• A. P. Herbert
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• Albert Roussel
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• Arnold Schoenberg
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• 
  

• Aeolian Hall, London
  Aeolian Hall located at 135-137 New Bond Street, began life as the Grosvenor Gallery, being built by Sir Coutts Lindsay in 1876, an accomplished amateur artist, with a predeliction for the aesthetic movement, for which he was held up to some ridicule. In 1883, he decided to light his gallery with electricity. An outhouse became a substation, and equipment was installed in the basement, which upset some of the neighbours, and caused others to buy electricity from him. Thus began the system of electrical distribution in use today, but the threat of fire ended these activities, and by 1890, Lindsay was forced to sell out to the Grosvenor Club. By 1903 the whole building was taken over by the Orchestrelle Company of New York (the Aeolian Company). As manufacturers of musical instruments, and especially the mechanical piano-player known as the pianola, they converted the space into offices, a showroom, and a concert hall.
  After the destruction of their St George's Hall studios in March 1943, the BBC took it over during the Second World War, for broadcasting and recording concerts and recitals, giving up the premises in 1975. The Beatles recorded "Taste of Honey" in Aeolian Hall on 10 July 1963 for a BBC broadcast of "Pop Goes the Beatles", a regular BBC radio show. This particular recording aired on 23 July 1963 (See insert from "The Beatles, Live at the BBC" EMI). It is now called Renoir House, and with its ample storage space, is occupied by several antiques dealers.
  
  wn.com/Aeolian_Hall,_London
• 
  Aldeburgh Festival
  The Aldeburgh Festival is an English arts festival devoted mainly to classical music. It takes place each June in the Aldeburgh area of Suffolk, centred on the main concert hall at Snape Maltings. In 2007, the festival expanded to include the Faster Than Sound series which highlights experimental and electronic music, and 2010 saw the addition of yet another independent music event, TEDxAldeburgh.
  The Festival was founded in 1948 by the composer Benjamin Britten, the singer Peter Pears and the librettist Eric Crozier. The original intention was to provide a home for their opera company, the English Opera Group, but the vision was soon widened to include readings of poetry, literature, drama, lectures and exhibitions of art. The first festival was held from the 5 June 1948 to the 13 June 1948 and used the Aldeburgh Jubilee Hall, a few doors away from Britten's house in Crabbe Street, as its main venue. It featured a performance of Albert Herring by the English Opera Group; Britten's newly-written St. Nicolas cantata, op.42; and performances by Clifford Curzon and the Zorian String Quartet.
  
  wn.com/Aldeburgh_Festival
• 
  Ashby St. Ledgers
  Coordinates: 52°18′N 1°10′W / 52.30°N 1.16°W / 52.30; -01.16
  Ashby St Ledgers is a village in the Daventry district of Northamptonshire, England, although the postal address is Rugby in Warwickshire. The Manor House is famous for being the location for the planning of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. The building is now part of the Crown estate.
  The nearest large towns are Rugby, 5 miles (8.0 km) north west, and Daventry, 3 miles (4.8 km) south. The A5 road), the Roman road Watling Street passes about a mile east. Rugby has the nearest railway station on the West Coast Main Line with trains to London Euston and several other parts of the country. It is about 5 miles (8.0 km) north via th A5 to the M1 London to Yorkshire motorway junction 18 and bout 7 miles (11.3 km) south to junction 16.
  Ashby St Ledgers was first mentioned in the Domesday Book, which gave the place name as Ascebi ("ash tree settlement"). In Norman times, a church was erected on the site, dedicated to Saint Leodegarius, from whom the modern-day name is derived.
  
  wn.com/Ashby_St._Ledgers
• 
  Battle of Agincourt
  Coordinates: 50°27′49″N 2°08′30″E / 50.46361°N 2.14167°E / 50.46361; 2.14167
  The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' War. The battle occurred on Friday, 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day), near modern-day Azincourt, in northern France.Henry V's victory crippled France and started a new period in the war, during which, first, Henry married the French king's daughter and, second, his son, Henry VI, was made heir to the throne of France (although Henry VI later failed to capitalise on his father's battlefield success).
  Henry V led his troops into battle and participated in hand-to-hand fighting. The French king of the time, Charles VI, did not command the French army himself as he suffered from severe, repeating illnesses and moderate mental incapacitation. Instead, the French were commanded by Constable Charles d'Albret and various prominent French noblemen of the Armagnac party.
  The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which Henry used in very large numbers, with English and Welsh archers forming most of his army. The battle is also the centrepiece of the play Henry V, by William Shakespeare.
  
  wn.com/Battle_of_Agincourt
• 
  Belgravia
  Coordinates: 51°29′53″N 0°09′16″W / 51.49795°N 0.15453°W / 51.49795; -0.15453
  Belgravia is a district of Central London in the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Noted for its immensely expensive residential properties, it is one of the wealthiest districts in the world. Much of it, known as the Grosvenor Estate is still owned by a family property company the Grosvenor Group, owned by the Duke of Westminster, although the estate has recently been forced to sell many of its freeholds to their tenants at much below market value due to the Leasehold Reform Act 1967. The district lies mostly to the south-west of Buckingham Palace, and is approximately bounded by Knightsbridge to the north (the street of that name, not the district), Grosvenor Place and Buckingham Palace Road to the east, Pimlico Road to the south, and Sloane Street to the west.
  The area takes its name from one of the Duke of Westminster's subsidiary titles, Viscount Belgrave. The village of Belgrave, Cheshire is two miles (3 km) from the Grosvenor family's main country seat of Eaton Hall.
  
  wn.com/Belgravia
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  Buenos Aires
  Buenos Aires ( /ˈbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /ˈaɪrɪs/,Spanish: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after Greater Sao Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around thirteen million.
  The city of Buenos Aires is not a part of Buenos Aires Province, nor is it the Province's capital, but an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are currently neighborhoods of the city). The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.
  
  wn.com/Buenos_Aires
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  Forio
  Forio (known also as Forio of Ischia) is a town and comune of c. 17,000 inhabitants in the province in Naples, Italy, situated on the island of Ischia.
  Its territory includes the town of Panza, the only frazione of Forio and of the island of Ischia. Panza has always been an independent village since the 16th century when a first governmental organization was introduced on the island. In the 1975 the inhabitants of Panza tried to became an independent comune but the referendum, claimed by the inhabitants of Forio, was denied by the Campania's Regional Government.
  There are numerous coastal watchtowers, built from the Middle Ages against Saracen and African pirates raids.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Forio
• 
  Gresham College
  Coordinates: 51°31′04″N 0°06′35″W / 51.5177°N 0.1098°W / 51.5177; -0.1098
  Gresham College is an institution of higher learning located at Barnard's Inn Hall off Holborn in central London, England. It was founded in 1597 under the will of Sir Thomas Gresham and today it hosts over 140 free public lectures every year within the City of London.
  Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the Royal Exchange, left his estate jointly to the City of London Corporation and to the Mercers' Company, which today support the college through the Joint Grand Gresham Committee under the presidency of the Lord Mayor of London. Gresham's will provided for the setting up of the College—in Gresham's mansion in Bishopsgate, on the site now occupied by Tower 42, the former NatWest Tower—and endowed it with the rental income from shops sited around the Royal Exchange, which Gresham had established.
  The early success of the College led to the incorporation of the Royal Society in 1663, which pursued its activities at the College in Bishopsgate before moving to its own premises in Crane Court in 1710. The College remained in Gresham's mansion in Bishopsgate until 1768, and moved about London thereafter until the construction in 1842 of its own buildings in Gresham Street EC2. Gresham College did not become part of the University of London on the founding of the University in the 19th century, although a close association between the College and the University persisted for many years. Since 1991, the College has operated at Barnard’s Inn Hall, Holborn EC1.
  
  wn.com/Gresham_College
• 
  Ischia
  Ischia (Italian pronunciation: [ˈiskia]) is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It lies at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about 30 km from the city of Naples. It is the largest of the Phlegrean Islands. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures around 10 km east to west and 7 km north to south and has about 34 kilometres (21 mi) of coastline and a surface area of 46.3 square kilometres (17.9 sq mi). It is almost entirely mountainous, the highest peak being Mount Epomeo at 788 m. The island has a population of over 60,000 people.
  Ischia is the name of the main comune of the island. The other comuni of the island are Barano d'Ischia, Casamicciola Terme, Forio, Lacco Ameno and Serrara Fontana.
  The main industry is tourism, centering on thermal spas that cater mostly to European (especially German) and Asian tourists eager to enjoy the fruits of the island's natural volcanic activity, its thermal hot springs, and its volcanic mud. For many of the inhabitants on the Italian-speaking island, German and English are second languages. This is because of the large number of German- and English-speaking tourists who visit the island each year.
  
  wn.com/Ischia
• 
  Lancashire
  Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
  The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
  Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
  
  wn.com/Lancashire
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  Leeds
  Coordinates: 53°47′59″N 1°32′57″W / 53.79972°N 1.54917°W / 53.79972; -1.54917 Leeds (ⁱ/ˈliːdz/) is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city has a population of 798,800 (2011 est.), making it the 24th-most populous city in the European Union
  Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which at the 2001 census had a population of 1.5 million, and the Leeds-Bradford Metropolitan Area, of which Leeds is the integral part, had a population of around 2.3 million, making it the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom. In addition, the Leeds city region, an economic area with Leeds at its core, had a population of 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's largest centre for business, legal, and financial services outside London, and its office market is the best in Europe for value. Leeds is considered a Gamma World City, alongside cities such as Phoenix, St. Petersburg and Valencia.
  
  wn.com/Leeds
• 
  Northamptonshire
  Coordinates: 52°17′N 0°50′W / 52.283°N 0.833°W / 52.283; -0.833
  Northamptonshire ( /nɔrˈθæmptənʃər/ or /nɔrθˈhæmptənʃɪər/; archaically, the County of Northampton; abbreviated Northants. or N/hants) is a landlocked ceremonial county in the East Midlands region of England. Its population is 629,676 as at the 2001 census. It has boundaries with eight other ceremonial counties: Warwickshire to the west, Leicestershire and Rutland to the north, Cambridgeshire to the east, Bedfordshire to the south-east, Buckinghamshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east – England's shortest county boundary at 19 metres (21 yd). The county seat is Northampton. Other large population centres include Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Daventry.
  Northamptonshire's county flower is the cowslip^{[citation needed]}.
  Much of Northamptonshire’s countryside appears to have remained somewhat intractable with regards to early human occupation, resulting in an apparently sparse population and relatively few finds from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. In about 500 BC the Iron Age was introduced into the area by a continental people in the form of the Hallstatt culture, and over the next century a series of hill-forts were constructed at Arbury Camp, Rainsborough camp, Borough Hill, Castle Dykes, Guilsborough, Irthlingborough, and most notably of all, Hunsbury Hill. There are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill (Badby) and Thenford.
  
  wn.com/Northamptonshire
• 
  Oxford
  Oxford ⁱ/ˈɒksfəd/ is a city in central southern England, the home of the University of Oxford. The city is the county town of Oxfordshire, and forms a district within the county. It has a population of just under 165,000, of whom 153,900 live within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre.
  Oxford has a diverse economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses.
  Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example of every English architectural period since the arrival of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold in reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford's university buildings. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
  
  wn.com/Oxford
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  Oxford University
  Coordinates: 51°45′40″N 1°15′12″W / 51.7611°N 1.2534°W / 51.7611; -1.2534
  The University of Oxford (informally Oxford University or Oxford) is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest surviving university in the world and the oldest in the English-speaking world. Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096. The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. In post-nominals, the University of Oxford was historically abbreviated as Oxon. (from the Latin Oxoniensis), although Oxf is now used in official university publications.
  After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient English universities have many common features and are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge. In addition to their cultural and practical associations, as a historic part of British society, they have a long history of rivalry with each other.
  
  wn.com/Oxford_University
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  Royal Festival Hall
  The Royal Festival Hall is a 2,900-seat concert, dance and talks venue within Southbank Centre in London. It is situated on the South Bank of the River Thames, not far from Hungerford Bridge. It is a Grade I listed building - the first post-war building to become so protected (in 1981) . The London Philharmonic Orchestra and Philharmonia Orchestras perform the majority of their London concerts in the hall.
  The hall was built as part of the Festival of Britain by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts for London County Council, and was officially opened on 3 May 1951. When the Greater London Council (LCC's successor) was abolished in 1986, the Hall was taken over by the Arts Council. Since the late 1980s the hall has operated an 'open foyers' policy, opening up the substantial foyer spaces to the public throughout the day, even if there are no performances. This has proved very popular and the foyers are now one of the most used public spaces in London.
  Each year Southbank Centre puts on a festival known as "Meltdown". In 2010 the festival was curated by Richard Thompson and featured events across the Royal Festival Hall and Queen Elizabeth Hall.
  
  wn.com/Royal_Festival_Hall
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  Royal Opera House
  The Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden, central London. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal Opera, The Royal Ballet, and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House. Originally called the Theatre Royal, it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history. In 1734, the first ballet was presented. A year later, Handel's first season of operas began. Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there.
  The current building is the third theatre on the site following disastrous fires in 1808 and 1857. The façade, foyer, and auditorium date from 1858, but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive reconstruction in the 1990s. The Royal Opera House seats 2,256 people and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery. The proscenium is 12.20 m wide and 14.80 m high. The main auditorium is a Grade 1 listed building.
  
  wn.com/Royal_Opera_House
• 
  Savoy Hotel
  The Savoy Hotel is a hotel located on the Strand, in the City of Westminster in central London. Built by impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan operas, the hotel opened on 6 August 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants owned by Carte's family for over a century. It was also the first luxury hotel in Britain, introducing electric lights throughout the hotel, electric lifts, bathrooms inside most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water and many other innovations. Carte hired manager César Ritz and French chef Auguste Escoffier, who established an unprecedented standard of quality in hotel service, entertainment and elegant dining, attracting royalty and other wealthy guests and diners. Winston Churchill frequently took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel.
  The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous, and other entertainers (who were also often guests) included George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne and Noël Coward. Famous guests have included Edward VII, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Harry Truman, Judy Garland, Babe Ruth, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, The Beatles and numerous others.
  
  wn.com/Savoy_Hotel
• 
  Westminster Abbey
  The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, popularly known as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in the City of Westminster, London, United Kingdom, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English, later British and later still (and currently) monarchs of the Commonwealth realms. The abbey is a Royal Peculiar and briefly held the status of a cathedral from 1540 to 1550.
  Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four residentiary canons, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons. In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one precentor, the other succentor. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the Choir School, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff. There are also 40 Queen's Scholars who are pupils at Westminster School (the School has its own Governing Body). Those who are most directly concerned with liturgical and ceremonial matters are the two minor canons and the organist and Master of the Choristers.
  
  wn.com/Westminster_Abbey
• 
  Worcester
  The City of Worcester, commonly known as Worcester, (ⁱ/ˈwʊstər/ WUUS-tər), is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city, overlooked by the twelfth-century Worcester Cathedral. The site of the final battle of the Civil War, Worcester was where Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army defeated King Charles II's Cavaliers, resulting in the English Interregnum, the ten-year period during which England and Wales became a republic. Worcester was the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain and the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar. It houses the Lea and Perrins factory where the traditional Worcestershire Sauce is made, and is home to one of the UK's fastest growing universities, the University of Worcester.
  Occupation of the site of Worcester can be dated back to Neolithic times, a village surrounded by defensive ramparts having been founded on the eastern bank of the River Severn in around 400 BC. The position, which commanded a ford on the river, was used in the first century by the Romans to establish what may at first have been a fort on the military route from Glevum (Gloucester) to Viroconium (Wroxeter) but which soon developed – as the frontier of the empire was pushed westwards – into an industrial town with its own pottery kilns and iron-smelting plants.
  
  wn.com/Worcester

• A. P. Herbert
  Sir Alan Patrick Herbert, CH (usually writing as A. P. Herbert or A. P. H.) (24 September 1890 – 11 November 1971) was an English humorist, novelist, playwright and law reform activist. He was an independent Member of Parliament (MP) for Oxford University for 15 years, five of which he combined with service in the Royal Navy.
  He was born in Ashtead, Surrey, to Patrick Herbert, a civil servant, and Beatrice Herbert, née Selwyn. His mother died when he was seven years old. He had two younger brothers; both were killed in battle—one in 1914 and the other in 1941.
  He was educated at Winchester College and New College, Oxford, obtaining a first class honours degree in jurisprudence. He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1919, but never practised.
  He served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. He served at Gallipoli and was mentioned in dispatches. He drew on that experience for his novel The Secret Battle, published in 1919. During the Second World War, in addition to his parliamentary duties he served in the Royal Navy on patrol-boats in the Thames. He may have been the first serving Member of Parliament to serve in the Royal Navy without being an officer: he was Petty Officer Herbert from 1940 to 1945.
  
  wn.com/A._P._Herbert
• 
  Alban Berg
  Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. He was a member of the Second Viennese School with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, and produced compositions that combined Mahlerian Romanticism with a personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.
  Berg was born in Vienna, the third of four children of Johanna and Conrad Berg. His family lived comfortably until the death of his father in 1900.
  He was more interested in literature than music as a child and did not begin to compose until he was fifteen, when he started to teach himself music. In late February or early March 1902 he fathered a child with Marie Scheuchl, a servant girl in the Berg family household. His daughter, Albine, was born on December 4, 1902.
  Berg had little formal music education before he became a student of Arnold Schoenberg in October 1904. With Schoenberg he studied counterpoint, music theory, and harmony. By 1906, he was studying music full-time; by 1907, he began composition lessons. His student compositions included five drafts for piano sonatas. He also wrote songs, including his Seven Early Songs (Sieben Frühe Lieder), three of which were Berg's first publicly performed work in a concert that featured the music of Schoenberg's pupils in Vienna that year. The early sonata sketches eventually culminated in Berg's Piano Sonata, Op. 1 (1907–1908); it is one of the most formidable "first" works ever written.
  
  wn.com/Alban_Berg
• André Previn
  André George Previn, KBE (born Andreas Ludwig Priwin; April 6, 1929) is a German-American pianist, conductor, and composer. He is considered one of the most versatile musicians in the world and is the winner of four Academy Awards for his film work and ten Grammy Awards for his recordings.
  Previn was born in Berlin, Germany, the son of Charlotte (née Epstein) and Jack Previn, who was a lawyer, judge, and music teacher. He is said to be "a distant relative of" the composer Gustav Mahler. However, In a pre-concert public interview at the Lincoln Center, in May 2012, Previn laughed at the suggestion that he is related to Mahler. The year of his birth is uncertain. Whilst most published reports give 1929, Previn himself has stated that 1930 is his birth year. This situation is a consequence of his the family losing Previn's birth certificate when they left Germany in 1938.^{[citation needed]} His elder brother was director Steve Previn.^{[citation needed]} The Previn family, which was Jewish,^{[citation needed]} emigrated to the United States in 1939 to escape the Nazi regime in Germany.^{[citation needed]}
  
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  Anton Chekhov
  Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (Russian: Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов, pronounced [ɐnˈton ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕexəf]; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian physician, dramatist and author who is considered to be among the greatest writers of short stories in history. His career as a dramatist produced four classics and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics. Chekhov practised as a doctor throughout most of his literary career: "Medicine is my lawful wife", he once said, "and literature is my mistress."
  Chekhov renounced the theatre after the disastrous reception of The Seagull in 1896, but the play was revived to acclaim in 1898 by Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre, which subsequently also produced Chekhov's Uncle Vanya and premiered his last two plays, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. These four works present a challenge to the acting ensemble as well as to audiences, because in place of conventional action Chekhov offers a "theatre of mood" and a "submerged life in the text."
  
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  Arnold Schoenberg
   Arnold Schoenberg (help·info) (pronounced [ˈaːɐ̯nɔlt ˈʃøːnbɛɐ̯k]; 13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian composer and painter, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. He used the spelling Schönberg until after his move to the United States in 1934 (Steinberg 1995, 463), whereupon he altered it to Schoenberg "in deference to American practice" (Foss 1951, 401), though one writer claims he made the change a year earlier (Ross 2007, 45).
  Schoenberg's approach, both in terms of harmony and development, is among the major landmarks of 20th-century musical thought; at least three generations of composers in the European and American traditions have consciously extended his thinking or, in some cases, passionately reacted against it. During the rise of the Nazi Party in Austria, his music was labeled, alongside jazz, as degenerate art^{[citation needed]}.
  Schoenberg was widely known early in his career for his success in simultaneously extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic styles of Brahms and Wagner. Later, his name would come to personify pioneering innovations in atonality (although Schoenberg himself detested the term "atonality" as inaccurate in describing his intentions) that would become the most polemical feature of 20th-century art music. In the 1920s, Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone technique, a widely influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term developing variation, and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motifs without resorting to the dominance of a centralized melodic idea.
  
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  Benjamin Britten
  Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten,OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist; and one of the central figures of 20th century British classical music. He showed talent from an early age, and first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy Was Born in 1934. With the premiere of his opera Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to international fame. For the next fifteen years he devoted much of his compositional attention to writing operas, establishing him as one of the leading 20th century figures in this genre.
  Britten's interests as a composer were wide-ranging; he produced important music in such varied genres as orchestral, choral, solo vocal (much of it written for his life partner, tenor Peter Pears), chamber and instrumental, as well as film music. He also took a great interest in writing music for children and amateur performers, and was an outstanding pianist and conductor.
  Britten was born in Lowestoft, Suffolk, on 22 November 1913, the youngest of four children. His father, Robert, was a dentist, and his mother Edith, a talented amateur musician who gave Britten his first lessons in piano and notation. He showed musical gifts very early in life, making his first attempts at composition aged five, and thereafter composing prolifically as a child. He started piano lessons with a teacher from his pre-prep school when aged 7, and viola lessons with Audrey Alston when 10 years old.
  
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  Béla Bartók
  Béla Viktor János Bartók ( /ˈbɑrtɒk/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbeːlɒ ˈbɒrtoːk]; March 25, 1881 – September 26, 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century and is regarded, along with Liszt, as Hungary's greatest composer (Gillies 2001). Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of ethnomusicology.
  Béla Bartók was born in the small Banatian town of Nagyszentmiklós in the Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (since 1920 Sânnicolau Mare, Romania) on March 25, 1881. Bartók's family reflected some of the ethno-cultural diversities of the country. His father, Béla Sr., considered himself thoroughly Hungarian, because on his father's side the Bartók family was a Hungarian lower noble family, originating from Borsod county (Móser 2006a, 44; Bartók 1981, 13), though his mother was from a Roman Catholic Serbian family (Bayley 2001, 16). His mother, Paula (born Paula Voit), had German as a mother tongue, but was ethnically of "mixed Hungarian" origin: Her maiden name Voit is German, probably of Saxon origin from Upper Hungary (Since 1920 in Czechoslovakia, since 1993 in Slovakia), though she spoke Hungarian fluently.^{[citation needed]} Among her closest forefathers there were family names like Polereczky (Magyarized Polish or Slovak) and Fegyveres (Magyar). Béla displayed notable musical talent very early in life: according to his mother, he could distinguish between different dance rhythms that she played on the piano before he learned to speak in complete sentences (Gillies 1990, 6). By the age of four, he was able to play 40 pieces on the piano; his mother began formally teaching him the next year.
  
  wn.com/Béla_Bartók
• Charles Hallé
  Sir Charles Hallé (11 April 1819 – 25 October 1895) was an Anglo-German pianist and conductor, and founder of The Hallé orchestra in 1858.
  Hallé was born in Hagen, Westphalia, Germany who after settling in England changed his name from Karl Halle. His first lessons were from his father, an organist, studying in Darmstadt and later Paris.
  In 1848, Hallé moved to England, settling in Manchester where he started a series of classical music concerts. He conducted elsewhere in the country also, as well as performing as a pianist. He was the first pianist to play the complete series of Beethoven’s piano sonatas in England.
  He studied under Rink at Darmstadt in 1835, and as early as 1836 went to Paris, where for twelve years he often assoociated with Luigi Cherubini, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and other musicians, and enjoyed the friendship of such great literary figures as Alfred de Musset and George Sand. He had started a set of chamber concerts with Jean Delphin Alard and Auguste Franchomme with great success, and had completed one series of them when the revolution of 1848 drove him from Paris, and he settled, with his wife and two children, in London.
  
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  Christopher Columbus
  Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the "New World".
  In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.
  
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  Claude Debussy
  Claude-Achille Debussy (French pronunciation: [klod aʃil dəbysi]) (22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions. In France, he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1903. A crucial figure in the transition to the modern era in Western music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers.
  His music is noted for its sensory component and for not often forming around one key or pitch. Often Debussy's work reflected the activities or turbulence in his own life. In French literary circles, the style of this period was known as symbolism, a movement that directly inspired Debussy both as a composer and as an active cultural participant.
  
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  Constant Lambert
  Leonard Constant Lambert (23 August 1905 – 21 August 1951) was a British composer and conductor.
  Lambert, the son of Russian-born Australian painter George Lambert, was educated at Christ's Hospital and the Royal College of Music. Lambert was a prodigy, writing orchestral works from the age of 13, and at 20 received a commission to write a ballet for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes (Romeo and Juliet).
  For a few years he enjoyed a meteoric celebrity, including participating in a recording of William Walton's Façade with Edith Sitwell. Lambert's best known composition is The Rio Grande (1927) for piano and alto soloists, chorus, and orchestra of brass, strings and percussion. It achieved instant success, and Lambert made two recordings of the piece as conductor (1930 and 1949). He had a great interest in American Negro music, and once said that he would have ideally liked The Rio Grande to feature a black choir.
  During the 1930s, his career as a conductor took off with his appointment with the Vic-Wells ballet (later The Royal Ballet), but his career as a composer stagnated. His major choral work Summer's Last Will and Testament (after the play of the same name by Thomas Nashe), one of his most emotionally dark works, proved unfashionable in the mood following the death of George V, but Alan Frank hailed it at the time as Lambert's "finest work". Lambert himself considered he had failed as a composer, and completed only two major works in the remaining sixteen years of his life. Instead he concentrated on conducting, and appeared at Covent Garden and in BBC radio broadcasts, and accompanied the ballet in European and American tours.
  
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• David Lloyd-Jones
  David Matthias Lloyd-Jones (born 19 November 1934) is a British conductor who has specialised in British and Russian music. He is also an editor and translator, especially of Russian operas.
  Lloyd-Jones was born in London. Before World War II, his family was evacuated and moved to West Wales to live on a farm. There he had no contact with classical music until the age of nine, when he studied Mozart in school. On his 10th birthday, his father took him to his first orchestral concert, at the Royal Albert Hall, with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He quickly developed a love of British music, including Ralph Vaughan Williams, and also of Russian music. He later attended Magdalen College, Oxford.
  Lloyd-Jones began his career in 1959 as a répétiteur at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. He made his professional conducting debut in 1961 with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. He conducted the New Opera Company from 1961 to 1964. He continued to build his reputation as a freelance conductor for orchestral and choral concerts. He also conducted for BBC broadcasts and TV studio opera productions.
  
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  Edith Sitwell
  Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell DBE (7 September 1887 – 9 December 1964) was a British poet and critic, eldest of the three literary Sitwells.
  Like her brothers Osbert and Sacheverell, Edith reacted badly to her eccentric, unloving parents, and lived for much of her life with her governess. Never married, she became passionately attached to the gay Russian painter Pavel Tchelitchew, and her home was always open to London's poetic circle, to whom she was unfailingly generous and helpful.
  Edith published poetry continuously from 1913, some of it abstract and set to music. With her dramatic style and exotic costumes, she was sometimes labelled a poseur, but her work was also praised for its solid technique and painstaking craftsmanship.
  Edith Sitwell was born in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, the oldest child and only daughter of Sir George Sitwell, 4th Baronet, of Renishaw Hall; he was an expert on genealogy and landscaping. Her mother was the former Lady Ida Emily Augusta Denison, a daughter of the Earl of Londesborough and a granddaughter of Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort. She claimed a descent through female lines from the Plantagenets.
  
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  Edmund Spenser
  Edmund Spenser (c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognised as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy, and one of the greatest poets in the English language.
  Edmund Spenser was born in East Smithfield, London around the year 1552 though there is some ambiguity as to the exact date of his birth. As a young boy, he was educated in London at the Merchant Taylors' School and matriculated as a sizar at Pembroke College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge he became a friend of Gabriel Harvey, and later consulted him, despite their differing views on poetry.
  In July 1580, Spenser went to Ireland in the service of the newly appointed Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton. Then he served with the English forces during the Second Desmond Rebellion. After the defeat of the native Irish he was awarded lands in County Cork that had been confiscated in the Munster Plantation during the Elizabethan conquest of Ireland. Among his acquaintances in the area was Walter Raleigh, a fellow colonist.
  
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  Edward Elgar
  Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire. Among his best-known compositions are orchestral works including the Enigma Variations, the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, concertos for violin and cello, and two symphonies. He also composed choral works, including The Dream of Gerontius, chamber music and songs. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924.
  Although Elgar is often regarded as a typically English composer, most of his musical influences were not from England but from continental Europe. He felt himself to be an outsider, not only musically, but socially. In musical circles dominated by academics, he was a self-taught composer; in Protestant Britain, his Roman Catholicism was regarded with suspicion in some quarters; and in the class-conscious society of Victorian and Edwardian Britain, he was acutely sensitive about his humble origins even after he achieved recognition. He nevertheless married the daughter of a senior British army officer. She inspired him both musically and socially, but he struggled to achieve success until his forties, when after a series of moderately successful works his Enigma Variations (1899) became immediately popular in Britain and overseas. He followed the Variations with a choral work, The Dream of Gerontius (1900), based on a Roman Catholic text that caused some disquiet in the Anglican establishment in Britain, but it became, and has remained, a core repertory work in Britain and elsewhere. His later full-length religious choral works were well received but have not entered the regular repertory. The first of his Pomp and Circumstance Marches (1901) is well known in the English-speaking world.
  
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  Edward Heath
  Sir Edward Richard George "Ted" Heath, KG, MBE, PC (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1970–74) and as Leader of the Conservative Party (1965–75).
  Born in Broadstairs, Kent, Heath studied at Oxford and served in the Second World War. He was first elected in the 1950 general election, for Bexley and was government Chief Whip during the 1950s. Entering the Cabinet as Minister of Labour in 1959, he was then Lord Privy Seal responsible for Macmillan's unsuccessful EEC entry negotiations, then President of the Board of Trade. In 1965 Heath won the leadership of the Conservative Party against Reginald Maudling and Enoch Powell. The general election of 1966 saw the Labour government of Harold Wilson achieve a large increase in seats, however Heath remained Conservative leader.
  Heath became Prime Minister after winning the 1970 general election. In 1971, Heath oversaw the decimalisation of British coinage and in 1972, he implemented major reform to the UK's system of local government. In foreign policy, Heath took the UK into the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973. Heath's premiership oversaw the height of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, with the suspension of the Stormont parliament and the imposition of direct British rule. Unofficial talks with IRA delegates were unsuccessful, as was the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973, which caused Ulster Unionists to withdraw from the Conservative whip.
  
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• Edward Joseph Dent
  Edward Joseph Dent, generally known by his initials as E. J. Dent (16 July 1876, Ribston, Yorkshire – 22 August 1957, London) was a British writer on music.
  Educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, Dent was Professor of Music at Cambridge University from 1926 to 1941. He was President of the I.S.C.M. from its foundation in 1922 until 1938. He was a governor of Sadler's Wells Opera, and translated many libretti for it. He wrote influential books on Alessandro Scarlatti, Ferruccio Busoni, Handel, English Operas and the operas of Mozart.
  
  
  
  
  
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  Ernest Ansermet
  Ernest Alexandre Ansermet (pronounced [ɛʁ.nɛst a.lɛk.sɑ̃dʁ ɑ̃.sɛʁ.mɛ], 11 November 1883 – 20 February 1969) was a Swiss conductor.
  Ansermet was born in Vevey, Switzerland. Although he was a contemporary of Wilhelm Furtwängler and Otto Klemperer, Ansermet represents in most ways a very different tradition and approach from those two musicians. Originally he was a mathematics professor, teaching at the University of Lausanne. He began conducting at the Casino in Montreux in 1912, and from 1915 to 1923 was the conductor for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Traveling in France for this, he met both Debussy and Ravel, and consulted them on the performance of their works. During World War I, he met Stravinsky, who was exiled in Switzerland, and from this meeting began the conductor's lifelong association with Russian music.
  In 1918, Ansermet founded his own orchestra, the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (OSR). He toured widely in Europe and America and became famous for accurate performances of difficult modern music, making first recordings of works such as Stravinsky's Capriccio with the composer as soloist. Also, Ansermet was one of the first in the field of classical music to take jazz seriously, and in 1919 he wrote an article praising Sidney Bechet.
  
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• Eugene Ormandy
  Eugene Ormandy (November 18, 1899 – March 12, 1985) was a Hungarian-born conductor and violinist.
  Born Jenő Blau in Budapest, Hungary, Ormandy began studying violin at the Royal National Hungarian Academy of Music (now the Franz Liszt Academy of Music) at the age of five. He gave his first concerts as a violinist at age seven and, studying with Jenő Hubay, graduated at 14 with a master's degree. In 1920, he obtained a university degree in philosophy. In 1921, he moved to the United States of America. Around this time Blau changed his name to "Eugene Ormandy," "Eugene" being the equivalent of the Hungarian "Jenő." Accounts differ on the origin of "Ormandy"; it may have either been Blau's own middle name at birth, or his mother's. He was first engaged by conductor Erno Rapee, a former Budapest friend and fellow Academy graduate, as a violinist in the orchestra of the Capitol Theatre in New York City, a 77-player ensemble which accompanied silent movies. He became the concertmaster within five days of joining and soon became one of the conductors of this group. Ormandy also made 16 recordings as a violinist between 1923 and 1929, half of them using the acoustic process.
  
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  Evelyn Waugh
  Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh /ˈwɔː/ (28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966), known as Evelyn Waugh, was an English writer of novels, travel books and biographies. He was also a prolific journalist and reviewer. His best-known works include his early satires Decline and Fall (1928) and A Handful of Dust (1934), his novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) and his trilogy of Second World War novels collectively known as Sword of Honour (1952–61). Waugh is widely recognised as one of the great prose stylists of the 20th century.
  The son of a publisher, Waugh was educated at Lancing and Hertford College, Oxford, and worked briefly as a schoolmaster before becoming a full-time writer. As a young man, he acquired many fashionable and aristocratic friends, and developed a taste for country house society that never left him. In the 1930s he travelled extensively, often as a special newspaper correspondent; he was reporting from Abyssinia at the time of the 1935 Italian invasion. He served in the British armed forces throughout the Second World War, first in the Royal Marines and later in the Royal Horse Guards. All these experiences, and the wide range of people he encountered, were used in Waugh's fiction, generally to humorous effect; even his own mental breakdown in the early 1950s, brought about by misuse of drugs, was fictionalised.
  
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  Felix Mendelssohn
  Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (German pronunciation: [ˈjaːkɔp ˈluːtvɪç ˈfeːlɪks ˈmɛndl̩szoːn baʁˈtɔldi]), born, and generally known in English-speaking countries, as Felix Mendelssohn (3 February 1809 – 4 November 1847) was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.
  The grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn, Felix Mendelssohn was born into a prominent Jewish family, although initially he was raised without religion and was later baptised as a Lutheran Christian. Mendelssohn was recognised early as a musical prodigy, but his parents were cautious and did not seek to capitalise on his talent.
  Early success in Germany, where he also revived interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, was followed by travel throughout Europe. Mendelssohn was particularly well received in Britain as a composer, conductor and soloist, and his ten visits there – during which many of his major works were premiered – form an important part of his adult career. His essentially conservative musical tastes, however, set him apart from many of his more adventurous musical contemporaries such as Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner and Hector Berlioz. The Leipzig Conservatoire (now the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig), which he founded, became a bastion of this anti-radical outlook.
  
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  Ferruccio Busoni
  Ferruccio (Dante Michelangelo Benvenuto) Busoni (April 1, 1866 – July 27, 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, editor, writer, piano and composition teacher, and conductor.
  Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy, the only child of two professional musicians. His father, Ferdinando, was a clarinetist and man-about-town. Though his mother, Anna, had a German surname (Weiss) she was an Italian from Trieste, and a pianist. They were often touring during his childhood, and he was brought up in Trieste for the most part.
  Busoni was a child prodigy. He made his public debut on the piano with his parents, at the age of seven. A couple of years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna where he heard Franz Liszt play, and met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.
  Busoni had a brief period of study in Graz with Wilhelm Mayer (who used the pseudonym of W. A. Rémy and also taught Felix Weingartner) and was also helped by Wilhelm Kienzl, who enabled him to conduct a performance of his own composition 'Stabat Mater' when he was twelve years old, before leaving for Leipzig in 1886 where he studied with Carl Reinecke (a former pupil of Felix Mendelssohn and Robert Schumann). He subsequently held several teaching posts, the first in 1888 at Helsinki, where he met his wife, Gerda Sjöstrand, the daughter of Swedish sculptor Carl Eneas Sjöstrand, and began a lifelong friendship with Jean Sibelius. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 31a. He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.
  
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  Frederick Ashton
  Sir Frederick William Mallandaine Ashton OM, CH, CBE (17 September 1904 – 18 October 1988) was a leading international dancer and choreographer. He is most noted as the founder choreographer of The Royal Ballet in London, but also worked as a director and choreographer of opera, film and theatre revues.
  Ashton was born at Guayaquil in Ecuador, in the artistic neighbourhood called Las Peñas, the original founding site of the city. When he was three years old he moved with his family to Lima in Peru.
  When he was 13 he witnessed a life-changing event when he attended a performance by the legendary Anna Pavlova in the Municipal Theater in Lima, Peru. He was so impressed that from that day on he was determined that he would become a dancer.
  In 1919 he went to England to attend Dover College and then to study under the famous Léonide Massine and established a working relationship with the ballet troupe belonging to Marie Rambert and Ninette de Valois. His aim was to become a great dancer, but his late introduction to dancing and slight physique made this a highly difficult ambition to fulfill. However, Rambert discovered Ashton's aptitude for choreography and allowed him to choreograph his first ballet, The Tragedy of Fashion, in 1926, starting a tremendously successful career as a choreographer.
  
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• Frederick Riddle
  Frederick Riddle OBE (20 April 1912 – 5 February 1995) was an important British violist. He was considered to be in the line from Lionel Tertis and William Primrose, through to the violists of today such as Lawrence Power.
  Fredrick Craig Riddle was born in Liverpool in 1912. He studied at the Royal College of Music (RCM) in London 1928-33. He had a solo career while playing with the London Symphony Orchestra 1933-38, then in 1938 was appointed Principal Viola with the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He was a professor of the RCM from 1948. In 1953 he was appointed by Sir Thomas Beecham to the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
  Riddle was distinguished as a chamber music player and a concerto soloist. He made the first recording of William Walton's Viola Concerto, on 6 December 1937, with the composer conducting. He was recommended for this recording by Lionel Tertis. He made some revisions to the concerto, with Walton's approval. Although Walton conducted the work many times with leading soloists such as Tertis and William Primrose, the interpretation he liked above all others was that of Frederick Riddle. He also performed the work in concert under Beecham.
  
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  Geoffrey Chaucer
  Geoffrey Chaucer ( /ˈtʃɔːsər/; c. 1343 – 25 October 1400), known as the Father of English literature, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, composing a scientific treatise on the astrolabe for his ten year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Among his many works, which include The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde, he is best known today for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer is a crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.
  Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London sometime around 1343, though the precise date and location of his birth remain unknown. His father and grandfather were both London vintners; several previous generations had been merchants in Ipswich. (His family name derives from the French chausseur, meaning "shoemaker".) In 1324 John Chaucer, Geoffrey's father, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the twelve-year-old boy to her daughter in an attempt to keep property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and the £250 fine levied suggests that the family was financially secure—bourgeois, if not elite. John Chaucer married Agnes Copton, who, in 1349, inherited properties including 24 shops in London from her uncle, Hamo de Copton, who is described in a will dated April 3, 1354 and listed in the City Hustings Roll as "moneyer"; he was said to be moneyer at the Tower of London. In the City Hustings Roll 110, 5, Ric II, dated June 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer refers to himself as me Galfridum Chaucer, filium Johannis Chaucer, Vinetarii, Londonie' .
  
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  George Gershwin
  George Gershwin (September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known. Among his best known works are the orchestral compositions Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris, as well as the opera Porgy and Bess.
  Born in Brooklyn to a Ukrainian father of Jewish descent and a Russian mother, Gershwin studied piano under Charles Hambitzer and composition with Rubin Goldmark and Henry Cowell. He began his career as a song plugger, but soon thereafter started composing Broadway theatre works with his brother Ira Gershwin and Buddy DeSylva. He moved to Paris in an attempt to study with Nadia Boulanger, where he began to compose An American in Paris. After returning to New York City, he wrote Porgy and Bess with Ira and author DuBose Heyward. Initially a commercial failure, Porgy and Bess is now considered one of the most important American operas of the Twentieth Century. Gershwin moved to Hollywood and composed numerous film scores until his death in 1937 from a brain tumor.
  
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  George Szell
  George Szell ( /ˈsɛl/; June 7, 1897 – July 30, 1970), originally György Széll, György Endre Szél, or Georg Szell, was a Hungarian-born American conductor and composer. He is remembered today for his long and successful tenure as music director of the Cleveland Orchestra, and for the recordings of the standard classical repertoire he made in Cleveland and with other orchestras.
  Szell came to Cleveland in 1946 to take over a respected if undersized orchestra, which was struggling to recover from the disruptions of World War II. By the time of his death he was credited, to quote the critic Donal Henahan, with having built it into "what many critics regarded as the world's keenest symphonic instrument." Through his recordings, Szell has remained a presence in the classical music world long after his death, and his name remains synonymous with that of the Cleveland Orchestra. While on tour with the Orchestra in the late 1980s, then-Music Director Christoph von Dohnányi remarked, "We give a great concert, and George Szell gets a great review."
  
  wn.com/George_Szell
• Gregor Piatigorsky
  Gregor Piatigorsky (Russian: Григо́рий Па́влович Пятиго́рский, Grigoriy Pavlovich Pyatigorskiy; April 17 [O.S. April 4] 1903 – August 6, 1976) was a Russian-born American cellist.
  Gregor Piatigorsky was born in Ekaterinoslav (now Dnipropetrovsk in Ukraine) into a Jewish family. As a child, he was taught violin and piano by his father. After seeing and hearing the cello, he determined to become a cellist and was given his first cello when he was seven.
  He won a scholarship to the Moscow Conservatory, studying with Alfred von Glehn, Anatoliy Brandukov, and a certain Gubariov. At the same time he was earning money for his family by playing in local cafés.
  He was 13 when the Russian Revolution took place. Shortly afterwards he started playing in the Lenin Quartet. At 15, he was hired as the principal cellist for the Bolshoi Theater.
  The Soviet authorities, specifically Anatoly Lunacharsky, would not allow him to travel abroad to further his studies, so he smuggled himself and his cello into Poland on a cattle train with a group of artists. One of the women was a heavy-set soprano who, when the border guards started shooting at them, grabbed Piatigorsky and his cello. The cello did not survive intact, but it was the only casualty.
  
  wn.com/Gregor_Piatigorsky
• Hamilton Harty
  Sir (Herbert) Hamilton Harty (4 December 1879 – 19 February 1941) was an Irish composer, conductor, pianist and organist.
  After an early career as a church organist in his native Ireland, Harty moved to London at about age 20, soon becoming a well-known piano accompanist. The Musical Times called him "the prince of accompanists". As a composer he wrote throughout his career, many of his works being well received, though few are regularly performed in the 21st century.
  In his career as a conductor, which began in 1904, Harty was particularly noted as an interpreter of the music of Berlioz. From 1920 to 1933 he was the chief conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester, which he returned to the high standards and critical acclaim that it had enjoyed under its founder, Charles Hallé. His last permanent post was with the London Symphony Orchestra, but it lasted only two years, from 1932 to 1934. During his conducting career, Harty made some recordings with his orchestras. Shortly after his dismissal by the LSO, Harty began to suffer the symptoms of a brain tumour. After surgery, he resumed his career until 1940, but the tumour returned to cause his death at the age of 61.
  
  wn.com/Hamilton_Harty
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  Hector Berlioz
  Hector Berlioz (pronounced: [ɛktɔʁ bɛʁˈljoːz]; 11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians. He also composed around 50 songs. His influence was critical for the further development of Romanticism, especially in composers like Richard Wagner, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Franz Liszt, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler and many others.
  Hector Berlioz was born in France at La Côte-Saint-André in the département of Isère, near Grenoble. His father, a respected provincial physician and scholar, was responsible for much of the young Berlioz's education. His father, Louis-Joseph Berlioz, was an atheist, with a liberal outlook; his mother, Marie-Antoinette, was an orthodox Roman Catholic. He had five siblings in all, three of whom did not survive to adulthood. The other two, Nanci and Adèle, remained close to Berlioz throughout his life.
  
  wn.com/Hector_Berlioz
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  Henry Moore
  Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English sculptor and artist. He was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art.
  His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moore's works are usually suggestive of the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces. Many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire.
  Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a coal miner. He became well-known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures, and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom. His ability in later life to fulfill large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy. Yet he lived frugally and most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to support education and promotion of the arts.
  
  wn.com/Henry_Moore
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  Hubert Parry
  Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry, 1st Baronet (27 February 1848 – 7 October 1918) was an English composer, teacher and historian of music.
  Parry's first major works appeared in 1880. As a composer he is best known for the choral song "Jerusalem", the coronation anthem "I was glad" and the hymn tune "Repton", which sets the words "Dear Lord and Father of Mankind". He was director of the Royal College of Music from 1895 until his death and was also professor of music at the University of Oxford from 1900 to 1908. He also wrote several books about music and music history. Some contemporaries rated him as the finest English composer since Henry Purcell, but his academic duties prevented him from devoting all his energies to composition.
  Parry was born in Bournemouth, the youngest of six children of Thomas Gambier Parry (1816–1888) of Highnam Court, Gloucestershire, a painter, art collector and inventor of the "spirit fresco" process, and his first wife, Isabella née Fynes-Clinton (1816–1848). Three of their children died in infancy, and Isabella Parry died twelve days after the birth of her sixth child. Parry grew up at Highnam Court with his surviving siblings, (Charles) Clinton and Lucy. Thomas Parry remarried in 1851, and had a further six children.
  
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  Igor Stravinsky
  Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (sometimes spelled Strawinsky or Stravinskii; Russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, transliterated: Igorʹ Fëdorovič Stravinskij; Russian pronunciation: [ˌiɡərʲ ˌfʲjodɐrɐvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj]; 17 June [O.S. 5 June] 1882 – 6 April 1971) was a Russian, and later French and American composer, pianist and conductor. He is acknowledged by many as one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century.
  Stravinsky's compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev and first performed in Paris by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913). The Rite of Spring, which provoked a riot during its premiere, transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure and was largely responsible for Stravinsky's enduring reputation as a musical revolutionary who pushed the boundaries of musical design. His so-called Russian phase was followed in the 1920s by a period in which he turned to neoclassical music. The works from this period tended to make use of traditional musical forms (concerto grosso, fugue and symphony). They frequently concealed a vein of intense emotion beneath a surface appearance of detachment or austerity and often paid tribute to the music of earlier masters, for example J.S. Bach and Tchaikovsky. In the 1950s, Stravinsky adopted serial procedures. His compositions of this period shared traits with examples of his earlier output: rhythmic energy, the construction of extended melodic ideas out of a few two- or three-note cells and clarity of form, of instrumentation and of utterance.
  
  wn.com/Igor_Stravinsky
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  Jacques Callot
  Jacques Callot (French pronunciation: [ʒak kalo]; c. 1592–1635) was a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine (an independent state on the North-Eastern border with France, Southwestern border of Germany and overlapping the Southern Netherlands). He is an important figure in the development of the old master print. He made over 1,400 brilliantly detailed etchings that chronicled the life of his period, featuring soldiers, clowns, drunkards, Gypsies, beggars, as well as court life. He also etched many religious and military images, and many prints featured extensive landscapes in their background.
  Callot was born and died in Nancy, the capital of Lorraine, now in France. He came from a prominent family (his father was master of ceremonies at the court of the Duke), and he often describes himself as having noble status in the inscriptions to his prints. At the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a goldsmith, but soon after travelled to Rome where he learned engraving from an expatriate Frenchman, Philippe Thomassin. He probably then studied etching with Antonio Tempesta in Florence, where he lived from 1612 to 1621. Over 2,000 preparatory drawings and studies for prints survive, but no paintings by him are known, and he probably never trained as a painter.
  
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  Jascha Heifetz
  Jascha Heifetz (/ˈhaɪfɪts/; February 2 [O.S. January 20] 1901 – December 10, 1987) was a violinist, born in Vilnius, Lithuania. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest violinists of all time.
  Heifetz was born into a Litvak family in Vilnius, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. His father, Reuven Heifetz, son of Elie, was a local violin teacher and served as the concertmaster of the Vilnius Theatre Orchestra for one season before the theatre closed down. Jascha took up the violin when he was three years old and his father was his first teacher. At five he started lessons with Ilya D. Malkin, a former pupil of Leopold Auer. He was a child prodigy, making his public debut at seven, in Kovno (now Kaunas, Lithuania) playing the Violin Concerto in E minor by Felix Mendelssohn. In 1910 he entered the Saint Petersburg Conservatory to study under Leopold Auer himself.
  He played in Germany and Scandinavia, and met Fritz Kreisler for the first time in a Berlin private house together with other noted violinists in attendance. Kreisler, after accompanying the 12-year-old Heifetz at the piano in a performance of the Mendelssohn concerto, said to all present, "We may as well break our fiddles across our knees." Heifetz visited much of Europe while still in his teens. In April 1911, Heifetz performed in an outdoor concert in St. Petersburg before 25,000 spectators; there was such a sensational reaction that police officers needed to protect the young violinist after the concert. In 1914, Heifetz performed with the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Arthur Nikisch. The conductor was very impressed, saying he had never heard such an excellent violinist.
  
  wn.com/Jascha_Heifetz
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  Jean Sibelius
  Jean Sibelius ( pronunciation (help·info); 8 December 1865 – 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the later Romantic period. His music played an important role in the formation of the Finnish national identity. His mastery of the orchestra has been described as "prodigious."
  The core of Sibelius's oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies. Like Beethoven, Sibelius used each successive work to further develop his own personal compositional style. His works continue to be performed frequently in the concert hall and are often recorded.
  In addition to the symphonies, Sibelius's best-known compositions include Finlandia, the Karelia Suite, Valse triste, the Violin Concerto in D minor and The Swan of Tuonela (one of the four movements of the Lemminkäinen Suite). Other works include pieces inspired by the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala; over 100 songs for voice and piano; incidental music for 13 plays; the opera Jungfrun i tornet (The Maiden in the Tower); chamber music; piano music; Masonic ritual music; and 21 separate publications of choral music.
  
  wn.com/Jean_Sibelius
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  Joseph Haydn
  Franz Joseph Haydn (  /ˈdʒoʊzəf ˈhaɪdən/; German pronunciation: [ˈjoːzɛf ˈhaɪdən] ( listen); 31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn, was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the Classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these forms. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.
  A lifelong resident of Austria, Haydn spent much of his career as a court musician for the wealthy Esterházy family on their remote estate. Isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, "forced to become original". At the time of his death, he was one of the most celebrated composers in Europe.
  Joseph Haydn was the brother of Michael Haydn, himself a highly regarded composer, and Johann Evangelist Haydn, a tenor. He was also a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven.
  
  wn.com/Joseph_Haydn
• Julian Lloyd Webber
  Julian Lloyd Webber (born 14 April 1951) is a British solo cellist who has been described as the "doyen of British cellists".
  Julian Lloyd Webber is the second son of the composer William Lloyd Webber and his wife Jean Johnstone (a piano teacher). He is the younger brother of the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. Lloyd Webber was a scholar at the Royal College of Music in London and completed his studies with Pierre Fournier in Geneva in 1973. He made his professional debut at the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London in September 1972 when he gave the first London performance of the cello concerto by Sir Arthur Bliss.
  Lloyd Webber has collaborated with a wide variety of musicians, including Yehudi Menuhin, Lorin Maazel, Neville Marriner, Georg Solti and Esa-Pekka Salonen as well as Stéphane Grappelli, Elton John, Cleo Laine and Eric Whitacre.
  Lloyd Webber has made many recordings, including his BRIT Award winning Elgar Cello Concerto conducted by Yehudi Menuhin (chosen as the finest ever version by BBC Music Magazine), the Dvořák Cello Concerto with Václav Neumann and the Czech Philharmonic, Tchaikovsky's Rococo Variations with the London Symphony Orchestra under Maxim Shostakovich and a coupling of Britten's Cello Symphony and Walton's Cello Concerto with Sir Neville Marriner and the Academy of St Martin in the Fields, which was described by Gramophone magazine as "beyond any rival". He has also recorded several CDs of short pieces for Universal Classics including Made in England, Cello Moods, Cradle Song and English Idyll: "It would be difficult to find better performances of this kind of repertoire anywhere on records of today or yesterday or tomorrow" - Gramophone.
  
  wn.com/Julian_Lloyd_Webber
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  Laurence Olivier
  Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM ( /ˈlɒrəns ɵˈlɪvi.eɪ/; 22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor, director, and producer. One of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century, he was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be elevated to the peerage. He married three times, to actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh, and Joan Plowright. Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'.
  Olivier played a wide variety of roles on stage and screen from Greek tragedy, Shakespeare and Restoration comedy to modern American and British drama. He was the first artistic director of the National Theatre of Great Britain and its main stage is named in his honour. He is regarded by some to be the greatest actor of the 20th century, in the same category as David Garrick, Richard Burbage, Edmund Kean and Henry Irving in their own centuries. Olivier's AMPAS acknowledgments are considerable: twelve Oscar nominations, with two awards (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film Hamlet), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was also awarded five Emmy awards from the nine nominations he received. Additionally, he was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner.
  
  wn.com/Laurence_Olivier
• Leo Borchard
  Lew Ljewitsch "Leo" Borchard (March 31, 1899 – August 23, 1945) was a German-Russian conductor and briefly musical director of the Berlin Philharmonic.
  Borchard was born in Moscow to German parents, and grew up in Saint Petersburg where he received a solid musical education, as well being a regular visitor to the Stanislavsky Theatre. In 1920, after the Russian Revolution, he emigrated to Germany. Otto Klemperer engaged him as his assistant at the Kroll Opera in Berlin (Klemperer, lacking confidence in his own abilities, expected Borchard to critique his conducting technique). He conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for the first time in January 1933. In 1935, he was banned by the Nazi regime as politically unreliable. He continued teaching at his apartment and received his friends, including Boris Blacher and Gottfried von Einem.
  During World War II he remained in Berlin as a Resistance activist under the name Andrik Krassnow, during which time his duties included contact with Ludwig Lichtwitz, a specialist in false identity papers.
  
  wn.com/Leo_Borchard
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  Lionel Tertis
  Lionel Tertis, CBE (29 December 1876 – 22 February 1975) was an English violist and one of the first viola players to find international fame.
  Tertis was born in West Hartlepool, the son of Polish-Jewish immigrants, and initially studied the violin in Leipzig and at the Royal Academy of Music in London. There he was encouraged by the Principal, Alexander Mackenzie, to take up the viola instead. Under the additional influence of Oskar Nedbal, he did so and rapidly became one of the best known violists of his time, touring Europe and the USA as a soloist. As Professor of Viola at the RAM (from 1900), he encouraged his colleagues and students to compose for the instrument, thereby greatly expanding its repertoire. Composers such as Arnold Bax, Frank Bridge, Gustav Holst, Benjamin Dale, York Bowen and William Walton wrote pieces for him. The Walton piece was his Viola Concerto. However, Tertis did not give the world premiere of this Concerto as he found it difficult to comprehend at the time; that honour went to Paul Hindemith.
  
  wn.com/Lionel_Tertis
• Louis MacNeice
  Frederick Louis MacNeice CBE (12 September 1907 – 3 September 1963) was an Irish poet and playwright. He was part of the generation of "thirties poets" which included W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and Cecil Day-Lewis; nicknamed "MacSpaunday" as a group — a name invented by Roy Campbell, in his Talking Bronco (1946). His body of work was widely appreciated by the public during his lifetime, due in part to his relaxed, but socially and emotionally aware style. Never as overtly (or simplistically) political as some of his contemporaries, his work shows a humane opposition to totalitarianism as well as an acute awareness of his Irish roots.
  Louis MacNeice (known as Freddie until his teens, when he adopted his middle name) was born in Belfast, the youngest son of John Frederick and Elizabeth Margaret ("Lily") MacNeice. Both were originally from the west of Ireland. MacNeice's father, a Protestant minister, would go on to become a bishop of the Anglican Church of Ireland and his mother Elizabeth née Cleshan, from Ballymacrony, Co. Galway, had been a schoolmistress. The family moved to Carrickfergus, County Antrim, soon after MacNeice's birth. When MacNeice was six, his mother was admitted to a Dublin nursing home suffering from severe depression and he did not see her again. She survived uterine cancer but died of tuberculosis in December 1914.MacNeice later described the cause of his mother's death as "obscure", and blamed his mother's cancer on his own difficult birth. His brother William, who had Down's syndrome, had been sent to live in an institution in Scotland during his mother's terminal illness. Shortly after the death, in early 1917, his father married Georgina Greer and MacNeice's sister Elizabeth was sent to board at a preparatory school at Sherborne, England. MacNeice joined her at Sherborne preparatory school later in the year.
  
  wn.com/Louis_MacNeice
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  Lynn Harrell
  Lynn Harrell (born January 30, 1944) is an American classical cellist.
  Harrell was born to musician parents in New York City: his father was the baritone Mack Harrell and his mother, Marjorie Fulton, was a violinist. At the age of eight, he decided to learn to play the cello. When Lynn was 12, his family moved to Dallas, Texas, where Lynn studied with Lev Aronson. After high school, he studied at the Juilliard School in New York and then at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. His influential cello teachers included Leonard Rose and Orlando Cole. He made his debut in 1961 playing with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.
  While still a teenager, Harrell was orphaned. His father died of cancer in 1960 and then, two years later, his mother died in a car accident when Harrell was 17. "After that", as he has said, "I moved around to different family friends' houses with my one suitcase and cello until I was 18, when I joined the Cleveland Orchestra. In part, I got that job because [its conductor] George Szell knew my father through their collaboration at the Metropolitan Opera." Harrell was thereafter a cellist with the Cleveland Orchestra and its principal cellist from 1964 to 1971.
  
  wn.com/Lynn_Harrell
• Magda László
  Magda László (1919 – 2 August 2002) was a Hungarian operatic soprano particularly associated with 20th century operas.
  She studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest, and made her debut at the Budapest Opera in 1943, as Elisabeth in Tannhäuser, later singing Amelia in Simon Boccanegra.
  In 1946, she settled in Italy, where she appeared in concert often with pianist Luigi Cortese, later becoming a regular guest at the Rome Opera and La Scala in Milan. She created the role of the mother in Dallapiccola's Il prigioniero on Italian radio in 1949, and also sang the part in the first staged performance in Florence, the following year, on May 20, 1950. A fine-singing actress and musician, she sang several parts in Italian contemporary works by Malipiero, Ghedini, and Lualdi.
  She made guest appearances at the Glyndebourne Festival, notably in 1953, as Gluck's Alceste, in 1954, as Dorabella in Così fan tutte, in 1962, as Poppea in Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea. In 1954, she created the role of Cressida in William Walton's Troilus and Cressida, at the Royal Opera House in London.
  
  wn.com/Magda_László
• Malcolm Arnold
  Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold, CBE (21 October 1921 – 23 September 2006) was an English composer and symphonist.
  Malcolm Arnold began his career playing trumpet professionally, but by age thirty his life was devoted to composition. He was ranked with Benjamin Britten as one of the most sought-after composers in Britain. His natural melodic gift earned him a reputation as a composer of light music in works such as in some of his concert overtures and the sets of Welsh, English, Scottish, Irish and Cornish Dances. He was also a highly successful composer of film music, penning the scores to over a hundred features and documentaries, including classic titles such as The Bridge on the River Kwai, Hobson's Choice and the St Trinian's series. His nine symphonies are often deeply personal and show a more serious side to his work, which has proved more controversial. Arnold also wrote a variety of concertos and chamber works, as well as music for the theatre including major ballets. His brass music is widely acclaimed.
  
  wn.com/Malcolm_Arnold
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  Malcolm Sargent
  Sir Harold Malcolm Watts Sargent (29 April 1895 – 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer widely regarded as Britain's leading conductor of choral works. The musical ensembles with which he was associated included the Ballets Russes, the Huddersfield Choral Society, the Royal Choral Society, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and the London Philharmonic, Hallé, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony and Royal Philharmonic orchestras. Sargent was held in high esteem by choirs and instrumental soloists, but because of his high standards and a statement that he made in a 1936 interview disputing musicians' rights to tenure, his relationship with orchestral players was often uneasy. Despite this, he was co-founder of the London Philharmonic, was the first conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic as a full-time ensemble, and played an important part in saving the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from disbandment in the 1960s.
  As chief conductor of London's internationally famous summer music festival the Proms from 1948 to 1967, Sargent was one of the best-known English conductors. When he took over the Proms from their founder, Sir Henry Wood, he and two assistants conducted the two-month season between them. By the time he died, he was assisted by a large international roster of guest conductors.
  
  wn.com/Malcolm_Sargent
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  Maurice Ravel
  Joseph-Maurice Ravel (March 7, 1875 – December 28, 1937) was a French composer known especially for his melodies, orchestral and instrumental textures and effects. Much of his piano music, chamber music, vocal music and orchestral music has entered the standard concert repertoire.
  Ravel's piano compositions, such as Jeux d'eau, Miroirs, Le tombeau de Couperin and Gaspard de la nuit, demand considerable virtuosity from the performer, and his orchestral music, including Daphnis et Chloé and his arrangement of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, uses a variety of sound and instrumentation.
  Ravel is perhaps known best for his orchestral work Boléro (1928), which he considered trivial and once described as "a piece for orchestra without music".
  According to SACEM, Ravel's estate earns more royalties than that of any other French composer. According to the law of most countries (including all members of the World Trade Organization), Ravel's works have been in the public domain since January 1, 2008, in most countries.
  
  wn.com/Maurice_Ravel
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  Neville Marriner
  Sir Neville Marriner (born 15 April 1924) is an English conductor and violinist.
  Marriner was born in Lincoln and studied at the Royal College of Music and the Paris Conservatoire. He played the violin in the Philharmonia Orchestra, the Martin String Quartet and London Symphony Orchestra, playing with the latter two for 13 years. He later formed the Jacobean Ensemble with Thurston Dart before going to Hancock, Maine in the United States to study conducting with Pierre Monteux at his school there. In 1959, he founded the Academy of St Martin in the Fields chamber orchestra and recorded profusely with them.
  Marriner was the first music director of the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra, from 1969 to 1978. From 1979 to 1986, he was music director of the Minnesota Orchestra. He was principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1986 to 1989.
  Marriner has recorded for various labels, including Argo, L'Oiseau Lyre, Philips and EMI Classics. His recorded repertoire ranges from the baroque era to 20th century British music, as well as opera. Among his recordings are two CDs of British music for Philips Classics with Julian Lloyd Webber, including acclaimed performances of Benjamin Britten's Cello Symphony and Sir William Walton's Cello Concerto. Marriner also supervised the Mozart selections for the soundtrack of the 1984 film Amadeus.
  
  wn.com/Neville_Marriner
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  Noël Coward
  Sir Noël Peirce Coward (16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973) was an English playwright, composer, director, actor and singer, known for his wit, flamboyance, and what Time magazine called "a sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise".
  Born in Teddington, a suburb of London, Coward attended a dance academy in London as a child, making his professional stage début at the age of eleven. As a teenager he was introduced into the high society in which most of his plays would be set. Coward achieved enduring success as a playwright, publishing more than 50 plays from his teens onwards. Many of his works, such as Hay Fever, Private Lives, Design for Living, Present Laughter and Blithe Spirit, have remained in the regular theatre repertoire. He composed hundreds of songs, in addition to well over a dozen musical theatre works (including the operetta Bitter Sweet and comic revues), poetry, several volumes of short stories, the novel Pomp and Circumstance, and a three-volume autobiography. Coward's stage and film acting and directing career spanned six decades, during which he starred in many of his own works.
  
  wn.com/Noël_Coward
• Osbert Sitwell
  Sir Francis Osbert Sacheverell Sitwell, 5th Baronet, (6 December 1892–4 May 1969) was an English writer. His elder sister was Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell and his younger brother was Sir Sacheverell Sitwell; like them he devoted his life to art and literature.
  He was born on 6 December 1892 at 3 Arlington Street, London. His parents were Sir George Reresby Sitwell, fourth baronet, genealogist and antiquarian, and Lady Ida Emily Augusta (née Denison). He grew up in the family seat at Renishaw Hall, Derbyshire, and at Scarborough, and went to Ludgrove School, then Eton College from 1906 to 1909. For many years his entry in Who's Who contained the phrase "Educ: during the holidays from Eton." In 1911 he joined the Sherwood Rangers but, not cut out to be a cavalry officer, transferred to the Grenadier Guards at the Tower of London from where, in his off-duty time, he could frequent theatres, art galleries, and the like.
  Late in 1914 this civilised life was exchanged for the trenches of France near Ypres. It was here that he wrote his first poetry, describing it as "Some instinct, and a combination of feelings not hitherto experienced united to drive me to paper". "Babel" was published in The Times on 11 May 1916. In the same year, he began literary collaborations and anthologies with his brother and sister as a literary clique generally called the Sitwells.
  
  wn.com/Osbert_Sitwell
• Paolo Petrocelli
  Paolo Petrocelli (Rome, 15 October 1984) is an Italian arts administrator, entrepreneur, violinist, musicologist and music journalist.
  UNESCO Expert in Music.
  Associate director at IMG Artists, vice president and orchestra manager at Orchestra Italiana del Cinema, project manager at Forum Music Village, co-founder and co-director of Forum Artists.
  Chair of the UNESCO Italian Youth Commission, UNESCO Youth Delegate for Italy (2011), Member of the Core Group of the European Cultural Parliament - Youth Network European Cultural Parliament - Youth Network and Leader of the Italian National Network, Committee member of the Working Group Youth of the European Music Council (2008–2010) and Ambassador for the Manifesto for Youth and Music in Europe. Family member of The Festival One Week. One Europe. Berlin 2012.
  He has been nominated by British Council to represent Italy in Cultural Leadership International Programme 2011-2012.
  Founder and artistic director of The Spirit of British Music a concert music series in Rome dedicated to British music, supported by the British Council, the British Embassy in Italy , the British Chamber Commerce for Italy, the British School at Rome, the Royal Musical Association, the British Music Society.
  
  wn.com/Paolo_Petrocelli
• Paul Czinner
  Paul Czinner (May 30, 1890 – June 22, 1972) was a writer, film director, and producer.
  Czinner was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary. After studying literature and philosophy at the University of Vienna, he worked as a journalist. From 1919 onward, he dedicated himself to work for the filming industry as writer, director and producer. In 1924, he offered the leading role in his film Nju to Elisabeth Bergner. They became partners, and after the persecution of the Jewish people by Adolf Hitler they fled to Vienna and then London, where they were married. Despite Czinner's homosexuality, the union proved a happy and personally and professionally enriching union for both partners. 1934 saw the realisation of his film Katharina die Grosse, with his wife playing the main role, although the film was not shown in Germany. They emigrated to the U.S. in 1940, working on Broadway.
  After the end of World War II, they returned to England, where Czinner made numerous successful opera movies (e.g. Don Giovanni, Der Rosenkavalier).
  
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  Paul Hindemith
  Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and conductor.
  Born in Hanau, near Frankfurt am Main, Hindemith was taught the violin as a child. He entered Frankfurt's Hoch’sche Konservatorium, where he studied violin with Adolf Rebner, as well as conducting and composition with Arnold Mendelssohn and Bernhard Sekles. At first he supported himself by playing in dance bands and musical-comedy groups. He became deputy leader of the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra in 1914, and was promoted to leader in 1917. He played second violin in the Rebner String Quartet from 1914. In 1921 he founded the Amar Quartet, playing viola, and extensively toured Europe.
  In 1922, some of his pieces were played in the International Society for Contemporary Music festival at Salzburg, which first brought him to the attention of an international audience. The following year, he began to work as an organizer of the Donaueschingen Festival, where he programmed works by several avant garde composers, including Anton Webern and Arnold Schoenberg. From 1927 he taught composition at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik in Berlin. Hindemith wrote the music for Hans Richter's 1928 avant-garde film Ghosts Before Breakfast (Vormittagsspuk), although the score was subsequently lost, and he also acted in the film.
  
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  Paul Tortelier
  Paul Tortelier (March 21, 1914 – December 18, 1990) was a French cellist and composer.
  Tortelier was born in Paris, the son of a cabinet maker with Breton roots. He was encouraged to play the cello by his father Joseph and mother Marguerite (Boura), and at 12 he entered the Paris Conservatoire. He studied the cello there with Louis Feuillard and then Gérard Hekking. He won the first prize in cello at the conservatoire when he was 16, and then he studied harmony under Jean Gallon. His debut was with the Orchestre Lamoureux in 1931 at the age of 17. He performed Lalo's Cello Concerto.
  In 1935 Tortelier joined the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra as first cellist and played with them until 1937. He gave performances under Bruno Walter and Arturo Toscanini, and he also played the solo part in Richard Strauss' Don Quixote under the composer. This is a piece which became closely associated with Tortelier, as he gave many performances and recorded it.
  In 1937 he joined the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Serge Koussevitsky, performing as first cellist through 1940. In 1938 he began a solo career at Boston's Town Hall, accompanied by Leonard Shure. He was first cellist of the Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Paris, 1946–47. In 1947 he gave his British debut under Beecham, again performing Don Quixote at the Festival of Richard Strauss in London. "My boy" Beecham said "you will be successful in England because you have temperament". In 1950 Tortelier was selected by Casals to play as the principal cellist in the Prades Festival Orchestra. Tortelier believed that of all the cellists, it was Casals who influenced him the most. A French critic wrote of him: "If Casals is Jupiter, then Tortelier is Apollo." Tortelier performed for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston in 1952.
  
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• Peter Heyworth
  Peter Lawrence Frederick Heyworth (21 June 1921 - 2 October 1991) was an American-born English music critic and biographer. He wrote the definitive biography of Otto Klemperer and was a prominent supporter of avant-garde music.
  Peter Heyworth was born in New York City. He was educated at Charterhouse, Göttingen University, and Balliol College, Oxford.
  He was the music critic for the Times Educational Supplement from 1952 to 1956 and the music critic of The Observer (London) from 1955 to 1988. He was the author of Conversations with Klemperer (1973) and Otto Klemperer: His Life and Times (2 vols, 1983-1996; 2nd vol completed by John Lucas). The Klemperer biography stands as a literary achievement of merit having, precision, sympathy, psychoanalytic depth and breadth of scope.
  
  
  
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• Peter Katin
  Peter Roy Katin (born 14 November 1930, London) is a British pianist.
  He attended Whitgift School in South Croydon and was admitted to the Royal Academy of Music at the age of 12, four years younger than the official entry age, where he studied under Harold Craxton. Katin made his debut at the Wigmore Hall on 13 December 1948 where the programme included works by Scarlatti, Mozart, Beethoven, Rachmaninoff, Scriabin and Chopin. He went on to give concerts in England, Europe, Africa, the USA, and Japan.
  In 1952, Katin debuted at The Proms and in 1953 was acclaimed for his performance there of Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 3 in D minor. In 1958, Katin became the first British pianist to make a post-war solo tour of the Soviet Union. In 1961, the composer Bryan Kelly wrote Tango especially for Katin.
  Katin specialises in Romantic music, particularly Frédéric Chopin, and Impressionist music. He is acclaimed for his technical command of the piano. He also directed concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven from the keyboard.
  
  wn.com/Peter_Katin
• Peter Pears
  Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears CBE ( /ˈpɪərz/ PEERZ; 22 June 1910 – 3 April 1986) was an English tenor who was knighted in 1978. His career was closely associated with the composer Edward Benjamin Britten.
  He was born at Newark House, Searle Road, Farnham, Surrey, and educated at Lancing. He went on to study music at Keble College, Oxford, serving as organist at Hertford College, but left without taking his degree. He later studied voice for two terms at the Royal College of Music. He claimed that it was hearing the tenor Steuart Wilson singing the Evangelist in J.S. Bach's St Matthew Passion that "started me off".
  In 1936, while a member of the BBC Singers, he met Benjamin Britten, who was to become his life partner. Pears and Britten gave their first recital together in 1937 at Balliol College, Oxford University. In April 1939, Britten and Pears left for America together as pacifists, a few months before the outbreak of war between the British Empire and Germany. There, in 1940, Britten composed Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo, the first of many song cycles for Pears. Upon their return to England in April 1942, when they both registered as conscientious objectors, they performed the song cycle at Wigmore Hall on 23 September, and then recorded them for EMI, their first recording together.
  
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  Pierre Fournier
  Pierre Fournier (June 24, 1906 – January 8, 1986) was a French cellist who was called the "aristocrat of cellists," on account of his elegant musicianship and majestic sound.
  He was born in Paris, the son of a French Army general. His mother taught him to play the piano, but he had a mild case of polio as a child and lost dexterity in his feet and legs. Having difficulties with the piano pedals, he turned to the cello.
  He received early training from Odette Krettly, and from 1918 studied with André Hekking and later with Paul Bazelaire. He graduated from the Paris Conservatory at 17, in 1923. He was hailed as "the cellist of the future" and won praise for his virtuosity and bowing technique. In the period 1925-1929 he was a member of the Krettly Quartet, led by Odette's brother Robert Krettly.
  He became well known when he played with the Concerts Colonne Orchestra in 1925. He began touring all over Europe. At various stages he played with many of the most highly acclaimed, prestigious musicians of his time, and recorded the complete chamber music of Brahms and Schubert for the BBC on acetates. However, these deteriorated before the recordings could be transferred to a more durable medium. He is also praised for his recordings of the Bach suites (Beethoven-Saal, Hannover, December 1960), which are regarded even now as some of the best versions ever made. His other discs include LPs of Beethoven's cello sonatas and Elgar's Cello Concerto; these have long since been available on CD.
  
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  Rembrandt
  Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛmbrɑnt ˈɦɑrmə(n)soːn vɑn ˈrɛin], 15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher. He is generally considered one of the greatest painters and printmakers in European art history and the most important in Dutch history. His contributions to art came in a period of great wealth and cultural achievement that historians call the Dutch Golden Age, when Dutch Golden Age painting, although in many ways antithetical to the Baroque style that dominated Europe, was extremely prolific and innovative.
  Having achieved youthful success as a portrait painter, Rembrandt's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters. Rembrandt's greatest creative triumphs are exemplified especially in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and with the utmost sincerity.
  
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  Roger Fry
  Roger Eliot Fry (14 December 1866 – 9 September 1934) was an English artist and art critic, and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Establishing his reputation as a scholar of the Old Masters, he became an advocate of more recent developments in French painting, to which he gave the name Post-Impressionism. He was the first figure to raise public awareness of modern art in Britain, and emphasized the formal properties of paintings over the "associated ideas" conjured in the viewer by their depicted content. He was described by the art historian Kenneth Clark as "incomparably the greatest influence on taste since Ruskin... In so far as taste can be changed by one man, it was changed by Roger Fry".
  Born in London, the son of the judge Edward Fry, he grew up in a wealthy Quaker family in Highgate. Before going up to Cambridge, Fry was educated at Clifton College. Fry studied at King's College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles. After taking a first in the Natural Science tripos, he went to Paris and then Italy to study art. Eventually he specialised in landscape painting.
  
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• Roy Campbell (poet)
  Ignatius Royston Dunnachie Campbell, better known as Roy Campbell, (2 October 1901 – 22 April 1957) was an Anglo-African poet and satirist. He was considered by T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas and Edith Sitwell to have been one of the best poets of the period between the First and Second World Wars. Campbell's vocal attacks upon the Marxism and Freudianism popular among the British intelligentsia caused him to be a controversial figure during his own lifetime. It has been suggested by some critics that his support for Francisco Franco's Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War has caused him to be labelled politically incorrect and blacklisted from modern poetry anthologies.
  Roy Campbell was born in Durban, Colony of Natal, the fourth child of Dr. Samuel George Campbell, who was the son of Ulster Scots parents, and of his wife Margaret, daughter of James Dunnachie of Glenboig, Lanarkshire, who had married Jean Hendry of Eaglesham. Educated at Durban High School, he counted literature and the outdoor life among his first loves. Campbell, an accomplished horseman and fisherman, became fluent in Zulu. He left the Union of South Africa in December 1918, being sent to Oxford University, where he arrived early in 1919. However, he failed the entrance examination. Reporting this to his father, he took a philosophical stance, telling him that "university lectures interfere very much with my work", which was writing poetry. His verse-writing was stimulated by avid readings in Nietzsche, Darwin, and the English Elizabethan and Romantic poets. Among his early fruitful contacts were William Walton, the Sitwells, and Wyndham Lewis. Campbell wrote verse imitations of T. S. Eliot and Paul Verlaine. He also began to drink heavily, and continued to do so for the rest of his life.
  
  wn.com/Roy_Campbell_(poet)
• Sacheverell Sitwell
  Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, 6th Baronet CH (15 November 1897 – 1 October 1988) was an English writer, best known as an art critic and writer on architecture, particularly the baroque. He was the younger brother of Dame Edith Sitwell and Sir Osbert Sitwell.
  He was the youngest child of Sir George Sitwell, 4th Baronet of Renishaw Hall. His mother was the former Lady Ida Emily Augusta Denison, a daughter of the Earl of Londesborough and a granddaughter of Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort. She claimed a descent through female lines from the Plantagenets. Sitwell was born in Scarborough, Yorkshire and brought up in Derbyshire; he was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford. In World War I he served from 1916 in the British Army, in the Grenadier Guards.
  After the war he went to Balliol but did not complete a degree, and was heavily involved in Osbert and Edith's projects. In 1925 he married a Canadian, Georgia Doble. Constant Lambert set to music The Rio Grande, one of his poems, and it was performed and broadcast in 1928.
  
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  Sergei Diaghilev
  Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (/diˈæɡɨlɛf/; Russian: Серге́й Па́влович Дя́гилев / Sergei Pavlovich Dyagilev pronounced [sʲɪˈrɡʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ ˈdʲæɡʲɪlʲɪf]; 31 March [O.S. 19 March] 1872 – 19 August 1929), usually referred to outside of Russia as Serge, was a Russian art critic, patron, ballet impresario and founder of the Ballets Russes, from which many famous dancers and choreographers would arise.
  
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  Siegfried Sassoon
  Siegfried Loraine Sassoon, CBE MC (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English poet, author and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front, he became one of the leading poets of the First World War. His poetry both described the horrors of the trenches, and satirised the patriotic pretensions of those who, in Sassoon's view, were responsible for a vainglorious war. He later won acclaim for his prose work, notably his three-volume fictionalised autobiography, collectively known as the "Sherston Trilogy".
  Siegfried Sassoon was born and grew up in the neo-gothic mansion named "Weirleigh" (after its builder, Harrison Weir), in Matfield, Kent, to a Jewish father and an Anglo-Catholic mother. His father, Alfred Ezra Sassoon (1861–1895), son of Sassoon David Sassoon, was a member of the wealthy Baghdadi Jewish Sassoon merchant family. For marrying outside the faith he was disinherited. His mother, Theresa, belonged to the Thornycroft family, sculptors responsible for many of the best-known statues in London—her brother was Sir Hamo Thornycroft. There was no German ancestry in Siegfried's family; his mother named him Siegfried because of her love of Wagner's operas. His middle name, Loraine, was the surname of a clergyman with whom she was friendly.
  
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  Susana, Lady Walton
  Susana, Lady Walton MBE (30 August 1926 – 21 March 2010), born Susana Valeria Rosa Maria Gil Passo, was the wife of the composer Sir William Walton (1902–1983). She was a writer, and the creator of the gardens of La Mortella.
  She was the daughter of a prominent Argentinian lawyer, Dr. Enrique Gil. She was working at the British Council in Buenos Aires when she met Walton in September 1948. They married in December 1948. The couple settled on the Italian island of Ischia where she created the gardens of La Mortella. The residence hosted many celebrities, including Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh, Hans Werner Henze, W. H. Auden, Terence Rattigan, Binkie Beaumont, Maria Callas and Charlie Chaplin. It was there that Walton died on 8 March 1983.
  She played alongside her husband in Walton's only acting role; he played King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony in the 1983 miniseries, Richard Wagner, directed by Tony Palmer, while Lady Walton "stood at his side in regal attire" as the King's wife (Maria Anna of Bavaria). She also appeared in Ken Russell's Classic Widows (1995) and Palmer's At the Haunted End of the Day.
  
  wn.com/Susana,_Lady_Walton
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  The Times
  The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register (it became The Times on 1 January 1788). The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News International, itself wholly owned by the News Corporation group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.
  The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (1838), The Straits Times (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935). For distinguishing purposes it is therefore sometimes referred to, particularly in North America, as the "London Times" or "The Times of London".
  
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  Thomas Beecham
  Sir Thomas Beecham, 2nd Baronet, CH (29 April 1879 – 8 March 1961) was an English conductor and impresario best known for his association with the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras. He was also closely associated with the Liverpool Philharmonic and Hallé orchestras. From the early 20th century until his death, Beecham was a major influence on the musical life of Britain and, according to the BBC, was Britain's first international conductor.
  Born to a rich industrial family, Beecham began his career as a conductor in 1899. He used his access to the family fortune to finance opera from the 1910s until the start of the Second World War, staging seasons at Covent Garden, Drury Lane and His Majesty's Theatre with international stars, his own orchestra and a wide repertoire. Among the works he introduced to England were Richard Strauss's Elektra, Salome and Der Rosenkavalier and three operas by Frederick Delius.
  Together with his younger colleague Malcolm Sargent, Beecham founded the London Philharmonic, and he conducted its first performance at the Queen's Hall in 1932. In the 1940s, he worked for three years in the United States, where he was music director of the Seattle Symphony and conducted at the Metropolitan Opera. After his return to Britain, he founded the Royal Philharmonic in 1946 and conducted it until his death in 1961.
  
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  Thomas Rowlandson
  Thomas Rowlandson (13 July 1756 – 21 April 1827) was an English artist and caricaturist.
  Rowlandson was born in Old Jewry, in the City of London. His father, William, had been a weaver, but had moved into trading supplies for the textile industry and after overextending himself was declared bankrupt in 1759. Life became difficult for him in London and, in late 1759, he moved his family to Richmond, North Yorkshire. Thomas' uncle James died in 1764, and his widow Jane probably provided both the funds and accommodation which allowed Thomas to attend school in London; in 1765 or 1766 he started at the Soho Academy. There is no documentary evidence that Rowlandson took drawing classes at the mainly business-oriented school, but it seems likely, as on leaving school in 1772, he became a student at the Royal Academy. Rowlandson spent six years studying at the Royal Academy, but about a third of this time was spent in Paris where he may have studied under Jean-Baptiste Pigalle. He later made frequent tours to the Continent, enriching his portfolios with numerous sketches of life and character. In 1775 he exhibited a drawing of Dalilah Payeth Sampson a Visit while in Prison at Gaza at the Royal Academy and two years later received a silver medal for a bas-relief figure. He was spoken of as a promising student; had he continued his early application he would have made his mark as a painter. On the death of his aunt, he inherited £7,000 with which he plunged into the dissipations of the town and was known to sit at the gaming-table for 36 hours at a stretch.
  
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• Tony Palmer
  Tony Palmer (born 29 August 1941 in London) is a British film director and author. His work includes over 100 films, ranging from early works with The Beatles, Cream, Jimi Hendrix and Frank Zappa (200 Motels), to his classical portraits which include profiles of Maria Callas, Margot Fonteyn, John Osborne, Igor Stravinsky, Richard Wagner, Yehudi Menuhin, Carl Orff, Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams. He is also a stage director of theatre and opera.
  Among over 40 international prizes for his work are 12 Gold Medals from the New York Film Festival as well as numerous BAFTAs and Emmy Awards. Palmer has won the Prix Italia twice, for A Time There Was in 1980 and At the Haunted End of the Day in 1981. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and an honorary citizen of both New Orleans and Athens.
  From Cambridge University (where he was also President of the Marlowe Society), he joined the BBC. Following an apprenticeship with Ken Russell and Jonathan Miller, Palmer's first major film, Benjamin Britten & his Festival, became the first BBC film to be networked in the United States. With his second film, All My Loving, an examination of rock and roll and politics in the late 1960s, he achieved considerable notoriety.
  
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  Virginia Woolf
  Adeline Virginia Woolf (/ˈwʊlf/; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.
  During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929), with its famous dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
  Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen in London in 1882 to Sir Leslie Stephen and Julia Prinsep Stephen (née Jackson).
  Virginia's father, Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), was a notable historian, author, critic and mountaineer. He was the editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, a work that would influence Woolf's later experimental biographies.
  Virginia's mother Julia Stephen (1846–1895) was a renowned beauty, born in India to Dr. John and Maria Pattle Jackson. She was also the niece of Julia Margaret Cameron née Pattle, the famous photographer. Julia moved to England with her mother, where she served as a model for Pre-Raphaelite painters such as Edward Burne-Jones.
  
  wn.com/Virginia_Woolf
• Walter Legge
  Harry Walter Legge (1 June 1906 – 22 March 1979) was an influential English classical record producer, most notably for EMI. His recordings include many sets later regarded as classics and reissued by EMI as "Great Recordings of the Century". He worked in the recording industry from 1927, combining this with the post of junior music critic of The Manchester Guardian. He was assistant to Sir Thomas Beecham at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and in World War II played a role in bringing music to the armed forces and civilians.
  After the war, Legge founded the Philharmonia Orchestra and worked for EMI as a recording producer. In the 1960s he quarrelled with EMI and resigned. He attempted to disband the Philharmonia in 1964, but it continued as an independent body without him. After this he had no permanent job, and confined himself to giving masterclasses with, and supervising the recordings of, his second wife, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.
  Legge was born in Shepherds Bush, London, where his father was a tailor. He was educated at the Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith. He excelled in Latin and French, but received no musical training. He left school at 16 and had no further formal education. Encouraged by his father he developed a taste for music, and Richard Wagner in particular, in pursuit of which he taught himself to read music and to speak German.
  
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• Warwick Goble
  Warwick Goble (22 November 1862 – 22 January 1943) was an illustrator of children's books. He specialized in Japanese and Indian themes.
  Goble was born in Dalston, north London, the son of a commercial traveller, and educated and trained at the City of London School and the Westminster School of Art. He worked for a printer specializing in chromolithography and contributed to the Pall Mall Gazette and the Westminster Gazette.
  In the 1890s, he contributed half-tone illustrations to monthly magazines such as Strand Magazine, Pearson's Magazine, and The Boy's Own Paper. In 1893, he was exhibiting at the Royal Academy. In 1896, he began illustrating books. In 1898, he was the first to illustrate H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, having illustrated it for Pearson's Magazine in 1897. He briefly continued with scientific romance themes.
  In 1909, he became resident gift book illustrator for MacMillan and produced illustrations for The Water Babies, Green Willow, and Other Japanese Fairy Tales, The Complete Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, Stories from the Pentamerone, Folk Tales of Bengal, The Fairy Book, and The Book of Fairy Poetry. During World War I, he was employed in the drawing office of Woolrich Arsenal, and volunteered for service with the Red Cross in France. He worked occasionally for New York MacMillan, and produced editions of Treasure Island and Kidnapped. Goble gradually gave up illustration to pursue sculling, cycling, and travelling. He died in his Surrey home in 1943.
  
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  Wilhelm Furtwängler
  Wilhelm Furtwängler (January 25, 1886 – November 30, 1954) was a German conductor and composer. He is widely considered to have been one of the greatest symphonic and operatic conductors of the 20th century. By the 1930s he had built a reputation as one of the leading conductors in Europe, and he was the leading conductor who remained in Germany during the Second World War. Although he was never a member of the Nazi party, the morality of his decision to remain working in Germany during this period has been continually debated since his death. However even today, many musicians, critics and record collectors still revere him for his very subjective conducting style, which is often compared and contrasted to the more objective style of Arturo Toscanini, who was probably the most famous conductor at the time. Like Toscanini, Furtwängler was a major influence on many later conductors, and his name is often mentioned when discussing their interpretive style.
  Furtwängler was born in Berlin into a prominent family. His father Adolf was an archaeologist, his mother a painter. Most of his childhood was spent in Munich, where his father taught at the city's Ludwig Maximilian University. He was given a musical education from an early age, and developed an early love of Ludwig van Beethoven, a composer with whom he remained closely associated throughout his life. Though his chief posthumous fame rests on his work as a conductor, he was also a composer and regarded himself first and foremost as such, having in fact first taken up the baton in order to perform his own works.
  
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  Willem Mengelberg
  Joseph Willem Mengelberg (28 March 1871 – 21 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor, famous for his performances of Mahler and Strauss with the Concertgebouw Orchestra.
  Mengelberg was the fourth of fifteen children of German-born parents in Utrecht, Netherlands. His father was the well-known Dutch-German sculptor Friedrich Wilhelm Mengelberg. After studies in Utrecht with the composer and conductor Richard Hol, the composer Anton Averkamp (1861–1934) and the violinist Henri Wilhelm Petri (1856–1914), he went on to study piano and composition at the Cologne conservatory (now the Hochschule für Musik Köln ), where his principal teachers were Franz Wüllner and Adolf Jensen.
  In 1891, when he was 20, he was chosen as General Music Director of the city of Lucerne Switzerland, where he conducted an orchestra and a choir, directed a music school, taught piano lessons and continued to compose.
  Four years later, in 1895, when he was 24, Mengelberg was appointed principal conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra, a position he held until 1945.
  
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  William Primrose
  William Primrose CBE (23 August 1904 – 1 May 1982) was a Scottish violist and teacher.
  Primrose was born in Glasgow and studied violin initially. In 1919 he moved to study at the then Guildhall School of Music in London. On the urging of the accompanist Ivor Newton, Primrose moved to Belgium to study under Eugène Ysaÿe, who encouraged him to take up the viola instead. In 1930, he joined Warwick Evans, John Pennington, and Thomas Petre as the violist in the London String Quartet. The group dissolved in 1935. In 1937, he began playing in the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini. When it was rumored that Toscanini would leave the Symphony in 1941, Primrose resigned. His career as a soloist took off when he started touring with Richard Crooks. He later signed with Arthur Judson, an influential concert manager. In 1946, he was the soloist in the first recording of Berlioz's Harold in Italy.
  In 1944 he had commissioned a viola concerto from Béla Bartók. This was left incomplete at Bartók's death in 1945, and had to wait four years for its completion by Tibor Serly. Primrose was the soloist in the world premiere performance of the concerto, on 2 December 1949.
  
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  William Walton
  Sir William Turner Walton OM (29 March 1902 – 8 March 1983) was an English composer. During a sixty-year career, he wrote music in several classical genres and styles, from film scores to opera. His best-known works include Façade, the cantata Belshazzar's Feast, the Viola Concerto, and the First Symphony.
  Born in Lancashire, the son of a musician, Walton was a chorister and then an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving the university, he was taken up by the literary Sitwell siblings, who provided him with a home and a cultural education. His earliest work of note was a collaboration with Edith Sitwell, Façade, which at first brought him notoriety as a modernist, but later became a popular ballet score.
  In middle age, Walton left Britain and set up home with his young wife on the Italian island of Ischia. By this time, he had ceased to be regarded as a modernist, and some of his compositions of the 1950s were criticised as old-fashioned. His only full-length opera, Troilus and Cressida, was among the works to be so labelled and has made little impact in opera houses. In his last years, his works came back into critical fashion; his later compositions, dismissed by critics at the time of their premieres, were revalued and regarded alongside his earlier works.
  
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  Yehudi Menuhin
  Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (22 April 1916 – 12 March 1999) was an American violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom. He was born to Russian Jewish parents in the United States, but became a citizen of Switzerland in 1970, and of the United Kingdom in 1985. He is often considered to be one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century.
  Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City, United States, to Bielorussian Jewish parents from what is now Belarus. His sisters were the concert pianist and human rights worker Hephzibah Menuhin and the pianist, painter, and poet Yaltah Menuhin. Through his father Moshe Menuhin, a former rabbinical student and anti-Zionist writer, Menuhin was descended from a distinguished rabbinical dynasty.
  Menuhin began violin instruction at age four under violinist Sigmund Anker; his parents had wanted Louis Persinger to be his teacher, but Persinger refused. Menuhin displayed extraordinary talents at an early age. His first solo violin performance was at the age of seven with the San Francisco Symphony in 1923. Persinger then agreed to take Menuhin as a student. When the Menuhins went to Paris, Persinger suggested Yehudi go to his own teacher, Eugène Ysaÿe. He did have one lesson with Ysaÿe, but did not like his method or the fact that he was very old. Instead, he went to the Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu, after which he made several recordings with his sister Hephzibah. He was also a student of Adolf Busch. In 1929 he played in Berlin, under Bruno Walter's baton, three concerti by Bach, Brahms and Beethoven. In 1932 he recorded Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto in B minor for HMV in London, with the composer himself conducting, and between 1934 and 1936 he made the first integral recording of Johann Sebastian Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin.
  
  wn.com/Yehudi_Menuhin
• 
  Yo Yo Ma
  Yo-Yo Ma (born October 7, 1955) is an American cellist, virtuoso, and orchestral composer. He has received multiple Grammy Awards, the National Medal of Arts in 2001 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. Ma is regarded by some as the most famous cellist of the modern age.
  Yo-Yo Ma was born in Paris on October 7, 1955, to Chinese parents and had a musical upbringing. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer, and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a violinist and professor of music at Nanjing National Central University. His family moved to New York when he was five years old.
  At a very young age, Ma began studying violin, and later viola, before settling on the cello in 1960 at age four. According to Ma, his first choice was the double bass due to its large size, but he compromised and took up cello instead. The child prodigy began performing before audiences at age five, and performed for Presidents John F. Kennedy and Dwight D. Eisenhower when he was seven. At age eight, he appeared on American television with his sister, Yeou-Cheng Ma, in a concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Ma attended Trinity School in New York but transferred to the Professional Children's School which he graduated at fifteen years of age. He appeared as a soloist with the Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra in a performance of the Tchaikovsky Rococo Variations.
  
  wn.com/Yo_Yo_Ma

• Symphony No. 1: I. Allegro assai
• Symphony No. 1: II. Presto con malizia
• Symphony No. 1: III. Andante con malinconia
• Symphony No. 1: IV. Maestoso - Allegro, brioso ed ardentemente
• Symphony No. 2: I. Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 2: II. Lento assai
• Symphony No. 2: III. Passacaglia

• Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104: I. Allegro
• Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104: II. Adagio ma non troppo
• Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104: III. Finale: Allegro moderato
• Cello Concerto: I. Moderato
• Cello Concerto: II. Allegro appassionato
• Cello Concerto: III. Tema ed improvvisazioni: Lento - Allegro moderato

• Viola Concerto: Andante Comodo
• Viola Concerto: Vivo, Con Molto Preciso
• Viola Concerto: Allegro Moderato
• Piano Concerto in E flat major: In Tempo Moderato
• Piano Concerto in E flat major: Lento Espressivo - Allegro - Cadenza
• Piano Concerto in E flat major: Allegretto Giocoso
• Presentation and National Anthem
• Epic March
• ... Onyt Agoraf Y Drws..., (... Unless I Open the Door...)

• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: I. Prologue
• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: II. Pastoral
• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: III. Nocturne
• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: IV. Elegy
• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: V. Dirge
• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: VI. Hymn
• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: VII. Sonnet
• Serenade for Tenor, Horn, & Strings, Op. 31: VIII. Epilogue
• Façade: Fanfare - Hornpipe
• Façade: En famille
• Façade: Mariner Man
• Façade: Long Steel Grass
• Façade: Through Gilded Trellises
• Façade: Tango-Pasodoble
• Façade: Lullaby for Jumbo
• Façade: Black Mrs. Behemoth
• Façade: Tarantella
• Façade: A Man from a Far Countree
• Façade: By the Lake
• Façade: Country Dance
• Façade: Polka
• Façade: Four in the Morning
• Façade: Something Lies Beyond the Scene
• Façade: Valse
• Façade: Jodelling Song
• Façade: Scotch Rhapsody
• Façade: Popular Song
• Façade: Fox-Trot
• Façade: Sir Beelzebub
• Folksong: Sally in Our Alley
• Folksong: The Bonny Earl O' Moray
• Folksong: The Last Rose of Summer
• Folksong: Avenging and Bright

• Violin Concerto in D minor, Op.47: I. Allegro Moderato
• Violin Concerto in D minor, Op.47: II. Adagio di molto
• Violin Concerto in D minor, Op.47: III. Allegro, ma non tanto
• Violin Concerto in B minor: I. Andante tranquillo
• Violin Concerto in B minor: II. Presto capriccioso alla napolitana
• Violin Concerto in B minor: III. Vivace

• Violin Concerto Op.15 (revised version): I. Moderato con moto
• Violin Concerto Op.15 (revised version): II. Vivace - Cadenza
• Violin Concerto Op.15 (revised version): III. Passacaglia: Andante lento (un poco meno mosso) - Largamente (lento) - Lento e solenne
• Viola concerto (1961 version): I. Andante comodo
• Viola concerto (1961 version): II. Vivo con moto preciso
• Viola concerto (1961 version): III. Allegro moderato

• A Queen's Fanfare
• Coronation Te Deum
• A Litany, "1st version"
• The Twelve
• Set me as a seal upon thine heart
• Chichester Service: Canticle I. Magnificat
• Chichester Service: Canticle II. Nunc dimittis
• Where does the uttered music go?
• Jubilate
• Missa brevis: I. Kyrie
• Missa brevis: II. Sanctus and Benedictus
• Missa brevis: III. Agnus Dei
• Missa brevis: IV. Gloria
• Cantico del Sole
• A Litany, "2nd version"
• Make we joy now in this fest
• King Herod and the Cock
• All this time
• What cheer?
• A Litany, "3rd version"
• Antiphon

• Coronation Te Deum (arr. Simon Preston, Mark Blatchly)
• A Litany: Drop, Drop Slow Tears
• Magnificat
• Nunc Dimittis
• Where Does the Uttered Music Go?
• Jubilate Deo
• Henry V: Touch Her Soft Lips and Part (arr: Iain Farrington)
• Cantico del Sole
• Henry V: Passacaglia "Death of Falstaff" (arr: Iain Farrington)
• The Twelve
• Set Me As a Seal Upon Thine Heart
• Antiphon
• Missa Brevis: Kyrie
• Missa Brevis: Sanctus and Benedictus
• Missa Brevis: Agnus Dei
• Missa Brevis: Gloria

• The Winds
• Tritons
• Beatriz's Song
• Under the Greenwood Tree
• Façade: Daphne
• Façade: Through Gilden Trellises
• Façade: Old Sir Faulk
• Anon. in Love: Fain Would I Change That Note
• Anon. in Love: O Stay, Sweet Love
• Anon. in Love: Lady, When I Behold the Roses
• Anon. in Love: My Love in Her Attire
• Anon. in Love: I Gave Her Cakes and I Gave Her Ale
• Anon. in Love: To Couple Is a Custom
• A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table: The Lord Mayor's Table
• A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table: Glide Gently
• A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table: Wapping Old Stairs
• A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table: Holy Thursday
• A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table: The Contrast
• A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table: Rhyme
• Façade: Long Steel Grass
• Façade: Tango-Pasodoble
• Façade: Popular Song

• Five Bagatelles for Guitar and Chamber Orchestra: I. Allegro oassai
• Five Bagatelles for Guitar and Chamber Orchestra: II. Lento sognando
• Five Bagatelles for Guitar and Chamber Orchestra: III. Alla cubana
• Five Bagatelles for Guitar and Chamber Orchestra: IV. Lento
• Five Bagatelles for Guitar and Chamber Orchestra: V. Presto con slancio
• Serenade for Guitar and Strings, Op. 50
• Guitar Concerto, Op.88: I. Andantino - Allegretto - Meno vivo - Un poco meno vivo
• Guitar Concerto, Op.88: II. Lento - Tranquillo
• Guitar Concerto, Op.88: III. Allegro con brio - Un poco meno vivo - Lento - Allegro moderato - Tempo I
• Guitar Concerto, Op. 67: I. Allegro
• Guitar Concerto, Op. 67: II. Lento - Vivace - Lento
• Guitar Concerto, Op. 67: III. Con brio - Piu mosso

• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): I. Prologue
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): II. Interlude: At The Boar's Head
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): III. Embarkation
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): IV. Interlude: Touch Her Soft Lips and Part
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): V. Harfleur
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): V. The Night Watch
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): VI. Agincourt
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): VII. Interlude: At the French Court
• Henry V (arr. Christopher Palmer): VIII. Epilogue

• String Quartet No. 2 in A minor: I. Allegro
• String Quartet No. 2 in A minor: II. Presto
• String Quartet No. 2 in A minor: III. Lento
• String Quartet No. 2 in A minor: IV. Allegro molto
• Piano Quartet in D minor: I. Allegramente
• Piano Quartet in D minor: II. Allegro scherzando
• Piano Quartet in D minor: III. Andante tranquillo
• Piano Quartet in D minor: IV. Allegro molto

• Spitfire Prelude and Fugue
• Sinfonia concertante (v.1927) - I. Maestoso / Allegro spiritoso
• Sinfonia concertante (v.1927) / II. Andante comodo
• Sinfonia concertante (v.1927) / III. Allegro molto
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith - Tema: Andante con moto
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith / Var. I: Vivace
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith / Var. II: Allegramente
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith / Var. III: Larghetto
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith / Var. IV: Moto Perpetuo-Con slancio
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith / Var. V: Andante con moto
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith / Var. VI: Scherzando
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith - Var. VII: Lento molto
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith - Var. VIII: Vivacissimo
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith - Var. IX: Maestoso
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith - Finale - Allegro molto
• Variations on a Theme by Hindemith - Coda - a tempo primo
• March for a "A History of the English Speaking Peoples"

• Violin Concerto: I. Andante tranquillo
• Violin Concerto: II. Presto capriccioso alla napolitana
• Violin Concerto: III. Vivace
• Cello Concerto: I. Moderato
• Cello Concerto: II. Allegro appassionato
• Cello Concerto: III. Lento. Tema ed improvvisazioni

• Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
• Belshazzar's Feast: I. Thus spake Isaiah
• Belshazzar's Feast: II. If I forget thee, O Jerusalem
• Belshazzar's Feast: III. Babylon was a great city
• Belshazzar's Feast: IV. Praise ye, the God of gold
• Belshazzar's Feast: V. Thus in Babylon, the mighty city
• Belshazzar's Feast: VI. And in that same hour as they feasted
• Belshazzar's Feast: VII. Then sing aloud to God our strength
• Belshazzar's Feast: VIII. The trumpeters and pipers are silent
• Belshazzar's Feast: IX. Then sing aloud to God our strength

• Symphony No. 1 in B flat minor: I: Allegro assai
• Symphony No. 1 in B flat minor: II: Presto, con malizia
• Symphony No. 1 in B flat minor: III: Andante con malinconia
• Symphony No. 1 in B flat minor: IV: Maestoso - Brioso ed ardentemente - Vivacissimo - Maestoso
• Belshazzar's Feast: Thus Spake Isaiah
• Belshazzar's Feast: Babylon Was a Great City
• Belshazzar's Feast: Thus in Babylon, the Mighty City
• Belshazzar's Feast: And in That Same Hour as They Feasted
• Belshazzar's Feast: Then Sing Aloud to God Our Strength: Lento - Allegro giocoso
• Belshazzar's Feast: Then Sing Aloud to God Our Strength: Allegro

• Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor: I. Allegro assai
• Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor: II. Presto con malizia
• Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor: III. Andante con malinconia
• Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor: IV. Maestoso - Brioso ed ardentemente - Vicacissimo - Maestoso
• Partita: I. Toccata: Brioso
• Partita: II. Pastorale Siciliana: Andante comodo
• Partita: III. Giga burlesca: Allegro gioviale

• Symphony for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 68: I. Allegro maestoso
• Symphony for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 68: II. Presto inquieto
• Symphony for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 68: III. Adagio
• Symphony for Cello and Orchestra, Op. 68: IV. Passacaglia
• Concerto for Cello and Orchestra: I. Moderato
• Concerto for Cello and Orchestra: II. Allegro appassionato
• Concerto for Cello and Orchestra: III. Lento

• Concerto for Cello in E minor, Op. 85: I.
• Concerto for Cello in E minor, Op. 85: II.
• Concerto for Cello in E minor, Op. 85: III.
• Concerto for Cello in E minor, Op. 85: IV.
• Concerto for Cello: I.
• Concerto for Cello: II.
• Concerto for Cello: III.
• Caprice and Elegy for Cello and Orchestra: I.
• Caprice and Elegy for Cello and Orchestra: II.

• As You Like It; Prelude
• As You Like It; Moonlight
• Henry V; I Prologue
• Henry V; II Passacaglia on the Death of Falstaff
• Henry V; IV Interlude: "Touch Her Soft Lips and Part"
• Henry V; V i) Harfleur -
• Henry V; V ii) The Night Watch
• Henry V; VI St Crispin's Day -
• Henry V; VI Agincourt
• Hamlet; II Fanfare -
• Hamlet; II Soliloquy -
• Hamlet; III The Ghost
• Hamlet; V The Question -
• Hamlet; V 'To be or not to be' -
• Hamlet; VIII Threnody
• Hamlet; IX Finale (Funeral March)
• Richard III; II Prelude
• Richard III; III Monologue: 'Now is the winter of our discontent'
• Richard III; VII The Princes in the Tower
• Richard III; X Death of Richard and Finale

• Johannesburg Festival Overture: Presto capriccioso
• Viola Concerto: I. Andante comodo - con spirito
• Viola Concerto: II. Vivo, con molto preciso
• Viola Concerto: III. Allegro moderato
• Symphony No. 2: I. Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 2: II. Lento assai
• Symphony No. 2: III. Passacaglia: Tema - Risoluto

• The Planets, Op. 32: Mars, the Bringer of War (New York Philharmonic, feat. conductor: Leonard Bernstein)
• The Planets, Op. 32: Venus, the Bringer of Peace (New York Philharmonic, feat. conductor: Leonard Bernstein)
• The Planets, Op. 32: Mercury, the Winged Messenger (New York Philharmonic, feat. conductor: Leonard Bernstein)
• The Planets, Op. 32: Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity (New York Philharmonic, feat. conductor: Leonard Bernstein)
• The Planets, Op. 32: Saturn, the Bringer of Old Age (New York Philharmonic, feat. conductor: Leonard Bernstein)
• The Planets, Op. 32: Uranus, the Magician (New York Philharmonic, feat. conductor: Leonard Bernstein)
• The Planets, Op. 32: Neptune, the Mystic (New York Philharmonic, feat. conductor: Leonard Bernstein)
• Façade: Fanfare (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Hornpipe (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: En Famille (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Mariner Man (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Long Steel Grass (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Through Gilded Trellises (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Tango-Pasodoble (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Tarantella (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: By the Lake (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Country Dance (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Polka (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Valse (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Jodelling Song (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Scotch Rhapsody (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Popular Song (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)
• Façade: Sir Beelzebub (Philadelphia Orchestra, feat. reciter: Vera Zorina, feat. conductor: Eugene Ormandy)

• Symphony No. 2 in D Op. 43: I. Allegretto
• Symphony No. 2 in D Op. 43: II. Tempo Andante, Ma Rubato
• Symphony No. 2 in D Op. 43: III. Vivacissimo
• Symphony No. 2 in D Op. 43: IV. Allegro Moderato
• Symphony No. 2 in G Minor: I. Allegro Molto
• Symphony No. 2 in G Minor: II. Lento Assai
• Symphony No. 2 in G Minor: III. Passacaglia; Fugato & Coda; Scherzando

• Symphony No. 1: I. Allegro assai
• Symphony No. 1: II. Presto con malizia
• Symphony No. 1: III. Andante con malinconia
• Symphony No. 1: IV. Maestoso - Allegro, brioso ed ardentemente - Vivacissimo - Maestoso
• Symphony No. 2: I. Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 2: II. Lento assai
• Symphony No. 2: III. Passacaglia: Theme. Risoluto - Variations - Fugato - Coda. Scherzando

• Belshazzar's Feast: Thus Spake Isaiah
• Belshazzar's Feast: If I forget thee, O Jerusalem
• Belshazzar's Feast: Babylon was a great city
• Belshazzar's Feast: Praise Ye
• Belshazzar's Feast: Thus in Babylon
• Belshazzar's Feast: And in that same hour
• Belshazzar's Feast: Then sing aloud to God
• Belshazzar's Feast: The trumpeters and pipers are silent
• Belshazzar's Feast: Then sing aloud to God
• Coronation Te Deum
• Cello Concerto: I. Moderato
• Cello Concerto: II. Allegro Appassionato
• Cello Concerto: III. Lento - Allegro Molto

• Sonata for Violin and Piano: I. Allegro tranquillo
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: Tema. Andante
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: i) a tempo poco più mosso
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: ii) a tempo quasi improvisando
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: iii) Alla marcia molto vivace
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: iv) Allegro molto
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: v) Allegretto con moto
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: vi) Scherzando
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: vii) Andante tranquillo
• Sonata for Violin and Piano: II. Variazioni: Coda. Molto vivace - Presto
• Quartet for Violin, Viola, Cello and Piano: I. Allegramente
• Quartet for Violin, Viola, Cello and Piano: II. Allegro scherzando
• Quartet for Violin, Viola, Cello and Piano: III. Andante tranquillo
• Quartet for Violin, Viola, Cello and Piano: IV. Allegro molto

• Façade: Fanfare
• Façade: Hornpipe
• Façade: En Famille
• Façade: Mariner Man
• Façade: Long Steel Grass
• Façade: Through Gilded Trellises
• Façade: Tango-Pasodoble
• Façade: Lullaby for Jumbo
• Façade: Black Mrs Behemoth
• Façade: Tarantella
• Façade: A Man From a Far Countree
• Façade: By the Lake
• Façade: Country Dance
• Façade: Polka
• Façade: Four in the Morning
• Façade: Something Lies Beyond the Scene
• Façade: Valse
• Façade: Jodelling Song
• Façade: Scotch Rhapsody
• Façade: Popular Song
• Façade: Fox-Trot "Old Sir Faulk"
• Façade: Sir Beelzebub
• Façade 2: Flourish
• Façade 2: Came the Great Popinjay
• Façade 2: Aubade
• Façade 2: March
• Façade 2: Madam Mouse Trots
• Façade 2: The Octogenarian
• Façade 2: Gardener Janus Catches a Naiad
• Façade 2: Water Party
• Façade 2: Said King Pompey

• Violin Concerto: I. Andante tranquillo (Philharmonia Orchestra feat. conductor: William Walton)
• Violin Concerto: II. Presto capriccioso alla Napolitana (Philharmonia Orchestra feat. conductor: William Walton)
• Violin Concerto: III. Vivace (Philharmonia Orchestra feat. conductor: William Walton)
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: I. Allegro (London Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Malcolm Sargent)
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: II. Andante (London Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Malcolm Sargent)
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: III. Allegro molto (London Symphony Orchestra feat. conductor: Malcolm Sargent)

• Symphony No. 1: I. Allegro assai
• Symphony No. 1: II. Presto, con malizia
• Symphony No. 1: III. Andante con maunconia
• Symphony No. 1: IV. Maestoso
• Crown Imperial
• Orb & Sceptre

• The Planets Suite for Orchestra, Op. 32: I. Mars, the Bringer of War
• The Planets Suite for Orchestra, Op. 32: II. Venus, the Bringer of Peace
• The Planets Suite for Orchestra, Op. 32: III. Mercury, the Winged Messenger
• The Planets Suite for Orchestra, Op. 32: IV. Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity
• The Planets Suite for Orchestra, Op. 32: V. Saturn, the Bringer of Old Age
• The Planets Suite for Orchestra, Op. 32: VI. Uranus, the Magician
• The Planets Suite for Orchestra, Op. 32: VII. Neptune, the Mystic
• Crown Imperial: Coronation March
• Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis

• String Quartet (1919-22): I. Moderato
• String Quartet (1919-22): II. Scherzo
• String Quartet (1919-22): III. Fuga
• String Quartet in A minor (1944-47): I. Allegro
• String Quartet in A minor (1944-47): II. Presto
• String Quartet in A minor (1944-47): III. Lento
• String Quartet in A minor (1944-47): IV. Allegro molto

• String Quartet in E minor, Op. 83: I. Allegro moderato
• String Quartet in E minor, Op. 83: II. Piacevole (poco andante)
• String Quartet in E minor, Op. 83: III. Finale: Allegro molto
• String Quartet in A minor: I. Allegro
• String Quartet in A minor: II. Presto
• String Quartet in A minor: III. Lento
• String Quartet in A minor: IV. Allegro molto

• Symphony No. 1 in B flat major: I. Allegro assai
• Symphony No. 1 in B flat major: II. Presto, con malizia
• Symphony No. 1 in B flat major: III. Andante con malinconia
• Symphony No. 1 in B flat major: IV. Maestoso: Brioso ed ardentemente
• Cello Concerto: I. Moderato
• Cello Concerto: II. Allegro appassionato
• Cello Concerto: III. Lento - Allegro molto

• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: I. Fanfare (Suite II No. 1)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: II. Scotch Rhapsody (Suite II No. 2)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: III. Valse (Suite I No. 2)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: IV. Tango Pasodoble (Suite I No. 4)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: V. Swiss Jodelling Song (Suite I No. 3)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: VI. Country Dance (Suite II No. 3)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: VII. Polka (Suite I No. 1)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: VIII. Noche Espagnole (Suite II No. 4)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: IX. Popular Song (Suite II No. 5)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: X. Old Sir Faulk (Suite II No. 6)
• Facade - Two Suites for Orchestra: XI. Tarantella - Sevillana (Suite I No. 5)
• Gloria
• Orb and Sceptre - Coronation March
• Te Deum
• Crown Imperial - Coronation March

• Piano Quartet: I. Allegramente
• Piano Quartet: II. Allego scherzando
• Piano Quartet: III. Andante tranquillo
• Piano Quartet: IV. Allegro molto
• Violin Sonata: I. Allegro tranquillo
• Violin Sonata: II. [Theme (Andante) and seven variations]
• Five Bagatelles for guitar: I. Allegro
• Five Bagatelles for guitar: II. Lento
• Five Bagatelles for guitar: III. Alla Cubana
• Five Bagatelles for guitar: IV. [Lento]
• Five Bagatelles for guitar: V. Con slancio

• Violin Concerto in B minor: I. Andante Tranquillo
• Violin Concerto in B minor: II. Presto capriccioso alla napolitana
• Violin Concerto in B minor: III. Vivace
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: I. Allegro
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: II. Andante
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: III. Allegro molto
• Violin Concerto in B minor, Op. 61: IV. Cadenza - Allegro Molto

• (Fanfare)
• Hornpipe
• En Famille
• Mariner Man
• Long Steel Grass
• Through Gilded Trellises
• Tango-Pasodoble
• Lullaby for Jumbo
• Black Mrs. Behemoth
• Tarantella
• A Man From a Far Countree
• By the Lake
• Country Dance
• Polka
• Four in the Morning
• Something Lies Beyond the Scene
• Valse
• Jodelling Song
• Scotch Rhapsody
• Popular Song
• Fox-Trot "Old Sir Faulk"
• Sir Beelzebub

• Belshazzar's Feast: Thus Spake Isaiah
• Belshazzar's Feast: If I Forget Thee, O Jerusalem
• Belshazzar's Feast: By the Waters of Babylon
• Belshazzar's Feast: Babylon Was a Great City
• Belshazzar's Feast: Praise Ye the God of Gold
• Belshazzar's Feast: Thus in Babylon the Might City
• Belshazzar's Feast: And in That Same Hour, as They Feasted
• Belshazzar's Feast: Then Sing Aloud to God Our Strength
• Belshazzar's Feast: The Trumpeters and Pipers Are Silent
• Belshazzar's Feast: Then Sing Aloud to God Our Strength
• In Honour of the City of London

• Façade: Ouverture: Flourish Madam Mouse Trots
• Façade: The Octegenarian
• Façade: Aubade: Jane, Jane
• Façade: The Winds Bastinado
• Façade: Said King Pompey
• Façade: Jumbo's Lullaby
• Façade: Small Talk I
• Façade: Small Talk II
• Façade: Rose Castles
• Façade: Hornpipe
• Façade: Long Steel Grass
• Façade: When Sir Beelzebub
• Façade: Switchback
• Façade: Bank Holiday I
• Façade: Bank Holiday II
• Façade: Springing Jack
• Façade: En Famille
• Façade: Mariner Man
• Façade: Came the Great Popinjay
• Façade: Ass Face
• Façade: The Last Gallup
• Façade: The White Owl
• Façade: Gardiner Janus
• Façade: Mazurka
• Façade: Trams
• Façade: Scotch Rhapsody
• Façade: Old Sir Faulk
• Façade: Four in the Morning
• Façade: Lily O'Grady
• Façade: By the Lake
• Façade: Black Mrs. Behemoth
• Façade: Valse
• Façade: Swiss Jodelling Song
• Façade: Polka
• Façade: Daphne
• Façade: A Man From a Far Countree
• Façade: Country Dance
• Façade: March
• Façade: Through Gilded Trellises
• Façade: Tango-Pasadoble
• Façade: Tarantella
• Façade: Something Lies Beyond the Scene

• Belshazzar's Feast: 1. Thus Spake Isaiah
• Belshazzar's Feast: 2. If I Forget Thee, O Jerusalem
• Belshazzar's Feast: 3. Babylon Was a Great City
• Belshazzar's Feast: 4. Praise Ye
• Belshazzar's Feast: 5. Thus in Babylon
• Belshazzar's Feast: 6. And in That Same Hour
• Belshazzar's Feast: 7. Then Sing Aloud to God
• Belshazzar's Feast: 8. The Trumpeters and Pipers Are Silent
• Belshazzar's Feast: 9. Then Sing Aloud to God
• Suite From Henry V: 1. Overture the Globe Playhouse
• Suite From Henry V: 2. Passacaglia Death of Falstaff
• Suite From Henry V: 3. Charge and Battle
• Suite From Henry V: 4. Touch Her Soft Lips and Part
• Suite From Henry V: 5. Agincourt Song

• Belshazzar's Feast: 1. Thus spake Isaiah
• If I Forget Thee
• Babylon Was a Great City
• In Babylon Belshazzar the King
• Praise Ye the God of Gold
• Thus in Babylon, the Mighty City
• And in That Same Hour
• Then Sing Aloud to God Our Strength
• The Trumpeters and Pipers
• Then Sing Aloud to God Our Strength
• Suite from Henvy V: I. Overture - The Globe Playhouse
• II. Passacaglia - The Death of Falstaff
• III. Charge and Battle
• IV. Touch her soft lips and part
• V. Agincourt Song
• Crown Imperial (Coronation March)

• Viola Concerto I: Andante comodo
• Viola Concerto II: Vivo, con molto preciso
• Viola Concerto III: Allegro moderato
• Violin Concerto I: Andante tranquillo
• Violin Concerto II: Presto capriccioso napolitana-Trio (Canzonetta)-Tempo I
• Violin Concerto III: Vivace

• Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato / II. Lento - Allegro Molto
• Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra, Op. 85: IV. Allegro
• Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra: I. Moderato
• Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra: II. Allegro appassionato
• Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra: III. Lento

• Cello Concerto, Op. 85: I. Adagio - Moderato
• Cello Concerto, Op. 85: II. Allegro molto
• Cello Concerto, Op. 85: III. Adagio
• Cello Concerto, Op. 85: IV. Allegro
• Violin Concerto: I. Andante tranquillo
• Violin Concerto: II. Presto capriccioso alla napolitana
• Violin Concerto: III. Vivace

Born: 1902-03-29

Died: 1983-03-08