mohyla" kurgan (Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, excavated by Trenozhkin A.I.) associated with the Yamna culture.

Spread and identity[link]

The Yamna culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) in the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas. It is one candidate for the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language, along with the preceding Sredny Stog culture, now that archaeological evidence of the culture and its migrations has been closely tied to the evidence from linguistics^[3] and Andronovo aDNA.

Pavel Dolukhanov argues that the emergence of the Pit-Grave culture represents a social development of various local Bronze Age cultures, representing "an expression of social stratification and the emergence of chiefdom-type nomadic social structures", which in turn intensified inter-group contacts between essentially heterogeneous social groups.^[4]

It is said to have originated in the middle Volga based Khvalynsk culture and the middle Dnieper based Sredny Stog culture. In its western range, it is succeeded by the Catacomb culture; in the east, by the Poltavka culture and the Srubna culture.

Artifacts[link]

From the Hermitage Museum collections

References[link]

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yamna culture

• Kurgan
• Kurgan stelae
• Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
• Vinča culture
• Beaker culture

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011)

Yamna Lobos
Born	Yamna Carolina Lobos Astorga (1983-02-26) February 26, 1983 (age 29) Santiago,  Chile
Occupation	Dancer, television performer and actress
Years active	2000–present
Spouse	Cristián Arriagada (2006-2011)

Yamna Carolina Lobos Astorga (born in Santiago, Chile, February 26, 1983) is a popular Chilean dancer, television host, and actress.^[1]

Early life[link]

Yamna Lobos began his career as a child. Between 10 and 15 years dancing in the Ballet Folclórico de Chile (BAFOCHI), having touring internationally in an unforgettable time that took her to meet and visit countries such as Francia, Alemania, Australia, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Italy, Spain and Israel

Career[link]

Yamna In 2000 he began his career in television where he is part of "Generation 2000" program "Venga Conmigo" Channel 13, the following year, in 2001, he joined the Mega "Team Mekano". However, soon after fired. A year later she joined the program Rojo fama contrafama of TVN, where gaining greater popularity reached the third place of the first generation of artists (singers and dancers), being the only female among the finalists and making dancers and join the regular cast, Called the "Clan Rojo". In 2003 she underwent surgery for breast implants, then made several photo shoots for the TVN website which wiped out thousands of hits on the Internet that broke all records of visits. At that time, the dancer moved all his fellow Red who had posed for the cameras of the portal. During the first week received 1,881,237 visits, where 542,248 people the first day and had observed. Posed month again, dressed in Egyptian, where in seven days saw 1,218,407 visitors.

On Thursday 22 December 2005 in a gala program that was held at the Teatro Caupolicán of Santiago was awarded the prize for Most Popular of all time such a program, being Yamna the undisputed winner with 47,330 votes from the public More than double the votes than the second place only got 23,430 votes. Yamna Lobos with another dancer (Maura Rivera) recorded a cover of "La Cocotera" from the album "Clan Rojo en Verano" in 2005, the track being heard in the summer of that time and where he also obtained a gold disc . In the same year has a section on the "Noche de Juegos" of TVN, the only dancer of the "Rojo " have a space in a star-studded TV show called "The Department of Yamna Lobos" was a section of the candid camera program.

In September 2006 elected the "Queen of Pampilla" in the city of Coquimbo, a group of five candidates aspiring to that award, the winner was Yamna Lobos. The dancer won over voters with his previous campaign, which included concerts and various activities and was crowned queen of this year with more than 13,700 votes from the public who attended the event, considered the favorite in the group of candidates opponents.

In 2007 he made international tours in Miami and Australia with some members of the "Clan Rojo". In the first tour traveled to perfect for Zumba trainer also recorded a video appearances for Mexico where he teaches the rhythm of this dance. At the end of the year closes a cycle in Rojo fama contrafama program to make room for new members, renewing the complete program and exit the program Yamna and emblematic of them.

In late January 2008 he participated actively as a candidate for queen of the "Festival de la leche y la carne" in Osorno, along with three other candidates who won and was crowned queen for nearly double the votes of second place.

In April 2008, signed a contract with Chilevisión, and appears on "Teatro en Chilevisión", "Sin Verguenza" and "Yingo", performing spaces such as, "The Ranking of All Time", in addition to their music and unfolding in the role of the jury. It should be noted that in October 2008 launched their single, "Acercate a Mí, " which is part of the second official CD of this program.

On June 24, 2010 waiver "Yingo" not feel comfortable playing the role of the jury in which to discuss and often conflict with their own colleagues was not in his plans, but part of the second series series of the program "Don Diablo".

After resigning "Yingo", was hired by the cable TV channel Bang TV as host of two programs which she leads, "Danz", who is teaching dance steps, where people can learn about the rhythms and music of today and "Soundtrax" the urban genre and interview program, which brings guests each program, which also call your favorite topics. On August 9, 2010 makes its first appearance.

In 2012, driving the program ends Danz and share with the program called urban music all sounds the same channel Bang TV, with Simoney Romero. On Monday, January 9 makes its first appearance in the program.

Filmography[link]

Role Actress[link]

Competitions[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yamna Lobos

Sources[link]