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Aachen Cathedral
Aachen Cathedral, frequently referred to as the "Imperial Cathedral" (in German: Kaiserdom), is a Roman Catholic church in Aachen, Germany. The church is the oldest cathedral in northern Europe and was known as the "Royal Church of St. Mary at Aachen" during the Middle Ages. For 600 years, from 936 to 1531, the Aachen chapel was the church of coronation for 30 German kings and 12 queens. The church is the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Aachen.
Charles the Great (Charlemagne) began the construction of the Palatine Chapel around 792, along with the building of the rest of the palace structures.
It was consecrated in 805 by Pope Leo III in honour of the Virgin Mary. It was extensively renovated in the 10th century and restored in 1881. The core of the cathedral is the Carolingian Palatine Chapel, which is notably small in comparison to the later additions.
In order to sustain the enormous flow of pilgrims in the Gothic period a choir hall was built: a two-part Capella vitrea (glass chapel) which was consecrated on the 600th anniversary of Charlemagne's death. A cupola, several other chapels and a steeple were also constructed at later dates. In 1978, it was one of the first 12 items to make the entry into the UNESCO list of world heritage sites, as the first German and one of the first three European historical ensembles.
wn.com/Aachen_Cathedral -
Alcuin
Alcuin of York (Latin: Alcuinus) or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (730s or 740s – 19 May 804) was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. He wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. He was made Abbot of Saint Martin's at Tours in 796, where he remained until his death. "The most learned man anywhere to be found" according to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne, he is considered among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era.
Alcuin of York had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York founded in AD 627 (now known as St Peter's School, York) and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational matters. From 796 until his death he was Abbot of the great monastery of St. Martin of Tours.
wn.com/Alcuin -
Andorra
Andorra (
i/ænˈdɔrə/; Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈdorə], locally: [anˈdɔra]), officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of 468 km2 (181 sq mi) and an estimated population of 84,082 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 ft) above sea level. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.
The Principality was formed in 1278. The role of monarch is exercised jointly by the two co-princes, the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the President of France (the whole state is a part of Diocese of Urgell).
Andorra is a prosperous country mainly because of its tourism industry, which services an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually, and also because of its status as a tax haven. It is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is the de facto currency. The people of Andorra have the 4th highest human life expectancy in the world — 82 years at birth.
wn.com/Andorra -
Angoulême
Coordinates: 45°38′56″N 0°09′39″E / 45.6489°N 0.1608°E / 45.6489; 0.1608
Angoulême [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] (
listen) is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Charente department, in Poitou-Charentes. Based on a plateau overlooking a meander of the Charente River, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 50,000 but is the center of an urban area of 110,000 people, stretched over fifteen kilometers from north to south.
When it was the old capital of the Angoumois in the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town which was highly coveted due to its position at the center of many roads important to communication, and therefore suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious and urban patrimony, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Nowadays, Angoulême is the center of an agglomeration which is one of the most industrialised between Loire and Garonne (paper industry in 15th century, foundry and electromechanical engineering until a recent period). It is also a commercial and administrative city, with its own university and a very animated cultural life.
wn.com/Angoulême -
Apulia
Coordinates: 41°0′31″N 16°30′46″E / 41.00861°N 16.51278°E / 41.00861; 16.51278
Apulia is a region in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Òtranto and Gulf of Taranto in the south. Its most southern portion, known as Salento peninsula, forms a high heel on the "boot" of Italy. The region comprises 19,345 square kilometers (7,469 sq mi), and its population is about 4.1 million. It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. It neighbors Greece and Albania, across the Ionian and Adriatic Seas, respectively. The region extends as far north as Monte Gargano, and was the scene of the last stages in the Second Punic War.
Situated at the south-eastern tip of the Italian peninsula, Apulia covers over 19,000 square kilometers (7,336 sq mi) in succession of broad plains and low-lying hills. The central area of the region is occupied by the Murge, a vast, semi-arid karst plateau. The only mountainous areas, the Gargano promontory and the Monti Dauni, do not exceed 1,150 m (3,800 ft) and are to be found in the north of Apulia, which is the least mountainous region in Italy.
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Aquitaine
Aquitaine (French pronunciation: [a.ki.tɛn], English /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/; Occitan: Aquitània; Basque: Akitania), archaic Guyenne/Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the 5 departments of Dordogne, Lot et Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes and Gironde. In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably.
There are traces of human settlement by prehistoric peoples, especially in the Périgord, but the earliest attested inhabitants in the south-west were the Aquitani, who were not proper Celtic people, but more akin to the Iberians (see Gallia Aquitania). Although a number of different languages and dialects were in use in the area during ancient times, it is most likely that the prevailing language of Aquitaine during the late pre-historic to Roman period was an early form of the Basque language. This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by the Romans, and which are currently easily readable as Basque. Whether this Aquitanian language (Proto-Basque) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region is not currently known. One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on the languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French.
wn.com/Aquitaine -
Argenteuil
Coordinates: 48°57′00″N 2°15′00″E / 48.9500°N 2.2500°E / 48.9500; 2.2500
Argenteuil (French pronunciation: [aʁʒɑ̃tœj]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.3 km (7.6 mi) from the center of Paris. Argenteuil is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department, the seat of the arrondissement of Argenteuil.
Argenteuil is the second most populous commune in the suburbs of Paris (after Boulogne-Billancourt) and the most populous one in the Val-d'Oise department, although it is not its prefecture, which is shared between the communes of Cergy and Pontoise.
The name Argenteuil is recorded for the first time in a royal charter of 697 as Argentoialum, from a Latin/Gaulish root argento meaning "silver", "silvery", "shiny", perhaps in reference to the gleaming surface of the river Seine, on the banks of which Argenteuil is located, and from a Celtic suffix -ialo meaning "clearing, glade" or "place of".
Argenteuil was founded as a convent in the 7th century (→ Pierre Abélard, Convent of Argenteuil). The monastery that arose from the convent was destroyed during the French Revolution.
wn.com/Argenteuil -
Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
wn.com/Baghdad -
Balearic Islands
The Balearic Islands (English /ˌbæliˈærɨk ˈaɪləndz/; Catalan: Illes Balears [ˈiʎəz βəɫəˈas]; Spanish: Islas Baleares [ˈizlaz βaleˈaɾes]) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
The four largest islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain, with Palma as the capital city. The co-official languages in the Balearic Islands are Catalan and Castillan Spanish. The current Statute of Autonomy declares the Balearic Islands as one nationality of Spain.
The official name of the Balearic Islands is in Catalan, Illes Balears, while in Spanish they are known as the Islas Baleares. The term "Balearic" derives from Greek (Γυμνησίαι/Gymnesiae and Βαλλιαρεῖς/Balliareis) and Latin (Baleares).
There are various theories on the origins of the two ancient Greek and Latin names for the islands — Gymnasiae and Baleares. Two survive in classical sources.
According to the Lycophron's Alexandra verses, the islands were called Gymnesiae Γυμνησίαι (gymnos γυμνός, meaning naked in Greek) because its inhabitants were often nude, probably because of the year-long benevolent climate.
wn.com/Balearic_Islands -
Banque de France
The Banque de France is the central bank of France; it is linked to the European Central Bank (ECB). Its main charge is to implement the interest rate policy of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). It is headquartered in Paris.
On 1 June 1998, a new institution was created, the European Central Bank (ECB), charged with steering the single monetary policy for the euro. The body formed by the ECB, and the national central banks (NCB) of all the member states of the European Union, constitute the European System of Central Banks (ESCB).
The ESCB is an institutional framework of a single monetary policy for the euro. According to the Banque de France's website, the "sharing of responsibilities between the ECB and the NCBs is based upon significant decentralization of the conduct of the ESCB's single monetary policy".
In 2010, the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Banque de France, the sum of €384,900,000 for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing, especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to "Exchanges Check-Image" electronic transfer.
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Barcelona
Barcelona (English /bɑrsɨˈloʊnə/, Catalan: [bərsəˈɫonə], Spanish: [barθeˈlona]) is the capital of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of 101.4 km2 (39 sq mi). The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km2 (310 sq mi), being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, Madrid and Milan. About five million people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the main component of an administrative area of Greater Barcelona, with a population of 3,218,071 in an area of 636 km² (density 5,060 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge (512 m/1,680 ft).
Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, Barcelona became one of the most important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona, the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures, and the 2004 World Urban Forum.
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Battle of Tertry
The Battle of Tertry was an important engagement in Merovingian Gaul between the forces of Austrasia on one side and those of Neustria and Burgundy on the other. It took place in 687 at Tertry, Somme.
The powerful Austrasian mayor of the palace, Pepin of Herstal, had concluded peace with his Neustrian counterpart, Waratton, in 681. However, Waratton's successors had renewed the conflict between Austrasia and Neustria which was common in times of disunion: though the Frankish realm was then united under Theuderic III, who inherited Austrasia in 679. The king, born and raised in Neustria and a Neustrian at heart, and the nobles of Neustria and Burgundy, under their mayor, Berthar, invaded Austrasia territory. Berthar and Theuderic were routed at Tertry and the Austrasians had the field. Their supremacy vindicated on a battlefield, the victors forced Berthar out of office and Pepin appointed Nordebert to act on his behalf in Neustria and Burgundy. The king was forced to recognise Pepin's mayorship over the entire realm in exchange for remaining sole king.
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Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (German: Freistaat Bayern, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈbaɪ.ɐn] ( listen)), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of 70,548 square kilometres (27,200 sq mi), it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine-Westphalia), with 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
One of the oldest states of Europe, it was established as a duchy in the mid first millennium. In the 17th century, the Duke of Bavaria became a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. The Kingdom of Bavaria existed from 1806 to 1918, and Bavaria has since been a free state (republic). Modern Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of Franconia and Swabia.
The Bavarians emerged in a region north of the Alps, originally inhabited by the Gauls, which had been part of the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. The Bavarians spoke Old High German but, unlike other Germanic groups, probably did not migrate from elsewhere. Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. They first appear in written sources c. 520. Saint Boniface completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early-8th century. Bavaria was, for the most part, unaffected by the Protestant Reformation.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Bobbio Abbey
Bobbio Abbey (Italian: Abbazia di San Colombano) is a monastery founded by Irish Saint Columbanus in 614, around which later grew up the town of Bobbio, in the province of Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. It is dedicated to Saint Columbanus. It was famous as a centre of resistance to Arianism and as one of the greatest libraries in the Middle Ages, and was the original on which the monastery in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose was based. The abbey was dissolved under the French administration in 1803, although many of the buildings remain in other uses.
The background to the foundation of the abbey was the Lombard invasion of Italy in 568. The Lombard king Agilulf married the devout Roman Catholic Theodelinda in 590 and under her influence and that of the Irish missionary Columbanus, he was persuaded to accept conversion to Catholicism. As a base for the conversion of the Lombard people Agilulf gave Columbanus a ruined church and wasted lands known as Ebovium, which, before the Lombards seized them, had formed part of the lands of the papacy. Columbanus particularly wanted this secluded place, for while enthusiastic in the instruction of the Lombards he preferred solitude for his monks and himself. Next to this little church, which was dedicated to Saint Peter, a monastery was soon built. The abbey at its foundation followed the Rule of St. Columbanus, based on the monastic practices of Celtic Christianity.
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Bohemia
Bohemia (Czech: Čechy;German:
Böhmen (help·info); Polish: Czechy; French: Bohême; Latin: Bohemia) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague. In a broader meaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, especially in historical contexts, such as the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Bohemia has an area of 52,065 km² and today is home to approximately 6 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. It is bordered by Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, the historical region of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the Krkonoše (Giant Mountains), the highest within the Sudeten mountain range.
In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy, with various peoples including the Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia (194 BC) and the Battle of Mutina (193 BC). After this, many of the Boii retreated north across the Alps.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration is the name given to the period following the successive events of the French Revolution (1789–1799), the end of the First Republic (1792–1804), and then the forcible end of the First French Empire under Napoleon (1804–1814/1815) – when a coalition of European powers restored by arms the monarchy to the heirs of the House of Bourbon, who once again became possessors of the Kingdom of France. The Bourbon Restoration existed from (about) 6 April 1814 until the popular uprisings of the July Revolution of 1830, excepting the interval of the "Hundred Days", less than a full year into the Restoration, when the Bourbon monarchy had again made themselves so unpopular with the general population of France that the family was again forced to flee Paris and France for Ghent, ahead of exploding civil disorders and collapsing civil authority.
At the beginning of the Hundred Days, deposed Emperor Napoleon I returned triumphantly to Paris from Elba. He was greeted with dizzy acclaim and joy by French crowds lining the roads. Coming from far away with advance news spreading of his approach all along the way, crowds swelled his army overnight at his back, growing at every step, even by aggregating the very troops sent to arrest him by the monarchy on several occasions. With the flight of the king, after reaching Paris, he re-announced and reclaimed his dignities as Emperor. The European Great Powers were nowhere near as welcoming, and they quickly mobilized armies once more. This resulted in Napoleon's decisive defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo.
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Brindisi
Brindisi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbrindizi] ( listen); Sicilian: Brìnnisi; Latin: Brundisium) is a city in the Apulia region of Italy, the capital of the province of Brindisi, off the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Historically, the city has played an important role in commerce and culture, due to its position on the Italian Peninsula and its natural port on the Adriatic Sea. The city is a major port for trade with Greece and the Middle East. Brindisi has an active industry in agriculture, chemical and energy production.
Brindisi is situated on a natural harbor, that penetrates deeply into the Adriatic coast of Apulia. Within the arms of the outer harbor islands are Pedagne, a tiny archipelago, currently not open and in use for military purposes (United Nations Group Schools used during the intervention in Bosnia). The entire municipality is part of the Brindisi Plain, characterized by high agricultural uses of its land. It is located in the northeastern part of the Salento plains, about 40 km (24.85 mi) from the Itria Valley, and the low Murge. Not far from the city is the Natural Marine Reserve of the World Wide Fund for Nature of Torre Guaceto. The Ionian Sea is located about 45 km (27.96 mi) away.
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Brittany
Brittany (French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] ( listen); Breton: Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Previously a kingdom and then a duchy, Brittany was united to the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain). Brittany is considered as one of the six Celtic nations.
Brittany occupies the northwest peninsula of continental Europe in northwest France. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,023 km² (13,136 sq mi). The historical province of Brittany is divided into five departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the north east, Loire-Atlantique in the south east and Morbihan in the south on the Bay of Biscay.
In 1956, French regions were created by gathering departments between them. The Region of Brittany comprises, since then, four of the five Breton departments (80% of historical Brittany), while the remaining area of the old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department, around Nantes, forms part of the Pays de la Loire region. This territorial organisation is regularly contested. The Kingdom and the Duchy of Brittany, the province of Brittany, and the modern Region of Brittany cover the Western part of Armorica, as it was known during the period of Roman occupation.
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Catalonia
Catalonia (English /kætəˈloʊniə/, /kætəˈloʊnjə/; Catalan: Catalunya [kətəˈɫuɲə] or [kataˈluɲa]; Spanish: Cataluña [kataˈluɲa]; Occitan: Catalonha [kataˈluɲɔ]) is an autonomous region of Spain in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula, with the official status of a "nationality". Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona which is the second largest Spanish city by population after Madrid. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an official population of 7,535,251. Its borders essentially reflect those of the former Principality of Catalonia. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east (580 km coastline). The official languages are Catalan, Spanish and Aranese (Occitan).
The name Catalunya (Catalonia) began to be used in the late 11th century in reference to the group of counties that comprised the Marca Hispanica. The origin of the term is subject to diverse interpretations. A theory suggests that Catalunya derives from the term "Land of Castles", having evolved from the term castlà, the ruler of a castle (see castellan). This theory therefore suggests that the names Castile and Catalonia have the same etymology.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (Greek: Κωνσταντινούπολις, Konstantinoúpolis; Latin: Constantinopolis; Ottoman Turkish: قسطنطینیه, Qostantiniyye; and modern Turkish: İstanbul) was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin and the Ottoman Empires. It was founded in AD 330, at ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I, after whom it was named. The city was the largest and wealthiest European city of the Middle Ages, and shared the glories of the Byzantine Empire, which was eventually reduced to the city and its environs.
Although besieged on numerous occasions by various peoples, it was taken only in 1204 by the army of the Fourth Crusade, in 1261 by Michael VIII, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II. An inner wall was erected by Constantine I, and the city was surrounded by a triple wall of fortifications, begun during the 5th century by Theodosius II. The city was built on seven hills as well as on the Bosporus, and thus presented an impregnable fortress enclosing magnificent palaces, domes and towers. The Church of Hagia Sophia, the sacred palace of the emperors, the hippodrome, and the Golden Gate were among the largest of the many churches, public edifices, and monuments lining the arcaded avenues and squares.
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Corbie
Coordinates: 49°54′35″N 2°30′29″E / 49.9097°N 2.5081°E / 49.9097; 2.5081
Corbie is a commune of the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
The small town is situated 15 km (9.3 mi) up river from Amiens, in the département of Somme and is the main town of the canton of Corbie. It lies in the valley of the River Somme, at the confluence of the River Ancre. The town is bisected by the Canal de la Somme.
This Satellite photograph shows it in its context. The town is to the left and the fenny Somme valley winds down to it from the right. The chalk of the Upper Cretaceous plateau shows pale in the fields. The River Ancre flows down from the north-east. The A29 is shown under construction snaking across the chalk in the southern part of the picture. The fainter, straight line just to its north is the road N29. It passes through Villers-Bretonneux, the village just south of Corbie.
The town of Corbie grew up round Corbie Abbey, founded in 657 or 660 by the queen regent Bathilde, with a founding community of monks from Luxeuil Abbey in the Franche-Comté.
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Corsica
Corsica ( /ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse, IPA: [kɔʁs]; Corsican: Corsica; Italian: Corsica, IPA: [ˈkɔrsika]) is a French island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. Mountains comprise two-thirds of the island, forming a single chain.
Corsica is one of the 27 régions of France, although strictly speaking Corsica is designated as a territorial collectivity (collectivité territoriale) by law. As a territorial collectivity, it enjoys greater powers than other French régions, but for the most part its status is quite similar. Corsica is referred to as a "région" in common speech, and is almost always listed among the other régions of France.
Although the island is separated from the continental mainland by the Ligurian Sea and is closer to Italy than to the French mainland, politically Corsica is part of Metropolitan France. It was once briefly an independent Corsican Republic, until being incorporated into France in 1769. Its culture has French and Italian elements blended into it.
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Damascus
Damascus (Arabic: دِمَشق / ALA-LC: Dimashq; commonly known in Syria as al-Sham (Arabic: الشام / al-Shām), and as the City of Jasmine (Arabic: مدينة الياسمين / Madīnat al-Yāsmīn), is the capital and the second largest city of Syria. Both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the Levant. The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 (2009 est.).
Located in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.6 million people (2004). Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230 ft) above sea-level, Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate due to the rain shadow effect. The Barada River flows through Damascus.
First settled in the 2nd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty, the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad. Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. During Ottoman rule, the city decayed completely while maintaining a certain cultural prestige. Today, it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries. Damascus was chosen as the 2008 Arab Capital of Culture.
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Danevirke
The Danevirke (modern Danish spelling: Dannevirke; in Old Norse Danavirki ; in German Danewerk ; is a system of Danish fortifications in Schleswig-Holstein (Northern Germany). This important linear defensive earthwork was constructed across the neck of the Cimbrian peninsula during Denmark's Viking Age. It was last used for military purposes in 1864.
The Danevirke stretches from the marshes in the west of the peninsula to the town of Schleswig, which lies beside the Schlei (Danish: Slien) on the Baltic Sea coast, near the former Viking trade centre of Hedeby. Another wall, between the Schlei and the town of Eckernförde, defended the Schwansen peninsula.
According to written sources, work on the Danevirke was started by the Danish King Gudfred in 808. Fearing an invasion by the Franks, who had conquered heathen Frisia over the previous 100 years and Old Saxony in 772 to 804, Godfred began work on an enormous structure to defend his realm, separating the Jutland peninsula from the northern extent of the Frankish empire.
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Drava
Drava or Drave (Hungarian: Dráva; German: Drau; Italian, Croatian and Slovene: Drava) is a river in southern Central Europe, a tributary of the Danube. It sources in Toblach/Dobbiaco, Italy, and flows east through East Tirol and Carinthia in Austria, into Slovenia (142 km), and then southeast, passing through Croatia and forming most of the border between Croatia and Hungary, before it joins the Danube near Osijek.
In the ancient times the river was called Dravus. The name is most likely Celtic or pre-Celtic in origin (see Old European hydronymy). The Drava and Spöl are the only two rivers that originate in Italy and drain into the Danube drainage basin. It is the fourth largest and longest Danube tributary. The Gail in Austria, the Meža and Dravinja in Slovenia, and the Bednja in Croatia from the right; the Gurk and the Lavant in Austria, and the Mur (near Legrad) in Croatia from the left are its main tributaries.
The Drava flows through Innichen/San Candido in Italy, Lienz, Spittal an der Drau, Villach, and Ferlach in Austria, Dravograd, Vuzenica, Muta, Ruše, Maribor, Ptuj, and Ormož in Slovenia, Varaždin and Osijek in Croatia, and Barcs in Hungary, being navigable for about 90 km from Čađavica in Croatia to its outfall.
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Euronext Paris
Euronext Paris is France's securities market, formerly known as the Paris Bourse, which merged with the Amsterdam, Lisbon and Brussels exchanges in September 2000 to form Euronext NV, which is the second largest exchange in Europe behind the UK's London Stock Exchange. It now belongs to the NYSE Euronext group, the first global stock exchange.
It operates the MATIF futures exchange, which trades futures and options on interest rate products and commodities, and MONEP, equity and index futures and options. All products are traded electronically on the NSC system adopted by all of the Euronext members. Transactions are cleared through LCH.Clearnet. Cash settlement is T+3. Trading hours are 9 am to 5:30 pm, Monday to Friday.
The French equities market is divided into three sections. The Premier Marché, formerly called the Official List, includes large French and foreign companies, and most Bond issues. The Second Marché, lists medium-sized companies, while Nouveau Marché lists fast-growing start up companies seeking capital to finance expansion, linked to Euro.nm, the European equity growth market. A fourth market, Marché Libre, is nonregulated, administered by Euronext Paris for transactions in securities not listed on the other three markets.
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First French Empire
The First French Empire (French: Empire Français), also known as the Greater French Empire or Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon I of France. It was the dominant power of much of continental Europe during the early 19th century.
Napoleon became Emperor of the French (L'Empereur des Français, pronounced: [ɑ̃.pʁœʁ dɛ fʁɑ̃.sɛ]) on 18 May 1804 and crowned Emperor on 2 December 1804, ending the period of the French Consulate, and won early military victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Portugal, and allied nations, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz (1805) and the Battle of Friedland (1807). The Treaty of Tilsit in July 1807 ended two years of bloodshed on the European continent.
The subsequent series of wars known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars extended French influence over much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 départements, ruled over 44 million subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Duchy of Warsaw, and could count Prussia and Austria as nominal allies. Early French victories exported many ideological features of the French Revolution throughout Europe. Seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, aristocratic privileges were eliminated in all places except Poland, and the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems, and legalized divorce. Napoleon placed relatives on the thrones of several European countries and granted many noble titles, most of which were not recognized after the empire fell.
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Flanders
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen (help·info)) is the (political) community of the Flemings, one of the communities of Belgium, and also a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
"Flanders" can also refer to the northern part of Belgium that contains Brussels, Bruges, Ghent and Antwerp. Over the course of history, the geographical territory that was called "Flanders" has varied. In the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a gradual shift of political and economic power from French-speaking Wallonia (which was industrialized earlier) to the Flemish.
To the English-speaking peoples, Flanders meant historically (from circa 1000 AD) the land situated along the North Sea from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary. The southern borders were generally ill-defined. Over the last millennium, it was mostly the southern and western borders that receded to give the present day borders within northern Belgium.
Flanders has figured prominently in European history. Between the early 17th century and 1945, the political outcomes of modern Spain, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria were often decided by battles on the plains of Flanders. Even earlier in British and Irish history, the Flemings (or Flemish) were important allies of the Normans in their conquest of England (1066) and invasion of Ireland (1169–71).
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Frisia
Frisia is a coastal region along the southeastern corner of the North Sea, i.e. the German Bight. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak Frisian, a language group closely related to the English language. Frisia extends from the northwestern Netherlands across northwestern Germany to the border of Denmark (Vidå).
Frisia is commonly divided into three sections:
The three groups of the Frisian Islands (the West, East and North Frisian Islands) stretch more or less correspondingly along these three sections of the German Bight coast.
West Frisia corresponds roughly to the Dutch province of Friesland (Fryslân), the northern part of North Holland province (the historical region of West Friesland, the westernmost portion of the traditional region of West Frisia), and also modern Groningen province, though the Western Frisian language is only spoken in Friesland proper. Dialects with strong Frisian substrates, including Low German and Low Franconian, are also spoken in West Frisia. In the northern province of Groningen, people speak Gronings, a Low Saxon dialect with a strong Frisian substrate.
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Gascony
Gascony ( /ˈɡæskəni/; French: Gascogne [ɡaskɔɲ]; Gascon: Gasconha [ɡasˈkuɲɔ]) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution. The region is vaguely defined and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; sometimes they are considered to overlap, and sometimes Gascony is considered a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux.
It is currently divided between the Aquitaine région (départements of Landes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, south and west of Gironde, and south of Lot-et-Garonne) and the Midi-Pyrénées région (départements of Gers, Hautes-Pyrénées, southwest of Tarn-et-Garonne, and west of Haute-Garonne).
Gascony was historically inhabited by Basque-related people who appear to have spoken a language similar to Basque. The name Gascony comes from the same root as the word Basque (see Wasconia below). From medieval times until the nineteenth century, the Gascon language was spoken, which is a regional variant of the Occitan Language. It is also the land of d'Artagnan, who inspired Alexandre Dumas's character in The Three Musketeers. It is also home to the hero of the play Cyrano de Bergerac (though this character has little in common with the real Cyrano de Bergerac, who was a Parisian) and to Henry III of Navarre who later became king of France as Henry IV.
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Genoa
Genoa
/ˈdʒɛnoʊ.ə/ (Italian: Genova [ˈdʒɛːnova] (
listen); Genoese and Ligurian Zena [ˈzeːna]; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is the capital of Liguria and the sixth largest city in Italy, with a population of 608,676 within its administrative limits on a land area of 243.6 km2 (94 sq mi). The urban zone of Genoa extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 718,896. The urban area of Genoa has a population of 800,709. In the metropolitan area live between 859,000 and 1.4 million or 1.5 million people. Genoa is one of Europe's largest cities on the Mediterranean Sea and the largest seaport in Italy.
Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ("the Superb one") due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks. Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in 2006 (see below). The city's rich art, music, gastronomy, architecture and history, allowed it to become the 2004's European Capital of Culture. It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
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Geography of France
Coordinates: 46°00′N 2°00′E / 46°N 2°E / 46; 2
France is a country located primarily in Western Europe, but containing territory in South America, the Caribbean, and the Indian Ocean, as well as numerous territories of various status. In Europe France borders the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. To the west is the Bay of Biscay, to the north is the English Channel.
Mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west.
Elevation extremes:
Irrigated land: 16,300 km² (1995 est.)
Coal, iron ore, fish, zinc, timber
Flooding, avalanches, forest fires, earthquakes
Some forest damage from acid rain (major forest damage occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff, high pesticide use (honeybee mortality)
An open grassland during the Pleistocene Ice Age, France gradually became forested as the glaciers retreated starting in 10,000 BC. Clearing of the primeval forests began in Neolithic times, but they were still fairly extensive until major clearing began in medieval times. By the 15th century, France had largely been denuded of its forests and was forced to rely on Scandinavia and their North American colonies for lumber. Significant remaining forested areas are in the Gascony region and north in the Alsace-Ardennes area. The Ardennes Forest was the scene of extensive fighting in both world wars.
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Girona
Girona (Catalan pronunciation: [ʒiˈɾonə]; Spanish: Gerona [xeˈɾona]) is a city in the northeast of Catalonia, Spain at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants and Güell, with an official population of 96,722 in January 2011. It is the capital of the province of the same name and of the comarca of the Gironès. Lies 99 km (62 mi) on north-east from Barcelona.
The first historical inhabitants in the region were Iberians; Girona is the ancient Gerunda, a city of the Ausetani. Later, the Romans built a citadel there, which was given the name of Gerunda. The Visigoths ruled in Girona until it was conquered by the Moors. Finally, Charlemagne reconquered it in 785 and made it one of the fourteen original countships of Catalonia. Thus it was wrested temporarily from the Moors, who were driven out finally in 1015. Wilfred the Hairy incorporated Girona to the countship of Barcelona in 878. Alfonso I of Aragón declared Girona to be a city in the 11th century. The ancient countship later became a duchy (1351) when King Peter III of Aragon gave the title of Duke to his first-born son, John. In 1414, King Ferdinand I in turn gave the title of Prince of Girona to his first-born son, Alfonso. The title is currently carried by Prince Felipe, Prince of Asturias, the first since the 16th century to do so.
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Győr
Coordinates: 47°41′03″N 17°38′04″E / 47.68417°N 17.63444°E / 47.68417; 17.63444
Győr (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɟøːr] ( listen); German: Raab, Slovak: Ráb, names in other languages) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and Western Transdanubia region, and — halfway between Budapest and Vienna — lies on one of the important roads of Central Europe. The city is the sixth largest in Hungary, and one of the seven main regional centres of the country.
The area has been inhabited since ancient times. The first large settlement dates back to the 5th century BCE; the inhabitants were Celts. They called the town Arrabona, a name that was used for eight centuries and whose shortened form is still used as the German (Raab) and Slovak (Ráb) names of the city.
Roman merchants moved to Arrabona during the 1st century BCE, and around 10 CE the Roman army occupied the northern part of Western Hungary, which they called Pannonia. Although the Roman Empire abandoned the area in the 4th century due to constant attacks by the tribes living to the east, the town remained inhabited.
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Hispania
Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the vicarius for the Hispaniae (that is, the Celtic provinces). The name, Hispania, was also used in the period of Visigothic rule. The modern name Spain derives from Hispania.
The origin of the word Hispania is much disputed and the evidence for the various speculations are based merely upon what are at best mere resemblances, likely to be accidental, and suspect supporting evidence. One theory holds it to be of Punic derivation, from the Phoenician language of colonizing Carthage. Specifically, it may derive from a Punic cognate of Hebrew אי-שפניא (i-shfania) meaning "Island of the Hyrax" or "island of the hare" or "island of the rabbit" (Phoenician-Punic and Hebrew are both Canaanite languages and therefore closely related to each other). Another theory, proposed by the etymologist Eric Partridge in his work Origins, is that it is of Iberian derivation and that it is to be found in the pre-Roman name for Seville, Hispalis, which strongly hints at an ancient name for the country of *Hispa, an Iberian or Celtic root whose meaning is now lost. It may alternatively derive from Heliopolis (Greek for "city of the sun"). Occasionally it was called Hesperia, the western land, by Roman writers, or Hesperia ultima.
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Huesca
Huesca (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈweska]; Aragonese: Uesca) is a city in north-eastern Spain, within the autonomous community of Aragon. It is also the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and the comarca of Hoya de Huesca. In 2009 it had a population of 52,059, almost a quarter of the total population of the province. That makes it one of the least populated provincial capitals in Spain.
Huesca celebrates its main festivities Fiestas de San Lorenzo from 9 to 15 August.
Huesca's pre-Roman Iberian name was Bolskan. It was the capital of the Ilergetes, in the north of Hispania Tarraconensis, on the road from Tarraco (modern Tarragona) and Ilerda (modern Lleida) to Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza) and fell under Caesaraugusta's jurisdiction. Pliny alone places the Oscenses in Vescitania, a district mentioned nowhere else The city's name was rendered as Osca, and was a Roman colony, Urbs Victrix Osca, during the Roman Empire. Under the impetus of Quintus Sertorius, the renegade Roman and Iberian hero who made Osca his base, the city minted its own coinage and was the site of a prestigious school founded by Sertorius to educate young Iberians in Latin and Romanitas in general. We learn from Plutarch that it was a large town, and the place where Sertorius died. It is probably the town called Ileoscan (Ἰλεόσκαν) by Strabo, in an apparently corrupt passage It seems to have possessed silver mines, unless the argentum Oscense here mentioned merely refers to the minted silver of the town.
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km2 (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra, Čakavian: Istrija, Jistra, Croatian pronunciation: [îstra]; Italian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; German: Istrien; Hungarian: Isztria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Bay of Kvarner. It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.
The geographical features of Istria include the Učka mountain ridge, which is the highest portion of the Ćićarija mountain range; the rivers Dragonja, Mirna, Pazinčica, and Raša; and the Lim bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (89%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include Pula, Poreč, Rovinj, Pazin, Labin, Umag, Motovun, Buzet, and Buje. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum.
The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it is known as Slovenian Istria, and includes the coastal municipalities of Piran, Izola and Koper, and the Karstic municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina. Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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July Monarchy
The July Monarchy (French: la monarchie de Juillet), officially the Kingdom of the French (French: Royaume des Français), was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X and his senior line of the House of Bourbon. Louis-Philippe, a member of the traditionally more liberal Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself roi des Français ("King of the French") rather than roi de France ("King of France"), emphasizing the popular origins of his reign. The new regime's ideal was explicated by Louis-Philippe's famous statement in January 1831: "We will attempt to remain in a juste milieu (the just middle), in an equal distance from the excesses of popular power and the abuses of royal power."
Pushed to the throne by an alliance between the people of Paris, the Republicans, who had set up barricades in the capital, and the liberal bourgeoisie, the "Citizen King" was overthrown by similar barricades during the February Revolution of 1848, which led to the proclamation of the Second Republic. After Louis-Philippe's ousting and subsequent exile to Britain, the liberal Orleanist faction (opposed by the counter-revolutionary Legitimists) continued to support a return of the House of Orléans to the throne, but the July Monarchy proved to be the last monarchy of France. The Legitimists withdrew from the political stage to their castles, leaving the stage opened for the struggle between the Orleanists and the Republicans.
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Jumièges
Coordinates: 49°26′04″N 0°49′17″E / 49.4344°N 0.8214°E / 49.4344; 0.8214
Jumièges is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region in northern France.
A forestry and farming village situated in a meander of the river Seine, some 13 miles (21 km) west of Rouen, at the junction of the D65 and the D143 roads. A ferry service operates here, connecting the commune with the south and west sides of the river.
It is best known as the site of Jumièges Abbey, a typical Norman abbey of the Romanesque period, and the home of the pro-Norman chronicler William of Jumièges who wrote the Gesta Normannorum Ducum about 1070. Now ruined, the abbey dates from 1067, when it was consecrated in the presence of William the Conqueror.
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Lippe
Lippe (German pronunciation: [ˈlɪpə]) is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Herford, Minden-Lübbecke, Höxter, Paderborn, Gütersloh, and district-free Bielefeld, which forms the region Ostwestfalen-Lippe.
The district of Lippe is named after the Lords of Lippe and their Principality of Lippe. It was a state within the Holy Roman Empire and today is a district of North Rhine-Westphalia.
The Lippe district nearly covers the same area as the historic county of Lippe. The first mention of this country was in 1123; it grew in power slowly in the following centuries. In 1528 it became a county, in 1789 it was elevated to a principality.
Unlike many other countries of the Holy Roman Empire in the area, Lippe kept its independence in the Napoleonic era, and thus wasn't incorporated into Prussia afterwards. It was one of the smaller member states of the German empire.
After the death of Prince Woldemar in 1895, the two lines of the House of Lippe fought over the regency for over a decade.
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Lorsch Abbey
The Abbey of Lorsch (German: Reichsabtei Lorsch; Latin: Laureshamense Monasterium, called also Laurissa and Lauresham) is a former Imperial Abbey in Lorsch, Germany, about 10 km east of Worms, one of the most renowned monasteries of the Carolingian Empire. Even in its ruined state, its remains are among the most important pre-Romanesque–Carolingian style buildings in Germany. Its chronicle, entered in the Lorscher Codex compiled in the 1170s (now in the state archive at Würzburg) is a fundamental document for early medieval German history. Another famous document from the monastic library is the Codex Aureus of Lorsch. In 1991 the ruined abbey was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The following historical names have been recorded:
The abbey was founded in 764 by the Frankish Count Cancor and his widowed mother Williswinda as a proprietary church (Eigenkirche) and monastery on their estate, Laurissa. They entrusted its government to Cancor's nephew Chrodegang, Archbishop of Metz, who dedicated the church and monastery to Saint Peter and became its first abbot. The pious founders enriched the new abbey by further donations. In 766 Chrodegang resigned the office of abbot, in favour of his other duties as Archbishop of Metz. He then sent his brother Gundeland to Lorsch as his successor, with fourteen Benedictine monks. To make the abbey popular as a shrine and a place of pilgrimage, Chrodegang obtained from Pope Paul I the body of Saint Nazarius, martyred at Rome with three companions under Diocletian. On 11 July 765, the sacred relics arrived, and with great solemnity were deposited in the basilica of the monastery. The abbey and basilica were then renamed in honour of Saint Nazarius: the main church of Saints Peter, Paul, and Nazarius was consecrated by the Archbishop of Mainz in 774, in the presence of Charlemagne.
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Luxeuil Abbey
Luxeuil Abbey was one of the oldest and best-known monasteries in Burgundy, located in the "département" of Haute-Saône in Franche-Comté, France.
It was founded circa 585–590 by the Irish missionary Saint Columbanus. Columbanus and his companions first settled in cells at Annegray, in the commune of Voivre, Haute-Saône. Looking for a more permanent site for his community, Columbanus decided upon the ruins of a well-fortified Gallo-Roman settlement, Luxovium, about eight miles away. The Roman town had been ravaged by Attila in 451, and was now buried in the dense overgrown woodland that had filled the abandoned site over more than a century, but the place still had the advantage of the thermal baths ("constructed with unusual skill", according to Columbanus' early biographer, Jonas of Bobbio) down in the valley, which still give the town its name of Luxeuil-les-Bains. Jonas described it further: "There stone images crowded the nearby woods, which were honoured in the miserable cult and profane former rites in the time of the pagans".
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Metz
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.
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Monte Cassino
Monte Cassino is a rocky hill about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of Rome, Italy, c. 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the west of the town of Cassino (the Roman Casinum having been on the hill) and 520 m (1,706.04 ft) altitude. St. Benedict of Nursia established his first monastery, the source of the Benedictine Order, here around 529. It was the site of Battle of Monte Cassino in 1944. The site has been visited many times by the Popes and other senior clergy, including a visit by Pope Benedict XVI in May 2009. The monastery is one of the few remaining territorial abbeys within the Catholic Church.
According to Gregory the Great's biography of Benedict, Life of Saint Benedict of Nursia, the monastery was constructed on an older pagan site, a temple of Apollo that crowned the hill. The biography records that the area was still largely pagan at the time and Benedict's first act was to smash the sculpture of Apollo and destroy the altar. He then reused the temple, dedicating it to Saint Martin, and built another chapel on the site of the altar dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. Archaeologist Neil Christie notes that it was common in such hagiographies for the protagonist to encounter areas of strong paganism. Once established at Monte Cassino, Benedict never left. There he wrote the Benedictine Rule that became the founding principle for western monasticism. There at Monte Cassino he received a visit from Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, perhaps in 543 (the only remotely secure historical date for Benedict), and there he died.
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Muristan
The Muristan (from Persian Bimaristan بیمارستان meaning "Hospital") is a complex of streets and shops in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The site was the location of the first hospital of the Knights Hospitaller.
The area just south of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre has a long tradition dating to the days of Yehuda haMaccabi (2nd century BC) based on incidents recorded in the Second Book of Maccabees. According to the legend, King Antiochus V proceeded to Jerusalem to punish the High Priest for plundering David's Tomb. While on Golgotha, the king was directed in a divine vision to pardon the High Priest, and to build a hospital for the care of the sick and poor on that spot. In 1496, William Caoursin, Vice-Chancellor of the Hospitallers, wrote that Judas Maccabaeus and John Hyrcanus founded the hospital on that spot.
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Naples
Coordinates: 40°50′42″N 14°15′30″E / 40.845°N 14.25833°E / 40.845; 14.25833
Naples (Italian: Napoli [ˈnaːpoli] ( listen), Neapolitan: Napule; Latin: Neapolis; Ancient Greek: Νεάπολις, meaning "new city") is the capital of Campania and the third-largest city in Italy, after Rome and Milan. As of 2012[update], around 960,000 people live within the city's administrative limits. The wider Naples urban area, covering 777 km2 (300 sq mi), has a population of over 3 million, and is the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union. Between 4.1 and 4.4 million people live in the overall Naples metropolitan area, one of the largest European cities on the Mediterranean Sea.
Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Greek settlements were established on the island of Megaride in the Gulf of Naples as early as the 9th century BC. A larger mainland colony – initially known as Parthenope (Παρθενόπη) – developed around the 7th century BC, and was refounded as Neápolis (Νεάπολις) in the 5th century BC. Naples became a lynchpin of Magna Graecia and played a key role in the merging of Greek culture into Roman society, eventually becoming a cultural centre of the Roman Republic. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, serving as the capital city of the Kingdom of Naples between 1282 and 1816. Thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. During the Neapolitan War of 1815, Naples strongly promoted Italian unification.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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Noyon
Coordinates: 49°34′54″N 2°59′59″E / 49.5817°N 2.9997°E / 49.5817; 2.9997
Noyon (Latin: Noviomagus Veromanduorum) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
It lies on the Oise Canal, 100 km (approximately 60 miles) north of Paris.
The Gallo-Romans founded the town as Noviomagus. Supposedly also known as Veromanduorum to distinguish it from numerous other places of the same name, though no Roman source can prove it. The town is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as being 27 M.P. from Soissons, and 34 M.P. from Amiens. But their distances are not exact, as the 18th-century geographer Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville remarks, for Noyon is further from Amiens and nearer to Soissons than the itinerary says. The mutation of the name Noviomagus to Noyon is made clearer in Medieval Latin documents, where the town is then called Noviomum.
Noyon was strongly fortified; some sections of the Roman walls still remained in late antiquity. This may explain why, around the year 531, bishop Medardus moved his seat from Vermand, in the Vermandois, to Noyon. Other explanations are that Medardus was born near the town, at Salency, or that the place is nearer to Soissons, which was one of the royal capitals of the Merovingians. The bishop of Noyon was also bishop of Tournai from the seventh century until Tournai was raised to a separate diocese 1146.
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Pamplona
Pamplona (Spanish: [pamˈplona]) or Iruña (Basque: [iɾuɲa], alternative spelling: Iruñea, IPA: [iɾuɲea]) is the historical capital city of Navarre, in Spain, and of the former Kingdom of Navarre.
The city is famous worldwide for the San Fermín festival, from July 6 to 14, in which the running of the bulls is one of the main attractions. This festival was brought to literary renown with the 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway's novel, The Sun Also Rises.
After the 2011 municipal elections, there are 27 councillors in Pamplona Municipality: eleven of Navarrese People's Union (Unión del Pueblo Navarro), seven of Nafarroa Bai, three of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, three of Bildu, two of People's Party, and one of Izquierda-Ezkerra.
Pamplona is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the Basin of Pamplona, that links the mountainous North with the Ebro valley. It is 92 kilometres from the city of San Sebastián, 117 kilometres from Bilbao, 735 kilometres from Paris and 407 kilometres from Madrid. The climate and landscape of the basin is a transition between those two main Navarrese geographical regions. Its central position at crossroads has served as a commercial link between those very different natural parts of Navarre.
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Pavia
Pavia (Italian: [paˈviːa] ( listen); Lombard Pavia; Latin: Ticinum) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It is the capital of the province of Pavia. It has a population of c. 71,000. The city was also the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards from 568 to 774.
Pavia is the capital of a fertile eponymous province known for agricultural products including wine, rice, cereals, and dairy products. Although there are a number of industries located in the suburbs, these tend not to disturb the peaceful atmosphere of the town. The town also is home to the ancient University of Pavia. The University, together with the IUSS (Institute for Advanced Studies of Pavia), the Ghislieri College, the Borromeo College, the Nuovo College, the Santa Caterina College and the EDiSU, belongs to the Pavia Study System. Furthermore, Pavia is the see city of the Roman Catholic diocese of Pavia. The city possesses a vast amount of artistic and cultural treasures, including several important churches and museums, such as the well-known Certosa di Pavia.
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Poitiers
Coordinates: 46°34′55″N 0°20′10″E / 46.5819°N 0.3361°E / 46.5819; 0.3361
Poitiers [pwatje] ( listen) is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque period. Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years' War.
Poitiers is strategically situated on the Seuil du Poitou, a shallow zone which is a gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif and connects the Aquitaine Basin to the Paris Basin. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain. The old town occupies the slopes and summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.
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Pyrenees
Coordinates: 42°40′N 1°00′E / 42.667°N 1°E / 42.667; 1
The Pyrenees ( /ˈpɪərɨniːz/; Spanish: Pirineos or Pirineo, French: Pyrénées, Catalan: Pirineus, Occitan: Pirenèus, Aragonese: Perinés, Basque: Pirinioak or Auñamendiak), also spelled Pyrénées, is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between France and Spain. It separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extends for about 491 km (305 mi) from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean (Cap de Creus).
For the most part, the main crest forms a massive divider between France and Spain, with the tiny country of Andorra sandwiched in between. Catalonia and Navarre have historically extended on both sides of the mountain range, with small northern portions now in France and much larger southern parts now in Spain.
The adjective related to the noun "Pyrenees" in English is Pyrenean.
In classical mythology, Pyrene is a princess who gave her name to the Pyrenees. The Greek historian Herodotus says Pyrene is the name of a town in Celtic Europe. According to Silius Italicus, she was the virginal daughter of Bebryx, a king in Mediterranean Gaul by whom the hero Hercules was given hospitality during his quest to steal the cattle of Geryon during his famous Labors. Hercules, characteristically drunk and lustful, violates the sacred code of hospitality and rapes his host's daughter. Pyrene gives birth to a serpent and runs away to the woods, afraid that her father will be angry. Alone, she pours out her story to the trees, attracting the attention instead of wild beasts who tear her to pieces.
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Reggio Calabria
Reggio di Calabria (Italian pronunciation: [ˈrɛddʒo di kaˈlaːbrja]; Calabrian dialect: Rìggiu, Greek-Calabrian: Righi, Greek: Ῥήγιον, Rhegion, Latin: Rhegium), commonly known as Reggio Calabria listen (help·info) or Reggio, is the biggest city and the most populated comune of Calabria, southern Italy, and is the capital of the Province of Reggio Calabria and seat of the Council of Calabrian government.
Reggio is located on the "toe" of the Italian peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through the center of the region. The region is subject to earthquakes and tsunami. It is the largest and oldest city in the region and is the second oldest city in Italy overall. The third economic center of mainland Southern Italy and is well known as a port and university city. The city has a population of 186,547 spread over 236 km², while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants. Another 370,429 people live in the metropolitan area (the 10th metropolitan city of the Italian nation).
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Rome
Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in 1,285.3 km2 (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.7 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.
Rome's history spans two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.
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Roncesvalles
Roncesvalles (Basque: Orreaga, Aragonese: Ronzesbals, French: Roncevaux) is a small village and municipality in Navarre, northern Spain. It is situated on the small river Urrobi at an altitude of some 900 metres in the Pyrenees, about 8 kilometres from the French frontier.
Roncesvalles is famous in history and legend for the defeat of Charlemagne and the death of Roland in 778, during the battle of Roncevaux Pass, when Charlemagne's rear guard was destroyed by Basque tribes.
The small collegiate church contains several curious relics associated with Roland. The battle is said to have been fought in the picturesque valley known as Valcarlos, which is now occupied by a hamlet bearing the same name, and in the adjoining pass of Ibañeta (Roncevaux Pass). Both of these are traversed by the main road leading north from Roncesvalles to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, in the French Basque Country.
Since the Middle Ages, this collegiate church has been a favorite resting place for Catholic pilgrims along the Way of St. James, since it is the first place to have a rest after crossing the French Pyrenees. Every year thousands of pilgrims begin their way to Santiago de Compostela at Roncesvalles.
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Salerno
Salerno listen (help·info) is a city and comune in Campania (south-western Italy) and is the capital of the province of the same name. It is located on the Gulf of Salerno on the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Salerno is the main town close to the Costiera Amalfitana (the "Amalfi Coast" on the Tyrrhenian, which includes the famous towns of Amalfi, Positano, and others) and is mostly known for its Schola Medica Salernitana (the first University of Medicine in the world). In the 16th century, under the Sanseverino family, amongst the most powerful feudal lords in Southern Italy, the city became a great centre of learning, culture and the arts, and the family hired several of the greatest intellectuals of the time. Later, in 1694, the city was struck by several catastrophic earthquakes and plagues, and afterwards a period of Spanish rule which would last until the 18th century. After that, Salerno became part of the Parthenopean Republic and saw a period of Napoleonic rule.
In recent history the city hosted the King of Italy, who moved from Rome in 1943 after Italy negotiated a peace with the Allies in World War II. A brief so-called "government of the South" was then established in the town, that became the "capital" of Italy for some months. Some of the Allied landings during Operation Avalanche (the invasion of Italy) occurred near Salerno.
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Sardinia
Sardinia ( /sɑrˈdɪniə/, Italian: Sardegna [sarˈdeɲɲa], Sardinian: Sardigna [sarˈdinja]) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and before Cyprus). It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are (clockwise from north) the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.
The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[], romanised as sardus (feminine sarda); that the name had a religious connotation is suggested from its use also as the adjective for the ancient Sardinian mythological hero-god Sardus Pater "Sardinian Father" (misunderstood by many modern Sardinians/Italians as being "Father Sardus"), as well as being the stem of the adjective "sardonic". Sardinia was called Ichnusa (the Latinised form of the Greek Hyknousa), Sandalion, Sardinia and Sardo by the ancient Greeks and the Romans.
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 23,821 km². It is situated between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' east longitude. To the west of Sardinia is the Sea of Sardinia, a unit of the Mediterranean Sea; to Sardinia's east is the Tyrrhenian Sea, which is also an element of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈzaksən]; Upper Sorbian: Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is the tenth-largest German state in area, with (18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the sixth most-populous (4.3 million) of Germany's sixteen states.
Located in the middle of an erstwhile German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, a republic from 1918 to 1952 and then again from 1990.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and the Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Sachsen is divided into three Direktionsbezirke — Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig — which are subdivided into 10 districts:
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Second French Empire
The Second French Empire (French: Le Second Empire Français) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
Although the machinery of government was almost the same under the Second Empire as it had been under the First, its founding principles were different. The function of the Empire, as Emperor Napoleon III often repeated, was to guide the people internally towards justice and externally towards perpetual peace. Holding his power by universal male suffrage, and having frequently, from his prison or in exile, reproached previous oligarchical governments with neglecting social questions, he set out to solve them by organising a system of government based on the principles of the "Napoleonic Idea", i.e. of the emperor, the elect of the people as the representative of the democracy, and as such supreme; and of himself, the representative of the great Napoleon I of France, "who had sprung armed from the French Revolution like Minerva from the head of Jove", as the guardian of the social gains of the revolutionary period.
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Septimania
Septimania (French: Septimanie, IPA: [sɛptimani]; Occitan: Septimània, IPA: [septiˈmanjɔ]; Catalan: Septimània, IPA: [səptiˈmaniə]) was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, Theodoric II. Under the Visigoths it was known as simply Gallia or Narbonensis. It corresponded roughly with the modern French region of Languedoc-Roussillon. It passed briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba in the eighth century before its conquest by the Franks, who by the end of the ninth century termed it Gothia or the Gothic March (Marca Gothica).
Septimania was a march of the Carolingian Empire and then West Francia down to the thirteenth century, though it was culturally and politically separate from northern France and the central royal government. The region was under the influence of the Toulousain, Provence, and Catalonia. It was part of the cultural and linguistic region named Occitania that was finally brought within the control of the French kings in the early 13th century as a result of the Albigensian Crusade after which it came under French governors. From the end of the thirteenth century it was known as Languedoc and its history is tied up with that of France.
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Slavonia
Slavonia (Croatian: Slavonija) is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia. Slavonia consists of five counties—Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia, although the territory of the counties includes Baranja, and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The five counties comprise territory of 12,556 square kilometres (4,848 square miles) and a population of 806,192. The largest city in the region is Osijek, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Vukovar and Požega. Slavonia has undergone considerable demographic changes, reflecting the course of its political history and conquests. It is located in the Pannonian Basin, largely bordered by the Danube, Drava and Sava rivers. The western part of the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys, and the mountains and hills surrounding the Požega valley; the highest among them is 984-metre (3,228 ft) Psunj. The eastern part of the region largely consists of plains. Slavonia enjoys a moderately warm and rainy continental climate, with relatively low precipitation.
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Soissons
Coordinates: 49°22′54″N 3°19′25″E / 49.3817°N 3.3236°E / 49.3817; 3.3236
Soissons (French pronunciation: [swa.sɔ̃]) is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France, located on the Aisne River, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Paris. It is one of the most ancient towns of France, and is probably the ancient capital of the Suessiones. Soissons is also the see of an ancient Roman Catholic diocese, whose establishment dates from about 300.
Soissons enters written history under its Celtic name (as later borrowed in Latin), Noviodunum, meaning "new hillfort". At Roman contact, it was a town of the Suessiones, mentioned by Julius Caesar (B. G. ii. 12). Caesar (B.C. 57), after leaving the Axona (modern Aisne), entered the territory of the Suessiones, and making one day's long march, reached Noviodunum, which was surrounded by a high wall and a broad ditch. The place surrendered to Caesar.
From 457 to 486, under Aegidius and his son Syagrius, Noviodunum was the capital of the "Kingdom of Soissons", until it fell to the Frankish king Clovis I in the Battle of Soissons.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Tarragona
Tarragona (Catalan: [tərəˈɣonə], Spanish: [taraˈɣona]; Phoenician: טַרְקוֹן, Tarqon; Latin: Tarraco) is a city located in the south of Catalonia on the north-east of Spain, by the Mediterranean. It is the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and the capital of the Catalan comarca Tarragonès. In the medieval and modern times it was the capital of the Vegueria of Tarragona. As of the 2009 census, the city had a population of 130,323.[citation needed]
One Catalonian legend holds it was named for Tarraho, eldest son of Tubal in c. 2407 BC; another (derived from Strabo and Megasthenes) attributes the name to 'Tearcon the Ethiopian', a 7th century BC pharaoh who supposedly campaigned in Spain. The real founding date of Tarragona is unknown.
In Roman times, the city was named Tarraco and was capital of the province of Hispania Tarraconensis (after being capital of Hispania Citerior in the Republican era). The Roman colony founded at Tarraco had the full name of Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco.
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Thionville
Coordinates: 49°21′32″N 6°10′09″E / 49.3589°N 6.1692°E / 49.3589; 6.1692
Thionville (German: Diedenhofen, Luxembourgish: Diddenuewen), is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. The city is located on the left bank of the river Moselle, opposite its suburb Yutz.
The population of Thionville boomed in the Industrial Revolution, but the economic slowdown of the 1970s affected the town and the surrounding area, causing a population decrease. The population rose again in the 1990s and in suburban Hettange-Grande in the east, although the population of the western part of the new agglomeration is decreasing around Hayange. The agglomeration is still losing population but the decrease has been slowed down. Due to Thionville's proximity to Luxembourg (15 kilometres from the border), the town's population and quality of life have both increased since the end of the 1990s.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was inhabited by the Germanic Alamanni and became part of the medieval Holy Roman Empire, known as Diedenhofen in German.
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Thuringia
The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen, pronounced [ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt ˈtyːʁɪŋən], English /θjʊərˈrɪndʒiə/) is a state of Germany, located in the central part of the country. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres (6,244 sq mi) and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen states. Most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe. Its capital is Erfurt.
Thuringia has been known by the nickname of "the green heart of Germany" (das grüne Herz Deutschlands) from the late 19th century, due to the dense forest that covers the terrain.
Thuringia is well known in Germany for nature and winter sports. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germany's most famous hiking trail, and the winter resort of Oberhof. Germany has won more Winter Olympics gold medals than any other country in the last 20 years, and half of Germany's gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes.
From the northwest going clockwise, Thuringia borders on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse. The ridges of the western Harz Mountains divide the region from Lower Saxony on the north-west, while the eastern Harz similarly separates Thuringia from the state of Saxony-Anhalt to the north-east. To the south and southwest, the Thuringian Forest effectively separates the ancient region of Franconia, now the northern part of Bavaria, from the rolling plains of most of Thuringia. The central Harz range extends southwards along the western side into the northwest corner of the Thuringian Forest region, making Thuringia a lowland basin of rolling plains nearly surrounded by ancient somewhat-difficult mountains. To the west across the mountains and south is the drainage basin of the Rhine River.
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Tortosa
Tortosa (Catalan pronunciation: [turˈtozə], locally: [toɾˈtoza]. Latin: Dertusa or Dertosa, Arabic: طرطوشة Ṭurṭūšah) is the capital of the comarca of Baix Ebre, in the province of Tarragona, in Catalonia, Spain.
Tortosa is located at 12 metres above sea level, by the Ebre river, protected on its northern side by the mountains of the Cardó Massif, of which Buinaca, one of the highest peaks, is located within Tortosa's municipal term.
Before Tortosa, across the river, rise the massive Ports de Tortosa-Beseit mountains. The area around Mont Caro and other high summits are ofen covered with snow in the winter.
Tortosa is probably identical to the ancient Hibera, capital of Ilercavonia. This may be the ancient settlement the remains of which have been found on the hill named Castillo de la Zuda. In Roman times, the town adopted the name Dertosa. After more than 400 hundred years of Muslim rule, the city was conquered by the Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona in 1148, as part of the Second Crusade. Because of the crusading appeal made by Pope Eugene III and his representative Nicholas Brakespear (the future Pope Hadrian IV), the siege received the aid of crusaders from multiple nationalities (Genovese, Anglo-Normans, Normans, Southern-French, Germans, Flemish and Dutch), who were on their way to the Holy Land. The siege of Tortosa was narrated by the Genovese chronicler and diplomat Caffaro.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
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Verona
Verona (Italian pronunciation: [veˈroːna] ( listen); Venetian Verona (pron. Veròna); German Bern, Dietrichsbern or Welschbern) is a city in the Veneto, northern Italy, with approx. 265,000 inhabitants and one of the seven chef-lieus of the region. It is the second largest city municipality in the region and the third of northeast Italy. The metropolitan area of Verona covers an area of 1,426 km2 (550.58 sq mi) and has a population of 714,274 inhabitants. It is one of the main tourist destinations in northern Italy, owing to its artistic heritage, several annual fairs, shows, and operas, such as the lyrical season in the Arena, the ancient amphitheatre built by the Romans.
The city has been awarded World Heritage Site status by UNESCO because of its urban structure and architecture.
The precise details of Verona's early history remain a mystery. The origin of the name Verona is also unknown. One theory is it was a city of the Euganei, who were obliged to give it up to the Cenomani (550 BC). With the conquest of the Vaecame Roman (about 300 BC) Verona became a Roman colonia in 89 BC, and then a municipium in 49 BC; Verona had the franchise in 59.
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Vichy France
Vichy France,Vichy Regime, Vichy Government, or simply Vichy are common terms used to describe the government of France which collaborated with the Axis powers from July 1940 to August 1944, during the Second World War. It officially called itself the French State (État Français) and was headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, who proclaimed the government following the 1940 allied defeat against Axis Powers.
The Vichy regime maintained some legal authority in the northern zone of France (the Zone occupée), which was occupied by the German Wehrmacht, but was most powerful in the unoccupied southern "free zone", where its administrative centre of Vichy was located. In November 1942 the southern zone was also occupied and fully subjected to German rule.
Pétain collaborated with the German occupying forces in exchange for an agreement to not divide France between the Axis Powers. Vichy authorities aided in the rounding-up of Jews and other "undesirables", and at times, Vichy French military forces actively opposed the Allies. Much of the French public initially supported the new government despite its pro-Nazi policies, seeing it as necessary to maintain a degree of French autonomy and territorial integrity.
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Wallonia
Wallonia (French: Wallonie [wa.lɔ.ni], German: Wallonie(n), Dutch: Wallonië [wɐˈloːnɪə] ( listen) or [βɐˈloːnɪə], Walloon: Walonreye) is the predominantly French-speaking southern region of Belgium. It is governed as the Walloon Region, which makes up 55% of the territory of Belgium but with only a third of its population. Contrary to the situation in Flanders, the Walloon Region was not merged with the French Community of Belgium, a political level responsible for matters related mainly to culture and education. The small German-speaking minority in the east forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium, which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues. The demonym for Wallonia is Walloon.
During the industrial revolution, Wallonia trailed only the United Kingdom in industrialization, capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron. This brought the region wealth, and, from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th centuries, Wallonia was the more prosperous half of Belgium. Since World War II, however, the importance of heavy industry has greatly declined, and the Flemish Region surpassed Wallonia in wealth as Wallonia economically declined. Wallonia now suffers from high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders. The economic inequalities and linguistic divide between the two are major sources of political conflict in Belgium.
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York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
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Achila II
Achila II (also spelled Agila, Aquila, or Akhila; died circa 714) was the king of Visigothic Hispania (much reduced since the time of his predecessors) from 710 or 711 until his death.
Achila's reign is known solely from coins and regnal lists and is unmentioned by reliable narrative histories. Gold coins of Achila's have been found bearing the inscriptions of the mints of Girona, Zaragoza, Tarragona, and Narbonne. Because the narrative sources, the numismatics, and the regnal lists all confirm the reign of Roderic during the same years as Achila, it is almost doubtless the fact that the two were kings in opposition to each other following Roderic's coup, which may have resulted either in or from the death of the previous king, Wittiza.
There are more coins surviving from Achila's kingdom than Roderic's, but the findings do not overlap in territory and it is suspected that the kingdom had been divided between two factions, with the southwest (the provinces of Lusitania and western Carthaginiensis around the capital Toledo) following (or being subjected to) Roderic and the northeast (Tarraconensis and Narbonensis) fallilng under the rule of Achila. It is unknown to whom the provinces of Gallaecia and Baetica fell. That Roderic and Achila never appear to have come into military conflict is probably best explained by the preoccupation of Roderic with Arab raids and not to a formal division of the kingdom.
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Adalbert of Italy
Adalbert (ca. 932 – ca. 975) was the king of Italy from 950 to 963. He was the son of the Margrave Berengar of Ivrea and Willa.
On 15 December 950, both he and his father were crowned kings of Italy after the death of Lothair II. His father tried to force Adelaide, widow of Lothair, to marry Adalbert and cement their claim to the kingship. When she refused and fled, she was tracked down and imprisoned for four months at Como.
In 951, King Otto I of Germany invaded Italy and rescued Adelaide, marrying her himself. He forced Berengar and Adalbert to do homage to him for their kingdom in 952. In 953, Adalbert began besieging Count Adalbert Azzo of Canossa, in his Canossan castle, where Adelaide had taken refuge two years prior. In 957, Liudolf, Duke of Swabia, invaded Lombardy and caused Berenagar to flee, though Adalbert gathered a large force at Verona. He was defeated, but Liudolf died prematurely and his army left.
In 960, he joined his father in attacking the pope, John XII. Otto came down at the pope's call and defeated the two co-kings and was crowned Emperor. Adalbert fled to Fraxinet, then under the Saracens. From there he fled to Corsica. When he returned, he tried to take Pavia, the Italian capital, but was defeated by another invading Swabian army, this time under Burchard III. Only the interference of his brothers Conrad and Guy, who died fighting, saved him to fight another day, which he never did. His negotiations with the Byzantine Empire fell through and he retired with his wife Gerberga to Burgundy, where he died at Autun sometime between 971 and 975. His widow married Henry I, Duke of Burgundy, and his son, Otto-William, inherited through his stepfather the county of Burgundy and is thus the forefather of the Free Counts and the Hohenstaufen emperors.
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Adaloald
Adaloald (602 – 626) was the Lombard king of Italy from 616 to 626. Son and heir of King Agilulf and his Catholic queen Theodelinda, he was baptised shortly after his birth in 602. He was an associate king, raised on the shield by the warriors at his father's request, when still young. Upon becoming sole king as a teen, he reigned under his mother as regent.
Adaloald went insane and lost the support of the nobles. He was deposed in 626 by Arioald, a Lombard noble from Turin and husband of the king's sister Gundeberga, who was hostile to the Catholic Church. Adaloald died mysteriously in Ravenna shortly after.
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Agilulf
Agilulf (died 616) called the Thuringian, was a duke of Turin and king of the Lombards from 591 until his death.
A relative of his predecessor Authari, he was selected king on the advice of the Christian queen and widow of Authari, Theodelinda, whom he then married. Although he assumed the royal dignity at the beginning of November 590, he was raised on the shield -- the ceremonial investment of his title -- by Lombard warriors in Milan in May 591.
He was baptised to appease his wife and his nation followed suit, though they adopted the Arian denomination, not the Roman faith. In 603, under the influence of his wife, he abandoned Arianism for Catholicism, and had his son Adaloald baptised. He and his wife built and endowed the cathedral of Monza, where the Iron Crown of Lombardy is still preserved and where Agilulf's crown, dedicated to St John, exists, bearing the inscription rex totius Italiae, meaning "king of all Italy", as Agilulf evidently saw himself.
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Agostino Cornacchini
Agostino Cornacchini (August 27, 1686 – 1754) was an Italian sculptor and painter of the Rococo period, active mainly in Rome.
He was born in Pescia and died in Rome. In 1712, Cornacchini established himself in the household of his uncle, Cardinal Carlo Agostino Fabbroni, who until 1720 provided Cornacchini with a studio, lodgings and an income. His masterpiece is the equestrian statue of Charlemagne at the base of the Scala Regia on the entrance to the Vatican Palace, which sits opposite Bernini's equestrian Constantine. His works can also be found in Orvieto Cathedral and in the Basilica of Superga in Turin.
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Aistulf
Aistulf (died 756) was the Duke of Friuli from 744, King of Lombards from 749, and Duke of Spoleto from 751. His father was the Duke Pemmo.
After his brother Ratchis became king, Aistulf succeeded him in Friuli. He succeeded him later as king when Ratchis abdicated to a monastery. Aistulf continued the policy of expansion and raids against the papacy and the Byzantine exarchate of Ravenna. In 751, he captured Ravenna itself and even threatened Rome, claiming a capitation tax. he also conquered Istria region from Byzantines in same year.
The popes, thoroughly irritated and alarmed, and hopeless of aid from the Byzantine Emperor, turned to the Carolingian mayors of the palace of Austrasia, the effective rulers of the Frankish kingdom. In 741, Pope Gregory III asked Charles Martel to intervene, but he was too busy elsewhere and declined. In 753, Pope Stephen II visited Charles Martel's son Pippin the Short, who had been proclaimed king of the Franks in 751 with the consent of Pope Zachary. In gratitude for the papal consent to his coronation, Pippin crossed the Alps, defeated Aistulf, and gave to the pope the lands which Aistulf had torn from the ducatus Romanus and the exarchate (Emilia-Romagna and the Pentapolis).
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Alahis
Alahis (or Alagis) was the Arian duke of Trent and Brescia before becoming king of the Lombards after his successful rebellion in 688. He did not rule long, however.
His first rebellion against King Perctarit failed, but the king captured, pardoned, and released him. He rebelled again in 688 when Perctarit's son Cunipert succeeded. He forced Cunipert to a castle on an island in the middle of Lake Como, but his rule was burdensome and tyrannical, and so he lost the support of the people. Finally, in 689, Cunipter issued forth with the men of Piedmont and defeated Alahis and the men of Venetia at the Battle of Coronate, on the Horn of the Adda, near Lodi. He was defeated and slain in battle.
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Alban Butler
Alban Butler (13 October 1710 – 15 May 1773), English Roman Catholic priest and hagiographer, was born at Appletree, Northamptonshire.
He was educated at the English College, Douai, in France, where on his ordination to the priesthood in 1735 he held successively the chairs of philosophy and divinity. He laboured for some time as a missionary priest in Staffordshire, held several positions as tutor to young Roman Catholic noblemen, and was finally appointed president of the English seminary at Saint Omer in France (see Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège), where he remained till his death.
Butler's great work, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints ("Butler's Lives"), the result of thirty years study (first published in four volumes, London, 1756–1759), has passed through many editions and translations (best edition, including valuable notes, Dublin, 12 vols. 1779–1780). It is a popular and compendious reproduction of the Acta Sanctorum, exhibiting great industry and research, and is in all respects the best compendium of Acta in English.
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Alboin
Alboin (530s – June 28, 572) was king of the Lombards from about 560 until 572. During his reign the Lombards ended their migrations by settling in Italy, the northern part of which Alboin conquered between 569 and 572. He had a lasting effect on Italy and the Pannonian Basin; in the former his invasion marked the beginning of centuries of Lombard rule, and in the latter his defeat of the Gepids and his departure from Pannonia ended the dominance there of the Germanic peoples.
The period of Alboin's reign as king in Pannonia following the death of his father, Audoin, was one of confrontation and conflict between the Lombards and their main neighbors, the Gepids. The Gepids initially gained the upper hand, but in 567, thanks to his alliance with the Avars, Alboin inflicted a decisive defeat on his enemies, whose lands the Avars subsequently occupied. The increasing power of his new neighbours caused Alboin some unease however, and he therefore decided to leave Pannonia for Italy, hoping to take advantage of the Byzantine Empire's reduced ability to defend its territory in the wake of the Gothic War.
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Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide De Gasperi (Italian pronunciation: [alˈtʃiːde de ˈɡasperi]; April 3, 1881 – August 19, 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician and founder of the Christian Democratic Party. From 1945 to 1953 he was the prime minister of eight successive coalition governments. His eight-year rule remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics. A conservative Catholic, he was one of the Founding fathers of the European Union, along with the Frenchman Robert Schuman and the German Konrad Adenauer.
De Gasperi was born in Pieve Tesino in Tyrol, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary, now part of the Trentino in Italy. His father was a local police officer of limited financial means. From 1896 De Gasperi was active in the Social Christian movement. In 1900 he joined the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy in Vienna, where he played an important role in the inception of the Christian student movement. He was very much inspired by the Rerum Novarum encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. In 1904 he took an active part in the student demonstrations in favour of an Italian-language university. Imprisoned with other protesters during the inauguration of the Italian juridical faculty in Innsbruck, he was released after twenty days. In 1905, De Gasperi obtained a degree in philology.
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Alcuin
Alcuin of York (Latin: Alcuinus) or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (730s or 740s – 19 May 804) was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. He wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. He was made Abbot of Saint Martin's at Tours in 796, where he remained until his death. "The most learned man anywhere to be found" according to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne, he is considered among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era.
Alcuin of York had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York founded in AD 627 (now known as St Peter's School, York) and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational matters. From 796 until his death he was Abbot of the great monastery of St. Martin of Tours.
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Angilbert
Saint Angilbert (b. abt. 760 d. 18 February 814) was a Frank who served Charlemagne as a diplomat, abbot, poet and semi-son-in-law. He was of noble Frankish parentage, and educated at the palace school in Aquae Grani (Aachen) under Alcuin. He is venerated as a saint, on the day of his death—18 February.
When Charlemagne sent his young son Pepin to Italy as King of the Lombards Angilbert went along as primicerius palatii, a high administrator of the satellite court. As the friend and adviser of Pepin, he assisted for a while in the government of Italy. Angilbert delivered the document on Iconoclasm from the Frankish Synod of Frankfurt to Pope Adrian I, and was later sent on three important embassies to the pope, in 792, 794 and 796.
In 790 he was named abbot of Centulum, also called Sancti Richarii monasterium (Saint-Riquier) in northern France, where his brilliant rule gained for him later the renown of a saint. It was not uncommon for the Merovingian, Carolingian, or later kings to make laymen abbots of monasteries; the layman would often use the income of the monastery as his own and leave the monks a bare minimum for the necessary expenses of the foundation. Angilbert, in contrast, spent a great deal rebuilding Saint-Riquier, and when he completed it Charlemagne spent Easter of the year 800 there.
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Ansegisel
Ansegisel (also Ansgise, Ansegus, or Anchises) (c. 602 or 610 – murdered before 679 or 662) was the son of Saint Arnulf, bishop of Metz and his wife Saint Doda. He served King Sigbert III of Austrasia (634-656) as a duke (Latin dux, a military leader) and domesticus. He was killed sometime before 679, slain in a feud by his enemy Gundewin.
He married sometime after 639 to Saint Begga, the daughter of Pepin of Landen. They had the following children:
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Ansprand
Ansprand (ca. 657 – 712) was king of the Lombards briefly in 712. Before that he was the duke of Asti and regent during the minority of Liutpert (700–701). He was defeated at Novara by Raginpert and exiled during the subsequent war over the succession, fleeing to the court of Theudebert, duke of Bavaria, in 702.
In 711, he returned with a large army from the duke. Many Austrians (the men of Venetia and the east) joined the returning regent and battle ensued near Pavia, between his forces and those of King Aripert II, who had usurped the throne. The king fled to his capital when the tide went against him, but he horded the treasures and tried to cross over into Gaul by night. He drowned in the Ticino River and Ansprand was acclaimed sovereign.
He ascended the throne in March and died in June, leaving his only surviving son, Liutprand, the kingdom.
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Antipope Paschal III
Antipope Paschal III (or Paschal III) was Antipope from 1164 to 20 September 1168.
His real name was Guido of Crema. Paschal III was the second of the antipopes to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III. In 1164, a small number of cardinals who had elected Victor IV met again to vote Paschal III as his successor. He was established at Viterbo and successfully prevented the legitimate pontiff from reaching Rome.
In order to gain more support from Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Paschal canonized Charlemagne in 1165. The Catholic Church has never recognized this canonization, since Paschal was an antipope. In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran annulled all of his ordinances, including the canonisation. Charlemagne remained in good regard still, however, among Catholics, and Prosper Guéranger even composed a prayer to Charlemagne.
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Antonio Santosuosso
Antonio Santosuosso (born 1936) is a Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario.
In Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels, Santosuosso, considered an expert historian of the Carolingian era, makes a case that the defeats of invading Muslim armies by Charles Martel, including the famous defeat at Tours, were important as in their defense of Western Christianity and the preservation of those Christian monasteries and centres of learning which ultimately led Europe out of the Dark Ages. He also makes a case that while Tours was considered by western historians such as Creasy to be of macrohistorical importance, the later battles were more so. The later invading forces defeated in those campaigns had come to set up permanent outposts for expansion, and there can be no doubt that these three defeats combined broke the back of Islamic expansion in Europe while the Caliphate was still united. Further, Santosuosso dates the ties between the Papacy and the Carolingians to this period, and credits Charles Martel with beginning a much greater martial vigor in Christianity. Dr. Santosuosso in Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels page 212 says "The stemming of the Muslim advance at Poitiers in 732 and the Frankish kings' decision to become the champions of Papal claims against the Longobards in Italy strengthened the Christian acceptance of the idea of war."
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Ardo
Ardo (or Ardonus, possibly short for Ardabastus, Ardabast) (died 720/721) was "the last of all the Visigothic kings" of Hispania, reigning from 713 or, more probably 714, until his death. The Visigoth kingdom was already severely reduced in area and power due to the Arab conquests of the previous three years when Ardo succeeded Achila II on the throne.
Ardo is only recorded in one Visigothic regnal list as reigning for seven years. In 716 the Arabs crossed over the Pyrenees and invaded Narbonensis, the last province under Gothic control. Over the next three years Ardo probably defended what remained of the Visigothic kingdom and he "may have gone down fighting like his predecessor" after the Arabs took Narbonne and before they conquered all that remained of the old kingdom.
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Arioald
Arioald was the Lombard king of Italy from 626 to 636. Duke of Turin, he married the princess Gundeberga, daughter of King Agilulf and his queen Theodelinda. He was, unlike his father-in-law, an Arian who did not accept Catholicism.
Arioald deposed Agilulf's heir Adaloald with the support of the nobility, for Adaloald had gone mad. Upon becoming king, he had his wife locked up in a monastery, accusing her of plotting against him with Tasson, duke of Friuli. He also reestablished Arianism in the Lombard kingdom. His only recorded wars were against the Avars, whom he succeeded in repelling during an attempted invasion of northeast Italy.
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Aripert I
Aripert I (also spelled Aribert) was king of the Lombards (653–661) in Italy. He was the son of Gundoald, duke of Asti, who had crossed the Alps from Bavaria with his sister Theodelinda. As a relative of the Bavarian ducal house, his was called the Bavarian Dynasty.
He was the first Roman Catholic king of the Lombards, elected after the assassination of the Arian Rodoald. Not a warrior, he is mostly renowned for his church foundings. He spread Catholicism over the whole Lombard realm and built the Church of the Saviour in Pavia, the capital. He left the kingdom in a state of peace, asking the nobles to elect jointly his two sons, Perctarit and Godepert, which they did.
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Aripert II
Aripert II (also spelled Aribert) was the king of the Lombards from 701 to 712. Duke of Turin and son of King Raginpert, and thus a scion of the Bavarian Dynasty, he was associated with the throne as early as 700. He was removed by Liutpert, who reigned from 700 to 702, with the exception of the year 701, when Raginpert seized the throne. After his father's death, he tried to take the throne, too. He defeated Liutpert and the regent Ansprand's men at Pavia and captured the king, whom he later had strangled in his bath. He seized the capital and forced Ansprand over the Alps. He was firmly in power by 703.
He thence reigned uninterrupted until his death. His reign was a troubled one. In 703, Faroald, duke of Spoleto, attacked the Exarchate of Ravenna, but Aripert refused to assist him, for he wanted good relations with papacy and empire. He tried nevertheless to assert his authority over Spoleto and Benevento in the Mezzogiorno. He nursed friendship with Pope John VI by donating vast tracts of land in the Cottian Alps to the Holy See. This friendship helped him little, for he had many rebellions to deal with and many Slovene raids into Venetia.
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Arnulf of Carinthia
Arnulf of Carinthia (850 – 8 December 899) was the Carolingian King of East Francia from 887, the disputed King of Italy from 894 and the disputed Holy Roman Emperor from 22 February 896 until his death.
Arnulf was, according to most sources, the illegitimate son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, and his concubine Liutswind, perhaps of Carantanian origin, and possibly the sister of Ernst, Count of the Bavarian Nordgau Margraviate in the area of the Upper Palatinate, or perhaps the burgrave of Passau, as some sources say. After Arnulf's birth, Carloman married, before 861, a daughter of that same Count Ernst, who died after 8 August 879. As it is mainly West-Franconian historiography that speaks of Arnulf's illegitimacy, it is quite feasible that the two females are one and the same person and that Carloman later on actually married Liutswind, thus legitimizing his son.
Arnulf was granted the Duchy of Carinthia, a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Carantania, by his father Carloman, after Carloman had become reconciled with his own father Louis the German and was created King of Bavaria. Arnulf spent his childhood on the Mosaburch or Mosapurc, which is widely believed to be Moosburg in Carinthia, only a few miles away from one of the Imperial residences, the Carolingian Kaiserpfalz at Karnburg, which before as Krnski grad had been the residence of the Carantanian princes. Arnulf kept his seat here and from later events it may be inferred that the Carantanians, from an early time, treated him as their own Duke. Later, after he had been crowned King of East Francia, Arnulf turned his old territory of Carinthia into the March of Carinthia, a part of the Duchy of Bavaria.
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Arnulf of Metz
Saint Arnulf of Metz (c. 582, Lay-Saint-Christophe, Meurthe-et-Moselle — 640) was a Frankish bishop of Metz and advisor to the Merovingian court of Austrasia, who retired to the Abbey of Remiremont.
Arnulf was born to an important Frankish family at an uncertain date around 582. His father was Baudgise or Baudegisel II of Aquitaine (d. 588), Palace Mayor and Duke of Sueve. His mother was Oda. In his younger years he was called to the Merovingian court of king Theudebert II (595-612) of Austrasia and sent to serve as dux at the Schelde. Later he became bishop of Metz. During his career he was attracted to religious life, and he retired to become a monk. After his death he was canonized as a saint. In French he is also known as Arnoul or Arnoulf. In English he is also known as Arnold.
Arnulf gave distinguished service at the Austrasian court under Theudebert II After the death of Theudebert in 612 he was made bishop of Metz. The rule of Austrasia came into the hands of Brunhilda, the grandmother of Theudebert, who ruled also in Burgundy in the name of her great-grandchildren. In 613 Arnulf joined his politics with Pippin of Landen and led the opposition of Frankish nobles against Queen Brunhilda. The revolt led to her overthrow, torture, and eventual execution, and the subsequent reunification of Frankish lands under Chlothachar II.
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Ary Scheffer
Ary Scheffer (10 February 1795 – 15 June 1858), French painter of Dutch and German extraction, was born in Dordrecht.
After the early death of his father Johann Baptist, a poor painter, Ary's mother Cornelia, herself a painter and daughter of landscapist Arie Lamme, took him to Paris and placed him in the studio of Pierre-Narcisse Guérin. When Scheffer left Guérin's studio, Romanticism had come into vogue in France, with such painters as Xavier Sigalon, Eugène Delacroix and Théodore Géricault. Scheffer did not show much affinity with their work and developed his own style, which has been called "frigidly classical".
Scheffer often painted subjects from literature, especially the works of Dante, Byron and Goethe. Two versions of "Dante and Beatrice" have been preserved at Wolverhampton Art Gallery, United Kingdom, and Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, USA. Particularly highly praised was his "Francesca da Rimini" painted in 1836. Ary Sheffer's popular Faust-themed paintings include "Margaret at her Wheel"; "Faust Doubting"; "Margaret at the Sabbat"; "Margaret Leaving Church"; "The Garden Walk", and "Margaret at the Well". In 1836, he painted two pictures of Goethe's character "Mignon".
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Athalaric
Athalaric (516 – 2 October 534) was the King of the Ostrogoths in Italy. He was a son of Eutharic and Amalasuntha. His maternal grandfather was Theodoric the Great. He succeeded his grandfather as king in 526.
As Athalaric was only ten years old, the regency was assumed by his mother, Amalasuntha. His mother attempted to provide for him an education in the Roman tradition, but the Gothic nobles pressured her to allow them to raise him as they saw fit. As a result, Athalaric drank heavily and indulged in vicious excesses, which ruined his constitution.
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Augustus
Augustus ( /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/;Classical Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs]; Latin: Imperator Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, he was adopted posthumously by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC via his last will and testament, and between then and 27 BC was officially named Gaius Julius Caesar. In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus.
The young Octavius came into his inheritance after Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. In 43 BC, Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in a military dictatorship known as the Second Triumvirate. As a triumvir, Octavian ruled Rome and many of its provinces. The triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its rulers: Lepidus was driven into exile, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian's fleet under the command of Agrippa in 31 BC.
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Authari
Authari (c. 540 – 5 September 590, Pavia) also known as Agilolf, was king of the Lombards from 584 to his death. After his father, Cleph, died in 574, the Lombardic nobility refused to appoint a successor, resulting in ten years interregnum known as the Rule of the Dukes.
In 574 and 575 the Lombards made the blunder of invading Provence, then part of the kingdom of Burgundy of the Merovingian Guntram. Guntram, allied with his nephew, the king of Austrasia, Childebert II, invaded Lombardy. The Austrasian army descended the valley of the Adige and took Trent. The Byzantine emperor, Tiberius II, began to negotiate an alliance with the Franks and the Lombards, fearful of a pincer movement, elected another king.
In 584, they elected Duke Authari and ceded him not only the capital of Pavia, but half of their ducal domains as a demesne. He spent his entire reign in wars with Franks, Greeks, and rebels. His first major test was the quashing of the rebel duke Droctulf of Brescello, who had allied with the Romans and was ruling the Po valley. Having expelled him, he spent most of the rest of his six years on the throne fighting the exarch of Ravenna, Smaragdus, or the Merovingian kings.
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Aznar Galíndez I
Aznar Galíndez I (also Asnar) (died 839) was the Count of Aragon and Conflent from 809 and Cerdanya and Urgell from 820. Aznar has been confused with Aznar Sánchez, Duke of Gascony, and some authorities have even considered the two like-named contemporaries to be one and the same person.
Aznar succeeded Aureolus as count of the valley of the River Aragón on the latter's death in 809. Some sources indicate him as count of Jaca, which was probably the seat of his authority within the valley. He was installed by the King of Aquitaine, Pepin I, and remained a Frankish vassal. In 820, he seems to have abandoned his Frankish benefactors and allied with the Basques to fight the Banu Qasi of the Ebro valley. He was deposed in Aragon by his son-in-law García the Bad.
He was later compensated with Urgel and Cerdagne.
He had four children:
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Beatification
Beatification (from Latin beatus, blessed) is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name (intercession of saints). Beatification is the third of the four steps in the canonization process. A person who is beatified is given the title "Blessed."
In earlier ages this honor was entirely local and passed from one diocese to another with the authorization of their bishops. This is clear from the fact that early Christian cemeteries contain paintings only of local martyrs. Some beatifications by bishops in the Middle Ages were almost scandalous by modern standards. For instance, Charlemagne was beatified by a court bishop soon after his death. He was never canonized, and his veneration has been mostly suppressed, though permission is given to celebrate Mass in his honor in the cities of Aachen and Osnabrück, but without using the title of "Blessed."[citation needed]
Since the Catholic Church reform of 1983, one miracle must be proven to have taken place through the intercession of the person to be beatified, though the medical investigations of the Church are privately conducted and therefore subject to speculation about their methods.
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Begga
Saint Begga (also Begue, Begge) (615 – 17 December 693) was the daughter of Pepin of Landen, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, and his wife Itta. On the death of her husband, she took the veil, founded seven churches, and built a convent at Andenne on the Meuse River (Andenne sur Meuse) where she spent the rest of her days as abbess. She was buried in Saint Begga's Collegiate Church in Andenne. Some hold that the Beguine movement which came to light in the 12th century was actually founded by St. Begga; and the church in the beguinage of Lier, Belgium, has a statue of St. Begga standing above the inscription: St. Begga, our foundress.
The Lier beguinage dates from the 13th century. More than likely, however, the Beguines derived their name from that of the priest Lambert le Begue, under whose protection the witness and ministry of the Beguines flourished.
She married Ansegisel, son of Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, and had three children:
She is commemorated as a saint on her feast days, 6 September and 17 December.
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Berengar I of Italy
Berengar of Friuli (c. 845 – 7 April 924) was the Margrave of Friuli from 874 until no earlier than 890 and no later than 896,King of Italy (as Berengar I) from 887 (with interruption) until his death, and Holy Roman Emperor from 915 until his death.
Berengar rose to become one of the most influential laymen in the empire of Charles the Fat before he was elected to replace Charles in Italy after the latter's deposition. His long reign of 36 years saw him opposed by no less than seven other claimants to the Italian throne. Though he is sometimes seen as a "national" king in Italian histories, he was in fact of Frankish birth. His reign is usually characterised as "troubled" because of the many competitors for the crown and because of the arrival of Magyar raiders in Western Europe. He was the last emperor before Otto the Great was crowned in 962, after a 38-year interregnum.
His family was called the Unruochings after his grandfather, Unruoch II. Berengar was a son of Eberhard of Friuli and Gisela, daughter of Louis the Pious and his second wife Judith. He was thus of Carolingian extraction on his mother's side. He was born probably at Cividale. His name in Latin is Berengarius or Perngarius and in Italian is Berengario. Sometime during his margraviate, he married Bertilla, daughter of Suppo II, thus securing an alliance with the powerful Supponid family. She would later rule alongside him as a consors, a title specifically denoting her informal power and influence, as opposed to a mere coniunx, "wife."
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Berengar II of Italy
Berengar of Ivrea (ca. 900 – 4 August 966), sometimes also referred to as Berengar II of Italy, was Margrave of Ivrea and usurper King of Italy from 950 until his deposition in 961, the last before Italy's incorporation into the Holy Roman Empire. He was a scion of the Burgundian Anscarid dynasty.
Berengar was a son of Margrave Adalbert I of Ivrea and his wife Gisela of Friuli, daughter of the Unruoching king Berengar I of Italy. He thereby was a direct descendant of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious in the female line. He succeeded his father as margrave about 923 and married Willa, daughter of the Bosonid margrave Boso of Tuscany and niece of King Hugh of Italy. The chronicler Liutprand of Cremona, raised at Berengar's court at Pavia, gives several particularly vivid accounts of her character.
About 940 Berengar led a revolt of Italian nobles against the rule of his uncle. To evade an assault by Hugh's liensmen, he, forewarned by the king's young son Lothair, had to flee to the court of King Otto I of Germany. Otto avoided taking sides, nevertheless in 945 Berengar could return to Italy with hired troops, welcomed by the local nobility. Hugh was defeated and retired to Arles, he was nominally succeeded by Lothair. From the time of Berengar's successful uprising, all real power and patronage in the Kingdom of Italy was concentrated in his hands with Hugh's son Lothair as titular king. Lothair's brief reign ended upon his early death in 950, presumably poisoned.
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Bernard of Italy
Bernard (797, Vermandois, Picardy – 17 April 818, Milan, Lombardy) was the King of the Lombards from 810 to 818. He plotted against his uncle, Emperor Louis the Pious, when the latter's Ordinatio Imperii made Bernard a vassal of his cousin Lothair. When his plot was discovered, Louis had him blinded, a procedure which killed him.
Bernard was the illegitimate son of King Pepin of Italy, the second legitimate son of the Emperor Charlemagne. In 810, Pepin died from an illness contracted at a siege of Venice; although Bernard was illegitimate, Charlemagne allowed him to inherit Italy. Bernard married Cunigunda of Laon in 813. They had one son, Pepin, Count of Vermandois.
Prior to 817, Bernard was a trusted agent of his grandfather, and of his uncle. His rights in Italy were respected, and he was used as an intermediary to manage events in his sphere of influence - for example, when in 815 Louis the Pious received reports that some Roman nobles had conspired to murder Pope Leo III, and that he had responded by butchering the ringleaders, Bernard was sent to investigate the matter.
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Bertrada of Laon
Bertrada of Laon, also called Bertha Broadfoot (cf. Latin: Regina pede ancae i.e. the queen with the goose-foot), (between 710 and 727 – June 12, 783) was a Frankish queen.
She was born in Laon, in today's Aisne, France, daughter of Count Charibert de Laon (Caribert of Laon) and Gisele of Aquitaine. She married Pepin the Short, the son of Charles Martel, the Frankish "Mayor of the Palace", in 740, although the union was not canonically sanctioned until several years later. Eleven years later, in 751, Pepin and Bertrada became King and Queen of the Franks, following Pepin's successful coup against the Frankish Merovingian monarchs.
Bertrada and Pepin are known to have had four children, three sons and one daughter: of these, Charles (Charlemagne), Carloman, and Gisela survived to adulthood, whilst Pepin died in infancy. Charlemagne and Carloman would inherit the two halves of their father's kingdom when he died, and Gisela became a nun.
Bertrada lived at the court of her elder son Charles, and according to Einhard their relationship was excellent. She recommended him to marry his first wife, Desiderata, a daughter of the Lombard king Desiderius, but he soon divorced her. Einhard claims this was the only episode that ever strained relations between mother and son. Bertrada lived with Charlemagne until her death in 783; the king buried her in Saint Denis Basilica with great honors.
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Bertrada of Prüm
Bertrada (b. ca. 670 - d. after 721), also called Berthe or Bertree, and perhaps a Merovingian princess, is known to be the mother of Caribert of Laon, with whom she is co-founder and benefactor of the Prüm Abbey. They founded the abbey in 721.
Through Charibert's daughter Bertrada of Laon, wife of Pippin the Younger, Bertrada is the great-grandmother of Charlemagne. Her husband is unknown for certain.
Two alternative solutions to the question of her parentage have been suggested:
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Carloman I
Carloman I (28 June 751 – 4 December 771) was the king of the Franks from 768 until his death in 771. He was the second surviving son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon and was a younger brother of Charlemagne.
Carloman I stands in the unfortunate position of having been written of only by writers prejudiced against him, who portray him as peevish, self-pitying and easily flattered. Little is known of him, except such as touches upon his more famous father and brother.
At the age of 3, he was, together with his father, Pepin the Short, and his elder brother, Charlemagne, anointed King of the Franks and titled "Patrician of the Romans" by Pope Stephen II, who had left Rome to beg the Frankish King for assistance against the Lombards. Together with Charlemagne, he inherited a half of the Kingdom of the Franks upon Pepin's death. His share was based in the centre of the Frankish Kingdom, with his capital at Soissons, and consisted of the Parisian basin, the Massif Central, the Languedoc, Provence, Burgundy, southern Austrasia, Alsace and Alemannia; the regions were poorly integrated and surrounded by those bequeathed to Charlemagne, and, although Carloman's territories were easier to defend than those of Charlemagne, they were also poorer in income.
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Carloman II
Carloman II (c. 866 – 12 December 884), King of Western Francia, was the youngest son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde of Burgundy, and became king, jointly with his brother Louis III of France, on his father's death in 879.
Some nobles advocated electing a sole king, but eventually both brothers were elected kings. Although doubts were cast upon their legitimacy, the brothers obtained recognition and in March 880 divided their father's realm at Amiens, Carloman receiving Burgundy and Aquitaine.
However, Duke Boso had renounced his allegiance to both brothers and had been elected King of Provence. In the summer of 880 the brothers Carloman and Louis marched against him, took Mâcon and the northern parts of Boso's realm. They united their forces with those of Charles the Fat and unsuccessfully besieged Vienne from August to November. Only in the summer of 882, Vienne was taken after being besieged by Richard, Count of Autun.
About the same time, in August 882, Carloman became sole king owing to his brother's death, but the kingdom was in a deplorable condition partly owing to incursions from the Norman raiders, and his power was very circumscribed. There were revolts of the feudal lords even in Burgundy.
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Carloman of Bavaria
Carloman (German: Karlmann) (830 – 29 September 880) was the eldest son of Louis the German, king of East Francia (Germany), and Hemma, daughter of the count Welf. He was king of Bavaria from 876 and of Italy from 877 until he was incapacitated in 879 and died in 880.
He revolted in 861 and again two years later (863); an example that was followed by the second son, Louis the Younger, who in a further rising was joined by his brother Charles the Fat. In 865, Louis was obliged by the dissidence of his sons to provide for the eventual division of his territories: Carloman was promised the kingdom of Bavaria (which Louis himself had once held under his father), together with the Ostmark; Louis the Younger was promised Saxony, together with Franconia and Thuringia; Charles the Fat was promised Swabia, together with Rhaetia.
A report that Emperor Louis II was dead led to peace between father and sons and attempts by Louis the German to gain the imperial crown for Carloman. These efforts were thwarted by Louis II, who was not in fact dead. In 876, Louis the German died and his sons inherited their lands; Carloman thus became King of Bavaria. The brothers maintained concord amongst themselves, contrary the example set by their own father and uncles and their cousins.
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Charibert I
Charibert I (c. 517–November or December 567) was the Merovingian King of Paris, the second-eldest son of Chlothar I and Ingund. His elder brother was Gunthar, who died sometime before their father's death.
In 556, Chlothar sent Charibert and his next youngest brother Guntram against their younger brother Chram who was in revolt. Chramn was hiding out on Black Mountain in the Limousin. Negotiations failed and the two armies prepared for battle. A thunderstorm prevented any engagement and Chramn sent forged letters to his brothers, falsely reporting their father's death. Charibert and Guntram immediately returned to Burgundy to secure their positions.
On Chlothar's actual death in 561, the Frankish kingdom was divided between his sons in a new configuration. Each son ruled a distinct realm, which was not necessarily geographically coherent but could contain two unconnected regions, from a chief city after which his kingdom is called. Charibert received Neustria (the region between the Somme and the Loire), Aquitaine, and Novempopulana with Paris as his capital. His chief cities were Rouen, Tours, Poitiers, Limoges, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Cahors, and Albi. Guntram received Burgundy, then Sigebert received Austrasia (including Rheims) with his capital at Metz, and the youngest brother Chilperic received a compact kingdom with Soissons as its capital.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( /ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
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Charles IV of France
Charles IV, known as the Fair (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), was the King of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death: he was the last French king of the senior Capetian lineage.
Charles IV was the third son of Philip IV; like his father, Charles was known as "the fair" or "the handsome". By virtue of his mother, Joan I of Navarre's, birthright, Charles claimed the title Charles I, King of Navarre. From 1314 to his accession to the throne, he held the title of Count of La Marche, and was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims. Unlike either Philip IV or Philip V, Charles is usually felt to have been a relatively conservative, "strait laced" king – he was "inclined to forms and stiff-necked in defence of his prerogatives", but disinclined either to manipulate them to his own ends or achieve wider reform.
Charles married his first wife, Blanche of Burgundy, the daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy in 1308, but Blanche was caught up in the Tour de Nesle scandals of 1314 and imprisoned. After Charles assumed the throne he refused to release Blanche, their marriage was annulled and Blanche retreated to a nunnery. His second wife, Marie of Luxembourg, the daughter of Henry VII, the Holy Roman Emperor, died following a premature birth.
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Charles IX of France
Charles IX (27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was King of France, ruling from 1560 until his death. His reign was dominated by the Wars of Religion. He is best known as king at the time of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
He was born Charles Maximilian, third son of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici in the royal chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He was immediately made Duke of Orléans upon his birth, succeeding his older brother Louis, his father's second son who had died in infancy the year before.
He[when?] visited England and on 14 May was made a Knight of the Order of the Garter at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, along with Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford and Sir Henry Sidney.[citation needed]
His father died in 1559, followed in December 1560 by his elder brother, King Francis II (1544–1560). The ten-year-old Charles was immediately proclaimed King and, on 15 May 1561, consecrated as King of France in the cathedral at Reims. Government was dominated by his mother, Catherine de' Medici, who at first acted as regent for her young son. Antoine of Bourbon, himself in line to the French throne and husband to Queen Joan III of Navarre, was appointed Lieutenant-General of France.
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Charles Martel
Charles Martel (Latin: Carolus Martellus) (23 August 686 – 22 October 741), also known as Charles the Hammer, was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as Mayor of the Palace under the Merovingian kings and ruled de facto during an interregnum (737–43) at the end of his life, using the title Duke and Prince of the Franks. In 739 he was offered the title of Consul by the Pope, but he refused. He is remembered for winning the Battle of Tours in 732, in which he defeated an invading Moorish army. This victory is traditionally credited with halting northward Islamic expansion in western Europe.
A brilliant general, he is considered to be a founding figure of the Middle Ages, often credited with a seminal role in the development of feudalism and knighthood, and laying the groundwork for the Carolingian Empire. He was also the father of Pepin the Short and grandfather of Charlemagne.
Martel was born in Herstal, the illegitimate son of duke Pepin II and his concubine Alpaida. In German-speaking countries he is known as Karl Martell. Alpaida also bore Pepin another son, Childebrand.
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Charles Oman
Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman (12 January 1860 – 23 June 1946) was a British military historian of the early 20th century. His reconstructions of medieval battles from the fragmentary and distorted accounts left by chroniclers were pioneering. His style is an invigorating mixture of historical accuracy and emotional highlights, and it makes his narratives, though founded on deep research, often read as smoothly as fiction, especially in his History of the Peninsular War. Occasionally, his interpretations have been challenged, especially his widely copied thesis that British troops defeated their Napoleonic opponents by firepower alone. Paddy Griffith, among modern historians, claims the British infantry's discipline and willingness to attack were equally important.
He was born in Muzaffarpur district, India, the son of a British planter, and was educated at Oxford University, where he studied under William Stubbs. In 1881 he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at All Souls College, where he would remain for the rest of his career.
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Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (13 June 823 – 6 October 877), Holy Roman Emperor (875–877, as Charles II) and King of West Francia (840–877, as Charles II, with the borders of his land defined by the Treaty of Verdun, 843), was the youngest son of the Emperor Louis the Pious by his second wife Judith.
He was born on 13 June 823 in Frankfurt, when his elder brothers were already adults and had been assigned their own regna, or subkingdoms, by their father. The attempts made by Louis the Pious to assign Charles a subkingdom, first Alemannia and then the country between the Meuse and the Pyrenees (in 832, after the rising of Pepin I of Aquitaine) were unsuccessful. The numerous reconciliations with the rebellious Lothair and Pepin, as well as their brother Louis the German, King of Bavaria, made Charles's share in Aquitaine and Italy only temporary, but his father did not give up and made Charles the heir of the entire land which was once Gaul and would eventually be France. At a diet near Crémieux in 837, Louis the Pious bade the nobles do homage to Charles as his heir. This led to the final rising of his sons against him and Pepin of Aquitaine died in 838, whereupon Charles received that kingdom, finally once and for all. Pepin's son Pepin II would be a perpetual thorn in his side.
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Charles the Fat
Charles the Fat (Latin: Carolus Pinguis; 13 June 839 – 13 January 888) was the King of Alemannia from 876, King of Italy from 879, western Emperor (as Charles III) from 881, King of East Francia from 882, and King of West Francia from 884. In 887, he was deposed in East Francia, Lotharingia, and possibly Italy, where the records are not clear. In January 888, just a few weeks after his deposition, he died.
Granted lordship over Alemannia in 876 by the divisio regnorum (division) of Louis the German's kingdom, he succeeded in Italy upon the abdication of his older brother Carloman, incapacitated by a stroke. Crowned Emperor in 881 by Pope John VIII, his succession to the territories of his brother Louis the Younger the following year reunited the entire Kingdom of the East Franks (later Germany). Upon the death of his cousin Carloman II, he inherited all of West Francia (later France) also, thus reviving, if only briefly, the entire Carolingian Empire.
Usually considered lethargic and inept – he is known to have had repeated illnesses and is believed to have suffered from epilepsy – he twice purchased peace with Viking raiders, including at the famous siege of Paris in 886. Nevertheless, contemporary opinion of him was not nearly so negative as modern historiographical opinion, which itself is seeing a turnaround.
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Charles the Simple
Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the Latin Karolus Simplex), was the undisputed King of France from 898 until 922 and the King of Lotharingia from 911 until 919/23. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty, the third and posthumous son of Louis the Stammerer by his second wife, Adelaide of Paris.
As a child, Charles was prevented from succeeding to the throne at the time of the death in 884 of his half-brother Carloman. The nobles of the realm instead asked his cousin, Charles the Fat, to rule them. He was also prevented from succeeding the unpopular Charles, who was deposed in November 887 and died in January 888, although it is unknown if his deposition was accepted or even made known in West Francia before his death. The nobility elected Odo, the hero of the Siege of Paris, king, though there was a faction that supported Guy III of Spoleto. Charles was put under the protection of Ranulf II, the Duke of Aquitaine, who may have tried to claim the throne for him and in the end used the royal title himself until making peace with Odo. Finally, in 893 Charles was crowned by a faction opposed to Odo at Reims Cathedral. He only became the effectual monarch with the death of Odo in 898.
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Charles the Younger
Charles the Younger (ca. 772 – 4 December 811) was the second son of Charlemagne and the first by his second wife, Hildegard of Swabia. When Charlemagne divided his empire among his sons, his son Charles was designated King of the Franks.
His elder brother, Pippin the Hunchback, was disinherited, and his younger brothers Carloman (renamed Pippin) and Louis the Pious received Italy and Aquitaine, respectively.
Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down, but he was also sent against the Saxons on multiple occasions. Charles' father outlived him, however, and the entire kingdom thus went to his younger brother Louis the Pious, Pippin also having died.
Around 789 it was suggested by Charlemagne that Charles the Younger should be married to Offa's daughter Ælfflæd. Offa insisted that the marriage could only go ahead if Charlemagne's daughter Bertha was married to Offa's son Ecgfrith. Charlemagne took offence, broke off contact, and closed his ports to English traders. Eventually, normal relations were reestablished and the ports were reopened. Just a few years later, in 796, Charlemagne and Offa concluded the first commercial treaty known in English history.
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Charles V of France
Charles V (21 January 1338 – 16 September 1380), called the Wise, was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380 and a member of the House of Valois. His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armies recovering much of the territory ceded to England at the Treaty of Brétigny.
Charles was born at the château de Vincennes outside of Paris, France, the son of John II of France and Bonne of Luxembourg. Upon his father's succession to the throne in 1350, Charles became Dauphin of France. He was the first French heir to use the title, which is named for the region of Dauphiné, acquired by Charles' grandfather.
The future king was highly intelligent but physically weak, with pale skin and a thin, ill-proportioned body. He made a sharp contrast to his father—who was tall, strong and sandy-haired—and gossip at the time suggested he was not John's son. Similar rumors would pursue Charles' grandson, Charles VII.
King John was a brave warrior but a poor ruler who alienated his nobles through arbitrary justice and the elevation of associates considered unworthy. After a three-year break, the war resumed in 1355, with Edward, The Black Prince, leading an English-Gascon army in a violent raid across southwestern France. After checking an English incursion into Normandy, John led an army of about 16,000 south, crossing the Loire in September, 1356, attempting to outflank the Prince's 8,000 soldiers at Poitiers. Rejecting advice from one captain to surround and starve the Prince—a tactic Edward feared—John attacked the strong enemy position. In the subsequent Battle of Maupertuis (Poitiers), English archery all but annihilated the French cavalry, and John was captured. Charles led a battalion at Poitiers which withdrew early in the struggle; whether the order came from John (as he later claimed) or whether Charles himself ordered the withdrawal is unclear.
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Charles VI of France
Charles VI (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), called the Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé) and the Mad (French: le Fol or le Fou), was the King of France from 1380 to 1422, as a member of the House of Valois. His bouts with madness, which seem to have begun in 1392, led to quarrels among the French royal family, which were exploited by the neighbouring powers of England and Burgundy. By the end of his reign much of France was under foreign occupation.
He was born in Paris, the son of King Charles V and Joan of Bourbon. At the age of eleven, in 1380, he was crowned King of France in the cathedral at Reims. He married Isabeau of Bavaria in 1385. Until he took complete charge as king in 1388, France was ruled primarily by his uncle, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. During that time, the power of the royal administration and the authority to tax was reestablished, following the tax revolt known as the Harelle, after his father had repealed the taxes on his deathbed.
Charles VI was known both as Charles the Beloved and later as Charles the Mad, since, beginning in his mid-twenties, he experienced bouts of psychosis. These fits of madness would recur for the rest of his life.
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Charles X of France
Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was known for most of his life as the Comte d'Artois before he reigned as King of France and of Navarre from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. A younger brother to Kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he supported the latter in exile and eventually succeeded him. His rule of almost six years ended in the July Revolution of 1830, which frustrated his attempts to keep the crown in the senior branch of the House of Bourbon and resulted in the election of Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, as King of the French. Exiled once again, Charles died in Gorizia, then part of the Austrian Empire.
Charles Philippe of France was born in 1757, the youngest son of the Dauphin Louis and his wife, the Dauphine Marie Josèphe, at the Palace of Versailles. Charles was created "Count of Artois" at birth by his grandfather, the reigning King Louis XV. As the youngest male in the family, Charles seemed unlikely ever to become king. His eldest brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy, died unexpectedly in 1761, which moved Charles up one place in the line of succession. He was raised by Madame de Marsan, the Governess of the Children of France.
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Childebert I
Childebert I (c. 496 – 13 December 558) was the Frankish king of Paris, a Merovingian dynast, one of the four sons of Clovis I who shared the kingdom of the Franks upon their father's death in 511. He was one of the sons of Saint Clotilda, born at Reims.
In the partition of the realm, he received as his share the town of Paris, the country to the north as far as the river Somme, to the west as far as the English Channel, and the Armorican peninsula (modern Brittany). His brothers ruled in different lands: Theuderic I in Metz, Chlodomer in Orléans, and Clotaire I in Soissons.
In 523, Childebert participated with his brothers in a war against Godomar of Burgundy. Chlodomer died in the Battle of Vézeronce (524). In 524, after the murder of Chlodomer's children, Childebert annexed the cities of Chartres and Orléans.
He took part in later various expeditions against the kingdom of Burgundy. He besieged Autun in 532 and, in 534, received as his share of the spoils of that kingdom the towns of Mâcon, Geneva, and Lyons. When Witiges, the king of the Ostrogoths, ceded Provence to the Franks in 535, the possession of Arles and Marseilles was guaranteed to Childebert by his brothers. The annexation of that province was completed, with Clotaire's help, in the winter of 536–537.
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Childebert II
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Childebert II (570–95) was the Merovingian king of Austrasia, which included Provence at the time, from 575 until his death in 595, the eldest and succeeding son of Sigebert I, and the king of Burgundy from 592 to his death, as the adopted and succeeding son of his uncle Guntram.
When his father was assassinated in 575, Childebert was taken from Paris by Gundobald, one of his faithful lords, to Metz (the Austrasian capital), where he was recognized as sovereign. He was then only five years old, and during his long minority the power was disputed between his mother Brunhilda and the nobles.
Chilperic I, king at Paris, and the Burgundian king Guntram, sought an alliance with Childebert, who was adopted by both in turn. Because Guntram was lord of half of Marseille, the district of Provence became a centre of a brief dispute between the two.
Guntram allied with Dynamius of Provence, who instigated the canons of the Diocese of Uzès to elect their deacon Marcela, as bishop in opposition to their already-elected bishop Jovinus, a former governor of Provence. While Jovinus and Theodore, Bishop of Marseille, were travelling to the court of Childebert, Guntram had them arrested. Dynamius, meanwhile, blocked Gundulf, a duke of an important senatorial family and Childebert's former domesticus, from entering Marseille on behalf of Childebert. Eventually he was forced to yield, though he later arrested Theodore again and had him sent to Guntram. Childebert replaced him in Provence by Nicetius (585). Despite his revolt, Childebert formally restored Dynamius to favour on 28 November 587.
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Childebert III
Childebert III, called the Just (French: le Juste) (670 or probably 683 – 23 April 711), son of Theuderic III and Clotilda (or Doda) and sole king of the Franks (695–711), he was seemingly but a puppet of the mayor of the palace, Pepin of Heristal, though his placita show him making judicial decisions of his own will, even against the Arnulfing clan. His nickname has no comprehensible justification except possibly as a result of these judgements, but the Liber Historiae Francorum calls him a "famous man" and "the glorious lord of good memory, Childebert, the just king." He had a son named Dagobert, who succeeded him, as Dagobert III but his wife was not Edonne, the invention of later fantasists. It is possible, though not likely, that Chlothar IV was also his son. He spent almost his entire life in a royal villa on the Oise.
It was during his reign of sixteen years, in 708, that the bishop of Avranches, Saint Aubert, at the urging of the Archangel Michael, founded the monastery of Mont-Saint-Michel.
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Childeric I
Childeric I (c. 440 – 481/82) was a Merovingian king of the Salian Franks and the father of Clovis.
He succeeded his father Merovech as king, traditionally in 457 or 458 (?). With his Frankish warband he was established with his capital at Tournai, on lands which he had received as a foederatus of the Romans, and for some time he kept the peace with his allies.
In 463 in Orléans, in conjunction with the Roman General Aegidius, who was based in Soissons, he defeated the Visigoths, who hoped to extend their dominion along the banks of the Loire River. After the death of Aegidius, he first assisted Comes ("count") Paul of Angers, together with a mixed band of Gallo-Romans and Franks, in defeating the Goths and taking booty. Saxon raiders under the command of a certain Adovacrius (perhaps, but not surely Odoacer) reached Angers but Childeric arrived the next day and a battle ensued. Count Paul was killed and Childeric took the city. Childeric, having delivered Angers, followed a Saxon warband to the islands on the Atlantic mouth of the Loire, and massacred them there. In a change of alliances, he also joined forces with Odoacer, according to Gregory of Tours, to stop a band of the Alamanni who wished to invade Italy.
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Childeric II
Childeric II (c. 653 – 675) was the king of Austrasia from 662 and of Neustria and Burgundy from 673 until his death, making him sole King of the Franks for the final two years of his life. He was the second eldest son of Clovis II. His elder brother Chlothar III was briefly sole king from 661, but gave Austrasia to Childeric the next year. He was still a mere child when he was raised on the shields of his warriors and proclaimed king in Austrasia.
After the death of Chlothar in 673, Theuderic III, his youngest brother, inherited his kingdoms, but a faction of prominent Burgundian nobles led by Leodegar and Eticho invited Childeric to become king in Neustria and Burgundy. He soon invaded his brother's kingdom and displaced him, becoming sole king. He made his Austrasian mayor of the palace, Wulfoald, mayor also in Neustria and Burgundy, displacing Ebroin of Neustria and upsetting his supporters in Burgundy who did not wish to see functionaries active in a kingdom other than their native one. In March 675, Childeric had granted him honores in Alsace to Eticho with the title of dux. This grant was most probably the result of Eticho's continued support for Childeric in Burgundy, which had often disputed possession of Alsace with Austrasia.
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Childeric III
Childeric III (c. 717 – c. 754) was the last King of the Franks in the Merovingian dynasty from 743 to his deposition by Pope Zachary in March 752. Once Childeric was deposed, the Pope crowned Pepin the Short, father of Charlemagne, the King of the Franks in Soissons.
The throne had been vacant for seven years when the mayors of the palace, Carloman and Pepin the Short, decided in 743 to recognize Childeric as king. Neither his parentage nor his relation to the Merovingian family are known for sure. His parentage is not clear. He may equally well have been either the son of Chilperic II or Theuderic IV.
He took no part in public business, which was directed, as previously, by the mayors of the palace. When, in 747, Carloman retired into a monastery, Pepin resolved to take the royal crown for himself. Pepin sent letters to Pope Zachary, asking whether the title of king belonged to the one who had exercised the power or the one with the royal lineage. The pope responded that the real power should have the royal title as well. In early March 752 Childeric was dethroned by Pope Zachary and tonsured. His long hair was the symbol of his dynasty and thus the royal rights or magical powers; by cutting it, they divested him of all royal prerogatives. Once dethroned, he and his son Theuderic were placed in the monastery of Saint-Bertin or he in Saint-Omer and Theuderic in Saint-Wandrille.
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Chilperic II
Chilperic II (c. 672 – 13 February 721), born Daniel, the youngest son of Childeric II, was king of Neustria from 715 and sole king of the Franks from 718 until his death. He was the last Merovingian dynast to exercise any authority on his own.
As an infant, he was spirited to a monastery to protect his life from the internecine feuding of his family. There, he was raised as Daniel until the death of Dagobert III in 715, when he was taken from the monastery — at the age of forty-three — and raised on the shield of the Neustrian warriors as king, as was the custom. He took the royal name of Chilperic, though due to his monastic upbringing, he was a very different man from Chilperic I.
First, it appears he was supposed to be but a tool in the hands of Ragenfrid, the mayor of the palace of Neustria, acclaimed in 714 in opposition to Theudoald, Pepin of Heristal's designated heir. Chilperic, however, was his own man: both a fighter and a leader, always at the forefront in battle at the head of his troops. In 716, he and Ragenfrid together led an army into Austrasia, then being warred over by Plectrude, on behalf of her grandson Theudoald, and Charles Martel, the bastard son of Pepin of Heristal. The Neustrians allied with another invading force under Radbod, King of the Frisians and met Charles in battle near Cologne, then held by Plectrude. Chilperic was victorious and Charles fled to the mountains of the Eifel. The king and his mayor then turned to besiege their other rival in the city. Plectrude acknowledged Chilperic as king, gave over the Austrasian treasury, and abandoned her son's claim to the mayoralty.
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Chlodio
Chlodio (c. 392/395–445/448; also spelled Clodio, Clodius, Clodion, Cloio or Chlogio) was a king of the Salian Franks from the Merovingian dynasty. He was known as the Long-Haired King and lived in Thuringian territory at the castle of Duisburg. He became chief of the Thérouanne area in 414 AD. From there, he invaded the Roman Empire in 428, defeating a Roman force at Cambrai, and settled in Northern Gaul, where other groups of Salians were already settled. Although he was attacked by the Romans, he was able to maintain his position and, 3 years later in 431, he extended his kingdom south to the Somme River in the future Francia. In 448, 20 years after his reign began, Chlodio was defeated at an unidentified place called Vicus Helena by Flavius Aëtius, the commander of the Roman Army in Gaul.
Like all Merovingian kings, Chlodio had long hair as a ritual custom. His successor may have been Merovech, after whom the dynasty was named 'Merovingian'. The non-contemporary Liber Historiae Francorum says his father was Pharamond, who many believe to have been a legendary person linked to the lineage sometime in the 8th century. The Chronicle of Fredegar makes Chlodio son of Theudemeres, one of the leaders of the Salian Franks and king of Thérouanne (409–414).
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Chlodulf of Metz
Saint Chlodulf (Clodulphe or Clodould) or more commonly Saint Cloud (605 – June 8, 696 or June 8, 697, others say May 8, 697) was bishop of Metz approximately from 657 to 697.
Chlodulf was the son of Arnulf, bishop of Metz, and the younger brother of Ansegisel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia.
Before his ordination Chlodulf had married an unknown woman and had begotten a son called Aunulf.
In 657, he became bishop of Metz, the third successor of his father, and held that office for 40 years. During this time he richly decorated the cathedral St. Stephen. He also was in close contact with his sister-in-law Saint Gertrude of Nivelles.
He died in Metz and was buried in the church of St. Arnulf. In Nivelles he was locally venerated as Saint Clou, especially because of his connection to Saint Gertrude. His Feast Day is June 8.
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Chlothar I
Chlothar I (c. 497 – 29 November 561), called the Old (le Vieux), King of the Franks, was one of the four sons of Clovis. He was born circa 497, in Soissons (now in Aisne département, Picardie, France).
On the death of his father in 511, he received, as his share of the kingdom, the town of Soissons, which he made his capital; the cities of Laon, Noyon, Cambrai, and Maastricht; and the lower course of the Meuse River. But he was very ambitious, and sought to extend his domain.
He was the chief instigator of the murder of his brother Chlodomer's children in 524, and his share of the spoils consisted of the cities of Tours and Poitiers. He took part in various expeditions against Burgundy and, after the destruction of that kingdom in 534, obtained Grenoble, Die, and some of the neighbouring cities.
When the Ostrogoths ceded Provence to the Franks, he received the cities of Orange, Carpentras, and Gap. In 531, he marched against the Thuringii with his nephew Theudebert I and in 542, with his brother Childebert I against the Visigoths of Spain. On the death of his great-nephew Theodebald in 555, Chlothar annexed his territories. On Childebert's death in 558 he became sole king of the Franks.
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Chlothar II
Chlothar II (or Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or Hlothar, giving rise to Lothair; 584–629), called the Great (le Grand) or the Young (le Jeune), King of Neustria, and, from 613 to 629, King of all the Franks, was not yet born when his father, King Chilperic I died in 584. His mother, Fredegund, was regent until her death in 597, at which time the thirteen-year-old Chlothar began to rule for himself. As king, he continued his mother's feud with Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia, with equal viciousness and bloodshed.
In 599, he made war with his nephews, Theuderic II of Burgundy and Theudebert II of Austrasia, who defeated him at Dormelles (near Montereau). At this point, however, the two brothers took up arms against each other. In 605, he invaded Theuderic's kingdom, but did not subdue it. He remained often at war with Theuderic until the latter died in Metz in late 613 while preparing a campaign against him. At that time, Warnachar, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, and Rado, mayor of the palace of Burgundy, abandoned the cause of Brunhilda and her great-grandson, Sigebert II, and the entire realm was delivered into Chlothar's hands. Brunhilda and Sigebert met Chlothar's army on the Aisne, but the Patrician Aletheus, Duke Rocco, and Duke Sigvald deserted the host and the grand old woman and her king had to flee. They got as far as the Orbe, but Chlothar's minions caught up with them by the lake Neuchâtel. Both of them and Sigebert's younger brother Corbo were executed by Chlothar's orders.
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Chlothar III
Chlothar III (or Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or Hlothar, giving rise to Lothair; 652–73) was the eldest son of Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy, and his queen Balthild. When Clovis died in 658, Chlothar succeeded him under the regency of his mother.
The Historia Langobardorum claims of the early 660s that a Frankish army invaded Provence and then Italy (bk 5, ch V). This force came upon the camp of the Lombard king Grimoald I of Benevento, at Rivoli near Asta. Grimuald pretended to flee. The Franks looted the camp and celebrated. Then, after midnight, Grimuald attacked and drove them back to Neustria.
After the death of Saint Eligius in 661, the Life of Eligius — written soon after Chlothar's death — records that a plague reduced the population of France's cities. A plague in the British Isles, according to Bede, did the same there in 664.
During the regency, Austrasians begged for a king of their own and sometime between 660 and 662, the Neustrians gave Austrasia to another son of Clovis II, Chlothar's brother Childeric II.
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Chlothar IV
Chlothar IV (or Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or Hlothar, giving rise to Lothair; died ca. 719), king of Austrasia (717–18), was installed by the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, as an ally during the civil war that was then raging.
In 717, Charles, returning to Neustria with an army to assault King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid, confirmed his supremacy with a victory at Vincy, near Cambrai. He chased the fleeing king and mayor to Paris before turning back to remove his other opponent Plectrude from Cologne. On succeeding there, he proclaimed one Clotaire king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, who supported Ragenfrid, not Charles, for the mayoralty. In 718, Chilperic was again defeated, at Soissons, by Charles. The king fled with his ally Odo the Great, duke of Aquitaine, to the duke's territory. Soon Odo gave up on Chilperic and sued for peace. In exchange for recognising his kingship over all the Franks, Chilperic surrendered his kingdom to the mayoralty of Charles, who gained a monopoly on power and royal offices.
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Cleph
Cleph (also Clef, Clepho, or Kleph) was king of the Lombards from 572 or 573 to 574 or 575.
He succeeded Alboin, to whom he was not related by blood. He was a violent and terrifying figure to the Romans and Byzantines struggling to maintain control of the peninsula. He extended Lombard dominion over all of northern Italy, finishing the conquest of Tuscany and bringing Lombard authority to the gates of Ravenna. He was assassinated after an 18-month reign by a young guard, a slave whom he had mistreated. His death was followed by a ten year interregnum, known as the "Rule of the Dukes" because the territorial dukes were supreme. His son, Authari, eventually took the throne in 585.
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Clovis I
Clovis (c. 466 – 511) or Chlodowech (Latin Chlodovechus) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the leadership from a group of royal chieftains, to rule by kings, ensuring that the kingship was held by his heirs. He was also the first Catholic King to rule over Gaul, known today as France. He was the son of Childeric I and Basina. In 481, when he was fifteen, he succeeded his father. Clovis was not only a Frankish king, he was also a Roman official. The Salian Franks were one of two Frankish tribes who were then occupying the area west of the lower Rhine, with their center in an area known as Toxandria, between the Meuse and Scheldt (in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium). Clovis's power base was to the southwest of this, around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighboring Salian Frankish kingdoms and established himself as sole king of the Salian Franks before his death. The small church in which he was baptized stood in the vicinity of the subsequent abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, and a statue of him being baptized by Saint Remigius can be seen there. Clovis and his wife Clotilde were buried in the St. Genevieve church (St. Pierre) in Paris, the original name of the Church was the Church of the Holy Apostles. An important part of Clovis' legacy is that he locally succeeded to the power of the Romans in 486 by beating the Gallo-Roman ruler Syagrius in the battle of Soissons.
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Clovis II
Clovis II (637 – 27 November 657 or 658) succeeded his father Dagobert I in 639 as King of Neustria and Burgundy. His brother Sigebert III had been King of Austrasia since 634. He was initially under the regency of his mother Nanthild until her death in her early thirties in 642. This death allowed him to fall under the influence of the secular magnates, who reduced the royal power in their own favour. Clovis' wife, Balthild, was an Anglo-Saxon aristocrat sold into slavery in Gaul. She had been owned by Clovis' mayor of the palace, Erchinoald, who gave her to him to garner royal favour. She bore him three sons who all became kings after his death. The eldest, Chlothar, succeeded him and his second eldest, Childeric, was eventually placed on the Austrasian throne by Ebroin. The youngest, Theuderic, succeeded Childeric in Neustria and eventually became the sole king of the Franks.
Clovis was a minor for almost the whole of his reign. He is sometimes regarded as king of Austrasia during the interval 656–57 when Childebert the Adopted had usurped the throne. He is often regarded as an early roi fainéant.
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Clovis IV
Clovis IV (sometimes Clovis III if the other Clovis III is considered a usurper) (682–95), son of Theuderic III, was the sole king of the Franks from 691 until his death. Although Clovis IV is called "King of the Franks", he was really a puppet—a roi fainéant—of his uncle Pepin II, mayor of the palace of Austrasia. He assumed the throne at the age of nine and died when he was only thirteen.
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Constantine V
Constantine V (718 – September 14, 775) was Byzantine Emperor from 741 to 775; Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄, Kōnstantinos V); (he was denigrated by his enemies as Kopronymos or Copronymus meaning the dung-named).
Constantine was born in Constantinople, the son and successor of Emperor Leo III and Maria. In August 720 he was associated on the throne by his father, who had him marry Tzitzak, daughter of the Khazar khagan Bihar. His new bride was baptized as Irene (Eirēnē, "peace") in 732. Constantine V succeeded his father as sole emperor on April 19, 741.
Constantine was crossing Asia Minor to campaign against the Umayyad Caliphate under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik on the eastern frontier in June 741 or 742. But during this course Constantine was attacked by the forces of his brother-in-law Artabasdos, the stratēgos of the Armeniac theme. Artabasdos was the husband of Anna, an older sister of Constantine.
Defeated, Constantine sought refuge in Amorion, while the victor advanced on Constantinople and was accepted as Emperor. While Constantine now received the support of the Anatolic and Thracesian themes, Artabasdos secured that of the themes of Thrace and Opsikion, in addition to his own Armeniac soldiers.
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Constantine VI
Constantine VI (Ancient Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Ϛ΄, Kōnstantinos VI) (771–802) was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797.
Constantine VI was the only child of Emperor Leo IV and Irene. Constantine was crowned co-emperor by his father in 776, and succeeded as sole emperor at the age of nine under the regency of Irene in 780.
In 782 he was betrothed to Rotrude, a daughter of the Frankish King Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard. Irene herself broke off the engagement in 788. In 787 Constantine had signed the decrees of the Second Council of Nicaea, but he appears to have had iconoclast sympathies. By then Constantine had turned 16 years old, but his mother did not relinquish executive authority to him.
After a conspiracy against Irene was suppressed in the spring of 790 she attempted to get official recognition as empress. This backfired and with military support Constantine finally came to actual power in 790, after the Armeniacs rebelled against Irene. Nevertheless, she was allowed to keep the title of Empress, which was confirmed in 792.
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Croats
Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Peru, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which has been influenced by a number of other neighbouring cultures through the ages. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean where, at the same time, Croats have made their own contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic with minor groups of Protestants, Muslims, Orthodox, Jews and secular non religious atheists and agnostics. Their language is Croatian.
Croatia is the nation state of the Croats, while in the adjacent Bosnia and Herzegovina they are one of the three constituent peoples alongside Bosniaks and Serbs.
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Cunipert
Cunincpert (also Cunibert or Cunipert) was king of the Lombards from 688 to 700. He succeeded his father Perctarit, though he was associated with the throne from 680.
Soon after his assumption of the sole kingship, Cunincpert was ousted by Alahis, duke of Brescia (who had previously been duke of Trento). Alahis had also rebelled during the reign of Perctarit but it was Cunincpert who, according to Paul the Deacon in the Historia Langobardorum had persuaded his father to show mercy. Perctarit is reported to have warned his son of the consequences. It was thus soon after Perctarit's death that Alahis forced Cunincpert to flee to Isola Comacina, an island in the middle of Lake Como.
The only extant record of the rule of Alahis is contained in Book V of the Historia Langobardorum of Paul the Deacon. His rule is portrayed as burdensome and tyrannical and particularly antagonistic to the Catholic Church. Having lost the support of the Church and crucially of the 'people' (notably Aldo and Grauso) Cunincpert was able to return to Pavia and resume control. Alahis, however was able to acquire sufficient support to bring the matter to battle. Cunincpert with the men of Piedmont defeated Alahis and the men of Venetia at the Battle of Coronate, on the Horn of the Adda, near Lodi in 689. Alahis was slain in battle.
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Dagobert I
Dagobert I (c. 603 – 19 January 639) was the king of Austrasia (623–634), king of all the Franks (629–634), and king of Neustria and Burgundy (629–639). He was the last Merovingian dynast to wield any real royal power. Dagobert was the first of the Frankish kings to be buried in the royal tombs at Saint Denis Basilica.
Dagobert was the eldest son of Chlothar II and Haldetrude (575–604). Chlothar II had reigned alone over all the Franks since 613. In 623, Chlothar was forced to make Dagobert king of Austrasia by the nobility of that region, who wanted a king of their own.
When Chlothar II granted Austrasia to Dagobert, he initially excluded Alsace, the Vosges, and the Ardennes, but shortly thereafter the Austrasian nobility forced him to concede these regions to Dagobert. The rule of a Frank from the Austrasian heartland tied Alsace more closely to the Austrasian court. Dagobert created a new duchy (the later Duchy of Alsace) in southwest Austrasia to guard the region from Burgundian or Alemannic encroachments and ambitions. The duchy comprised the Vosges, the Burgundian Gate, and the Transjura. Dagobert made his courtier Gundoin the first duke of this new polity that was to last until the end of the Merovingian dynasty.
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Dagobert III
Dagobert III (699–715) was Merovingian king of the Franks (711–715).
He was a son of Childebert III. He succeeded his father as the head of the three Frankish kingdoms—Neustria and Austrasia, unified since Pippin's victory at Tertry in 687, and the Kingdom of Burgundy—in 711, at the age of twelve. Real power, however, still remained with the Mayor of the Palace, Pippin of Herstal, who died in 714. Pippin's death occasioned open conflict between his heirs and the Neustrian nobles who elected the mayors of the palace. As for Dagobert himself, the Liber Historiae Francorum reports he died of illness, but otherwise says nothing about his character or actions.
While attention was focused on combatting the Frisians in the north, areas of southern Gaul began to secede during Dagobert's brief time: Savaric, the fighting bishop of Auxerre, in 714 and 715 subjugated Orléans, Nevers, Avallon, and Tonnerre on his own account, and Eudo in Toulouse and Antenor in Provence were essentially independent magnates.
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Desiderius
Desiderius (also known as Daufer or Dauferius; Didier in French and Desiderio in Italian) was the last king of the Lombard Kingdom of northern Italy (died c. 786). He is chiefly known for his connection to Charlemagne, who married his daughter and conquered his realm.
Desiderius was originally a royal officer, the dux Langobardorum et comes stabuli, "constable and duke of the Lombards," an office apparently similar to the contemporaneous Frankish office of dux Francorum. King Aistulf made him duke of Istria and Tuscany and he became king after the death of Aistulf in 756. At that time, Aistulf's predecessor, Ratchis, left his monastic retreat of Montecassino and tried to seize the kingdom, but Desiderius put his revolt down quickly with the support of Pope Stephen II. At his coronation, Desiderius promised to restore many lost papal towns to the Holy See, in return for the papacy's endorsement of his claim. Conflict with the Holy See under Pope Stephen III arose, for Stephen opposed Charlemagne's marriage to Desiderius' daughter. Desiderius ceased delivery of the towns after only a few.
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Drogo of Champagne
Drogo (670–708), son of Pepin the Middle and Plectrude, was the duke of Champagne by appointment of his father in 690 and duke of Burgundy from the death of Nordebert in 697. He was the mayor of the palace of Burgundy from 695.
He married Anstrude, the daughter of Ansflede and Waratton, the former mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, and also the widow of the mayor of the palace Berthar. They had four sons: Hugh, Arnulf (c. 690–c. 721), Godfrey, and Pepin. Drogo predeceased his father and left the duchy of Champagne to his second-eldest son Arnulf, as the first born Hugh had entered a monastery. Drogo is buried in Metz in Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains.
Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains at Metz, where Drogo is buried.
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Drogo of Metz
Drogo (June 17, 801 – December 8, 855), also known as Dreux or Drogon, was an illegitimate son of Frankish emperor Charlemagne by the concubine Regina.
As one of the few children to outlive his father, Drogo's prospects for political power were very favourable. Only one older son of Charlemagne remained, and was eager to ensure his few opponents were placated. He became a cleric in 818, abbot of Luxeuil in 820, acceded to become bishop of Metz in 823 and arch chapter in 834 in which position he remained for the duration of his life. His younger (full) brother, Hugh, was also ordained. He remained extremely loyal to his (half) brother, Louis the Pious and amassed great power under him. Drogo's influence began to wane after Louis' death, and his influence fell even more after the death of his only full brother Hugh in 844. Still, he managed to ensure the production of the Drogo Sacramentary, which is named for him. He is interred at Abbey Church of St. Arnulf in Metz.
Information about Droga, bishop of Metz we can find e.g. in Annales Bertiniani: anno 839: Dominicae nativitatis festum hilariter, a Drogone fratre suo et Metensis urbis episcopo decentissime susceptus, in eadem civitate caelebravit
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Eastphalia
Eastphalia (German: Ostfalen; Eastphalian: Oostfalen) is a historical region in northern Germany, encompassing the eastern Gaue (shires) of the historic stem duchy of Saxony, roughly confined by the Leine river in the west as well as Elbe and Saale in the east. The territory corresponds with the southeastern part of the present-day state of Lower Saxony and western Saxony-Anhalt. Together with Westphalia, central Angria and Nordalbingia it was one of the four Saxon main administrative regions.
The name Ostfalen probably means "east plain". Falen is a Germanic word meaning "flat", "level" and "plain" and is related to the Old Swedish word fala, found today in place names such as Falbygden and Falun, as well as in the northern German town of Fallstedt. The North German Plain of Eastphalia and Westphalia, divided by the Weser river, stand in contrast to the hilly region to the south, the Central Uplands of Franconia and Thuringia. Unlike the name Westphalia, that was perpetuated by the Duchy of Westphalia held by the Archbishops of Cologne, the name Eastphalia gradually fell out of use when the Saxon stem duchy dissolved upon the deposition of Duke Henry the Lion in 1180.
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Einhard
Einhard (also Eginhard or Einhart; c. 775 – March 14, 840) was a Frankish scholar and courtier. Einhard was a dedicated servant of Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious; his main work is a biography of Charlemagne, the Vita Karoli Magni, "one of the most precious literary bequests of the early Middle Ages."
Einhard was from the eastern German-speaking part of the Frank Kingdom. Born into a family of relatively low status, his parents sent him to be educated by the monks of Fulda - one of the most impressive centres of learning in the Frank lands - perhaps due to his small stature (Einhard referred to himself as a "tiny manlet") which restricted his riding and sword-fighting ability, Einhard concentrated his energies towards scholarship and especially to the mastering of Latin. Despite such humble origins, he was accepted into the hugely wealthy court of Charlemagne around 791 or 792. Charlemagne actively sought to amass scholarly men around him and established a royal school led by the Northumbrian scholar Alcuin. Einhard evidently was a talented builder and construction manager, because Charlemagne put him in charge of the completion of several palace complexes including Aachen and Ingelheim. Despite the fact that Einhard was on intimate terms with Charlemagne, he never achieved office in his reign. In 814, on Charlemagne's death his son Louis the Pious made Einhard his private secretary. Einhard retired from court during the time of the disputes between Louis and his sons in the spring of 830.
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Eraric
Eraric (died 541) was briefly King of the Ostrogoths, elected as the most distinguished among the Rugians in the confederation of the Ostrogoths. He summoned a council directed to convincing the confederation to make peace with the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian, under Roman suzeranity. The Ostrogoths opposed the ceasefire under the negotiations, and they instead elected Ildibad's nephew Totila. Soon afterwards Eraric was killed by Totilas followers.
History of the later Roman Empire from the death of Theodosius I ..., Volume 2 by John Bagnell Bury.
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Eric of Friuli
Eric (also Heirichus or Ehericus; died 799) was the Duke of Friuli (dux Foroiulensis) from 789 to his death. He was the eldest son of Gerold of Vinzgouw and by the marriage of his sister Hildegard the brother-in-law of Charlemagne.
Most of Eric's tenure was occupied by the job of subduing the Avars. In this he was accompanied by Pepin of Italy and his own father, the margrave of Avaria. In 791, he and Pepin marched a Lombard army into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia, while Charlemagne marched along the Danube into Avar territory. Charlemagne left the campaigning to deal with a Saxon revolt in 792. Pepin and Eric continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was sent to Charlemagne in Aachen and redistributed to all his followers and even to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia.
In 795 or 796, Eric and Pepin, allied with the Western Avar tudun, led an attack which forced the submission of the chief khagan and led to the capture of the Hunorum Hringum, or Ring of the Avars, their chief camp. The khagan was taken to Aachen, where he was baptised as Theodorus. According to the Annales Fuldenses, the khagan was killed by his own men.
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Eurasian Avars
The Eurasian Avars or Ancient Avars ( /ˈævɑrz/) were a Turkic people from the steppes of Central Asia, and later they became a confederation of Eurasian tribes of mixed origin. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit entourage of nomad warriors. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid-fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid-sixth century AD, when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Their state was the Avar Khaganate. The rule of their country over much of the Pannonian Plain persisted until the early 9th century.
The origin of the Eurasian Avars is unclear. Information about origins is derived primarily from the works of Byzantine historians Menander Protector and Theophylact Simocatta. John of Ephesus used the term "those, who are called "Avars," because of their long hair." The confusion is compounded by the fact that many clans carried a particular name because they believed it to be prestigious, or it was attributed to them by outsiders describing their common characteristics, believed place of origin or reputation.[citation needed] Such a case has been seen repeatedly for many nomadic confederacies.
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Fastrada
Fastrada (765–794) was an East Frankish noblewoman.*
She became the third wife of Charlemagne, marrying him in 784. She bore him two children:
She died during the synod of Frankfurt and was buried in St. Alban's Abbey, Mainz, long before the abbey was finalized. Due to archbishop Richulfs influence, Fastrada was not buried in the Basilique Saint-Denis, the burial site of almost all the Frankish and French monarchs, nor St. Arnulf's Abbey near Metz. After the destruction of St. Alban's Abbey in 1552, her tombstone was transferred to Mainz Cathedral, where it can be seen today in the wall of the southern nave.
Her stylized role was played by Leland Palmer in the musical Pippin by Stephen Schwartz.
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Felix of Aquitaine
Felix (died circa 676) was a patrician of Toulouse Duke of Aquitaine from 660 until his death. He had his seat at Toulouse and he is considered the first independent Duke of Aquitaine, i.e. formally vassal of the Franks but detached de facto from the Frankish central power base. He united under his rule the duchies of Vasconia and Aquitaine. Evidence suggests that his duchy was a recreation of the old kingdom of Charibert II. The last known duke before Felix was Boggis.
Therefore, in Felix's time Vasconia formed a part of Aquitaine, into which it had been incorporated following the successful putting down of a rebellion in 645. It is disputable whether or not Felix was a duke in his own right over a state of his own creation or a Merovingian official governing a constituent kingdom of the Frankish realm. It is also argued that the Basques were the allies of the Aquitainians and not their subjects. Felix' duchy encompassed Bordeaux, Vasconia (the Novempopulania and its fuzzy bordering lands to the south and north-east) and Narbonensis (including Toulouse), but did not extend to the Loire as in later ages.
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Francis I of France
Francis I (French: François Ier) (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death. During his reign, huge cultural changes took place in France and he has been called France's original Renaissance monarch. His permanent rivalry with the Emperor Charles V for hegemony in Europe was the origin of a long and ruinous military conflict that gave rise to the Protestant revolution.
Francis was an ally of Suleiman the Magnificent, with whom he formed the Franco-Ottoman alliance. His great rivals were King Henry VIII of England and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
Francis was born at the Château de Cognac in the town of Cognac 400 km southwest of Paris, which at that time lay in the province of Saintonge, a part of the Duchy of Aquitaine. The town lies today in the French department of Charente.
Francis was the only son of Charles, Count of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy and a great-great-grandson of King Charles V. His family was not expected to inherit the throne, as his third cousin King Charles VIII was still young, as was his father's cousin the Duke of Orléans. However, Charles VIII died childless in 1498 and left the throne to the Duke of Orléans, who became Louis XII. The Salic Law prevailed in France, and women were ineligible to inherit the throne. Therefore, four-year-old Francis (who was already Count of Angoulême after the death of his own father two years prior) became the heir presumptive to the throne of France and was vested with the title of Duke of Valois.
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Francis II of France
Francis II (French: François II) (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was aged 15 when he succeeded to the throne of France after the accidental death of his father, King Henry II, in 1559. He reigned for 18 months before he died in December 1560. He was also King consort of Scotland (1558–1560) as the husband of Queen Mary I.
He was born at the Royal Chateau at Fontainebleau, the son of Henry II, King of France (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) and Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589).
He was the grandson of King Francis I of France, and of Claude of France, and the brother of King Charles IX of France, and of King Henry III of France. He was also the first husband of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Following the death of her father, James V, King of Scots, Mary I was crowned Queen of Scots in Stirling Castle on 9 September 1543, at the age of nine months. The marriage between the Queen of Scots and the Dauphin of France, was arranged by Henry II of France in 1548, when Francis was just four years old. Once the marriage agreement had been formally ratified, the now six-year-old Mary was sent to France, to be raised in the royal court until the marriage.
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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French people
The French (French: Français) are a nation that share a common French culture and speak the French language as a mother tongue. Historically, the French population are descended from peoples of Celtic, Latin and Germanic origin, and are today a mixture of several ethnic groups. Within France, the French are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence.
However, the word can also refer to people of French descent who are found in other countries, with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as Argentina (French Argentines), Brazil (French Brazilians), French West Indies (the French Caribbean people), Canada (French Canadians) and the United States (French Americans), and some of them have a French cultural identity. The United Kingdom also has a large French population, mainly in England, and due to historic relations and immigration.
To be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion). According to its principles, France has devoted herself to the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan's "plébiscite de tous les jours" ("daily referendum" on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?").
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Friedrich Kaulbach
Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Kaulbach (8 July 1822 – 17 September 1903) was a German painter from Bad Arolsen, Hesse. His father was Christian Kaulbach (1777–1847), a cabinet maker in Arolsen. He was also the cousin and at one time the student of the painter Wilhelm von Kaulbach, son of Philipp Karl Friedrich v. Kaulbach (1775–1846), goldsmith and amateur painter; Wilhelm's son, Herman Kaulbach (1846–1909); and his own son, Friedrich August von Kaulbach (1850–1920).
After a visit to Venice in 1844, he and his uncle parted ways. He painted independently until 1848, when he executed the painting Adam and Eve beside the body of Abel. This led to a call to a professorship at the Art Academy of Munich, which he declined.
In 1850 he traveled to Paris, where he produced historical paintings, and supported himself through portraiture. In 1850, Maximilian II of Bavaria commissioned him to paint the Coronation of Charlemagne for the Museum Maximilianeum. The picture was completed in 1861.
Kaulbach served as the court painter to King George V, whom he repeatedly portrayed, where he was a favorite portrait painter of the local nobility. While he was the court painter to Hanover, he received a professorship at the University of Hanover; among other benefits, the king gave his own studio and residential building, designed by the architect of the Hanoverian Christian Heinrich Tramm 1857-60 on Waterloo Street in Hanover. The house today is part of the Waterloo Beergarden. In her memoirs, his daughter Isidore described the visitors to the family home, who included Johannes Brahms, Clara Schumann, Franz Liszt, Joseph Joachim, Ernst von Wildenbruch and Anton Rubinstein.
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Frisians
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia, that was a part of Denmark until 1864. They inhabit an area known as Frisia. The Frisian languages are still used by 500,000 speakers; dialects of Frisian are recognized as official languages in both the Netherlands and Germany.
The ancient Frisii enter recorded history in the Roman account of Drusus' 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and the Chauci. They occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the Revolt of the Batavi around 70 AD. They are not mentioned again until c. 296, when they were deported into Roman territory as laeti (i.e., Roman-era serfs). The discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th century Frisia, called terp Tritzum, shows that an unknown number of them were resettled in Flanders and Kent, probably as laeti under Roman coercion.
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Garibald
Garibald was the young son of Grimoald I of Benevento, king of the Lombards, and Theodota, daughter of Aripert I. After his father's death in 671, he reigned briefly for three months until the numerous adherents of Perctarit, his uncle, who had been exiled by Grimoald nine years earlier, beseeched their candidate to return and elected him, deposing the young king.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Godepert
Godepert (also Gundipert, Godebert, Godipert, Godpert, Gotebert, Gotbert, Gotpert, Gosbert, or Gottbert) was king of the Lombards (crowned 661), eldest son and successor of Aripert I. He was an Arian who governed from the ancient capital, Pavia, while his brother, Perctarit, a Roman Catholic, governed from Milan. In a war with his brother - begun with the year - he beckoned Duke Grimoald I of Benevento, who assassinated him in his Pavian palace, the Reggia. His son Raginpert managed to escape and would later rule. But first, Grimoald seized the throne.
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Grifo
Grifo (726–753) was the son of the Frankish major domo Charles Martel and his second wife Swanahild.
After the death of Charles Martel power may well have been intended to be divided among Grifo and his half-brothers Pepin the Younger (Pepin the Short) and Carloman. Grifo, considered illegitimate by Pepin and Carloman, was lured into a trap by his half-brothers, however, and imprisoned in a monastery.
On his escape in 747, his maternal great-uncle Duke Odilo of Bavaria provided support and assistance to Grifo, but when Odilo died a year later and Grifo attempted to seize the duchy of Bavaria for himself, Pepin, who had become sole major domo of the Frankish (Merovingian) Empire upon Carloman's resignation and retreat into a monastery, took decisive action by invading Bavaria and installing Odilo's infant son, Tassilo III, as duke under Frankish overlordship. Grifo continued his rebellion, but was eventually killed in the battle of Saint-Jean de Maurienne in 753, while Pepin became king of the Franks as Pepin III in 751.
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Grimoald the Elder
Grimoald I (616–656), called the Elder (in French, Grimaud L'Ainé), was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia from 643 to 656. He was the son of Pepin of Landen and Itta.
With the death of Pepin of Landen in 640, Grimoald became the head of his household, the most powerful in Austrasia. At this time, Radulf, Duke of Thuringia, rebelled against Sigebert III, king of Austrasia. Grimoald participated in the ensuing expedition against the insurrection, but it was a failure. Nevertheless, Grimoald succeeded in saving the life of the king and became his close friend. Then, by removing the mayor of the palace, Otto, he took over the position which his father once held.
Grimoald convinced the childless king (Sigebert III) to adopt his son, named Childebert at his baptism. Sigebert eventually had an heir, Dagobert II, but Grimoald feared the fate of his own dynasty and exiled the young Dagobert to either an Irish monastery or the cathedral school of Poitiers. Upon Sigebert's death, probably in 651, Grimoald put his son on the throne.
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Grimoald the Younger
Grimoald II (French: Grimaud) (died 714), called the Younger, was the mayor of the palace of Neustria from 695. He was the second son of Pepin of Heristal and Plectrude and his father placed him in the office of mayor of the palace in the Neustrian kingdom in 695, when he was still young.
He married Theudesinda (or Theodelinda), daughter of Radbod, King of the Frisians, and had two sons: Theudoald and Arnold. While en route to visit the tomb of Saint Lambert at Liège, he was assassinated by a certain Rangar, in the employ of his father-in-law. His sons carried on a fight to be recognised as Pepin of Heristal's true heirs, since Grimoald predeceased his father and his bastard half-brother Charles Martel usurped the lands and offices of their father.
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Gudfred
King Gudfred (ruled from 804 or earlier until 810) was a Danish king during the Viking era. Gudfred was the younger son of King Sigfred. Alternate spelling include Godfred, Göttrick (German), Gøtrik (Danish), Gudrød (Danish), and Godofredus (Latin).
King Gudfred appeared in present day Holstein with a navy in 804 AD where diplomacy took place with the Franks. It is believed that Gudfred's brother Halfdan became earl of some wealthy market towns south of the river Ejder, occupying what became known as North Frisia. Refusing to pay tax to Gudfred, Halfdan swore his allegiance to Charlemagne in 807 to get his protection. In 798, the Obodrites had defeated the Saxons in the battle on Swentana river. The Saxons were dispersed by the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. The part of their former land in Holstein north of Elbe was awarded to the Obotrites in 804, as a reward for their victory. In 804, a Frankish army penetrated as far as the Ejder, Denmark's traditional boundary at the time.
Fearing an invasion by the Franks, who had conquered heathen Frisia over the previous 100 years and Old Saxony in 772 to 804, Godfred began work on an enormous structure to defend his realm, separating Jutland from the northern extent of the Frankish Empire. The Frankish invasion never materialized, but it caused Gudfred to construct the first sections of the Danevirke, which ran from the Schlei toward the west coast of Denmark by means of the river Trende. The wall was built with an earthen embankment topped by a wooden stockade and protected from the south by a deep ditch. Denmark's most important town, Hedeby, which apparently already existed on the Schlien, was expanded and garrisoned with Danish soldiers and the early sections of the wall were designed to protect it.
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Guntram
Saint Guntram (c. 532, Soissons – 28 January 592) (also called Gontram, Gontran, Gunthram, or Gunthchramn) was the king of Burgundy from 561 to 592. He was a son (third eldest, second eldest surviving) of Chlothar I and Ingunda. On his father's death (561), he became king of a fourth of the kingdom of the Franks, and made his capital at Orléans.
He had something of that fraternal love which his brothers lacked and the preeminent chronicler of the period, Gregory of Tours, often calls him good king Guntram, as noted here, where Gregory discusses the fate of Guntram's three marriages:
The good king Guntram first took a concubine Veneranda, a slave belonging to one of his people, by whom he had a son Gundobad. Later he married Marcatrude, daughter of Magnar, and sent his son Gundobad to Orléans. But after she had a son Marcatrude was jealous, and proceeded to bring about Gundobad's death. She sent poison, they say, and poisoned his drink. And upon his death, by God's judgment she lost the son she had and incurred the hate of the king, was dismissed by him, and died not long after. After her he took Austerchild, also named Bobilla. He had by her two sons, of whom the older was called Clothar and the younger Chlodomer.
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Guy III of Spoleto
Guy of Spoleto (died 12 December 894), sometimes known by the Italian version of his name, Guido, or by the German version, Wido, was the Margrave of Camerino from 880 (as Guy I or Guy II) and then Duke of Spoleto and Camerino (as Guy III) from 883. He was crowned King of Italy in 889 and Holy Roman Emperor in 891. He died in 894 while fighting for control of the Italian peninsula.
Guy was married to Ageltrude, daughter of Adelchis of Benevento, who bore him a son named Lambert.
Guy was the second son of Guy I of Spoleto and Itta, daughter of Sico of Benevento. Guy I was the son of Lambert I of Nantes and his second wife, Adelaide of Lombardy, who was a daughter of Charlemagne's second eldest son, Pepin of Italy. In 842, the former Duchy of Spoleto, which had been donated to the Papacy by Charlemagne, was resurrected by the Franks to be held against Byzantine catapans to the south, as a Frankish border territory by a dependent margrave.
Consequently, Guy’s family had been important players in Italian politics since the early ninth century. Although in 876 Guy and his elder brother, Lambert, Duke of Spoleto, had been commissioned by Charles the Bald to accompany Pope John VIII to Naples to break up the alliances that many of the southern Lombard states had made with the Saracens, the family’s interests were generally hostile to the papacy, a policy that Guy initially followed.
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Henri Pirenne
Henri Pirenne (23 December 1862 - 25 October 1935) was a Belgian historian. A medievalist of Walloon descent, he wrote a multivolume history of Belgium in French and became a national hero. He also became prominent in the nonviolent resistance to the Germans who occupied Belgium in World War I.
Henri Pirenne's reputation today rests on three contributions to European history: for what has become known as the Pirenne Thesis, concerning origins of the Middle Ages in reactive state formation and shifts in trade; for a distinctive view of Belgium's medieval history; and for his model of the development of the medieval city.
Pirenne argued that profound social, economic, cultural, and religious movements in the long-term resulted from equally profound underlying causes, and this attitude influenced Marc Bloch and the outlook of the French Annales School of social history. Though Pirenne had his opponents, notably Alfons Dopsch who disagreed on essential points, recent historians of the Middle Ages usually take Pirenne's main theses, however much they are modified, as starting points.
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Henry I of France
Henry I (4 May 1008 – 4 August 1060) was the King of the Franks from 1031 to his death. The royal demesne of France reached its smallest size during his reign, and for this reason he is often seen as emblematic of the weakness of the early Capetians. This is not entirely agreed upon, however, as other historians regard him as a strong but realistic king, who was forced to conduct a policy mindful of the limitations of the French monarchy.
A member of the House of Capet, Henry was born in Reims, the son of King Robert II (972–1031) and Constance of Arles (986–1034). He was crowned King of France at the Cathedral in Reims on 14 May 1027, in the Capetian tradition, while his father still lived. He had little influence and power until he became sole ruler on his father's death.
The reign of Henry I, like those of his predecessors, was marked by territorial struggles. Initially, he joined his brother Robert, with the support of their mother, in a revolt against his father (1025). His mother, however, supported Robert as heir to the old king, on whose death Henry was left to deal with his rebel sibling. In 1032, he placated his brother by giving him the duchy of Burgundy which his father had given him in 1016.
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Henry II of France
Henry II (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559. Henry II's reign was dominated by war against the House of Habsburg, chiefly in Italy. He suffered an untimely death in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis at the conclusion of the conflict. During Henry's reign, Protestantism became an important minority religion in France, in spite of his efforts to suppress it. His death led to a weakening of French royal authority that helped spur decades of religious violence between Protestants and Catholics.
Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the son of Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany (daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany).
His father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by his sworn enemy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and held prisoner in Spain. To obtain his release it was eventually agreed that Henry and his older brother be sent to Spain in his place. They remained in captivity for three years.
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Henry III of France
Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589; born Alexandre Édouard de France, Polish: Henryk Walezy, Lithuanian: Henrikas Valua) was King of France from 1574 to 1589. As Henry of Valois, he was the first elected monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the dual titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1573 to 1575.
Henry was born at the Royal Château de Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne, third son of King Henry II and Catherine de' Medici, grandson of Francis I of France and Claude of France, and brother of Francis II of France and Charles IX of France. He was made Duke of Angoulême and Duke of Orléans in 1560, and Duke of Anjou in 1566.
In 1564, his name became Henri.[citation needed] He was his mother's favourite; she called him chers yeux ("Precious Eyes") and lavished fondness and affection upon him for most of his life. His elder brother, Charles, grew to detest him, resenting Henry's greater health and activity.[citation needed]
In his youth, he was considered the best of the sons of Catherine de' Medici and Henry II. Unlike his father and elder brothers, he had little interest in the traditional Valois pastimes of hunting and physical exercise. Although he was both fond of fencing and skilled in it, he preferred to indulge his tastes for the arts and reading. These predilections were attributed to his Italian mother.
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Henry IV of France
Henry IV (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), Henri-Quatre, was King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France.
Baptised Catholic, he converted to Protestantism along with his mother Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre. He inherited the throne of Navarre, in 1572, on the death of his mother. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the Wars of Religion, he barely escaped the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and later led protestant forces against the French Royal Army.
As a prince de sang by his father, Antoine de Bourbon, he was also the natural heir to the throne of France. On the death of the childless Henry III, he ascended the throne of France in 1589, but had to abjure his Calvinist faith. However, his coronation was followed by a four-year war against the Catholic League to establish his legitimacy.
One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and, as a politique, displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He notably enacted the Edict of Nantes, in 1598, which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants, thereby effectively ending the civil war. He was assassinated by François Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic.
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Hildeprand
Hildeprand the Useless was king of the Lombards in 744 and grandson or nephew of Liutprand. He participated in the siege of Ravenna in 734 with Liutprand, with whom he was associated as king from 737. He began his reign in his own right in January 744, but was deposed by a great council after a few months for his incompetence. He was dead by August.
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Himiltrude
Himiltrude (c. 742-c.780?) was the mother of Charlemagne's first-born son Pippin the Hunchback.
Little is known about Himiltrude's origins. Paulus Diaconus calls her a "noble girl". The appearance of her name in the fraternity books of Alemannian monasteries may suggest an affiliation with the Germanic Alemannian or Alsatian nobility, while other sources make her the daughter of a Burgundian count and a granddaughter of Grimbert I, Count of Paris. It is not possible, however, to extrapolate any political ramifications from Charlemagne's relationship with Himiltrude.
Himiltrude probably entered into a relationship with Charlemagne during the lifetime of his father, Pepin the Younger. When Charlemagne acceded to the throne in 768, Himiltrude remained unnamed in official sources – contrary to the example set by Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada. Himiltrude bore Charles a daughter called Amaudru, who would later marry a Count of Paris; and at the end of 769 a son called Pépin. Shortly after Pepin's birth, an alliance was formulated between Charlemagne and the King of the Lombards, Desiderius. To seal the alliance, it was agreed that Charlemagne should marry Desiderius' daughter (called Desiderata by modern scholars).
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Hrodgaud of Friuli
Hrodgaud or Rodgand was the Duke of Friuli from 774 to 776. In all likelihood he was already duke under Desiderius, not with standing some Frankish sources, such as the Einhardis annales, who say that Charlemagne put him in power after the Siege of Pavia.
In 776, he rebelled against his lord and, according to some, declared himself king. Charlemagne, however, had been forewarned of the revolt by Pope Hadrian I, who himself had been warned in a letter by John, Patriarch of Grado. Hadrian believed that a conspiracy of Lombards and Byzantines, led by Arechis II of Benevento, Hildeprand of Spoleto, and Raginald of Clusium, was brewing against the Franks. Thus, Charles quickly crossed the Alps and defeated him, retaking Friuli and Treviso, where he spent Easter, removing Hrodgaud from power and replacing him with Marcarius. He placed Frankish counts in the cities of Friuli.
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Hugh Capet
Hugh Capet (c. 939 – 24 October 996), called in contemporary sources "Hugh the Great" (Latin: Hugo Magnus), was the first King of the Franks of the eponymous Capetian dynasty from his election to succeed the Carolingian Louis V in 987 until his death.
The son of Hugh the Great, Duke of France, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of the German king Henry the Fowler, Hugh was born in 939. His paternal family, the Robertians, were powerful landowners in the Île-de-France. His grandfather had been King Robert I. His grandmother Beatrice was a Carolingian, a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois. This makes him the great-great-great-great-great grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy. King Odo was his grand-uncle and King Rudolph the son-in-law of his grandfather, King Robert I. Hugh was born into a well-connected and powerful family with many ties to the reigning nobility of Europe. But for all this, Hugh's father was never king. When Rudolph died in 936, Hugh the Great organised the return of Louis d'Outremer, son of Charles the Simple, from his exile at the court of Athelstan of England. Hugh's motives are unknown, but it is presumed that he acted to forestall Rudolph's brother and successor as Duke of Burgundy, Hugh the Black, from taking the French throne, or to prevent it from falling into the grasping hands of Herbert II of Vermandois or Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy.
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Hugh of Italy
Hugh of Arles (or Hugh of Provence) (before 885 – 10 April 948) was King of Italy from 924 until his death. He was a Bosonid. During his reign, he empowered his relatives at the expense of the aristocracy and tried to establish a relationship with the Byzantine-Roman Empire. He had success in defending the realm from external enemies, but his domestic habits and policies, which showed some evidence of culture in an otherwise barbaric century, created many internal foes and he was removed from power before his death.
He was the son of Theobald of Arles and Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Lothair II, King of Lotharingia. By inheritance, he was Count of Arles and Vienne, which made him one of the most important and influential nobles in the Kingdom of Provence. After the Emperor Louis III, who was also King of Provence, was captured, blinded, and exiled from Italy in 905, Hugh became his chief adviser and regent. By 911, most of the royal prerogatives were exercised by Hugh and Louis ceded him the titles dux of Provence and marchio of the Viennois. He moved the capital to his family's chief seat of Arles and married Louis's possible half-sister Willa, daughter of Boso of Provence and an unknown earlier wife.
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Hunald of Aquitaine
Hunald (also known as Hunoald, Hunuald, Chunoald, Chunold, Hunold, or Hunaud), Duke of Aquitaine (735-744 or 748), succeeded his father Odo the Great in 735.
He refused to recognize the high authority of the Frankish mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, whereupon Charles marched south of the Loire, seized Bordeaux, and Blaye, but eventually allowed Hunald to retain Aquitaine on condition that he should promise fidelity.
From 736 to 741, the relations between Charles and Hunald seem to have remained amicable, but upon Charles's death in 741, Hunald declared war against the Franks. Pepin and Carloman in turn crossed the Loire, ransacked the region of Berry and the outskirts of Bourges and, later, destroyed the castle of Loches and took prisoners all its inhabitants. Hunald seems to have retaliated by rampaging and burning Chartres. However, Hunald begged for peace in 745 and retired to a monastery, probably on the Île de Ré.
We find him later in Italy, where he allied himself with the Lombards and was stoned to death.[citation needed] He had left the duchy of Aquitaine to Waifer, who was probably his son, and who struggled for eight years in defending his independence.
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Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection. However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns.Priscus mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; little of it has survived and its relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. Most authorities suppose that it may have been a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, with the languages Bulgar, Khazar, Turkic Avar and Chuvash. Numerous other languages were spoken within the Hun pax including East Germanic, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the Hunnic territories. Their main military technique was mounted archery.
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Ildibad
Ildibad (Sometimes rendered Hildebad or Heldebadus) (died 541) was a king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, being chosen to replace Witiges, who had been engaged in various intregues with Belisarius, and had left Ravenna. He moved his capital to Pavia in 540, conquered Treviso, installing his nephew Totila as commander, and soon controlled Venetia and Liguria.
Ildibald reigned for only about a year before being killed by a Gepid at a palace banquet. After a brief interlude under Eraric, he was succeeded by his nephew Totila.
Ildibad was a nephew of Theudis, one of the Visigothic kings in Spain. This relationship led Peter Heather to suggest that both belonged to a powerful, non-royal clan.
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra, Čakavian: Istrija, Jistra, Croatian pronunciation: [îstra]; Italian: Istria; Istriot: Eîstria; German: Istrien; Hungarian: Isztria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Bay of Kvarner. It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.
The geographical features of Istria include the Učka mountain ridge, which is the highest portion of the Ćićarija mountain range; the rivers Dragonja, Mirna, Pazinčica, and Raša; and the Lim bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (89%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include Pula, Poreč, Rovinj, Pazin, Labin, Umag, Motovun, Buzet, and Buje. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum.
The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it is known as Slovenian Istria, and includes the coastal municipalities of Piran, Izola and Koper, and the Karstic municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina. Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle.
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Italians
Italians (Italian: italiani) are an ethnic group native of Southern Europe that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favorably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and, historically, from ethnic Italians living in the unredeemed territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula.
In 2012, in addition to the 60 million Italians in Italy and 3,000 in San Marino, Italian-speaking, autonomous groups are found in neighboring countries: about 500,000 in Switzerland, a large, but undefined population in France (Nice, Corsica), and smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia, primarily in Istria. If regarded as an ethnic group, they constitute one of the world's largest.
Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, about 4 and half million Italian citizens and over 70 million people of full or part Italian ancestry live outside of Italy, most notably in South America, North America, Australia and parts of Europe.
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John I of France
John I (15 November 1316 – 20 November 1316), called the Posthumous, was King of France and Navarre, and Count of Champagne, as the son and successor of Louis the Headstrong, for the five days he lived. He thus had the shortest undisputed recognized reign of any French king. (The shortest recorded reign was that of Louis XIX, who reigned for 20 minutes, but his legitimacy was disputed.)
The posthumous son of Louis X and Clementia of Hungary, sister of the King Charles I of Hungary, he is the only person to be King of France since birth, and thus, the youngest King of France.
John reigned for five days under his uncle's regency, until his death on 20 November 1316. The infant King was buried in Saint Denis Basilica. He was succeeded by his uncle, Philip the Tall.
The premature death of John I brought the first issue of succession of the Capetian dynasty. When Louis the Headstrong, his father, died without a son to succeed him, it was the first time since Hugh Capet that the succession from father to son the kings of France was interrupted. It was then decided to wait until the Queen Clemence, who was pregnant, brought her child into the world. And for now, the king's brother, Philip, was in charge of the regency of the kingdom against his uncle Charles de Valois. The birth of a male child was expected to give France its king. The problem of succession remained when the infant that was proclaimed King of France under the name of John I, died five days after birth. It was his uncle who ascended the throne at the expense of his four-year-old half-sister, Joan, daughter of Louis X and Margaret of Burgundy.
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John II of France
John II (16 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was the King of France from 1350 until his death. He was the second sovereign of the House of Valois and is perhaps best remembered as the king who was vanquished at the Battle of Poitiers and taken as a captive to England.
The son of Philip VI and Joan the Lame, John became the Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, and Duke of Normandy in 1332. He was created Count of Poitiers in 1344, Duke of Aquitaine in 1345, and Duke of Burgundy (as John I) from 1361 to 1363. By his marriage to Joanna I, Countess of Auvergne and Boulogne, he became jure uxoris Count of Auvergne and Boulogne from 1350 to 1360.
John succeeded his father in 1350 and was crowned at Notre-Dame de Reims. As king, John surrounded himself with poor administrators, preferring to enjoy the good life his wealth as king brought. Later in his reign, he took over more of the administration himself.
John was nine years old when his father had himself crowned as Philip VI of France. His ascent to the throne was unexpected, and because all female descendants of his uncle Philip the Fair were passed over, it was also disputed. The new king had to consolidate his power in order to protect his throne from rival claimants. Philip therefore decided to marry off his son John—then thirteen years old—quickly to form a strong matrimonial alliance, at the same time conferring upon him the title of Duke of Normandy.
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John Julius Norwich
John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich CVO (born 15 September 1929) — known as John Julius Norwich — is an English historian, travel writer and television personality.
Norwich is the son of the Conservative politician and diplomat Duff Cooper and of Lady Diana Cooper, a celebrated beauty and society figure. Through his father, he is descended from King William IV and his mistress Dorothea Jordan.
He was educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Canada (as a wartime evacuee), at Eton College, and at the University of Strasbourg. He served in the Royal Navy before taking a degree in French and Russian at New College, Oxford.
Joining the British Foreign Service after Oxford, John Julius Cooper served in Yugoslavia and Lebanon, and as a member of British delegation to the Disarmament Conference in Geneva. At his father's death in 1954, he inherited the title of Viscount Norwich, created for Duff Cooper in 1952, which made him a member of the British House of Lords.
In 1964, Norwich left the diplomatic service to become a writer. Apart from his many books (see list), he has also served as editor of series such as Great Architecture of the World, The Italian World, The New Shell Guides to Great Britain, The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Art and the Duff Cooper Diaries. Norwich has often contributed to Cornucopia, a magazine devoted to the history and culture of Turkey.
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Julius Pokorny
Julius Pokorny (June 12, 1887 – April 8, 1970) was an Austrian linguist and scholar of the Celtic languages, particularly Irish, and a supporter of Irish nationalism. He held academic posts in Austrian and German universities.
He was born in Prague, Austria–Hungary, and educated at the Piarist School in Prague and the Benedictine Abbey school in Kremsmünster, Austria. From 1905 until 1911 he studied at the University of Vienna, graduating in law and philology, and he taught there from 1913 to 1920. Roger Casement was in correspondence with Pokorny in Austria from Berlin in March 1916. He also served as a reservist in the Austrian Army during World War I.
In 1920 he succeeded Kuno Meyer as Chair of Celtic philology at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. Although baptised Catholic at birth and being sympathetic to German nationalism, he was suspended in 1933 under the Nazi Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, because of his Jewish ancestry. He was reinstated later that year under the exemption for those who had worn the uniform of Germany or its allies in World War I, which had been insisted on by President Paul von Hindenburg before he signed the bill into law. In 1935 he was dismissed under the provisions of the racist Nuremberg Laws. He continued to live more or less openly in Berlin until at least 1939, but lived a shadowy existence there from around 1940. He escaped to Switzerland in 1943, where he taught for a few years at the University of Berne and at the University of Zürich until his retirement in 1959.
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Justinian I
Justinian I ( /dʒʌˈstɪniən/) (Latin: Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Augustus, Ancient Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός) (c. 482 – 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.
One of the most important figures of Late Antiquity and the last Roman Emperor to speak Latin as a first language, Justinian's rule constitutes a distinct epoch in the history of the Eastern Roman Empire. The impact of his administration extended far beyond the boundaries of his time and domain. Justinian's reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire". This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. His general Belisarius swiftly conquered the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, extending Roman control to the Atlantic Ocean. Subsequently Belisarius, Narses, and other generals conquered the Ostrogothic Kingdom, restoring Dalmatia, Sicily, Italy, and Rome to the Empire after more than half a century of barbarian control.
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King Arthur
King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians. The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources, including the Annales Cambriae, the Historia Brittonum, and the writings of Gildas. Arthur's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin.
The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth's fanciful and imaginative 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). Some Welsh and Breton tales and poems relating the story of Arthur date from earlier than this work; in these works, Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore, sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld, Annwn. How much of Geoffrey's Historia (completed in 1138) was adapted from such earlier sources, rather than invented by Geoffrey himself, is unknown.
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Krum
Krum the Horrible (Bulgarian: Крум) was Khan of Bulgaria, from after 796, but before 803, to 814 AD. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization.
In c. 805, Krum took advantage of the defeat of the Avar Khaganate to destroy the remainder of the Avars and to expand his authority across the Carpathians over Transylvania and along the Danube into eastern Pannonia. This resulted in the establishment of a common border between the Frankish Empire and Bulgaria, which would have important repercussions for the policy of Krum's successors.
Krum engaged in a policy of territorial expansion. In 807 the Bulgarian forces defeated the Byzantine army in the Struma valley. In 809 Krum besieged and forced the surrender of Serdica (Sofia). This victory provoked the reaction of the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I, who proceeded to settle Anatolian populations along the frontier to protect it. He also attempted to retake and refortify Serdica, although this enterprise ultimately failed.
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Leo III the Isaurian
Leo III the Isaurian also known as the Syrian or the Iconoclast (Greek: Λέων Γ΄, Leōn III), (c. 685 – 18 June 741) was Byzantine Emperor from 717 until his death in 741. He put an end to a period of instability, successfully defended the Empire against the invading Umayyads, and forbade the veneration of icons (see Iconoclasm).
Leo, whose original name was Konon, was born in Germanikeia (Maraş/Turkey) in the Syrian province of Commagene. Some, including the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes, have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in Thrace, where he entered the service of Emperor Justinian II, when the latter was advancing on Constantinople with an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by Tervel of Bulgaria in 705.
After the victory of Justinian II, Leo was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. Leo was appointed commander (stratēgos) of the Anatolic theme by Emperor Anastasius II. On his deposition Leo joined with his colleague Artabasdus, the stratēgos of the Armeniac theme, in conspiring to overthrow the new Emperor Theodosius III. Artabasdus was betrothed to Anna, daughter of Leo as part of the agreement.
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Liutperga
Liutperga (8th century) was the daughter of Desiderius, King of the Lombards, and Ansa. She was the wife of Tassilo III, the last Agilolfing Duke of Bavaria.
She was married to Tassilo prior to 770, to confirm the traditional alliance between Lombardy and Bavaria. The couple had several children.
She resented her former brother-in-law, Charlemagne, for his repudiation of her sister Desiderata and his subsequent destruction of the Kingdom of Lombardy and imprisonment of her parents. She encouraged her husband to rebel against Charlemagne, his cousin. The plan backfired: after word came to Charlemagne that Tassilo had been secretly plotting with the Avars, the enemies of the Franks, Tassilo was put on trial and condemned to death. The sentence was commuted to confiscation of Tassilo's lands and honours; he and his family, including Liutperga, were then tonsured and sent to religious houses.
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Liutpert
Liutpert (or Liutbert) (died 702) was the Lombard king of Italy from 700 and to 702, with interruption. Upon succeeding his father, King Cunincpert, at a young age, he ruled together with his tutor, Ansprand, the duke of Asti. After eight months, he was deposed by Raghinpert, the duke of Turin and son of Godepert, Liutpert's great-uncle, but succeeded in returning to the throne several months later upon Raghinpert's death, only to be deposed again, taken captive from Pavia, and drowned by Aripert II, Raghinpert's son.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
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Lothair I
Lothair I or Lothar I (German: Lothar, French: Lothaire, Italian: Lotario, Dutch: Lotharius) (795 – 29 September 855) was the Emperor of the Romans (817–855), co-ruling with his father until 840, and the King of Bavaria (815–817), Italy (818–855) and Middle Francia (840–855). The territory of Lothringen (Lorraine in French and English) is named after him.
Lothair was the eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman the duke of Hesbaye. On several occasions, Lothair led his full-brothers Pippin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German in revolt against their father to protest against attempts to make their half-brother Charles the Bald a co-heir to the Frankish domains. Upon the father's death, Charles and Louis joined forces against Lothair in a three year civil war (840–843). The struggles between the brothers lead directly to the breakup of the Frankish Empire assembled by their grandfather Charlemagne, and laid the foundation for the development of modern France and Germany.
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Lothair II of Italy
Lothair II (926/8 – 22 November 950), often Lothair of Arles, was the King of Italy from 948 to his death. He was of the noble Frankish lineage of the Bosonids, descended from Boso the Elder. His father and predecessor was Hugh of Provence and his mother was a German princess named Alda (or Hilda).
Although he held the title of rex Italiae, he never succeeded in exercising power there. He was betrothed in 931 and married, 12 December 947, to the fifteen-year-old Adelaide, the spirited and intelligent daughter of Rudolf II of Burgundy and Bertha of Swabia.
Their marriage was part of a political settlement designed to conclude a peace between her father and his. The couple had a daughter, Emma, born as early as 948, who was married in 966 to the Carolingian Lothair of France.
Lothair's power in Italy was nominal. From the time of the successful uprising of the nobles in 945, when Hugh was forced into exile, Berengar of Ivrea kept all real power and patronage in his hands. Lothair died at Turin, perhaps poisoned by Berengar, who attempted to cement his usurped political power in Lombardy by forcing Lothair's widow to marry his son Adalbert. Instead she entreated the protection of Otto I of Germany, whom she married.
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Lothair of France
Lothair (French: Lothaire; Latin: Lothārius) (941–986), sometimes called Lothair IV, was the Carolingian king of West Francia (10 September 954 – 1 March 986), son of Louis IV and Gerberga of Saxony.
He succeeded his father in 954 at the age of thirteen and crowned at Rheims on 12 November 954. He was at first under the guardianship of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris, who had been an adversary to his father but nonetheless was appointed guardian of the king's estates, though not as regent for the young king who assumed his royal dignities at thirteen. This gave the young Lothair the opportunity to come to know his guardian's heir, the sixteen year old Hugh Capet, before his father's death in 956; Capet later became king and founder of the Capetian Dynasty.
The beginning of his reign was occupied with wars against the vassals, particularly against the duke of Normandy, and it should be made clear that the monarch of Western Francia was more a ceremonial title, more of a first among equals status, than that state which would represent the later centralised authority meant by monarchies of later historical epochs.
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Louis II of Italy
Louis II the Younger (825 – Ghedi 12 August 875) was the King of Italy and Roman Emperor from 844, co-ruling with his father Lothair I until 855, after which he ruled alone. Louis's usual title was imperator augustus ("august emperor"), but he used imperator Romanorum after his conquest of Bari in 871, which led to poor relations with Byzantium. He was called imperator Italiae ("emperor of Italy") in West Francia while the Byzantines called him Basileus Phrangias ("Emperor of the Franks"). The chronicler Andreas Bergomatis, who is the most important source for Louis's activities in southern Italy, notes that "after his death a great tribulation came to Italy."
He was the eldest son of the Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours. He was designated King of Italy in 839 and took up his residence in that country and was crowned king at Rome by Pope Sergius II on 15 June 844. He at once claimed the rights of an emperor in the city, which claim was decisively rejected; but in 850 he was crowned joint emperor at Rome by Pope Leo IV, and soon afterwards, in 851, married Engelberga and undertook the independent government of Italy. He marched into the south of Italy in the year of his imperial coronation and compelled the rival dukes of Benevento, Radelchis I and Siconulf, to make peace. His mediation split the Lombard duchy and gave Radelchis his share with Benevento as his capital and gave Salerno as a principality independent to Siconulf. Radelchis, now pacified, had no need of his Saracen mercenaries and happily betrayed them to the emperor. Louis fell on them and they were massacred. He then quashed some accusations against Pope Leo and held a Diet at Pavia. He confirmed the usurping regent Peter as prince of Salerno in December 853, displacing the dynasty he had installed there three years earlier. On the death of his father in September 855, he became sole emperor.
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Louis III of France
Louis III (863/65 – 5 August 882) was the King of France, still then called West Francia, from 879 until his death. The second son of Louis the Stammerer and his first wife, Ansgarde, he succeeded his father to reign jointly with his younger brother Carloman II, who became sole ruler on Louis's death. His short reign was marked by military success.
Louis was born while his father was still just King of Aquitaine and his grandfather, Charles the Bald, was ruling West Francia. Some doubts were raised as to their legitimacy, since their parents had married secretly and Ansgarde was later repudiated at Charles insistence. When Charles (877) and then the elder Louis died within two years, some nobles advocated electing the younger Louis as sole king, but another party favoured each brother ruling a separate sphere of the country. In September 879 Louis was crowned at Ferrières. In March 880 at Amiens the brothers divided their father's kingdom, Louis receiving the northern part, called Neustria or sometimes simply Francia.
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Louis IV of France
Louis IV (10 September 920 – 30 September 954), called d'Outremer or Transmarinus (both meaning "from overseas"), reigned as King of Western Francia from 936 to 954. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty, the son of Charles III and Eadgifu of England, a daughter of King Edward the Elder.
He was only two years old when his father was deposed by the nobles, who set up Robert I in his place. When he was only three years old, Robert died and was replaced by Rudolph, duke of Burgundy. Rudolph's ally, a Carolingian himself, Count Herbert II of Vermandois, took Charles captive by treachery and the young Louis's mother took the boy "over the sea" to the safety of England, hence his nickname.
Charles died in 929, but Rudolph ruled on until 936, when Louis was summoned back to France unanimously by the nobles, especially Hugh the Great, who had probably organised his return to prevent Herbert II, or Rudolph's brother Hugh the Black, taking the throne. He was crowned king at Laon by Artald, archbishop of Rheims, on Sunday 19 June 936. The chronicler Flodoard records the events as follows:
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Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. He was also styled Louis II, Count of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. He worked with the Parliament of Paris in order to improve the professionalism of his legal administration.
He is the only canonised king of France; consequently, there are many places named after him, most notably St. Louis, Missouri and Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in the United States, São Luís do Maranhão, Brazil and both the state and city of San Luis Potosí, in Mexico. Saint Louis was also a tertiary of the Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives (known as the Trinitarians).[citation needed] On 11 June 1256, the General Chapter of the Trinitarian Order formally affiliated Louis IX at the famous monastery of Cerfroid, which had been constructed by Felix of Valois north of Paris.
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Louis Philippe I
Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy. His father was a duke who supported the French Revolution but was nevertheless guillotined. Louis Philippe fled France as a young man and spent 21 years in exile. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after King Charles X was forced to abdicate. Louis Philippe himself was forced to abdicate in 1848 and lived out his life in exile in England. He was the last king to rule France, although Emperor Napoleon III would serve as its last monarch.
Louis Philippe d'Orléans was born on the Palais-Royal, the Orléans family residence in Paris, to Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of Chartres, who became Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (also known as "Philippe Égalité" during the French Revolution), and Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a prince du sang.
Louis Philippe was the eldest of three sons and a daughter, a family that was to have erratic fortunes from the beginning of the French Revolution to the Bourbon Restoration.
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Louis the Blind
Louis the Blind (c. 880 – 28 June 928) was the king of Provence from January 11, 887, King of Italy from October 12, 900, and briefly Holy Roman Emperor, as Louis III, between 901 and 905. He was the son of Boso, the usurper king of Provence, and Ermengard, a daughter of the Emperor Louis II. Through his father, he was a Bosonid, but through his mother, a Carolingian. He was blinded after a failed invasion of Italy in 905.
As a boy of seven, Louis succeeded to the throne of his father Boso, the King of Provence upon Boso’s death on 11 January 887. The kingdom Louis inherited was much smaller than his father’s, as it did not include Upper Burgundy (lost to Rudolph I of Burgundy), nor any of French Burgundy, absorbed by Richard the Justiciar, Duke of Burgundy. This meant that the kingdom of Provence was restricted to the environs of Vienne. The Provençal barons elected Ermengard to act as his regent, with the support of Louis's uncle, Richard the Justiciar.
In May, Ermengard traveled with Louis to the court of her relative, the emperor Charles the Fat, and received his recognition of the young Louis as king. Charles adopted Louis as his son and put both mother and son under his protection. In May 889, she traveled to the court of Charles' successor, Arnulf, to make a new submission, while at the same time seeking the blessing of Pope Stephen V. The short work, Visio Karoli Grossi, may have been written shortly after Charles' death to support Louis's claim. If so, Louis must have had the support of Fulk the Venerable, Archbishop of Reims. On the other hand, the Visio may have been written later, circa 901, to celebrate (and support) Louis's imperial coronation.
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Louis the German
Louis (also Ludwig or Lewis) the German (806 – 28 August 876), also known as Louis II or Louis the Bavarian, was a grandson of Charlemagne and the third son of the succeeding Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye.
He received the appellation 'Germanicus' shortly after his death in recognition of the fact that the bulk of his territory had been in the former Germania.
Louis II was made the King of Bavaria from 817 following the Emperor Charlemagne's practice of bestowing a local kingdom on a family member who then served as one of his lieutenants and the local governor. When his father, Louis I (called the pious), partitioned the empire toward the end of his reign in 843, he was made King of East Francia, a region that spanned the Elbe drainage basin from Jutland southeasterly through the Thuringerwald into modern Bavaria from the Treaty of Verdun in 843 until his death.
His early years were partly spent at the court of his grandfather, Charlemagne, whose special affection he is said to have won. When the emperor Louis divided his dominions between his sons in 817, Louis received Bavaria and the neighbouring lands but did not undertake the governing of such until 825, when he became involved in wars with the Wends and Sorbs on his eastern frontier. In 827, he married Emma of Altdorf, sister of his stepmother Judith of Bavaria, and daughter of Welf, whose possessions ranged from Alsace to Bavaria. Louis soon began to interfere in the quarrels arising from Judith's efforts to secure a kingdom for her own son Charles (later known as Charles the Bald) and the consequent struggles of his brothers with their father.
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Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833–34, during which he was deposed.
During his reign in Aquitaine, Louis was charged with the defence of the Empire's southwestern frontier. He conquered Barcelona from the Muslims in 801 and asserted Frankish authority over Pamplona and the Basques south of the Pyrenees in 812. As emperor he included his adult sons, Lothair, Pepin, and Louis, in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm among them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew Bernard of Italy, for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement. In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis's attempts to include his son Charles by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father, though the problems he faced were of a distinctly different sort.
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Louis the Stammerer
Louis the Stammerer (French: Louis le Bègue) (1 November 846 – 10 April 879) was the King of Aquitaine and later King of West Francia. He was the eldest son of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orléans. He succeeded his younger brother in Aquitaine in 866 and his father in West Francia in 877, though he was never crowned Emperor. In the French monarchial system, he is considered Louis II.
Twice married, he and his first wife, Ansgarde of Burgundy, had two sons: Louis (born in 863) and Carloman (born in 866), both of whom became kings of France, and two daughters: Hildegarde (born in 864) and Gisela (865–884), who married Robert, Count of Troyes.
With his second wife, Adelaide of Paris, he had one daughter, Ermentrude (875–914) – who was the mother of Cunigunde, wife of the Count Palatine Wigerich of Bidgau; they were the ancestors of the House of Luxemburg —, and a posthumous son, Charles the Simple, who would become, long after his elder brothers' deaths, king of France.
He was crowned on 8 December 877 by Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, and was crowned a second time in September 878 by Pope John VIII at Troyes while the pope was attending a council there. The pope may even have offered the imperial crown, but it was declined. Louis the Stammerer was said to be physically weak and outlived his father by only two years. He had relatively little impact on politics. He was described "a simple and sweet man, a lover of peace, justice, and religion". In 878, he gave the counties of Barcelona, Girona, and Besalú to Wilfred the Hairy. His final act was to march against the Vikings who were then the scourge of Europe. He fell ill and died on 10 April or 9 April 879 not long after beginning his final campaign. On his death, his realms were divided between his two sons, Carloman and Louis.
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Louis V of France
Louis V (c. 967 – 21 May 987), called the Indolent or the Sluggard[citation needed] (from French Louis le Fainéant, meaning "Louis The Lazy"), was the King of Western Francia from 986 until his early death. The son of King Lothair and his wife Emma, a daughter of Lothair II of Italy, he was the last Carolingian monarch.
Louis was crowned in June 978 but did not actually assume power until Lothair's death in 986. Louis V was the last Carolingian King of Western Francia and reigned in Laon from 2 March 986 until his own death, at the age of 20, in 987. It may be because he reigned for only one year that medieval biographers awarded him the title qui nihil fecit – "who did nothing".
He married Adelaide of Anjou in 982 in Brioude, where they were immediately crowned King and Queen of Aquitaine. The couple was mismatched—Louis was fifteen years old and Adelaide was thirty-three and on her third marriage—and they had no children together. She soon divorced him and fled his house in 984 to Arles.
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Louis VI of France
Louis VI (1 December 1081 – 1 August 1137), called the Fat (French: le Gros), was King of the Franks from 1108 until his death (1137). Chronicles called him "roi de Saint-Denis".
Louis was the Great-great grandson of Hugh Capet.The first member of the House of Capet to make a lasting contribution to the centralising institutions of royal power, Louis was born in Paris, the son of Philip I and his first wife, Bertha of Holland. Almost all of his twenty-nine-year reign was spent fighting either the "robber barons" who plagued Paris or the Norman kings of England for their continental possession of Normandy. Nonetheless, Louis VI managed to reinforce his power considerably and became one of the first strong kings of France since the division of the Carolingian Empire. His biography by his constant advisor Abbot Suger of Saint Denis renders him a fully rounded character to the historian, unlike most of his predecessors.
In his youth, Louis fought the Duke of Normandy, Robert Curthose, and the lords of the royal demesne, the Île de France. He became close to Suger, who became his adviser. He succeeded his father on Philip's death on 29 July 1108. Louis's half-brother prevented him from reaching Rheims and so he was crowned on 3 August in the cathedral of Orléans by Daimbert, Archbishop of Sens. The archbishop of Reims, Ralph the Green, sent envoys to challenge the validity of the coronation and anointing, but to no avail.
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Louis VII of France
Louis VII (called the Younger or the Young) (French: Louis le Jeune) (1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of the Franks, the son and successor of Louis VI (hence his nickname). He ruled from 1137 until his death. He was a member of the House of Capet. His reign was dominated by feudal struggles (in particular with the Angevin family), and saw the beginning of the long rivalry between France and England. It also saw the beginning of construction on Notre-Dame de Paris, the founding of the University of Paris and the disastrous Second Crusade.
Louis VII was born in 1120, the second son of Louis VI of France and Adelaide of Maurienne. As a younger son, Louis VII had been raised to follow the ecclesiastical path. He unexpectedly became the heir to the throne of France after the accidental death of his older brother, Philip, in 1131. A well-learned and exceptionally devout man, Louis VII was better suited for life as a priest than as a monarch.
In his youth, he spent much time in Saint-Denis, where he built a friendship with the Abbot Suger that served him well in his early years as king.
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Louis VIII of France
Louis VIII the Lion (5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226. He was a member of the House of Capet. Louis VIII was born in Paris, France, the son of Philip II and Isabelle of Hainaut. He was also Count of Artois, inheriting the county from his mother, from 1190–1226. It remained attached to the crown until 1237, when his son Louis IX gave the title in accordance with the will of his father to Louis IX's younger brother Robert on attaining his majority.
On 23 May 1200, at the age of 12, Louis was married to Blanche of Castile, following prolonged negotiations between Philip Augustus and Blanche's uncle John of England (as represented in William Shakespeare's historical play King John).
In 1214 King John of England began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip II August. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto IV, Count Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longespée, marched south-west from Flanders. Whereas Philip II August took personal command of the northern front against the Emperor and his allies, he gave his son Louis the command of the front against the Plantagenet possessions in middle France. The first part of the campaign went well for the English, with John out-manoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip II August won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy.
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Louis X of France
Louis X, (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), called the Quarreler, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (French: le Hutin; Spanish: el Obstinado) was the King of Navarre (as Louis I) from 1305 and King of France from 1314 until his death. Louis' short reign saw the freeing of the French serfs and the readmittance of French Jews to the kingdom.
Louis was born in Paris, the eldest son of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. He inherited the crown of Navarre on the death of his mother, on 4 April 1305. On 21 September 1305, at age 16, he married Margaret of Burgundy and they had a daughter, Joan. Louis was known as "the Quarreler" as the result of the tensions prevailing throughout his reigns.
Both Louis and Margaret became involved in the Tour de Nesle affair towards the end of Philip's reign. In 1314, Margaret, Blanche and Joan—the latter two being the wives of Louis' brothers Charles and Philip, respectively—were arrested on charges of infidelity. Margaret and Blanche were both tried before the French parliament later that year and found guilty. Their alleged lovers were executed, and the women had their hair shorn and were sentenced to life imprisonment. Philip stood by his wife Joan, who was ultimately found innocent and released. Louis, however, had not enjoyed a happy marriage to Margaret and requested that the marriage be annulled, with Margaret being imprisoned in poor conditions in the castle of Château Gaillard.
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Louis XI of France
Louis XI (3 July 1423 – 30 August 1483), called the Prudent (French: le Prudent), was the King of France from 1461 to 1483. He was the son of Charles VII of France and Mary of Anjou, a member of the House of Valois.
During his 22-year reign, Louis successfully expanded royal power at the expense of the dukes. Shrewd and often vicious, he spun webs of plot and conspiracy which earned him the nicknames the Cunning (Middle French: le rusé) and the Universal Spider (Middle French: l'universelle aragne ). His love for scheming and intrigue made him many enemies, including his father, his brother Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry, as well as his cousins Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and Edward IV of England. Louis preferred men of humble origin, and among his advisers were Olivier Le Daim, Louis Tristan L'Hermite, and Cardinal Balue.
Louis was born at Bourges, Cher in 1423, when the English held northern France and his father Charles VII was restricted to the centre and south. Louis was the grandson of the strong-willed Yolande of Aragon, the princess who was the driving force in driving the English out of France. Louis despised his father, regarding him as a weakling.
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Louis XII of France
Louis XII (27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515), called "the Father of the People" (French: Le Père du Peuple), was king of France and the sole monarch from the Valois-Orléans branch of the House of Valois. He reigned from 1498 to 1515 and pursued a very active foreign policy.
Louis was born on 27 June 1462, in the Château de Blois, Blois, Touraine (in the contemporary Loir-et-Cher département). The son of Charles, duc d'Orléans and Marie of Cleves, he succeeded his father as Duke of Orléans in the year 1465.
In the 1480s Louis was involved in the so-called Mad War against royal authority. Allied with Francis II, Duke of Brittany he confronted the royal army at the Battle of Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier, but was defeated and captured. Pardoned three years later, Louis joined his cousin King Charles VIII in campaigns in Italy.
All four of Charles VIII's children died in infancy. The French interpretation of the Salic Law permitted claims to the French throne only by male agnatic descendants of French kings. This made Louis, the great-grandson of King Charles V, the most senior claimant as heir of Charles VIII. Louis thus succeeded to the throne on the king's death.
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Louis XIII of France
Louis XIII (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1610 to 1643.
Louis was only eight years old when he succeeded his father. His mother, Marie de Medici, acted as regent during Louis' minority. Mismanagement of the kingdom and ceaseless political intrigues by Marie de Medici and her Italian favourites led the young king to take power, in 1617, by exiling his mother and executing her followers, including Concino Concini, the most influential Italian at the French court.
Louis XIII, taciturn and suspicious, leaned heavily on his Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu, to govern the Kingdom. They are remembered for the establishment of the Académie française and for putting an end to the revolt of the great feudal lords. The reign of Louis "the Just" was also marked by the struggles against Huguenots and Habsburg Spain.
France's greatest victory in the war against the Habsburg Empire came at the Battle of Rocroi (1643), five days after Louis's death—apparently from complications of intestinal tuberculosis. This battle marked the end of Spain's military ascendancy in Europe and foreshadowed French dominance in Europe under Louis XIV.
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Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great or the Sun King (French: le Roi-Soleil), was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre. He holds the distinction of being the longest-reigning king in European history, reigning for 72 years and 110 days.
Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin. An adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis's minority. By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.
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Louis XV of France
Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and of Navarre from 1 September 1715 until his death. He succeeded his great-grandfather at the age of five, though Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, his first cousin twice removed, served as Regent of the kingdom until Louis's majority in 1723. Cardinal de Fleury was his chief minister from 1726 until the Cardinal's death in 1743, at which time the young king took over control of the Kingdom.
Louis enjoyed a favorable reputation at the beginning of his reign and earned the epithet "le Bien-Aimé" ("the Beloved"). In time, the debauchery of his court, his ill-advised financial policies, the return of the Austrian Netherlands (which were gained following the Battle of Fontenoy) at Aix-la-Chapelle, and the cession of New France at the conclusion of the Seven Years' War led Louis to become one of the most unpopular kings in the history of France. He even suffered an assassination attempt in 1757. However, his reign saw the incorporation of Lorraine and Corsica to the Kingdom.
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Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792, before being executed in 1793.
Succeeding Louis XV, his unpopular grandfather, Louis XVI was well aware of the growing discontent of the French population against the absolute monarchy. The first part of his reign is marked by his attempts to reform the kingdom in accordance with the Enlightenment ideals (abolition of torture, abolition of the serfdom, tolerance towards Jews and Protestants, abolition of the Taille etc.). However, Louis XVI failed to impose his will, as his reforms stumbled on the hostility of the nobles.
Louis XVI actively supported the Americans, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The example of the American Revolution and the financial crisis which followed France's involvement in the war were two of the many contributing factors to the French Revolution, which broke out in 1789.
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Louis XVII of France
Louis XVII (Versailles 27 March 1785 – Paris 8 June 1795), from birth to 1789 known as Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy; then from 1789 to 1791 as Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France; and from 1791 to 1792 as Louis-Charles, Prince Royal of France, was the son of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. As the son of the king, he was a Fils de France (Son of France).
His parents were executed for treason under the first republic making the newly orphaned eight year old Louis-Charles nominal successor to the abolished throne. In keeping with dynastic order, when his father was executed on 21 January 1793, during the middle-period of French Revolution, he became (nominally) the uncrowned King of France and Navarre in the eyes of the royalists. However, as France was then undergoing the decade of turmoil as the First French Republic (21 September 1792 – 2 December 1804), and as he had been imprisoned from August 1792 until his death from illness in 1795 at the age of 10, he had never been officially crowned as king, nor had he ruled. His title is rather one bestowed by his royalist supporters and by Louis XVIII's adoption of the title Louis XVIII rather than Louis XVII.
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Luitgard
Luitgard (died June 4, 800) was the fourth and last wife of Charlemagne.
Liutgard was the daughter of an Alamannian count and married Charlemagne around 794. She did not have any children with the king and died of unknown causes.
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Lupus I of Aquitaine
Lupus I (also Lupo, Loup, Lobo, Otsoa, or Otxoa) was the Duke of Gascony and Aquitaine from about 670. His reign may have lasted a few years (to 676) or longer (to 710). He is often considered the progenitor of the Gascon dynasty of Lupus II and the Aquitainian dynasty the Eudonians.
Lupus was the successor of Felix, whose duchy seemed to encompass almost an identical territory to the kingdom of Charibert II. Sometime after 658, Lupus rebelled against Felix and later succeeded him. He held Toulouse and Bordeaux in 673, at which time he allied with Flavius Paulus against Wamba, the king of the Visigoths, and attacked Béziers. He convoked the important synod of Bordeaux between 673 and 675. In 675, he attempted to seize Limoges, to his own destruction. He was assassinated in the process, the author of the Miracle of Saint Martial writing in sedem regam se adstare. Thereafter, the sources are silent about him and his successor(s).
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Napoleon II
Napoléon II (20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832), after 1818 known as Franz, Duke of Reichstadt, was the son of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, and his second wife, Marie Louise of Austria. By Title III, article 9 of the French Constitution of the time, he was Prince Imperial, but he was also known from birth as the King of Rome which Napoleon I declared was the courtesy title of the heir-apparent. He was widely known in France as "the Eaglet". When his father abdicated in April 1814, he named his son Emperor, but the coalition partners that had defeated Napoleon refused to acknowledge his son as successor. Although he never actually ruled France, he was the titular Emperor and he is still generally referred to by historians as Napoleon II.
Between 8 and 9 o'clock PM on 19 March, Empress Marie Louise began to experience the first pains of labour. The princes and princesses of the family, as well as the grand dignitaries, ministers, grand-officiers of the crown, grand-officiers of the Empire and the ladies and officers of the household, informed of this by the lady-in-waiting, assembled at the Tuileries Palace. On 20 March 1811, at 9:20 AM, a baby boy weighing 9 pounds (4.1 kg), with a height of 20 inches (51 cm) was born at Tuileries. He was ondoyed (a traditional French ceremony which can relate to a concise baptism) by Joseph Fesch, with his full name Napoleon François Charles Joseph.
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Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the emperor of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I, christened as Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte. Elected President by popular vote in 1848, he initiated a coup d'état in 1851, before ascending the throne as Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation. He ruled as Emperor of the French until 4 September 1870. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France.
Napoleon III is primarily remembered for an energetic foreign policy which aimed to jettison the limitations imposed on France since 1815 by the Concert of Europe and reassert French influence in Europe and abroad. A brief war against Austria in 1859 largely brought an end to the process of Italian unification. In the Near East, Napoleon III spearheaded allied action against Russia in the Crimean War and restored French presence in the Levant, claiming for France the role of protector of the Maronite Christians. A French garrison in Rome likewise secured the Papal States against annexation by Italy, defeating the Italians at Mentana and winning the support of French Catholics for Napoleon's regime.
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Odo of France
Odo (or Eudes) (c. 860–1 January 898) was a King of Western Francia, reigning from 888 to 898. He was a son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, whose branch of the family is known as the Robertians.
Odo is also known as the Duke of France and Count of Paris.
Odo was the eldest son of Robert the Great, Duke of the Franks and Marquis of Neustria, belonging to the branch known as the Robertians. After his father's death in 866, Odo inherited his father's title of Marquis of Neustria. Odo lost this title in 895 when King Charles the Bald appointed Hugh the Abbot to the title, but regained it following the death of Hugh. In the interim, between 890 and 894, he held the post of Count of Paris. Odo was also the lay abbot of St. Martin of Tours.
Odo married Théodrate of Troyes and had two known sons, Arnulf (born probably about 885) and Guy (born probably about 888), neither of whom lived past the age of fifteen.
For his skill and bravery in resisting the attacks of the Vikings at the Siege of Paris, Odo was chosen by the western Franks to be their king following the removal of emperor Charles the Fat. He was crowned at Compiègne in February 888 by Walter, Archbishop of Sens.
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Odo the Great
Odo the Great (also called Eudes or Eudo) (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine, obtained this dignity by 700. His territory included the Duchy of Vasconia in the south-west of Gaul and the Duchy of Aquitaine (at that point located north-east of the river Garonne), a realm extending from the Loire to the Pyrenees, with capital in Toulouse. He retained it until his abdication in 735.
His earlier life is obscure, as are his ancestry and ethnicity. Several Dukes of Aquitaine have been named as Odo's father: Boggis or Bertrand, to whom errant historians ascribed descent from the Merovingian Charibert II (based on the forged Charte d'Alaon), as also Duke Lupus I, who was not Merovingian at all. Odo is called according to the spurious Charte d'Alaon the brother of Hubertus.
Odo succeeded to the ducal throne maybe as early as 679, probably the date of the death of Lupus, or 688. Other dates are possible, including 692, but he was certainly in power by 700.
The historian Jean de Jaurgain cites him as fighting in 711 against the Visigoth Roderic in Pamplona. In 715 he declared himself independent during the civil war raging in Gaul. It is not likely that he ever took the title of king.
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Odoacer
Flavius Odoacer (433–493), also known as Flavius Odovacer, was a barbarian soldier, who after 476 became the first barbarian King of Italy. His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. Though the real power in Italy was in his hands, he represented himself as the client of Julius Nepos and, after Nepos' death in 480, of the Emperor in Constantinople. Odoacer generally used the Roman honorific patrician, granted by the Emperor Zeno, but is referred to as a king (Latin rex) in many documents and he himself used it at least once and on another occasion it was used by the consul Basilius. Odoacer introduced few important changes into the administrative system of Italy. He had the support of the Senate at Rome and was able to distribute land to his followers without much opposition. Unrest among his warriors led to violence in 477–478, but no such disturbances occurred during the later period of his reign. Although Odoacer was an Arian Christian, he rarely intervened in the affairs of the Orthodox Church.[citation needed]
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Offa of Mercia
Offa was the King of Mercia from 757 until his death in July 796. The son of Thingfrith and a descendant of Eowa, Offa came to the throne after a period of civil war following the assassination of Æthelbald after defeating the other claimant Beornred. In the early years of Offa's reign it is likely that he consolidated his control of midland peoples such as the Hwicce and the Magonsæte. Taking advantage of instability in the kingdom of Kent to establish himself as overlord, Offa was also in control of Sussex by 771, though his authority did not remain unchallenged in either territory. In the 780s he extended Mercian supremacy over most of southern England, allying with Beorhtric of Wessex, who married Offa's daughter Eadburh, and regained complete control of the southeast. He also became the overlord of East Anglia, and had King Æthelberht II of East Anglia beheaded in 794, perhaps for rebelling against him.
Offa was a Christian king who came into conflict with the Church, particularly with Jaenberht, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Offa managed to persuade Pope Adrian I to divide the archdiocese of Canterbury in two, creating a new archdiocese of Lichfield. This reduction in the power of Canterbury may have been motivated by Offa's desire to have an archbishop consecrate his son Ecgfrith of Mercia as king, since it is possible Jaenberht refused to perform the ceremony, which took place in 787. Offa had a dispute with the Bishop of Worcester which was settled in the Council of Brentford in 781.
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Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths (Latin: Ostrogothi or Austrogothi) were a branch of the Goths (the other branch being the Visigoths), a Germanic tribe who developed a vast empire north of the Black Sea in the 3rd century AD and, in the late 5th century, under Theodoric the Great, established a Kingdom in Italy.
Invading southward from the Baltic Sea, the Ostrogoths, at the time known as the Greuthungi, built up a huge empire stretching from the Dniester to the Volga river and from the Black Sea to the Baltic shores. The Ostrogoths were probably literate in the 3rd century, and their trade with the Romans was highly developed. Their Danubian kingdom reached its zenith under King Ermanaric, who is said to have committed suicide at an old age when the Huns attacked his people and subjugated them about 370.
After their subjugation by the Huns, little is heard of the Ostrogoths for about 80 years, after which they reappear in Pannonia on the middle Danube River as federates of the Romans. However, a pocket remained behind in the Crimea when the bulk of them moved to central Europe, and these Crimean Ostrogoths existed until at least the 16th century. After the collapse of the Hun empire after the Battle of Nedao (453), the Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great first moved to Moesia (c. 475–488) and later conquered the Italian Kingdom of the German warrior Odoacer. Theodoric became King of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 493 and died in 526. A period of instability then ensued, tempting the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian to declare war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. Initially, the Byzantines were successful, but under the leadership of Totila, the Goths reconquered most of the lost territory until Totila's death at the Battle of Taginae. The war lasted for almost 20 years and caused enormous damage and depopulation of Italy. The remaining Ostrogoths were absorbed into the Lombards who established a Kingdom in Italy in 567 AD.
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Ottonian dynasty
The Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024), named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its primary leading-names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.
Although never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was arguably the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany with the conclusion of the unification[clarification needed] of the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria into one empire[citation needed]. Also the union of Germany with the Holy Roman Empire, which dominated German history until 1806, began with the coronation of Otto I the Great in Rome in 962. But the projected restoration of the Roman Empire failed already under Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor.
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Paul the Deacon
Paul the Deacon (c. 720s – 13 April probably 799), also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefred, Barnefridus and Cassinensis, (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk and historian of the Lombards.
An ancestor named Leupichis entered Italy in the train of Alboin and received lands at or near Forum Julii (Cividale del Friuli). During an invasion the Avars swept off the five sons of this warrior into Pannonia, but one, his namesake, returned to Italy and restored the ruined fortunes of his house. The grandson of the younger Leupichis was Warnefrid, who by his wife Theodelinda became the father of Paul.
Born between 720 and 735 in Friuli in Italy to this possibly noble Lombard family, Paul received an exceptionally good education, probably at the court of the Lombard king Ratchis in Pavia, learning from a teacher named Flavian the rudiments of Greek. It is probable that he was secretary to the Lombard king Desiderius, a successor of Ratchis; it is certain that this king's daughter Adelperga was his pupil. After Adelperga had married Arichis II, duke of Benevento, Paul at her request wrote his continuation of Eutropius.
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Pepin of Herstal
Pepin (also Pippin, Pipin, or Peppin) of Herstal, or Heristal, (635/45 – 16 December 714) was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia from 680 to his death and of Neustria and Burgundy from 687 to 695. He was also the first mayor of the palace to "reign" as Duke and Prince of the Franks and he by far overshadowed the Merovingian rois fainéants.
Pepin, sometimes called Pepin II and Pepin the Middle was the grandson and namesake of Pepin I the Elder by the marriage of Pepin I's daughter Begga and Ansegisel, son of Arnulf of Metz.He was also the Grandfather of Pepin the short and Great-grandfather of Charlemange. That marriage united the two houses of the Pippinids and the Arnulfings which created what would be called the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin II was probably born in Herstal (Héristal), modern Belgium (where his centre of power lay), whence his byname (sometimes "of Heristal").
As mayor of Austrasia, Pepin and Martin, the duke of Laon, fought the Neustrian mayor Ebroin, who had designs on all Francia. Ebroin defeated the Austrasians at Lucofao (Bois-du-Fay, near Laon) and came close to uniting all the Franks under his rule; however, he was assassinated in 681, the victim of a combined attack by his numerous enemies. Pepin immediately made peace with his successor, Waratton.
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Pepin of Italy
Pepin (April 777 – 8 July 810) was the son of Charlemagne and king of the Lombards (781–810) under the authority of his father.
Pepin was the second son of Charlemagne by his then-wife Hildegard. He was born Carloman, but when his half-brother Pepin the Hunchback betrayed their father, the royal name Pepin passed to him. He was made "king of Italy" after his father's conquest of the Lombards, in 781, and crowned by Pope Hadrian I with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
He was active as ruler of Lombardy and worked to expand the Frankish empire. In 791, he marched a Lombard army into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia, while his father marched along the Danube into Avar territory. Charlemagne left the campaigning to deal with a Saxon revolt in 792. Pepin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was sent to Charlemagne in Aachen and redistributed to all his followers and even to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia. A celebratory poem, De Pippini regis Victoria Avarica, was composed after Pepin forced the Avar khagan to submit in 796. This poem was composed at Verona, Pepin's capital after 799 and the centre of Carolingian Renaissance literature in Italy. The Versus de Verona (c. 800), an urban encomium of the city, likewise praises king Pepin. The "Codex Gothanus" History of the Lombards hails Pepin's campaign against Benevento and his liberation of Corsica "from the oppression of the Moors."
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Pepin of Landen
Pepin (also Peppin, Pipin, or Pippin) of Landen (c. 580 – 27 February 640), also called the Elder or the Old, was the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia under the Merovingian king Dagobert I from 623 to 629. He was also the mayor for Sigebert III from 639 until his own death.
Pepin's father is named Carloman by the Chronicle of Fredegar, the chief source for his life. His byname comes from his probable birthplace: Landen, modern Belgium. He is sometimes called Pepin I and his other nicknames (Elder and Old) come from his position at the head of the family called the Pippinids after him. Through the marriage of his daughter Begga to Ansegisel, a son of Arnulf of Metz, the clans of the Pippinids and the Arnulfings were united, giving rise to a family which would eventually rule the Franks as the Carolingians.
In 613, several leading magnates of Austrasia and Burgundy abandoned Brunhilda, the great-grandmother and regent of their king, Sigebert II, and turned to Chlothar II of Neustria for support, promising not to rise in defense of the queen-regent and recognizing Chlothar as rightful regent and guardian of the young king. Chief among these leading men were Warnachar II, Rado, Arnulf, and Pepin. The latter two were described by Fredegar as the "two most powerful barons of Austrasia" and they made some agreement with Chlothar at Andernach. However, while Rado was confirmed as mayor in Austrasia and Warnachar in Burgundy, Pepin did not receive his reward until 623, when he was appointed mayor in Austrasia after Chlothar made his young son Dagobert king there. Arnulf, his lifelong friend, was appointed adviser to the new king alongside him.
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Pepin the Short
Pepin (or Pippin) (died 24 September 768), called the Younger (Pippin der Jüngere), was the first King of the Franks (752–768) of the Carolingian dynasty. In 741 he and his brother Carloman succeeded their father, Charles Martel, as mayors of the palace and de facto rulers of the kingdom during an interregnum (737–743). After the retirement of Carloman (747), Pepin obtained the permission of Pope Zachary to depose the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, and assume the throne (752).
He is sometimes called the Short or the Little (Pépin le Bref) or, rarely the Great (Pippin der Grosse), As he was named for his grandfather, Pepin of Heristal, in turn named for his grandfather, Pepin of Landen, both mayors of the palace, Pepin the Short has sometimes been numbered Pepin III.
Pepin's father Charles Martel died in 741. He divided the rule of the Frankish kingdom between Pepin and his elder brother, Carloman, his surviving sons by his first wife: Carloman became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Pepin became Mayor of the Palace of Neustria. Grifo, Charles's son by his second wife, Swanahild (also known as Swanhilde), demanded a share in the inheritance, but he was imprisoned in a monastery by his two half-brothers.
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Perctarit
Perctarit (also Berthari) (died 688) was king of the Lombards from 661 to 662 the first time and later from 671 to 688. He was the son and successor of Aripert I. He shared power with his brother Godepert. He was a Catholic, whereas Godepert was an Arian. He ruled from Milan, Godepert from Pavia. Godepert called for the aid of Duke Grimoald I of Benevento in a war with Perctarit, but the Beneventan had him assassinated and took control of the kingdom, forcing Perctarit to flee. Perctarit first arrived at the court of the Avar khagan Kakar. Meanwhile his wife, Rodelinde, and their son Cunincpert were captured by Grimoald and sent to Benevento. Perctarit returned soon thereafter to conspire against Grimoald, but fled again to France. When Grimoald concluded a treaty with the Franks, Perctarit prepared to flee to England, but news of Grimoald's death reached him first.
In 671, Perctarit returned from exile and reclaimed his realm, which was being ruled on behalf of Grimoald's son Garibald. He made Catholicism the official religion , but did not recognise papal authority. He made peace with the Byzantines and associated Cunincpert with the throne in 678. He sought to put down the rebellion of Alagis, duke of Trent. It was to be his only campaign; he captured the duke, then pardoned and released him. Perctarit was assassinated in 688 by a conspiracy.
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Philip I of France
Philip I (23 May 1052 – 29 July 1108), called the Amorous, was King of the Franks from 1060 to his death. His reign, like that of most of the early Direct Capetians, was extraordinarily long for the time. The monarchy began a modest recovery from the low it reached in the reign of his father and he added to the royal demesne the Vexin and Bourges.
Philip was the son of Henry I and Anne of Kiev. Unusually at the time for Western Europe, his name was of Greek origin, being bestowed upon him by his mother. Although he was crowned king at the age of seven, until age fourteen (1066) his mother acted as regent, the first queen of France ever to do so. Her co-regent was Baldwin V of Flanders.
Philip first married Bertha, daughter of Floris I, Count of Holland, in 1072. Although the marriage produced the necessary heir, Philip fell in love with Bertrade de Montfort, the wife of Count Fulk IV of Anjou. He repudiated Bertha (claiming she was too fat) and married Bertrade on 15 May 1092. In 1094, he was excommunicated by Hugh, Archbishop of Lyon, for the first time; after a long silence, Pope Urban II repeated the excommunication at the Council of Clermont in November 1095. Several times the ban was lifted as Philip promised to part with Bertrade, but he always returned to her, and after 1104, the ban was not repeated. In France, the king was opposed by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, a famous jurist.
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Philip II of France
Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste; 21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223) was the last King of the Franks from 1180 to 1190, and the first King of France from 1190 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne. He was originally nicknamed Dieudonné—the God-given—as he was the first son of Louis VII late in his father's life.
Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals (German, Flemish and English) at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class.
Philip was born in Gonesse on 21 August 1165. As soon as he was able, Louis planned to associate Philip with him on the throne, but it was delayed when Philip, at the age of thirteen, was separated from his companions during a royal hunt and became lost in the Forest of Compiègne. He spent much of the following night attempting to find his way out, but to no avail. Exhausted by cold, hunger and fatigue, he was eventually discovered by a peasant carrying a charcoal burner, but his exposure to the elements meant he soon contracted a dangerously high fever. His father went on pilgrimage to the Shrine of Thomas Becket to pray for Philip's recovery, and was told that his son had indeed recovered. However, on his way back to Paris, he suffered a stroke.
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Philip III of France
Philip III (30 April 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (French: le Hardi), was the King of France, succeeding his father, Louis IX, and reigning from 1270 to 1285. He was a member of the House of Capet.
Born in Poissy, to Louis IX (the later Saint Louis) and Margaret of Provence, Philip was prior to his accession Count of Orleans. He accompanied his father on the Eighth Crusade to Tunisia in 1270. His father died at Tunis and there Philip was declared king at the age of 25. Philip was indecisive, soft in nature, timid, and apparently crushed by the strong personalities of his parents and dominated by his father's policies. He was called "the Bold" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on horseback and not his character. He was pious, but not cultivated. He followed the dictates of others, first of Pierre de la Broce and then of his uncle Charles I of Sicily.
After his succession, he quickly set his uncle on negotiations with the emir to conclude the crusade, while he himself returned to France. A ten-year truce was concluded and Philip was crowned in France on 12 August 1271. On 21 August, his uncle, Alfonso, Count of Poitou, Toulouse, and Auvergne, died returning from the crusade in Italy. Philip inherited his counties and united them to the royal demesne. The portion of the Auvergne which he inherited became the "Terre royale d'Auvergne", later the Duchy of Auvergne. In accordance with Alfonso's wishes, the Comtat Venaissin was granted to the Pope Gregory X in 1274. Several years of negotiations yielded the Treaty of Amiens with Edward I of England in 1279. Thereby Philip restored to the English the Agenais which had fallen to him with the death of Alfonso. In 1284, Philip also inherited the counties of Perche and Alençon from his brother Pierre.
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Philip IV of France
Philip IV (French: Philippe le Bel, April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called the Fair, was King of France from 1285 until his death. He was the husband of Joan I of Navarre, by virtue of which he was, as Philip I, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne from 1284 to 1305.
A member of the House of Capet, Philip was born at the Palace of Fontainebleau at Seine-et-Marne, the son of King Philip III and Isabella of Aragon. Philip was nicknamed the Fair (le Bel) because of his handsome appearance, but his inflexible personality gained him other epithets, from friend and foe alike. His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him, "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."
His education was guided by Guillaume d'Ercuis, the almoner of his father.[citation needed]
As prince, just before his father's death, he negotiated the safe passage of the royal family out of Aragon after the unsuccessful Aragonese Crusade.[citation needed]
Philip ascended to the throne and became King at age 17, although according to the publication titled "The Life And Times Of Jacques de Molay", Philip was 16. As a king, Philip was determined to strengthen the monarchy at any cost. He relied, more than any of his predecessors, on a professional bureaucracy of legalists. Because to the public he kept aloof and left specific policies, especially unpopular ones, to his ministers, he was called a "useless owl" by his contemporaries, among them Bishop Bernard Saisset. His reign marks the French transition from a charismatic monarchy – which could all but collapse in an incompetent reign – to a bureaucratic kingdom, a move, under a certain historical reading, towards modernity.
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Philip V of France
Philip V (French: Philippe le Long; 1292 – 3 January 1322), the Tall, was King of France and, as Philip II, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne. He reigned from 1316 to his death and was the penultimate monarch of the House of Capet. Considered a wise and politically astute ruler, Philip took the throne under questionable circumstances, but he became a "strong and popular" king over the course of his reign. Notable as a prominent figure in the late crusading movement, Philip died while embroiled in the administrative reform of southern France.
Philip was born in Lyon, the second son of King Philip IV of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre, assuming the title of the Count of Poitou. Modern historians have described Philip V as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of Philip IV's three sons. Philip was influenced both by the troubles and unrest that his father had encountered during 1314, and the difficulties that his older brother – Louis X, known as "the Quarreler" had faced during the intervening few years. At the heart of both Philip IV and Louis X's problems were taxes, and the difficulty in raising them outside of crises.
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Philip VI of France
Philip VI (1293 – 22 August 1350), known as the Fortunate (French: le Fortuné) and of Valois, was the King of France from 1328 to his death. He was also Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois from 1325 to 1328. A member of the Capetian dynasty, he was the son of Charles of Valois (who was the brother of King Charles IV's father Philip IV) and the first King of France from the House of Valois.
Philip's father, the younger brother of King Philip IV of France, had striven throughout his life to gain a throne for himself, but was never successful. He died in 1325, leaving his eldest son Philip as heir to the counties of Anjou, Maine, and Valois.
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Pope Adrian I
Pope Adrian (c. 700 – 25 December 795) was pope from 1 February 772 to 25 December 795. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman.
Shortly after Adrian's accession the territory ruled by the papacy was invaded by Desiderius, king of the Lombards, and Adrian was compelled to seek the assistance of the Frankish king Charlemagne, who entered Italy with a large army. Charlemagne besieged Desiderius in his capital of Pavia. After taking the town, he banished the Lombard king to the Abbey of Corbie in France, and adopted the title "King of the Lombards" himself. The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the Duchy of Rome, the Exarchate of Ravenna, and the Pentapolis in the Marches, which consisted of the "five cities" on the Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. He celebrated the occasion by striking the earliest papal coin, and in a mark of the direction the mediaeval papacy was to take, no longer dated his documents by the Emperor in the east, but by the reign of Charles, king of the Franks.
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Pope Benedict XIV
Pope Benedict XIV (31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was Pope from 17 August 1740 to 3 May 1758.
Lambertini was born into a noble family of Bologna, which was at that time the second largest city in the Papal States. He was created Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme on 10 May 1728 and was elected Pope in 1740. The conclave that elected him had lasted for six months, and he is reported to have said to the cardinals: "If you wish to elect a saint, choose Gotti; a statesman, Aldrovandi; an honest man, me". His Papacy began in a time of great difficulties, chiefly caused by the disputes between Catholic rulers and the Papacy about governmental demands to nominate bishops rather than leaving the appointment to the Church. He managed to overcome most of these problems — the Holy See's disputes with the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, Spain, Venice, and Austria were settled.
He had a very active papacy, reforming the education of priests, the calendar of feasts of the Church, and many papal institutions. Perhaps the most important act of Benedict XIV's pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls, Ex quo singulari and Omnium solicitudinum. In these bulls he ruled on the custom of accommodating Christian words and usages to express non-Christian ideas and practices of the native cultures, which had been extensively done by the Jesuits in their Indian and Chinese missions.
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Pope John Paul II
Blessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920, Wadowice, Republic of Poland – 2 April 2005, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the second-longest serving Pope in history and the first non-Italian since 1523.
John Paul II was acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. He was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, and by traditionalists for his support of the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances.
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Pope Leo III
Pope Saint Leo III (750 – 12 June 816) was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor.
Leo, who was of non-noble birth, had risen in the hierarchy of Rome and was elected Pope only one day after the burial of his predecessor, Pope Adrian I, who had worked for good relations between Rome and the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne. Leo announced his election to Charlemagne, sending him the keys of Saint Peter's tomb and the banner of Rome, requesting an envoy. Charlemagne's reply stated that it was his function to defend the Church, and the function of the Pope to pray for the realm and for the victory of his army.
Leo aroused the hostility of Rome's nobility, who saw the papal post as reserved only for noble candidates. During his rule, he was accused of adultery and perjury. In April 799, he was attacked by a gang who unsuccessfully attempted to gouge out his eyes and cut off his tongue for his earlier actions, only to be saved by Magnus Forteman and 700 Frisian nobles of his army. He was then formally deposed and sent to a monastery, but escaped and made his way to Paderborn, where he met Charlemagne.
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Pope Stephen II
Pope Stephen II (715 – 26 April 757) was Pope from 752 to 757, succeeding Pope Zachary following the death of Pope-elect Stephen. Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the Byzantine Papacy and the Frankish Papacy.
The Lombards to the north of Rome had captured Ravenna, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire Exarchate of Ravenna, in 751, and began to put pressure on the city of Rome.
Relations were very strained in the mid-8th century between the papacy and the Eastern Roman emperors over the support of the Isaurian Dynasty for iconoclasm. Likewise, maintaining political control over Rome became untenable as the Eastern Roman Empire itself was beset by the Abbasid Caliphate to the south and Bulgars to the northwest. As a result, Rome was unable to secure military support from Constantinople to push back Lombard forces.
Stephen turned to Pepin the Younger, the recently-crowned King of the Franks, and even traveled to Paris to plead for help in person. On 6 January 754, Stephen re-consecrated Pepin as king. In return, Pepin assumed the role of ordained protector of the Church and set his sights on the Lombards.
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Pope Stephen III
Pope Stephen III (c. 720 – 1 February 772) was pope from 1 August 768 to 1 February 772.
Born around the year 720 in Sicily, Stephen III was the son of a man named Olivus. Coming to Rome during the pontificate of Pope Gregory III, he was placed in the monastery of St. Chrysogonus, where he was ordained a Benedictine monk. During the pontificate of Pope Zachary, he was ordained a priest, after which the pope decided to keep him to work at the Lateran Palace. Gregory gradually rose to high office in the service of successive popes, and was at the bedside of the dying Pope Paul I as powerful factions began manoeuvring to ensure the election of their own candidate in late June 767.
The next year was consumed by the rival claims of antipopes Constantine II (installed by a faction of Tuscan nobles) and Philip (the candidate of the Lombards), who were forced out of office by the efforts of Christophorus, the Primicerius of the notaries, and his son Sergius, the Treasurer of the Roman church. With the capture of Constantine II, Christophorus set about organising a canonical election, and on August 1 he summoned not only the Roman clergy and army, but also the people to assemble before the Church of St. Adrian in the area of the old Comitium. Here the combined assembly elected Stephen as pope. They then proceeded to the Church of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, where they acclaimed Stephen as pope-elect, and escorted him to the Lateran Palace.
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Pope Zachary
Pope Saint Zachary (Greek: Zacharias) was Pope of the Catholic Church from 741 to 752. A Greek from Calabria, he was the last pope of the Byzantine Papacy. Most probably he was a deacon of the Roman Church and as such signed the decrees of the Roman council of 732 and was on intimate terms with Gregory III, whom he succeeded on 10 December 741.
Zachary was a wise and subtle diplomat. Finding that his predecessor's alliance with the Lombard Duke of Spoleto was not protecting papal cities against the Lombard king, Zachary turned to Liutprand the Lombard directly. The contemporary history (Liber pontificalis) dwells chiefly on Zachary's great personal influence with Liutprand, and with his successor Ratchis. His tact in dealing with these princes in a variety of emergencies contributed to save the Exarchate of Ravenna from the Lombard attacks.
A correspondence of considerable extent and of great interest between Zachary and Saint Boniface, the apostle of Germany, survives, and shows how great was the influence of this pope on events in France and Germany. He encouraged the deposition of the last Merovingian king of the Franks, Childeric III, and it was with his sanction that Boniface crowned Pepin the Short as King of the Franks at Soissons in 752. Zachary is stated to have remonstrated with the Byzantine emperor Constantine V Copronymus on the part he had taken in the iconoclastic controversy. He died on 22 March 752 and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. His successor was Stephen, who died soon before his consecration and is not considered a valid pope. He was then succeeded by another Stephen who became Stephen II.
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Raginpert
Raginpert (also Raghinpert or Reginbert) was the Duke of Turin and then King of the Lombards briefly in 701. He was the son of Godepert and grandson of Aripert I. He usurped the throne in 701 and removed Liutpert, his grandnephew, putting his son Aripert in line for the succession. He and his Neustrians (men of Piedmont) went out to meet the regent, Ansprand, in battle and defeated him at Novara, but died shortly after. His son Aripert did not succeed in taking the throne right away.
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Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (April 6 or March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520), better known simply as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.
Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop, and despite his death at 37, a large body of his work remains. Many of his works are found in the Apostolic Palace of The Vatican, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome much of his work was self-designed, but for the most part executed by the workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking. After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (from 1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two Popes and their close associates.
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Ratchis
Ratchis (Rachis - Raditschs - Radics - Radiks, there are various spellings) was the Duke of Friuli (739-744) and King of the Lombards (744-749). His father was Duke Pemmo. His Roman wife was Tassia. He ruled in peace until he besieged, for reasons unknown, Perugia. Pope Zachary convinced him to lift the siege and he abdicated and entered, with his family, the abbey of Montecassino. After the death of Aistulf in 756, he tried once again to reign over the Lombards, but he was defeated by Desiderius and retired to a cloister.
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Ratold of Italy
Ratold (889–929) was a King of Italy who ruled for a month or so in 896.
He was younger illegitimate son of Arnulf of Carinthia by a concubine. His mother may have been the same mother as Zwentibold, but may on the other hand have been a Lombard, thus gaining the child standing among the people of Italy, or a Slav, based on his name. Arnulf had the nobility recognise the rights of Zwentibold and Ratold as his successors.
After his father was crowned Roman Emperor in Rome in 896, he left Ratold behind as nominal sub-king of Italy in Milan and crossed the Alps for Germany. Immediately after returning to Germany, Lambert II of Spoleto, an opponent of Arnulf's for the crown of Italy, took control of the country. Ratold was forced to flee.
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Robert I of France
Robert I (15 August 866 – 15 June 923), King of Western Francia (922–923), was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and the brother of Odo, who became king of the Western Franks in 888. West Francia evolved over time into France; under Odo, the capital was fixed on Paris, a large step in that direction. His family is known as the Robertians.
He was present at the Siege of Paris in 885. Appointed by Odo ruler of several counties, including the county of Paris, and abbot in commendam of many abbeys, Robert also secured the office of Dux Francorum, a military dignity of high importance. He did not claim the crown of West Francia when his brother died in 898; but recognising the supremacy of the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple, he was confirmed in his offices and possessions, after which he continued to defend northern Francia from the attacks of the Norsemen.
The peace between the king and his powerful vassal was not seriously disturbed until about 921. The rule of Charles, and especially his partiality for a certain Hagano, had aroused some irritation; and, supported by many of the clergy and by some of the most powerful of the Frankish nobles, Robert took up arms, drove Charles into Lorraine, and was himself crowned king of the Franks (rex Francorum) at Rheims on 29 June 922. Collecting an army, Charles marched against the usurper and, on 15 June 923, in a stubborn and sanguinary battle near Soissons, Robert was killed, according to one tradition in single combat with his rival. His army nonetheless won the battle, and Charles was captured.
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Robert II of France
Robert II (27 March 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious (French: le Pieux) or the Wise (French: le Sage), was King of the Franks from 996 until his death. The second reigning member of the House of Capet, he was born in Orléans to Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine.
Immediately after his own coronation, Robert's father Hugh began to push for the coronation of Robert. "The essential means by which the early Capetians were seen to have kept the throne in their family was through the association of the eldest surviving son in the royalty during the father's lifetime," Andrew W. Lewis has observed, in tracing the phenomenon in this line of kings who lacked dynastic legitimacy. Hugh's claimed reason was that he was planning an expedition against the Moorish armies harassing Borrel II of Barcelona, an invasion which never occurred, and that the stability of the country necessitated a co-king, should he die while on expedition.Ralph Glaber, however, attributes Hugh's request to his old age and inability to control the nobility. Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the claims of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of Hugh's "plan" to campaign in Spain. Robert was eventually crowned on 25 December 987. A measure of Hugh's success is that when Hugh died in 996, Robert continued to reign without any succession dispute, but during his long reign actual royal power dissipated into the hands of the great territorial magnates.
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Roderic
Ruderic (also spelled Roderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick; Spanish and Portuguese: Rodrigo, Arabic: Ludharīq, لذريق; died 711 or 712) was the Visigothic King of Hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. He is famous in legend as "the last king of the Goths". In history he actually is an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of Iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading Muslims who soon conquered most of the peninsula. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, who was later assassinated.
The above circumstances have caused the name "Roderic" and its various variants to remain in use up to the present, unlike many other Germanic names of the time which had faded into obscurity.
According to the late Chronicle of Alfonso III, Roderic was a son of Theodefred, himself a son of king Chindaswinth, and of a lady named Riccilo. Roderic's exact date of birth is unknown but probably was after 687, estimated from his father's marriage having taken place after his exile to Córdoba following the succession of King Egica in that year.
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Rodoald
Rodoald (or Rodwald) was a Lombard king of Italy, who succeeded his father Rothari on the throne in 652. He was said to be lecherous and he was assassinated after a reign of just six months in 653 by the husband of one of his lovers. Paul the Deacon writes that Rodoald "had reigned five years and seven days," although historians note that this length of reign is suspect. Aripert, a rival claimant was elected with the support of the Catholic Church, which opposed the Arian monarchy.
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Roger Collins
Roger J. H. Collins (born 1949) is an English medievalist, currently an honorary fellow in history at the University of Edinburgh.
Collins studied at the University of Oxford (Queen's and Saint Cross Colleges) under Peter Brown and John Michael Wallace-Hadrill. He then taught ancient and medieval history at the universities of Liverpool and Bristol. He arrived at the University of Edinburgh in 1994 and joined the Institute of Advanced Studies in the Humanities before becoming an honorary fellow in the Department of History (now the School of History, Classics and Archaeology) in 1998.
His research has primarily concerned the Early Middle Ages, with an emphasis on Spain, but also the Franks. His studies on the Basques and the Papacy (ongoing) have extended beyond this medieval period into the modern. His most recent publication is a book on the seventh- and eighth-century versions of the Chronicle of Fredegar for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica.
The following select list of writing. Only first printings and English versions are noted, as well as the latest revisions.
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Roland
Roland (Frankish: Hruodland) (died 14 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. Historically, Roland was military governor of the Breton March, with responsibility for defending the frontier of Francia against the Bretons. His only historical attestation is in Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni, which describes him as Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus ("Roland, prefect of the limits of Brittany") when narrating his death at the Battle of Roncesvalles, when the rearguard, under his command, and the baggage train of a Frankish army was beset by rebellious Basques.
Roland's death during retreat from the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in Iberia was transmogrified in later medieval and Renaissance literature. He became the chief paladin of the emperor Charlemagne and a central figure in the legendary material surrounding him, collectively known as the Matter of France. The first and most famous of these epic treatments was the Old French Chanson de Roland of the eleventh century. Two masterpieces of Italian Renaissance poetry, the Orlando innamorato and Orlando furioso, are even further detached from history than the earlier Chansons. Roland is poetically associated with his sword Durendal, his horse Veillantif, and his horn Oliphaunt.
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Romulus Augustulus
Romulus Augustus (born perhaps around 460 – died after 476, possibly alive around 500), is sometimes considered the last Western Roman Emperor (although by other accounts the last Western Roman Emperor was Julius Nepos), reigning from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. His deposition by Odoacer traditionally marks the end of the Western Roman Empire, the fall of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Western Europe.
He is also known by his nickname "Romulus Augustulus", though he ruled officially as Romulus Augustus. The Latin suffix -ulus is a diminutive; hence, Augustulus effectively means "Little Augustus".
The historical record contains few details of Romulus' life. He was installed as emperor by his father Orestes, the Magister militum (master of soldiers) of the Roman army after deposing the previous emperor Julius Nepos. Romulus, little more than a child, acted as a figurehead for his father's rule. Reigning for only ten months, Romulus was then deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer and sent to live in the Castellum Lucullanum in Campania; afterwards he disappears from the historical record.
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Rosamond McKitterick
Rosamond Deborah McKitterick is one of Britain's foremost medieval historians, since 1999 Professor of Medieval History in the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. She is also a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Much of her work focuses on the Frankish kingdoms in the 8th and 9th centuries and uses paleographical and manuscript studies to illuminate aspects of the political, cultural, intellectual, religious and social history of the early Middle Ages.
Rosamond McKitterick was born Rosamond Pierce in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England, on 31 May 1949. From 1951 to 1956 she lived in Cambridge, England, where her father had a position at Magdalene College. In 1956 she moved with her family to Western Australia where she completed primary and secondary school and completed an honours degree at the University of Western Australia. In 1971 she returned to Cambridge University to pursue her career. She holds the degrees of M.A., Ph.D., and Litt.D.
She married David John McKitterick, Librarian of Trinity College, Cambridge, and they have one daughter.
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Rothari
Rothari (or Rothair), of the house of Arodus, was king of the Lombards from 636 to 652; previously he had been duke of Brescia. He succeeded Arioald, who was an Arian like himself, and was one of the most energetic of Lombard kings. Fredegar relates (Chronicle, 71) that at the beginning of his reign he put to death many insubordinate nobles, and that in his efforts for peace he maintained very strict discipline.
Rothari conquered Genoa in 641 and the rest of Byzantine Liguria in 643. He conquered all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower valley of the Po, including Oderzo (Opitergium) in 641. According to Paul the Deacon, "Rothari then captured all the cities of the Romans which were situated upon the shore of the sea from the city of Luna in Tuscany up to the boundaries of the Franks." (IV.xlv)
With these quick conquests, he left the Byzantines with only the Ravennan marshes in northern Italy. The exarch of Ravenna, Plato, tried to regain some territory, but his invading army was defeated by Rothari on the banks of the Scultenna (the Panaro) near Modena, with the loss of 8,000 men, in 642. However, he recaptured Oderzo at same year. Oderzo finally was razed again by Grimoald in 667.
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Rotrude
Rotrude (or sometimes referred to as Hruodrud) (775 – June 6, 810) was the second daughter of Charlemagne from his marriage to Hildegard.
Few clear records remain of Princess Rotrude's early life. She was educated in the Palace School by Alcuin, who affectionately calls her Columba in his letters to her. When she was six, her father betrothed her to Constantine VI of Byzantium, whose mother Irene was ruling as regent. The Greeks called her Erythro and sent a scholar monk called Elisaeus to educate her in Greek language and manners. However, the alliance fell apart by 786 when she was eleven and Constantine's mother, Irene, broke off the engagement in 788.
She had a relationship with Rorgo of Rennes and had one son with him, Louis, Abbot of Saint-Denis (800 – 9 January 867). She never married.
Rotrude eventually became a nun, joining her aunt Gisela, abbess of Chelles. The two women authored a letter to Alcuin of York, who was at Tours at the time, requesting that he write a commentary explaining the Gospel of John. As a result, Alcuin eventually produced his seven-book Commentaria in Iohannem Evangelistam, a more accessible companion to the gospel than St. Augustine's massive and challenging Tractatus in St. John. Commentators have dated the letter to the spring of 800, four years before Alcuin's death and ten before Rotrude's.
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Rudolph of France
Rudolph (also Radulf, Ralph, or Raoul) (c. 890 – 14/15 January 936) was the Duke of Burgundy between 921 and 923 and King of Western Francia from thereafter to his death. Rudolph inherited the duchy of Burgundy from his father, Richard the Justiciar. He married Emma of France, daughter of Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois.
He was elected king of Western Francia by an assembly of nobles, to succeed his father-in-law, and crowned by Walter, Archbishop of Sens, at St Médard in Soissons on Sunday, 13 July 923. Assuming the crown, he passed Burgundy to his younger brother, Hugh the Black, after only two years as duke. Charles III was still living and claiming the kingdom at the time, but Rudolph's brother-in-law, the Carolingian Count Herbert II of Vermandois, who was married to Emma's sister, tricked Charles, a fellow Carolingian, into meeting him and took him prisoner. Rudolph's first act as king was to lead an army against King Henry I of Germany, who had made a compact with King Robert at Jülich earlier in the year. Trying to annex Lorraine, the German monarch met Rudolph and a considerably-sized army and made peace again. Though, in 925, Henry attacked the waffling Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy, constantly changing sides, and wrested control of Lorraine from France permanently, Rudolph then being in no position to resist.
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Saracen
Saracen is an historical term for a certain group of people but the meaning changed during its history. In the early centuries AD in Greek and Latin it referred to a people who lived in desert areas in and near the Roman province of Arabia, and who were specifically distinguished from Arabs. In Europe during the Early Middle Ages, the term began to be used to describe Arab tribes. By the 12th century, "Saracen" had become synonymous with "Muslim" in Medieval Latin literature. This expansion of the meaning had begun centuries earlier among the Byzantine Greeks, as evidenced in Byzantine Greek documents from the era of the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate.
Ptolemy's Geography from the second century CE describes Sarakene as a region in the northern Sinai peninsula. Ptolemy also mentions a people called the Sarakenoi living in north-western Arabia (near neighbor to the Sinai).Eusebius of Caesarea references Saracens in his Ecclesiastical history, in which he narrates an account wherein Dionysus, Bishop of Alexandria mentions Saracens in a letter while describing the Roman emperor Decius' persecution: "Many were, in the Arabian mountain, enslaved by the barbarous sarkenoi." The Historia Augusta also refers to an attack by Saraceni on Pescennius Niger's army in Egypt in 193 CE but provides little information on who they might have been.
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Saxon Wars
The Saxon Wars were the campaigns and insurrections of the more than thirty years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804, when the last rebellion of disaffected tribesmen was crushed. In all, eighteen battles were fought in what is now northwestern Germany. They resulted in the incorporation of Saxony into the Frankish realm and their conversion from Germanic paganism to Germanic Christianity.
Despite repeated setbacks, the Saxons resisted steadfastly, forever returning to raid Charlemagne's domains as soon as he turned his attention elsewhere. Their main leader, Widukind, was a resilient and resourceful opponent, and accepted a peace-offering from Charlemagne in a perilous situation not losing his face and preventing Charlemagne continuing a bothersome war. This agreement saved the Saxons' leaders' exceptional rights in their homeland. Widukind (ahd "Waldkind", engl: "Child of forest") was baptized in 785 and buried in the only German church without a spire.
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Saxons
The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, who during the Middle Ages migrated to the British Isles and formed part of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxons were originally Ingvaeonic tribes, whose earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein. This area overlapped the area of the Angles, a tribe with which they were frequently closely linked. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the fifth century. It is unknown how many migrated from the continent to Britain, though estimates for the total number of Anglo-Saxon settlers are around two hundred thousand. During the Middle ages, because of international Hanseatic trading routes and contingent migration during the Middle Ages, Saxons mixed with and had strong influences upon the languages and cultures of the North Germanic and Baltic and Finnic peoples, and also upon the Polabian Slavs and Pomeranian West Slavic people.
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Sean Connery
Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born 25 August 1930) is a Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award) and three Golden Globes (including the Cecil B. DeMille Award and a Henrietta Award).
Connery is best known for portraying the character James Bond, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983 (six Eon Productions films and the non-canonical Thunderball remake, Never Say Never Again). In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables. His film career also includes such films as Marnie, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, The Hunt for Red October, Highlander, Murder on the Orient Express, Dragonheart, and The Rock. He was knighted in July 2000. Connery has been polled as "The Greatest Living Scot" and "Scotland's Greatest Living National Treasure". In 1989, he was proclaimed "Sexiest Man Alive" by People magazine and in 1999, at age 69, he was voted "Sexiest Man of the Century".
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Seguin I of Gascony
Seguin I Lupo was Duke of Gascony from 812 until 816, when Louis the Pious deposed him "because of his boundless arrogance and wicked ways", according to the contemporary Frankish chroniclers. The "Basques across the Garonne and around the Pyrenees" rebelled against the removal of their duke, but the Frankish king received the submission of the rebels in Dax. The emperor crossed the Pyrenees and "settled matters" in Pamplona (according to the Vita Hludovici). This could imply that the Gascony of Seguin's day was trans-Pyrenean, i.e., comprised lands on both sides of the mountains.
A count of Bordeaux (ruler of the "Burdegalian country", or pagus Burdegalensis) appointed by Charlemagne around 781 had the same name, Seguin, and may have been the same person. The duke was probably of Gascon (Basque) lineage, and allegedly a son of Adalric, a possible duke of Gascony, or of Lupus II, a definite duke of Gascony. He may have been a brother of Sancho I, Lupus III, and Garsand (or Garseand), and probably was the father of Seguin II. He was not, as has been alleged from time to time, the forefather of the Jiménez dynasty which ruled the kingdom of Navarre (905–1234). He may have had Spanish ancestry, though the Vita Hludovici calls him "of the race of Franks" (ex gente Francorum).
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Sidney Painter
Sidney Painter (September 23, 1902 – 1960) was an American medievalist at Johns Hopkins University.
Painter was born in New York City; after the Taft School he attended Yale University (AB 1925; PhD 1930). He wrote many influential books. His doctoral thesis was later published as "William Marshal: Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of England", and was supervised by Professor Sydney K. Mitchell at Yale University.
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Sigebert I
Sigebert I (c. 535 – c. 575) was the king of Austrasia from the death of his father in 561 to his own death. He was the third surviving son out of four of Clotaire I and Ingund. His reign found him mostly occupied with a successful civil war against his half brother, Chilperic.
When Clotaire I died in 561, his kingdom was divided, in accordance with Frankish custom, among his four sons: Sigebert became king of the northeastern portion, known as Austrasia, with its capital at Rheims, to which he added further territory on the death of his brother, Charibert, in 567 or 568; Charbiert himself had received the kingdom centred on Paris; Guntram received the Kingdom of Burgundy with its capital at Orléans; and the youngest son, the aforementiond Chilperic, received Soissons, which became Neustria when he received his share of Charibert's kingdom. Incursions by the Avars, a fierce nomadic tribe related to the Huns, caused Sigebert to move his capital from Rheims to Metz. He repelled their attacks twice, in 562 and c. 568.
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Sigebert II
Sigebert II (601–613) was king of Burgundy and Austrasia (613). Bastard son of Theuderic II, he succeeded his father in 613; but the mayor of the palace of Austrasia, Warnachar, feared that at his young age he would fall under the influence of his great-grandmother Brunhilda. Brunhilda had brought him before a national assembly, where he was proclaimed by the nobles, who did homage to him over both his father's kingdoms. But Warnachar and Rado, mayor of the palace of Burgundy, abandoned the cause of Brunhilda and the young king and joined with Clotaire II of Neustria, promising not to rise in defence of the queen-regent and recognising Clotaire as rightful regent and guardian of Sigebert. Brunhilda and Sigebert met Clotaire's army on the Aisne, but the Patrician Aletheus, Duke Rocco, and Duke Sigvald deserted the host and the grand old woman and her king had to flee. They got as far as the Orbe before Clotaire's minions caught up with them by lake Neuchâtel. Both of them and Sigebert's younger brother Corbo were executed by Clotaire's orders. Brunhilda was tortured on the rack for three days before being ripped apart between four horses, thus ending the long and bloody feud between Austrasia and Neustria, and reuniting the two kingdoms. Clotaire then ruled the entire realm of the Franks.
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Tariq ibn Ziyad
Tariq ibn Ziyad (Arabic: طارق بن زياد, died 720) was a Muslim, possibly Berber general who led the Islamic conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711-718 A.D. He is considered to be one of the most important military commanders in Iberian history. Under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I he led a large army from the north coast of Morocco, consolidating his troops at a large hill now known as Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Tāriq (جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Tariq", named after him.
There are three different accounts of his origins given by Arabic histories. These are:
Most historians, Arab and Spanish, seem to agree that he was a slave of the emir of Ifriqiya (North Africa), Musa bin Nusayr, who gave him his freedom and appointed him a general in his army. But his descendants centuries later denied he had ever been Musa's slave.
Musa bin Nusayr appointed Tariq governor of Tangiers after its conquest, but an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a stronghold commanded by a nobleman named Julian.
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Teia
Teia (d. 552 or 553), also known as Teja, Theia, Thila, Thela, Teias, was the last Ostrogothic king in Italy.
Apparently a military officer serving under Totila, Teia was chosen as successor and raised over a shield after Totila was slain in the Battle of Taginae (also known as the Battle of Busta Gallorum) in July 552. On his way fleeing to southern Italy, he gathered support from prominent figures within Totila's armies including Scipuar, Gundulf (Indulf), Gibal and Ragnaris to make his last stand against the Byzantine eunuch general Narses at the Battle of Mons Lactarius, south of present-day Naples, near Nuceria Alfaterna, in October 552 or early 553. The Ostrogothic army was defeated once again. Teia was slain, his brother Aligern surrendered. Scipuar and Gibal were likely also killed. Gundulf and Ragnaris escaped from the field; the latter was mortally wounded after a failed assassination by an agent of Narses.
With that defeat, organized Ostrogothic resistance ended. Although the last attested Gothic noble Widin revolted in northern Italy in 550s and was captured in 561 or 562, the Ostrogoths would fade into obscurity.
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Theodahad
Theodahad (born c. 480 in Tauresium – died 536) was the King of the Ostrogoths from 534 to 536 and a nephew of Theodoric the Great through his sister Amalafrida. He might have arrived in Italy with Theodoric and was an elderly man at the time of his succession. He arrested Amalaswintha, queen of the Ostrogoths from 526 to 534, and imprisoned her on an island in Lake Bolsena.
Witiges ordered him killed, and succeeded him as king.
Thiudehad appears as a character in the time travel novel Lest Darkness Fall, by L. Sprague de Camp.
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Theodoric the Great
Theoderic the Great (Gothic: Þiudareiks; Latin: Flāvius Theodericus; Greek: Θευδέριχος, Theuderikhos; Old English: Þēodrīc; Old Norse: Þjōðrēkr, Þīðrēkr; 454 – August 30, 526) was king of the Ostrogoths (471–526), ruler of Italy (493–526), regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire. His Gothic name Þiudareiks translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people".
A son of King Theodemir, an Amali nobleman, Theoderic was born in Pannonia, after his people had defeated the Huns at the Battle of Nedao. Growing up as a hostage in Constantinople, Theoderic received a privileged education, and succeeded his father as leader of the Pannonian Ostrogoths in 471 AD. Settling his people in lower Moesia, Theoderic came in conflict with Thracian Ostrogoths led by Theoderic Strabo, whom he eventually supplanted, uniting the peoples in 484.
Subsequently, Byzantine Emperor Zeno gave him the title of Patrician and the office of Magister militum (master of the soldiers), and even appointed him as Roman Consul. Trying to achieve further aims, Theoderic frequently ravaged the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, eventually threatening Constantinople itself. In 488, Emperor Zeno ordered Theoderic to overthrow the German usurper Odoacer, who had established himself as King of Italy. After a victorious three-year long war, Theoderic killed Odoacer with his own hands, settled his 100,000 to 200,000 people in Italy, and founded a Kingdom based in Ravenna. Although promoting separation between the Arian Ostrogoths and the Roman population, Theoderic stressed the importance of racial harmony. Seeking to restore the glory of Ancient Rome, he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous period since Valentinian, until his death in 526. Memories of his reign made him a hero of Germanic legend as Dietrich von Bern.
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Theodrada
Theodrada (ca. 784 – 844/853) was a daughter of Charlemagne (742-814) from his marriage to Fastrada. She became Abbess of the monastery of Argenteuil.
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Theuderic III
Theuderic III (or Theuderich, Theoderic, or Theodoric; in French, Thierry) (654–691) was the king of Neustria (including Burgundy) on two occasions (673 and 675–691) and king of Austrasia from 679 to his death in 691. Thus, he was the king of all the Franks from 679. The son of Clovis II and Balthild, he has been described as a puppet — a roi fainéant — of Mayor of the Palace Ebroin, who may have even appointed him without the support of the nobles. He succeeded his brother Clotaire III in Neustria in 673, but Childeric II of Austrasia displaced him soon thereafter until he died in 675 and Theuderic retook his throne. When Dagobert II died in 679, he received Austrasia as well and became king of the whole Frankish realm.
He and the Neustrian mayor of the palace, Waratton, made peace with Pepin of Heristal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, in 681. However, on Waratton's death in 686, the new mayor, Berthar, made war with Austrasia and Pepin vanquished the Burgundo-Neustrian army under Berthar and Theuderic (a Neustrian) at the Battle of Tertry in 687, thus paving the way for Austrasian dominance of the Frankish state.
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Theuderic IV
Theuderic IV (c. 712 – 737) or Theuderich, Theoderic, or Theodoric; in French, Thierry was the Merovingian King of the Franks from 721 until his death in 737. He was the son of king Dagobert III; his date of birth is not well known but after 711.
During his reign, his realm was controlled by the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, who kept him in custody, first in Chelles Abbey, then in Château-Thierry.
After his death, the Frankish throne remained vacant for seven years, until Pepin the Short arranged for Childeric III, the last Merovingian king, to succeed him.
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Theudoald
Theudoald (or Theodald) was the mayor of the palace, briefly unopposed in 714 until Ragenfrid was acclaimed in Neustria and Charles Martel in Austrasia by the nobles, after the death of his grandfather, Pepin of Heristal. He was the illegitimate son of Grimoald II and Theudesinda of Frisia and thus a grandson of king Radbod. His grandmother Plectrude tried to have him recognised by his grandfather as the legitimate heir to all the Pippinid lands, instead of the illegitimate Charles Martel. His grandmother surrendered on his behalf in 716 to Chilperic II of Neustria and Ragenfrid. He died, probably killed, around 741, after the death of his uncle and protector, Charles Martel. It is notable that, despite his having been proclaimed heir to Pepin the Middle, when Charles Martel seized power, he allowed his nephew to live, instead of killing him, as was the wont in the Middle Ages.
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Totila
Totila, original name Baduila (died July 1, 552) was King of the Ostrogoths from 541 to 552 AD. A skilled military and political leader, Totila reversed the tide of Gothic War, recovering by 543 almost all the territories in Italy that the Eastern Roman Empire had captured from his Kingdom in 540.
A relative of Theudis, sword-bearer of Theodoric the Great and king of the Visigoths, Totila was elected king by Ostrogothic nobles in the autumn of 541 after King Witigis had been carried off prisoner to Constantinople. Totila proved himself both as a military and political leader, winning the support of the lower classes by liberating slaves and distributing land to the peasants. After a successful defence at Verona, Totila pursued and defeated a numerically superior army at the Battle of Faventia in 542 AD. Building on his victories, Totila followed these victories by defeating the Romans outside Florence and capturing Naples. By 543, fighting on land and sea, he had reconqured the bulk of the lost territory. Rome held out, and Totila appealed unsuccesully to the Senate in a letter reminding them of the loyalty of the Romans to his predecessor Theodoric the Great. In the spring of 544 the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I sent his general Belisarius to Italy to counterattack, but Totila, captured Rome in 546 from Belisarius and depopulated the city after a yearlong siege. When Totila left to fight the Byzantines in Lucania, south of Naples, Belisarius retook Rome and rebuilt its fortifications.
wn.com/Totila -
Treaty of Verdun
The Treaty of Verdun (Verdun-sur-Meuse, August 843) was a treaty between the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, the son and successor of Charlemagne, which divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms. It ended the three year long Carolingian Civil War.
When Louis the Pious died in 840, his eldest son, Lothair I, claimed overlordship over his brothers' kingdoms and supported the claim of his nephew Pepin II as king of Aquitaine, a large province in western France. After his brother Louis the German and his half-brother Charles the Bald defeated his forces at the Battle of Fontenay (841) and sealed their alliance with the Oaths of Strasbourg (842), Lothair became willing to negotiate instead of continuing the warfare.
Each of the three brothers was already established in one kingdom: Lothair in Italy, Louis the German in Bavaria, and Charles the Bald in Aquitaine. In the settlement, Lothair (who had been named co-emperor in 817) retained his title as emperor and:
After the death of Lothair in 855, Upper and Lower Burgundy (Arles and Provence) passed to his third son Charles of Provence, and the remaining territory north of the Alps to his second son Lothair II, after whom the hitherto nameless territory was called Lotharingia, which name eventually evolved into the modern Lorraine. Lothair's eldest son, Louis II inherited Italy and his father's claim to the Imperial title.
wn.com/Treaty_of_Verdun -
Vascones
The Vascones (Latin, singular vasco) were an ancient people who, at the arrival of the Romans, inhabited the region of present day Navarre, Lower La Rioja and north-western Aragon. It is likely that they are ancestors of the present-day Basques, to whom they left their name.
Unlike the Aquitanians or Cantabrians, the Vascones seemed to have negotiated their status in the Roman Empire. In the Sertorian War, Pompey established his headquarters in their territory, founding Pompaelo. Romanization was rather intense in the area known as Ager Vasconum (the Ebro valley) but limited in the mountainous Saltus, where evidence of Roman civilization appears only in mining places, like Oiasso. The territory was also important for Romans as a communication knot between northern Hispania and southwestern Gallia.
The Vasconian area presents indications of upheaval (burnt villas, an abundance of mints to pay the garrisons) during the 4th and 5th centuries that have been linked by many historians to the Bagaudae rebellions against feudalization.
wn.com/Vascones -
Visigoths
The Visigoths (Latin: Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi) were one of two main branches of the later Goths, the Ostrogoths being the other. These tribes were among the Germanic peoples who spread through the late Roman Empire during Late Antiquity or the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged out of the Gothic groups who entered the Roman Empire in and after 376 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and famously sacked Rome in 410 AD, eventually settling in Spain and Portugal, where they founded a powerful Kingdom.
After numerous years of migration, which led the Visigoths to compare themselves to the Biblical Hebrew people wandering for 40 years in the Sinai Desert, the Visigoths settled in southern Gaul as foederati of the Romans in 418. For unknown reasons, they soon fell out with their hosts and established their own kingdom with its capital at Toulouse. Extending their authority into Hispania at the expense of the Vandals, their rule in Gaul was ended by the Franks under Clovis I at the Battle of Vouillé in 507. Thereafter the only territory north of the Pyrenees that the Visigoths held was Septimania, such that their kingdom became limited to Hispania. The province came to be dominated by the Visigothic small governing elite at the expense of the Byzantine province of Spania and the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia.
wn.com/Visigoths -
Vitiges
Witiges or Vitiges (died 540) was King of the Ostrogoths in Italy from 536 to 540.
He succeeded to the throne of Italy in the early stages of the Gothic War, as Belisarius had quickly captured Sicily the previous year and was currently in southern Italy at the head of the forces of Justinian I, the Eastern Roman Emperor. Witiges was the husband of Amalasuntha's only surviving child, Matasuntha, a marriage designed to bolster his claim to kingship. The panegyric upon the wedding in 536 was delivered by Cassiodorus, the praetorian prefect, and survives, a traditionally Roman form of rhetoric that set the Gothic dynasty in a flatteringly Roman light. Witiges had Theodahad murdered soon after he was made king. Theodahad had enraged the Goths because he failed to send any assistance to Naples when it was besieged by the Byzantines, led by Belisarius. Justinian's general Belisarius took both Witiges and Matasuntha as captives to Constantinople, and Witiges died there, without any children. After his death Matasuntha married the patrician Germanus Justinus, a nephew of Justinian I by his sister Vigilantia.
wn.com/Vitiges -
Višeslav of Croatia
Višeslav was one of the first princes or dukes (Croatian: Knez) of Littoral Croatia.
He ruled with the support of the Pope and Byzantium. The Croats warred against the Franks during his rule and avoided defeat until 803 - a year after his death. During the Siege of Trsat in the autumn of 799 between the defending forces of the Littoral Croatian Duchy under the leadership of Croatian duke Višeslav and the invading Frankish army of the Carolingian Empire, the Frankish commander Eric of Friuli was killed.
Višeslav left behind a baptismal font (in Croatian: Višeslavova krstionica), surviving to this day, which remains an important symbol of early Croatian history and the people's conversion to Christianity. The inscription is in Latin, and mentions the name of a priest named John (Ivan) who baptized people during "the time of Duke Višeslav" in the honor of John the Baptist.
wn.com/Višeslav_of_Croatia -
Waifer of Aquitaine
Waifer (a.k.a. Waifar, Waiofar, Waifre, Guyver or Gaifier) was the duke of Aquitaine from 748 to 768, succeeding his newly-monastic father Hunold.
When asked by the king Pepin the Short to give up Frankish refugees and seized church lands in 760, Waifer refused. The king in turn, after finishing successfully his military campaign in Septimania, marched against him, ravaging the land of Berry and Auvergne. Two counts of the contumacious Aquitanian duke retaliated by rampaging through Burgundy and prompting Pepin to come south again in 761. He took Clermont and Auvergne in that year and, in the following years (762/763), Berry and Bourges. According to the continuator of the Chronicle of Fredegar, Waifer opposed Pepin cum exercito magno et plurima Wasconorum qui ultra Garonnam commorantur, quem antiquitus vocati sunt Vaceti: "with a great and large army of Vascones from across the Garonne, who in antiquity were called Vaceti". However, Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria revolted against Frankish overlordship and drew off Pepin's attention, leaving Waifer in place.
wn.com/Waifer_of_Aquitaine -
Widukind
Widukind (8th/9th centuries; modernized name Wittekind) was a pagan Saxon leader and the chief opponent of Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars. Widukind was the leader of the Saxons against the Frankish king Charlemagne (later emperor of the West). In 782, when Charlemagne organized Saxony as a Frankish province and ordered forced conversion of the pagan Saxons of Widukind, the Saxons resumed warfare against the Franks. In later times, Widukind became a symbol of Saxon independence and a figure of legend.
Very little is known about Widukind's life. All sources about him stem from his enemies, the Franks, who painted a negative picture of Widukind, calling him an "insurgent" and a "traitor". He was mentioned first in 777, when he was the only one of the Saxon nobles not to appear at Charlemagne's court in Paderborn. Instead, he stayed with the Danish king Siegfried (possibly Sigurd Ring).
In 778, Widukind led battles against the Franks, while Charlemagne was busy in Spain. From 782 through 784, annual battles between Saxons and Franks occurred. While Widukind was considered the leader of the Saxon resistance by the Franks, his exact role in the military campaigns is unknown. Even though Widukind allied himself with the Frisians, Charlemagne's winter attacks of 784/785 were successful, and Widukind and his allies were pushed back beyond the River Elbe.
wn.com/Widukind -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
William of Gellone
Saint William of Gellone (755 – 28 May (traditional) 812/4) was the second Count of Toulouse from 790 until his replacement in 811. His Occitan name is Guilhem, and he is known in French as Guillaume d'Orange, Guillaume Fierabrace, and the Marquis au court nez.
He is the hero of the Chanson de Guillaume, an early chanson de geste, and of several later sequels, which were categorized by thirteenth-century poets as the geste of Garin de Monglane. Another early product of oral traditions about William is a Latin Vita ("Biography"), written before the 11th century, according to Jean Mabillon, or during the 11th century according to the Bollandist Godfrey Henschen.
William was born in northern France in the mid-8th century. He was a cousin of Charlemagne (his mother Aldana was daughter of Charles Martel) and the son of Thierry IV, Count of Autun and only nominally of Toulouse. As a kinsman and trusted comes he spent his youth in the court of Charlemagne. When the abducted count of Toulouse Chorso was released on unfavourable conditions by the Basque Adalric, Charlemagne deposed him and appointed his trustee of Frankish stock William instead (790). He in turn successfully subdued the Gascons.
wn.com/William_of_Gellone -
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Churchill was born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer; his mother, Jenny Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young army officer, he saw action in British India, the Sudan, and the Second Boer War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns.
wn.com/Winston_Churchill
Charlemagne, le prince à cheval
Young Charles is placed on the Frankish throne in the middle of the 8th Century A.D. Despite having many powerful enemies he slowly unites the nations of Western Europe and rebuilds civilization on the ruins of the Roman Empire.
Cast
- Christian Brendel
- François D'Aubigny
- Iván Kamarás
- Anny Duperey
- Gilles Gaston-Dreyfus
- Lino Capolicchio
- Xavier Deluc
- Paolo Bonacelli
- Vanni Corbellini
- Isabelle Pasco
- Sophie Duez
- Valentine Varela
- Pierre Anais
- Cris Campion
- Pier Luigi Misasi
- Pierre Cosso
- Arno Chevrier
- Frank Finlay
- Peter Sattmann
- Marc de Jonge
- Season 1
-
Episode 1: Le prince
- Episode 2: Le roi
The manager is waiting to be paid
Along with priests and deacons of his court
A quartermaster, quite a man, a mistress of the line
Has found a last cent avenue of pain
A Mardi Gras just passed this way a while ago
Making hungry people of us all
Along the Mississippi you can hear the fiddlers play
Fandangos and boleros to the lord
Many times, many tried,
Simple stories are the best
Keep in mind, the wishful kind,
Don't wanna be like all the rest.
My uncle was a vicar in the big parade
Selling fountain pens that never write
San Sebastian gamblers never cheat nor lie
They know good fences make good neighbours
I wish I knew what time of year it was What kind of people will be there When gruesome tales of two cities ran Running all the way Father might have heard his prayers were answered Inhibitions all the way from home Consider now, consider then before the deed is done The blood of consolation runs so true Many times, many tried, Simple stories are the best Keep in mind, the wishful kind, Don't wanna be like all the rest.She got a red dress
Kicking up pretty heels
She's playing the money games
Givin' us men a thrill
Spending nights in Sin City
Wearing all the upper class women down
She cannot or she could not
Change her name to Jezebel
Well, never once did she try
No, no, no, she couldn't
Change her name to Jezebel
I got an army then I gave them spears
But then I seize the power
And I went around for a hundred years
I was doin' alright
Taking what I need and what I wanted to
I did not and I could not
Change my name to Charlemagne
Well, never once did I try
But no, no, no, I couldn't
Change my name to Charlemagne
Sailing up pass stupid Earth
Venus in my skies
Well, then I'm heading back for the water
It's coming as no surprise and am I doing alright
They even won't check my fingerprints
But I was not and I never could be
Never couldn't be no astronaut
But never once did I try
No, no, no, no
I'll never be no astronaut
And I did not or I could not
Change my name to CharlemagneI bleed black mud
I bleed a cavity in your body
A cavity for thoughtless fuck
Pour forth, black mud
Pour forth, black mud life
I bleed a hole
Without pain
Life of pain
Over years of struggle
Skin coat over skin touched
Broken soul vanity
Crippled body touched
Pour forth, black mud
Pour forth, black mud life
Life of pain
Over years of struggle
Skin coat over skin touched
Broken soul vanity
Crippled body touched
Pour forth, black mud
Pour forth, black mud lifeRELEASE
ALBUMS
- Overture
- Act I: Intro
- Act I: King of the Franks
- Act II: Intro
- Act II: The Iron Crown of Lombardy
- Act III: Intro
- Act III: The Bloody Verdict of Verden
- Act IV: Intro
- Act IV: The Age of Oneness Out of Diversity
- Act V: Intro
- Act V: Starlight
- Finale
- Iberia
- The Bloody Verdict of Verden (instrumental)
- Crushes
- Quivers on an Overpass
- You Are My Diary
- New Train
- Saturn Return
- You Dipped Your Toes in Blood
- First Day of Spring
- We're Gonna Hate All Over This Town
- Death Brings Us Together
- Until We Are Called
- 8x10
- Greyhound
- Pink and Silver
- Nematode
- Your Scars
- In the Fuselage
- I Heard Something
- Fight or Flight
- Fave Unknown
- Tell Me
- (We Are) Making Light
- Hello September
Send this Playlist by SMSEmail this Page
Dynasties: The Holy Roman Empire (part1/5)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
Dynasties: The Holy Roman Empirehttp://wn.com/Dynasties_The_Holy_Roman_Empire_part1_5
19. The Early Middle Ages, 284--1000: Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:15
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
The Early Middle Ages, 284--1000 (HIST 210) In this lecture, Professor Freedman discusses the Carolingian dynasty from its origins through its culmination in the figure of Charlemagne. The Carolingians sought to overthrow the much weakened Merovingian dynasty by establishing their political legitimacy on three bases: war leadership, Christian rule, and the legacy of Rome. Charlemagne's grandfather Charles Martel won a major victory over the Muslims in 733 at the Battle of Poitiers. Charlemagne's father Pepin the Short allied the Carolingians with the papacy at a time when the latter was looking for a new protector. Charlemagne, crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in 800, made strides in reestablishing the Roman Empire; although, being centered in northern Europe, his was not an exact imitation of the Roman Empire. Professor Freedman concludes the lecture with the observation that Charlemagne can be considered the founder of Europe as a political and cultural expression. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction 07:43 - Chapter 2. The Last Years of the Merovingians 16:46 - Chapter 3. Establishing Carolingian Legitimacy 27:25 - Chapter 4. Charles Martel and Pepin the Short 34:54 - Chapter 5. Charlemagne Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: oyc.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2011.http://wn.com/19_The_Early_Middle_Ages,_284--1000_Charlemagne
The Early Middle Ages, 284--1000 (HIST 210) In this lecture, Professor Freedman discusses the Carolingian dynasty from its origins through its culmination in the figure of Charlemagne. The Carolingians sought to overthrow the much weakened Merovingian dynasty by establishing their political legitimacy on three bases: war leadership, Christian rule, and the legacy of Rome. Charlemagne's grandfather Charles Martel won a major victory over the Muslims in 733 at the Battle of Poitiers. Charlemagne's father Pepin the Short allied the Carolingians with the papacy at a time when the latter was looking for a new protector. Charlemagne, crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III in 800, made strides in reestablishing the Roman Empire; although, being centered in northern Europe, his was not an exact imitation of the Roman Empire. Professor Freedman concludes the lecture with the observation that Charlemagne can be considered the founder of Europe as a political and cultural expression. 00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction 07:43 - Chapter 2. The Last Years of the Merovingians 16:46 - Chapter 3. Establishing Carolingian Legitimacy 27:25 - Chapter 4. Charles Martel and Pepin the Short 34:54 - Chapter 5. Charlemagne Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: oyc.yale.edu This course was recorded in Fall 2011.
- published: 05 Apr 2012
- views: 11066
- author: YaleCourses
Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
outta the dark ageshttp://wn.com/Charlemagne
Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
Charlemagne was King (768-814) and emperor (800-814) of the Franks. He is seen as one of the greatest conquerors in history. He conquered the Lombard Kingdom, Saxony, Bavaria and the Spanish March. But his reign is also famous for a cultural florescence, the Carolingian Renaissance. On the height of his power he was crowned to emperor in Rome by the Pope.http://wn.com/Charlemagne
Charlemagne was King (768-814) and emperor (800-814) of the Franks. He is seen as one of the greatest conquerors in history. He conquered the Lombard Kingdom, Saxony, Bavaria and the Spanish March. But his reign is also famous for a cultural florescence, the Carolingian Renaissance. On the height of his power he was crowned to emperor in Rome by the Pope.
- published: 22 Dec 2010
- views: 33824
- author: Princepsmaximus
Charlemagne Biography- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Charlemagne 742 (?) - 814 www.cloudbiography.com Charlemagne was the King of the Franks whose conquests and expansion led to the revival of art, religion and culture through the medium of the Catholic church. All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License http Attribution: cloudbiography.comhttp://wn.com/Charlemagne_Biography
Charlemagne 742 (?) - 814 www.cloudbiography.com Charlemagne was the King of the Franks whose conquests and expansion led to the revival of art, religion and culture through the medium of the Catholic church. All content is either in the public domain or licensed pursuant to a Creative Commons Attribution License http Attribution: cloudbiography.com
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 1249
- author: TheCloudBiography
Christopher Lee on Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
Christopher Lee talks about his upcoming album "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross". The interview was done on the 1st of January 2010.http://wn.com/Christopher_Lee_on_Charlemagne
Christopher Lee talks about his upcoming album "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross". The interview was done on the 1st of January 2010.
- published: 03 Jan 2010
- views: 147385
- author: CharlemagneMusical
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (Live)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Live in NY)"Two Against Nature - DVD - You are free to comment but..... I will remove mindless BS that nobody wants to sift throughhttp://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Kid_Charlemagne_Live
Live in NY)"Two Against Nature - DVD - You are free to comment but..... I will remove mindless BS that nobody wants to sift through
- published: 05 Mar 2007
- views: 2539389
- author: Russ Harris
Steely Dan Live 1996 at Manassas 20/23: Kid Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Steely Dan Nissan Pavillion Manassas, VA 21 July 1996 20/23 - Kid Charlemagne Donald Fagen - keyboard / vocals Walter Becker - guitar / vocals Wayne Krantz - guitar Ricky Lawson - drums Tom Barney - bass John Beasley - piano Carolyn Leonhart - background vocals Michelle Wiley - background vocals Art Crimes '96 Neuraesthenic Horns: Cornelius Bumpus - alto sax Ari Ambrose - tenor sax Michael Leonhart - trumpet Source: Intercept from the in-house video monitor broadcast. Producer acquired higher quality audio than that found on the original VHS and synched the new audio with the video and deleted the original audio. Producer remastered the video with GTH Electronics' Advanced Convertor Enhancer dramatically increasing the quality of the video picture.http://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Live_1996_at_Manassas_20_23_Kid_Charlemagne
Steely Dan Nissan Pavillion Manassas, VA 21 July 1996 20/23 - Kid Charlemagne Donald Fagen - keyboard / vocals Walter Becker - guitar / vocals Wayne Krantz - guitar Ricky Lawson - drums Tom Barney - bass John Beasley - piano Carolyn Leonhart - background vocals Michelle Wiley - background vocals Art Crimes '96 Neuraesthenic Horns: Cornelius Bumpus - alto sax Ari Ambrose - tenor sax Michael Leonhart - trumpet Source: Intercept from the in-house video monitor broadcast. Producer acquired higher quality audio than that found on the original VHS and synched the new audio with the video and deleted the original audio. Producer remastered the video with GTH Electronics' Advanced Convertor Enhancer dramatically increasing the quality of the video picture.
- published: 16 Dec 2007
- views: 37431
- author: Carlos Perez Chavez
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"Kid Charlemagne" - "Steely Dan", solo jazz fingerstyle guitar arrangement by Jake Reichbart- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Check out my guitar DVD lessons: The majority of the DVDs are lessons on my specific song arrangements as seen on YouTube, check out these samples: www.youtube.com Also check out this sample from my DVD lesson "How To Arrange Any Song For Solo Guitar": www.youtube.com The DVDs are available in NTSC or PAL formats. For complete info on pricing, shipping and payment just email me at jake.reichbart@gmail.com. 1) Creepin' by Stevie Wonder 2) Lately by Stevie Wonder. This title also comes with a 15 minute segment showing chord substitutions for Stella By Starlight 3) Steppin' Out by Joe Jackson 4) A very cool and in depth video to go with my performance of the standard "Do Nothin' Till You Hear From Me", really getting into jazz harmony 5) Maxine by Donald Fagen 6) Deacon Blues by Steely Dan 7) Save a prayer by Duran Duran 8) A jazz harmony for the guitar DVD, very advanced 9) Feel Like Flying by Gino Vannelli 10) Lead electric blues guitar, brand new! 90 min., based on my guitar work on the accompanying CD to the Hal Leonard book Bass Grooves: The Ultimate Collection by Jon Liebman 11) Lead Jazz Guitar: The Art of Phrasing with Rhythmic Figures and Patterns. If you know scales, arpeggios and chords but somehow can't quite seem to put together a satisfying solo, this DVD will show you how. An hour and 20 minutes. Intermed/Adv. 12) Every Summer Night by Pat Metheny, 1 hour and 50 minutes long! 13) This Masquerade (Leon Russel/George Benson), complete arrangement, including a ...http://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_Steely_Dan,_solo_jazz_fingerstyle_guitar_arrangement_by_Jake_Reichbart
Check out my guitar DVD lessons: The majority of the DVDs are lessons on my specific song arrangements as seen on YouTube, check out these samples: www.youtube.com Also check out this sample from my DVD lesson "How To Arrange Any Song For Solo Guitar": www.youtube.com The DVDs are available in NTSC or PAL formats. For complete info on pricing, shipping and payment just email me at jake.reichbart@gmail.com. 1) Creepin' by Stevie Wonder 2) Lately by Stevie Wonder. This title also comes with a 15 minute segment showing chord substitutions for Stella By Starlight 3) Steppin' Out by Joe Jackson 4) A very cool and in depth video to go with my performance of the standard "Do Nothin' Till You Hear From Me", really getting into jazz harmony 5) Maxine by Donald Fagen 6) Deacon Blues by Steely Dan 7) Save a prayer by Duran Duran 8) A jazz harmony for the guitar DVD, very advanced 9) Feel Like Flying by Gino Vannelli 10) Lead electric blues guitar, brand new! 90 min., based on my guitar work on the accompanying CD to the Hal Leonard book Bass Grooves: The Ultimate Collection by Jon Liebman 11) Lead Jazz Guitar: The Art of Phrasing with Rhythmic Figures and Patterns. If you know scales, arpeggios and chords but somehow can't quite seem to put together a satisfying solo, this DVD will show you how. An hour and 20 minutes. Intermed/Adv. 12) Every Summer Night by Pat Metheny, 1 hour and 50 minutes long! 13) This Masquerade (Leon Russel/George Benson), complete arrangement, including a ...
- published: 21 Sep 2010
- views: 20326
- author: Jake Reichbart
Charlemagne Palestine ~ Strumming Music (for strings)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:27
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
Strumming Music (for strings) Charlemagne Palestinehttp://wn.com/Charlemagne_Palestine_~_Strumming_Music_for_strings
Strumming Music (for strings) Charlemagne Palestine
- published: 10 Apr 2011
- views: 10140
- author: stanchinsky
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SPY - Hammer In My Heart (Feat. Diane Charlemagne - Black Sun Empire remix)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Hospitality Brixton 25.01.2013 - Final Tickets - bit.ly Pre-Order Hospitality D&B; 2013 - bit.ly Back for the third year running, "Hospitality D&B; 2013" continues to bring you the very best in D&B; across 30 un-mixed tracks, and an expertly put together mix by Tomahawk, all for under £5. Featuring the full spectrum of artists; from Mampi Swift to Netsky, Calyx & Teebee to TC and Metrik to Technimatic, all flavours of D&B; are covered in this exhilarating mix with some superb remixes from the likes of Dub Phyzix, SPY, Metrik, Ulterior Motive and Sub Zero. With big plans a-foot for 2013, the Hospitality events brand continues to grow and once again we will be hosting stages at festivals across the UK and Europe, continuing our hectic schedule of UK regional shows and touring the USA and Canada. "Hospitality D&B; 2013" aims to bring the sound of Hospitality to your home stereo. Opening with Mampi Swift's massive "Gangster", keep an eye out for tracks such as Hospital signings Fred V & Grafix's -- "Purple Gates" as well as some killer cuts from Emperor -- "Smokescreen", Culture Shock -- "I Remember" and Nu:Logic -- "Hells Bells". Familiar favourites from Netsky, Danny Byrd and High Contrast are peppered throughout as well as contributions from Med School artists Joe Syntax - Bassline Sinker" and Villem -- "Ascent". On top of all of that, Hospitality D&B; 2013 contains unreleased tracks from: Logistics, Fred V & Grafix, Placid, Pluton & Skyer, Etherwood, Nu:Logic, Quadrant, Kid ...http://wn.com/SPY_Hammer_In_My_Heart_Feat_Diane_Charlemagne_Black_Sun_Empire_remix
Hospitality Brixton 25.01.2013 - Final Tickets - bit.ly Pre-Order Hospitality D&B; 2013 - bit.ly Back for the third year running, "Hospitality D&B; 2013" continues to bring you the very best in D&B; across 30 un-mixed tracks, and an expertly put together mix by Tomahawk, all for under £5. Featuring the full spectrum of artists; from Mampi Swift to Netsky, Calyx & Teebee to TC and Metrik to Technimatic, all flavours of D&B; are covered in this exhilarating mix with some superb remixes from the likes of Dub Phyzix, SPY, Metrik, Ulterior Motive and Sub Zero. With big plans a-foot for 2013, the Hospitality events brand continues to grow and once again we will be hosting stages at festivals across the UK and Europe, continuing our hectic schedule of UK regional shows and touring the USA and Canada. "Hospitality D&B; 2013" aims to bring the sound of Hospitality to your home stereo. Opening with Mampi Swift's massive "Gangster", keep an eye out for tracks such as Hospital signings Fred V & Grafix's -- "Purple Gates" as well as some killer cuts from Emperor -- "Smokescreen", Culture Shock -- "I Remember" and Nu:Logic -- "Hells Bells". Familiar favourites from Netsky, Danny Byrd and High Contrast are peppered throughout as well as contributions from Med School artists Joe Syntax - Bassline Sinker" and Villem -- "Ascent". On top of all of that, Hospitality D&B; 2013 contains unreleased tracks from: Logistics, Fred V & Grafix, Placid, Pluton & Skyer, Etherwood, Nu:Logic, Quadrant, Kid ...
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 29972
- author: HospitalRecords
Amy Winehouse Found Dead, Basketball Wives, Charlemagne Vs Lil Mama & More- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:38
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Follow Us On Twitter Makael www.twitter.com Kevin www.twitter.com Mother Rivers Sleeping In Church www.twitvid.com I am not adding tables of contents because I want you guys to watch the whole video!http://wn.com/Amy_Winehouse_Found_Dead,_Basketball_Wives,_Charlemagne_Vs_Lil_Mama_More
Follow Us On Twitter Makael www.twitter.com Kevin www.twitter.com Mother Rivers Sleeping In Church www.twitvid.com I am not adding tables of contents because I want you guys to watch the whole video!
- published: 25 Jul 2011
- views: 37840
- author: theskorpionshow
Charlemagne Tha God new radio show- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
This is about Charlemagne Tha God and his new morning show in phillyhttp://wn.com/Charlemagne_Tha_God_new_radio_show
This is about Charlemagne Tha God and his new morning show in philly
- published: 03 May 2009
- views: 8614
- author: yourfriend20099
Kid Charlemagne - Outro Solo- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Here's part1 of the Kid Charlemagne outro solo. Part 2 is at my site, www.learnblueslicks.com. It's free, so come on over.http://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_Outro_Solo
Here's part1 of the Kid Charlemagne outro solo. Part 2 is at my site, www.learnblueslicks.com. It's free, so come on over.
- published: 15 Aug 2009
- views: 5487
- author: haywyre62
Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne (full cover)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
Backing track courtesy of www.bobbysbackingtracks.com Thanks for watching and hope you enjoy! I made a mistake or two along the way, but had fun playing along with this great track!http://wn.com/Steely_Dan-Kid_Charlemagne_full_cover
Backing track courtesy of www.bobbysbackingtracks.com Thanks for watching and hope you enjoy! I made a mistake or two along the way, but had fun playing along with this great track!
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 10674
- author: ZenDriveSeven
Kid Charlemagne Guitar Solo (guitar lesson)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:43
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
Welcome back everyone! It's been a spell, I've taken the time off to have a little RNR and work on some personal projects, and honestly it's been pretty nice. That said, I'm ready to take the gloves back off and jump in full-force--here's one beast... (FULL LESSON + TABS BELOW) www.walkerguitar.comhttp://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_Guitar_Solo_guitar_lesson
Welcome back everyone! It's been a spell, I've taken the time off to have a little RNR and work on some personal projects, and honestly it's been pretty nice. That said, I'm ready to take the gloves back off and jump in full-force--here's one beast... (FULL LESSON + TABS BELOW) www.walkerguitar.com
- published: 05 Mar 2012
- views: 6276
- author: fishbellyrocks
Jason Castro - Charlemagne/Keeping Lions Video #1- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
This is a video put together to help promote Charlemagne/Keeping Lions back in the day. The band was composed of Nabil Aziz, Christian Ross, Chase Ross, Micah Kinard, & Jason Castro. They were an awesome band (RIP) representing (in a BIG way) the DFW music scene. All of the band members are now working on other projects. Nabil, for example is still tearing it up in the new up & coming band "The Cast". They're made up of Bryce, Nabil, Todd, & Clint. You should check them out. www.myspace.com/thecastrocks or if you are feeling nostalgic go to: www.myspace.com/keepinglions It was fun working with them, and I expect BIG things from them. By the way, vote for Jason Castro on American Idol. He is talent at its rawest form.http://wn.com/Jason_Castro_Charlemagne_Keeping_Lions_Video_1
This is a video put together to help promote Charlemagne/Keeping Lions back in the day. The band was composed of Nabil Aziz, Christian Ross, Chase Ross, Micah Kinard, & Jason Castro. They were an awesome band (RIP) representing (in a BIG way) the DFW music scene. All of the band members are now working on other projects. Nabil, for example is still tearing it up in the new up & coming band "The Cast". They're made up of Bryce, Nabil, Todd, & Clint. You should check them out. www.myspace.com/thecastrocks or if you are feeling nostalgic go to: www.myspace.com/keepinglions It was fun working with them, and I expect BIG things from them. By the way, vote for Jason Castro on American Idol. He is talent at its rawest form.
- published: 06 Mar 2008
- views: 29730
- author: Tim Stone
DJ Friction & K Tee Feat. Diane Charlemagne - Fired Up- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
catchy tunehttp://wn.com/DJ_Friction_K_Tee_Feat_Diane_Charlemagne_Fired_Up
Christopher Lee: "The Bloody Verdict of Verden" Music Video- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Music video of the song "The Bloody Verdict of Verden", aka "The Blood of the Saxon Men" belonging to the album "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross" (2010) Symphonic metal version.. By Sir Christopher Lee.http://wn.com/Christopher_Lee_The_Bloody_Verdict_of_Verden_Music_Video
Music video of the song "The Bloody Verdict of Verden", aka "The Blood of the Saxon Men" belonging to the album "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross" (2010) Symphonic metal version.. By Sir Christopher Lee.
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- views: 284336
- author: CharlemagneMusical
Charlemagne and Aachen- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Charlemagne (747-814) ruled over the largest empire in western Europe since the height of the Roman Empire. He was crowned Emperor in Rome but he made Aachen (Germany) the centre of his empire. Charlemagne's reign saw renewed interest in Roman art and ideas and many of the greatest scholars and artists of the age came to his palace at Aachen. This film focuses on one of the greatest treasures in the V&A;'s early medieval collections: five ivory panels which formed the front cover of a magnificent book known as the Lorsch Gospels. The ivory panels were carved around 810 at Aachen. The Lorsch Gospel book was given to Lorsch Abbey. Charlemagnes palace chapel at Aachen still survives, as does the Carolingian gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey.http://wn.com/Charlemagne_and_Aachen
Charlemagne (747-814) ruled over the largest empire in western Europe since the height of the Roman Empire. He was crowned Emperor in Rome but he made Aachen (Germany) the centre of his empire. Charlemagne's reign saw renewed interest in Roman art and ideas and many of the greatest scholars and artists of the age came to his palace at Aachen. This film focuses on one of the greatest treasures in the V&A;'s early medieval collections: five ivory panels which formed the front cover of a magnificent book known as the Lorsch Gospels. The ivory panels were carved around 810 at Aachen. The Lorsch Gospel book was given to Lorsch Abbey. Charlemagnes palace chapel at Aachen still survives, as does the Carolingian gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey.
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 3223
- author: vamuseum
![Wayne Dante - Carnagie Hall (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/psvHDbE6LDU/default.jpg "Wayne Dante - Carnagie Hall (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]")
Wayne Dante - Carnagie Hall (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Fortress Entertainment / Nervous Records Official FB Page: www.facebook.comhttp://wn.com/Wayne_Dante__Carnagie_Hall_Charlemagne_Production_1999_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Fortress Entertainment / Nervous Records Official FB Page: www.facebook.com
- published: 21 Jan 2013
- views: 3069
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
Manno Charlemagne-Liberation- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Manno Charlemagne-Liberationhttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne-Liberation
LVF Division Charlemagne.avi- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/LVF_Division_Charlemagneavi
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Manno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Manno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre Zanmi Louinhttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne-Zanmi_Pre
Manno Charlemagne oganizasyon mondyal- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
chanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyalhttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_oganizasyon_mondyal
chanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyal
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 56209
- author: masstintin
Manno Charlemagne - Ayiti Pa Forè- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Artist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is available for purchase online. Support the artist and buy it. L'album est disponible sur le net. Supportez l'artiste et achetez-le. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oganizasyon-mondyal/id357095753 For more Haiti content, please visit the Facebook page of DaliReel Productions: http://www.facebook.com/dalireelproductions Disclaimer: All rights remain with the artist.This song is uploaded for your listening pleasure only and any downloading is strictly prohibited.http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Ayiti_Pa_Forè
Artist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is available for purchase online. Support the artist and buy it. L'album est disponible sur le net. Supportez l'artiste et achetez-le. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oganizasyon-mondyal/id357095753 For more Haiti content, please visit the Facebook page of DaliReel Productions: http://www.facebook.com/dalireelproductions Disclaimer: All rights remain with the artist.This song is uploaded for your listening pleasure only and any downloading is strictly prohibited.
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 32013
- author: masstintin
Manno Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Manno Charlemagne Haiti cheriehttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne
Manno Charlemagne- Sispan'n Perdu- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Sispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagnehttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Sispan'n_Perdu
Sispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagne
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 31232
- author: masstintin
Manno Charlemagne Gebede- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Gebede
Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisation : Frantz Voltaire, image & montage : Jean-François Chalut, productions : Cidihca & Fred Paul (Mini Records), edition@cidihca.com Documentaire sur la vie du musicien haïtien et auteur-compositeur, Emmanuel Charlemagne. Cet artiste était un élément important des mouvements sociopolitiques populaires haïtien dans les années 1980 et 1990. Sa musique avait une présence forte et a certainement influencée l'histoire d'Haïti avant le départ de Jean-Claude Duvalier. Documentary about the life of Haitian musician and song writer, Emmanuel Charlemagne. That artist was an important element of the popular Haitian socio-political movements in the 1980's and 1990's. His music had a strong presence and certainly influenced Haitian history prior to the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier.http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Konviksyon
© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisation : Frantz Voltaire, image & montage : Jean-François Chalut, productions : Cidihca & Fred Paul (Mini Records), edition@cidihca.com Documentaire sur la vie du musicien haïtien et auteur-compositeur, Emmanuel Charlemagne. Cet artiste était un élément important des mouvements sociopolitiques populaires haïtien dans les années 1980 et 1990. Sa musique avait une présence forte et a certainement influencée l'histoire d'Haïti avant le départ de Jean-Claude Duvalier. Documentary about the life of Haitian musician and song writer, Emmanuel Charlemagne. That artist was an important element of the popular Haitian socio-political movements in the 1980's and 1990's. His music had a strong presence and certainly influenced Haitian history prior to the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier.
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 52113
- author: masstintin
Haitianbeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC-BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/HaitianbeatzCom_Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas_CDC-BLVD
Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas-CDC-BLVD
HaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/HaitianBeatzCom_Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas-CDC-BLVD
HaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/HaitianBeatzCom_Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas-CDC-BLVD
HaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC-BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/HaitianBeatzCom_Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas_CDC-BLVD
Manno Charlemagne-Liberation- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Manno Charlemagne-Liberationhttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne-Liberation
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Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (Live)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Live in NY)"Two Against Nature - DVD - You are free to comment but..... I will remove mindless BS that nobody wants to sift throughhttp://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Kid_Charlemagne_Live
Live in NY)"Two Against Nature - DVD - You are free to comment but..... I will remove mindless BS that nobody wants to sift through
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 2539748
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Kid Charlemagne by Steely Dan- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Kid Charlemagne, classic Steely Dan from The Royal Scam, with images of a few Kids who'd make Charlemagne look like a puppy dog. Photos include Jorge Cabrera and Hillary. Cabrera was the drug dealer who gave enough to the Democrats to have his picture taken with both Hillary Clinton and Al Gore. In a 1997 story, Don Van Natta Jr. of the NY Times reported, "Jorge Cabrera, a drug smuggler who has emerged as one of the most notorious supporters of President Clinton's re-election campaign, was asked for a campaign contribution in the unlikely locale of a hotel in Havana by a prominent Democratic fund-raiser, congressional investigators have learned. . . On his return to the United States several days after that meeting, in November 1995, Cabrera wrote a check for $20,000 to the Democratic National Committee from an account that included the proceeds from smuggling cocaine from Colombia to the United States, said the investigators, who spoke on condition of anonymity. "Within two weeks of the contribution, Cabrera met Gore at the dinner in Miami. Ten days later, Cabrera attended a Christmas reception at the White House hosted by Hillary Rodham Clinton. At the events, Gore and Mrs. Clinton posed for photographs with Cabrera, who has two felony convictions dating from the 1980s and is now in a prison here on a drug-smuggling conviction. . . "A Cuban-born American, Cabrera was arrested two times on serious drug charges in the 1980s. Both times he pleaded guilty to nondrug felony charges. In 1983, he pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice for conspiring to bribe a grand jury witness and served 42 months in prison. In 1988, he pleaded guilty to filing a false income-tax return and served one year in prison. After his brief brush with presidential politics, Cabrera was arrested in January 1996 inside a cigar warehouse near here in Dade County, where more than 500 pounds of cocaine had been hidden. He and several accomplices were charged with having smuggled 3,000 pounds of cocaine into the United States through the Keys. . . In January, Cabrera received an invitation to Clinton's inauguration. While the music played you worked by candlelight Those san francisco nights You were the best in town Just by chance you crossed the diamond with the pearl You turned it on the world Thats when you turned the world around Did you feel like jesus Did you realize That you were a champion in their eyes On the hill the stuff was laced with kerosene But yours was kitchen clean Everyone stopped to stare at your technicolor motor home Every a-frame had your number on the wall You must have had it all Youd go to l.a. on a dare And youd go it alone Could you live forever Could you see the day Could you feel your whole world fall apart and fade away Chorus: Get along, get along kid charlemagne Get along kid charlemagne Now your patrons have all left you in the red Your low rent friends are dead This life can be very strange All those dayglow freaks who used to paint the face Theyve joined the human race Some things will never change Son you were mistaken You are obsolete Look at all the white men on the street Chorus Clean this mess up else well all end up in jail Those test tubes and the scale Just get them all out of here Is there gas in the car Yes, theres gas in the car I think the people down the hall Know who you are Careful what you carry cause the man is wise You are still an outlaw in their eyes Chorushttp://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_by_Steely_Dan
Kid Charlemagne, classic Steely Dan from The Royal Scam, with images of a few Kids who'd make Charlemagne look like a puppy dog. Photos include Jorge Cabrera and Hillary. Cabrera was the drug dealer who gave enough to the Democrats to have his picture taken with both Hillary Clinton and Al Gore. In a 1997 story, Don Van Natta Jr. of the NY Times reported, "Jorge Cabrera, a drug smuggler who has emerged as one of the most notorious supporters of President Clinton's re-election campaign, was asked for a campaign contribution in the unlikely locale of a hotel in Havana by a prominent Democratic fund-raiser, congressional investigators have learned. . . On his return to the United States several days after that meeting, in November 1995, Cabrera wrote a check for $20,000 to the Democratic National Committee from an account that included the proceeds from smuggling cocaine from Colombia to the United States, said the investigators, who spoke on condition of anonymity. "Within two weeks of the contribution, Cabrera met Gore at the dinner in Miami. Ten days later, Cabrera attended a Christmas reception at the White House hosted by Hillary Rodham Clinton. At the events, Gore and Mrs. Clinton posed for photographs with Cabrera, who has two felony convictions dating from the 1980s and is now in a prison here on a drug-smuggling conviction. . . "A Cuban-born American, Cabrera was arrested two times on serious drug charges in the 1980s. Both times he pleaded guilty to nondrug felony charges. In 1983, he pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice for conspiring to bribe a grand jury witness and served 42 months in prison. In 1988, he pleaded guilty to filing a false income-tax return and served one year in prison. After his brief brush with presidential politics, Cabrera was arrested in January 1996 inside a cigar warehouse near here in Dade County, where more than 500 pounds of cocaine had been hidden. He and several accomplices were charged with having smuggled 3,000 pounds of cocaine into the United States through the Keys. . . In January, Cabrera received an invitation to Clinton's inauguration. While the music played you worked by candlelight Those san francisco nights You were the best in town Just by chance you crossed the diamond with the pearl You turned it on the world Thats when you turned the world around Did you feel like jesus Did you realize That you were a champion in their eyes On the hill the stuff was laced with kerosene But yours was kitchen clean Everyone stopped to stare at your technicolor motor home Every a-frame had your number on the wall You must have had it all Youd go to l.a. on a dare And youd go it alone Could you live forever Could you see the day Could you feel your whole world fall apart and fade away Chorus: Get along, get along kid charlemagne Get along kid charlemagne Now your patrons have all left you in the red Your low rent friends are dead This life can be very strange All those dayglow freaks who used to paint the face Theyve joined the human race Some things will never change Son you were mistaken You are obsolete Look at all the white men on the street Chorus Clean this mess up else well all end up in jail Those test tubes and the scale Just get them all out of here Is there gas in the car Yes, theres gas in the car I think the people down the hall Know who you are Careful what you carry cause the man is wise You are still an outlaw in their eyes Chorus
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 302654
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan - Stereo Vinyl- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_Steely_Dan_Stereo_Vinyl
Steely Dan 2006-Kid Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Steely Dan with Michael McDonald Kid Charlemagne The Sugar-Tooth Steelyard McDan Tour 2006http://wn.com/Steely_Dan_2006-Kid_Charlemagne
Steely Dan with Michael McDonald Kid Charlemagne The Sugar-Tooth Steelyard McDan Tour 2006
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 51940
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne Karaoke- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
I want to sing this song for Ghettoroke tomorrow night. YouTube did not have a karaoke version. So I made one.http://wn.com/Steely_Dan-Kid_Charlemagne_Karaoke
I want to sing this song for Ghettoroke tomorrow night. YouTube did not have a karaoke version. So I made one.
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 14107
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan Live 1996 at Manassas 20/23: Kid Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Steely Dan Nissan Pavillion Manassas, VA 21 July 1996 20/23 - Kid Charlemagne Donald Fagen - keyboard / vocals Walter Becker - guitar / vocals Wayne Krantz - guitar Ricky Lawson - drums Tom Barney - bass John Beasley - piano Carolyn Leonhart - background vocals Michelle Wiley - background vocals Art Crimes '96 Neuraesthenic Horns: Cornelius Bumpus - alto sax Ari Ambrose - tenor sax Michael Leonhart - trumpet Source: Intercept from the in-house video monitor broadcast. Producer acquired higher quality audio than that found on the original VHS and synched the new audio with the video and deleted the original audio. Producer remastered the video with GTH Electronics' Advanced Convertor Enhancer dramatically increasing the quality of the video picture.http://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Live_1996_at_Manassas_20_23_Kid_Charlemagne
Steely Dan Nissan Pavillion Manassas, VA 21 July 1996 20/23 - Kid Charlemagne Donald Fagen - keyboard / vocals Walter Becker - guitar / vocals Wayne Krantz - guitar Ricky Lawson - drums Tom Barney - bass John Beasley - piano Carolyn Leonhart - background vocals Michelle Wiley - background vocals Art Crimes '96 Neuraesthenic Horns: Cornelius Bumpus - alto sax Ari Ambrose - tenor sax Michael Leonhart - trumpet Source: Intercept from the in-house video monitor broadcast. Producer acquired higher quality audio than that found on the original VHS and synched the new audio with the video and deleted the original audio. Producer remastered the video with GTH Electronics' Advanced Convertor Enhancer dramatically increasing the quality of the video picture.
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 37465
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan on May 5, 2000 plays "Kid Charlemagne"- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Steely Dan Live on NYC May 5, 2000 Broadcast by The Today Show with Dean and Deluca in the back! Part III: Kid Charlemagnehttp://wn.com/Steely_Dan_on_May_5,_2000_plays_Kid_Charlemagne
Steely Dan Live on NYC May 5, 2000 Broadcast by The Today Show with Dean and Deluca in the back! Part III: Kid Charlemagne
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 57483
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
"Clean this mess or we'll all end up in jail -- the test tubes and the scales, just get them all out of here..."http://wn.com/Steely_Dan-Kid_Charlemagne
"Clean this mess or we'll all end up in jail -- the test tubes and the scales, just get them all out of here..."
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 46593
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan live plays "Kid Charlemagne"- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan Pine Knob Ampitheater Clarkston, MI 11 August 2003 In house video feed + Mono SBDhttp://wn.com/Steely_Dan_live_plays_Kid_Charlemagne
Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan Pine Knob Ampitheater Clarkston, MI 11 August 2003 In house video feed + Mono SBD
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 84523
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Kid Charlemagne- Steely Dan- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
From the Album "Royal Scam". Originally played by Chuck Rainey. Fender 1975 American Vintage Reissue Jazz Bass with Sadowsky On-board Preamp in nitro Seafoam Green finishhttp://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_Steely_Dan
From the Album "Royal Scam". Originally played by Chuck Rainey. Fender 1975 American Vintage Reissue Jazz Bass with Sadowsky On-board Preamp in nitro Seafoam Green finish
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 29980
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan- "Kid Charlemagne" (1080p HD) Live in Canandaigua, NY on July 23, 2011- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Trivia: "Walter Becker and Donald Fagen have stated that the song's lyrics were loosely inspired by the exploits of the infamous 1960's San Francisco-based LSD chemist Owsley Stanley. The first two lines draw on the fact that Owsley's acid was famed for its purity, and the third line is likely a reference to the famous psychedelic bus named Further, which was used by the Merry Pranksters, who were supplied their LSD by Owsley himself. The lyric "You'd go to LA on a dare and you'd go it alone" alludes to a story in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test about a trip taken by chief Prankster Ken Kesey. The final verse foreshadows Owsley's eventual bust.Owsley and another person were arrested after their car ran out of gas. According to an infamous story recounted by Walter Becker on VH1's Storytellers, Becker once informed a taxi cab driver in New York City that he was with the band Steely Dan. The cab driver remarked "Steely Dan - they had the stupidest lyric I ever heard in any song that ever has been written." Becker replied "You're kidding - what was that?" The cab driver responded with "Is there gas in the car? Yes, there's gas in the car" -From Wiki Recorded at Steely Dan's performance at the Canandaigua Musical Arts Center in Canandaigua, NY on July 23, 2011. While the music played you worked by candlelight Those San Francisco nights You were the best in town Just by chance you crossed the diamond with the pearl You turned it on the world That's when you turned the world around Did you feel like Jesus Did you realize That you were a champion in their eyes On the hill the stuff was laced with kerosene But yours was kitchen clean Everyone stopped to stare at your technicolor motor home Every A-Frame had your number on the wall You must have had it all You'd go to L.A. on a dare And you'd go it alone Could you live forever Could you see the day Could you feel your whole world fall apart and fade away [Chorus:] Get along, get along Kid Charlemagne Get along Kid Charlemagne Now your patrons have all left you in the red Your low rent friends are dead This life can be very strange All those dayglow freaks who used to paint the face They've joined the human race Some things will never change Son you were mistaken You are obsolete Look at all the white men on the street [Chorus] Clean this mess up else we'll all end up in jail Those test tubes and the scale Just get them all out of here Is there gas in the car Yes, there's gas in the car I think the people down the hall Know who you are Careful what you carry 'Cause the man is wise You are still an outlaw in their eyes [Chorus]http://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Kid_Charlemagne_1080p_HD_Live_in_Canandaigua,_NY_on_July_23,_2011
Trivia: "Walter Becker and Donald Fagen have stated that the song's lyrics were loosely inspired by the exploits of the infamous 1960's San Francisco-based LSD chemist Owsley Stanley. The first two lines draw on the fact that Owsley's acid was famed for its purity, and the third line is likely a reference to the famous psychedelic bus named Further, which was used by the Merry Pranksters, who were supplied their LSD by Owsley himself. The lyric "You'd go to LA on a dare and you'd go it alone" alludes to a story in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test about a trip taken by chief Prankster Ken Kesey. The final verse foreshadows Owsley's eventual bust.Owsley and another person were arrested after their car ran out of gas. According to an infamous story recounted by Walter Becker on VH1's Storytellers, Becker once informed a taxi cab driver in New York City that he was with the band Steely Dan. The cab driver remarked "Steely Dan - they had the stupidest lyric I ever heard in any song that ever has been written." Becker replied "You're kidding - what was that?" The cab driver responded with "Is there gas in the car? Yes, there's gas in the car" -From Wiki Recorded at Steely Dan's performance at the Canandaigua Musical Arts Center in Canandaigua, NY on July 23, 2011. While the music played you worked by candlelight Those San Francisco nights You were the best in town Just by chance you crossed the diamond with the pearl You turned it on the world That's when you turned the world around Did you feel like Jesus Did you realize That you were a champion in their eyes On the hill the stuff was laced with kerosene But yours was kitchen clean Everyone stopped to stare at your technicolor motor home Every A-Frame had your number on the wall You must have had it all You'd go to L.A. on a dare And you'd go it alone Could you live forever Could you see the day Could you feel your whole world fall apart and fade away [Chorus:] Get along, get along Kid Charlemagne Get along Kid Charlemagne Now your patrons have all left you in the red Your low rent friends are dead This life can be very strange All those dayglow freaks who used to paint the face They've joined the human race Some things will never change Son you were mistaken You are obsolete Look at all the white men on the street [Chorus] Clean this mess up else we'll all end up in jail Those test tubes and the scale Just get them all out of here Is there gas in the car Yes, there's gas in the car I think the people down the hall Know who you are Careful what you carry 'Cause the man is wise You are still an outlaw in their eyes [Chorus]
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 16686
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan live! 12 August 2006. (16/18)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Steely Dan Verizon Wireless Amphitheater Charlotte, North Carolina USA 12 August 2006 Steelyard "Sugartooth" McDan (and the Fab-Originees.com) Band Jon Herington - Guitar Freddie Washington - Bass Keith Carlock - Drums Jeff Young - Keyboards and Backing Vocals Walt Weiskopf - Sax Michael Leonhart - Trumpet Jim Pugh - Trombone Roger Rosenberg - Baritone Sax Carolyn Leonhart-Escoffery - Backing Vocals Cindy Mizelle - Backing Vocals Walter Becker - Guitar Donald Fagen - Keyboards and Vocals Michael McDonald - Keyboard and Vocalshttp://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_Steely_Dan_live!_12_August_2006_16_18
Steely Dan Verizon Wireless Amphitheater Charlotte, North Carolina USA 12 August 2006 Steelyard "Sugartooth" McDan (and the Fab-Originees.com) Band Jon Herington - Guitar Freddie Washington - Bass Keith Carlock - Drums Jeff Young - Keyboards and Backing Vocals Walt Weiskopf - Sax Michael Leonhart - Trumpet Jim Pugh - Trombone Roger Rosenberg - Baritone Sax Carolyn Leonhart-Escoffery - Backing Vocals Cindy Mizelle - Backing Vocals Walter Becker - Guitar Donald Fagen - Keyboards and Vocals Michael McDonald - Keyboard and Vocals
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 27690
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Larry Carlton - Solos (Hill Street Blues / Kid Charlemagne / Don't Take Me Alive / and...)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
From a 1988 concert, in which Larry performs some of his famous guitar solos. You'll hear those from: - The theme to the television series "Hill Street Blues" - Kid Charlemagne (Steely Dan composition) - Don't Take Me Alive (another Steely Dan composition) - Put It Where You Want It (The Crusaders).http://wn.com/Larry_Carlton_Solos_Hill_Street_Blues_Kid_Charlemagne_Don't_Take_Me_Alive_and
From a 1988 concert, in which Larry performs some of his famous guitar solos. You'll hear those from: - The theme to the television series "Hill Street Blues" - Kid Charlemagne (Steely Dan composition) - Don't Take Me Alive (another Steely Dan composition) - Put It Where You Want It (The Crusaders).
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 133691
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne (full cover)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Backing track courtesy of http://www.bobbysbackingtracks.com/en/ Thanks for watching and hope you enjoy! I made a mistake or two along the way, but had fun playing along with this great track!http://wn.com/Steely_Dan-Kid_Charlemagne_full_cover
Backing track courtesy of http://www.bobbysbackingtracks.com/en/ Thanks for watching and hope you enjoy! I made a mistake or two along the way, but had fun playing along with this great track!
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 10678
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (Guitar Solo Cover)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This is my cover of Larry Carlton's guitar solo on 'Kid Charlemagne' by Steely Dan for 'The Royal Scam' album.http://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Kid_Charlemagne_Guitar_Solo_Cover
This is my cover of Larry Carlton's guitar solo on 'Kid Charlemagne' by Steely Dan for 'The Royal Scam' album.
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 454
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Alex Canadine - Kid Charlemagne - Solo- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Alex_Canadine_Kid_Charlemagne_Solo
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne - Live @ Ravinia Festival (8/12/11)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Steely Dan "Kid Charlemagne" Ravinia Festival Highland Park, IL August 12, 2011http://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Kid_Charlemagne_Live_@_Ravinia_Festival_8_12_11
Steely Dan "Kid Charlemagne" Ravinia Festival Highland Park, IL August 12, 2011
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 2315
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (including John Harrington Solo) - Birmingham June 2009- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (including John Harrington Solo) - Birmingham June 2009http://wn.com/Steely_Dan_Kid_Charlemagne_including_John_Harrington_Solo_Birmingham_June_2009
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (including John Harrington Solo) - Birmingham June 2009
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 4535
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan with Larry Carlton, 8/1/2009 Beacon Theatre NYC- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Forward to 1:50 for the start of the real fun, if you're a bit impatient. You'll be glad you did. Then stick around for the smoking guitar work at the end of the song. Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan with Larry Carlton, 8/1/2009 Beacon Theatre NYC. Larry Carlton plays his original guitar solo note for note.http://wn.com/Kid_Charlemagne_Steely_Dan_with_Larry_Carlton,_8_1_2009_Beacon_Theatre_NYC
Forward to 1:50 for the start of the real fun, if you're a bit impatient. You'll be glad you did. Then stick around for the smoking guitar work at the end of the song. Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan with Larry Carlton, 8/1/2009 Beacon Theatre NYC. Larry Carlton plays his original guitar solo note for note.
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 150654
- author: PlaylistPanda4
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Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisation : Frantz Voltaire, image & montage : Jean-François Chalut, productions : Cidihca & Fred Paul (Mini Records), edition@cidihca.com Documentaire sur la vie du musicien haïtien et auteur-compositeur, Emmanuel Charlemagne. Cet artiste était un élément important des mouvements sociopolitiques populaires haïtien dans les années 1980 et 1990. Sa musique avait une présence forte et a certainement influencée l'histoire d'Haïti avant le départ de Jean-Claude Duvalier. Documentary about the life of Haitian musician and song writer, Emmanuel Charlemagne. That artist was an important element of the popular Haitian socio-political movements in the 1980's and 1990's. His music had a strong presence and certainly influenced Haitian history prior to the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier.http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Konviksyon
© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisation : Frantz Voltaire, image & montage : Jean-François Chalut, productions : Cidihca & Fred Paul (Mini Records), edition@cidihca.com Documentaire sur la vie du musicien haïtien et auteur-compositeur, Emmanuel Charlemagne. Cet artiste était un élément important des mouvements sociopolitiques populaires haïtien dans les années 1980 et 1990. Sa musique avait une présence forte et a certainement influencée l'histoire d'Haïti avant le départ de Jean-Claude Duvalier. Documentary about the life of Haitian musician and song writer, Emmanuel Charlemagne. That artist was an important element of the popular Haitian socio-political movements in the 1980's and 1990's. His music had a strong presence and certainly influenced Haitian history prior to the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 52113
- author: jeantorchenot
Manno Charlemagne- Sispan'n Perdu- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Sispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagnehttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Sispan'n_Perdu
Sispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagne
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 31232
- author: jeantorchenot
Portrait de Jean Claude DUVALIER alias "Baby Doc", -1- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Portrait de Jean Claude DUVALIER alias "Baby Doc", successeur de son père à la tête d'Haïti. Interview du président à vie en alternance avec des images de la vie à Haïti. PRODUCTION producteur ou co-producteur: Télévision Française 1 HD VIDEO Wilner Nau GÉNÉRIQUE journaliste: Faucon, Régis ; Daval, Tony participant: Duvalier, Jean Claudehttp://wn.com/Portrait_de_Jean_Claude_DUVALIER_alias_Baby_Doc,_-1
Portrait de Jean Claude DUVALIER alias "Baby Doc", successeur de son père à la tête d'Haïti. Interview du président à vie en alternance avec des images de la vie à Haïti. PRODUCTION producteur ou co-producteur: Télévision Française 1 HD VIDEO Wilner Nau GÉNÉRIQUE journaliste: Faucon, Régis ; Daval, Tony participant: Duvalier, Jean Claude
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 29278
- author: jeantorchenot
Manno Charlemagne oganizasyon mondyal- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
chanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyalhttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_oganizasyon_mondyal
chanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyal
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 56209
- author: jeantorchenot
Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas-CDC-BLVD
Manno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Manno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre Zanmi Louinhttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne-Zanmi_Pre
Manno Charlemagne - Ayiti Pa Forè- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Artist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is available for purchase online. Support the artist and buy it. L'album est disponible sur le net. Supportez l'artiste et achetez-le. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oganizasyon-mondyal/id357095753 For more Haiti content, please visit the Facebook page of DaliReel Productions: http://www.facebook.com/dalireelproductions Disclaimer: All rights remain with the artist.This song is uploaded for your listening pleasure only and any downloading is strictly prohibited.http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Ayiti_Pa_Forè
Artist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is available for purchase online. Support the artist and buy it. L'album est disponible sur le net. Supportez l'artiste et achetez-le. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oganizasyon-mondyal/id357095753 For more Haiti content, please visit the Facebook page of DaliReel Productions: http://www.facebook.com/dalireelproductions Disclaimer: All rights remain with the artist.This song is uploaded for your listening pleasure only and any downloading is strictly prohibited.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 32013
- author: jeantorchenot
Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
outta the dark ageshttp://wn.com/Charlemagne
KOMPAMAGAZINE.COM & AYITI DEPLOGE present SWEET MICKY and MANNO CHARLEMAGNE (Acoustic)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
SWEET MICKY and MANNO CHARLEMAGNE, accompanied by FABRICE ROUZIER get down "DEPLOGE" style in Haiti.http://wn.com/KOMPAMAGAZINECOM_AYITI_DEPLOGE_present_SWEET_MICKY_and_MANNO_CHARLEMAGNE_Acoustic
SWEET MICKY and MANNO CHARLEMAGNE, accompanied by FABRICE ROUZIER get down "DEPLOGE" style in Haiti.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 14149
- author: jeantorchenot
Charlemagne the Man the Myth the Legend- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:44
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Morgan Freeman stars as the narrator in yet another movie. You may know him from such films as Bruce Almighty, March of the Penguins, and The Big Bounce. Mr. Witchger also makes a surprise appearance at the end of the movie highlighting many of Charlemagne's great and admirable qualities. This movie, with many other guest appearances such as Dr. Samuel Emanuel, will in fact blow your mind.http://wn.com/Charlemagne_the_Man_the_Myth_the_Legend
Morgan Freeman stars as the narrator in yet another movie. You may know him from such films as Bruce Almighty, March of the Penguins, and The Big Bounce. Mr. Witchger also makes a surprise appearance at the end of the movie highlighting many of Charlemagne's great and admirable qualities. This movie, with many other guest appearances such as Dr. Samuel Emanuel, will in fact blow your mind.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 9439
- author: jeantorchenot
Ralph of MaWoN and Manno Charlemagne Sing a Duet- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Ralph Cassagnol, lead singer of MaWoN, and Manno Charlemagne sing a duet at the North Miami Kreyol Hip Hop Holiday Showcasehttp://wn.com/Ralph_of_MaWoN_and_Manno_Charlemagne_Sing_a_Duet
Ralph Cassagnol, lead singer of MaWoN, and Manno Charlemagne sing a duet at the North Miami Kreyol Hip Hop Holiday Showcase
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 9579
- author: jeantorchenot
Manno Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Manno Charlemagne Haiti cheriehttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne
Manno Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne
Manno Charlemagne-Gebede- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne-Gebede
Manno Charlemagne Gebede- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne_Gebede
Haiti manman cheri!!!- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
www.samhaiti.blogspot.com In memory of my loving grandma who did all she could to raise me but unfortunately didn't live long enough to eat the fruits of her labor. I love you grandma and I know you are proud of your son!http://wn.com/Haiti_manman_cheri!!!
www.samhaiti.blogspot.com In memory of my loving grandma who did all she could to raise me but unfortunately didn't live long enough to eat the fruits of her labor. I love you grandma and I know you are proud of your son!
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 49656
- author: jeantorchenot
Manno Charlemagne-Liberation- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Manno Charlemagne-Liberationhttp://wn.com/Manno_Charlemagne-Liberation
Gemini All Stars de Ti Manno- Bamboche Creole- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Le Roi du Compashttp://wn.com/Gemini_All_Stars_de_Ti_Manno_Bamboche_Creole
Paul Cargnello - Manno Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Paul Cargnello sur Mange Ta Villehttp://wn.com/Paul_Cargnello_Manno_Charlemagne
RETRO IMAGE - LE VRAI NOM DE "TI MANNO" ARTIST HAITIEN- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
LA LEGENDE HAITIENNE "TI MANNO" NE S'APPELAIT PAS ANTOINE RISSINI JEAN BAPTISTE, QUEL EST SON VRAI NOM? VIOLETTE FRANCOIS APPORTE LA REPONSE AU SEGMENT RETRO IMAGE. CLIP VIDEO "COCO RICO" SWEET MICKY .http://wn.com/RETRO_IMAGE_LE_VRAI_NOM_DE_TI_MANNO_ARTIST_HAITIEN
LA LEGENDE HAITIENNE "TI MANNO" NE S'APPELAIT PAS ANTOINE RISSINI JEAN BAPTISTE, QUEL EST SON VRAI NOM? VIOLETTE FRANCOIS APPORTE LA REPONSE AU SEGMENT RETRO IMAGE. CLIP VIDEO "COCO RICO" SWEET MICKY .
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 58250
- author: jeantorchenot
Haitianbeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC-BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/HaitianbeatzCom_Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas_CDC-BLVD
HaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC- BLVD- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/HaitianBeatzCom_Manno_Chalmagne_Beethova_Obas_CDC_BLVD
Manno and Beethova Obas- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
On Sunday, June 14, 2009, audiences were treated to a performance by Beethovas Obas and his brother Emmanuel (Manno) Obas at BLVD on Bowery Street in lower Manhattan. This was the very first show of the brand new Coup de Coeur series put together by organizer Donald Toussaint. The difference between this and a regular performance was that the audience got to get up close and personal with the artists. Beethova and his brother Emmanuel engaged the audience, talked about themselves, their past, and their dreams. The closeness between them and the audience became all too apparent when both of them broke down while singing a song dedicated to their late mother. The audience responded with a round of applause.http://wn.com/Manno_and_Beethova_Obas
On Sunday, June 14, 2009, audiences were treated to a performance by Beethovas Obas and his brother Emmanuel (Manno) Obas at BLVD on Bowery Street in lower Manhattan. This was the very first show of the brand new Coup de Coeur series put together by organizer Donald Toussaint. The difference between this and a regular performance was that the audience got to get up close and personal with the artists. Beethova and his brother Emmanuel engaged the audience, talked about themselves, their past, and their dreams. The closeness between them and the audience became all too apparent when both of them broke down while singing a song dedicated to their late mother. The audience responded with a round of applause.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 11427
- author: jeantorchenot
Send this Playlist by SMSEmail this Page
![Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/bpuN2E5hRfw/default.jpg "Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]")
Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen Entertainmenthttp://wn.com/Raidermen_Top_Dollar_Charlemagne_Production_1997_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3191
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VrFmZbfXJ8E/default.jpg "Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]")
Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen Entertainmenthttp://wn.com/Raidermen_Top_Dollar_Charlemagne_Instrumental_1997_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3616
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EeDtkqXwD2A/default.jpg "Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]")
Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainmenthttp://wn.com/Raidermen_Magnetic_Charlemagne_Production_1997_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3039
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/k4IT7PpbXCA/default.jpg "Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]")
Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainmenthttp://wn.com/Raidermen_Magnetic_Charlemagne_Instrumental_1997_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3025
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Remix) (1999) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/FP_FQFUomnU/default.jpg "Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Remix) (1999) [HQ]")
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Remix) (1999) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Labelhttp://wn.com/Natural_Elements_Live_It_Up_Part_2_Charlemagne_Remix_1999_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 1879
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/cvNgH9Qu9VI/default.jpg "Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]")
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Labelhttp://wn.com/Natural_Elements_Live_It_Up_Part_2_Charlemagne_Production_1999_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3841
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1999) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/HxbezKrkTgQ/default.jpg "Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1999) [HQ]")
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1999) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Labelhttp://wn.com/Natural_Elements_Live_It_Up_Part_2_Charlemagne_Instrumental_1999_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 5223
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Promo Mix) (1999) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/dxmNegz1ZSQ/default.jpg "Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Promo Mix) (1999) [HQ]")
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Promo Mix) (1999) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Labelhttp://wn.com/Natural_Elements_Live_It_Up_Part_2_Promo_Mix_1999_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 1225
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Kid Thun - I Wonder (Life) (Charlemagne Production) (1998) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4wFVYY2wmqU/default.jpg "Kid Thun - I Wonder (Life) (Charlemagne Production) (1998) [HQ]")
Kid Thun - I Wonder (Life) (Charlemagne Production) (1998) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records Re-Up in better Quality!http://wn.com/Kid_Thun_I_Wonder_Life_Charlemagne_Production_1998_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records Re-Up in better Quality!
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 5568
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Big Noyd - It's On You (Intro) (Charlemagne Production) (1996) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/MKeRX7sKa4s/default.jpg "Big Noyd - It's On You (Intro) (Charlemagne Production) (1996) [HQ]")
Big Noyd - It's On You (Intro) (Charlemagne Production) (1996) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1996 ©: Tommy Boy Musichttp://wn.com/Big_Noyd_It's_On_You_Intro_Charlemagne_Production_1996_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1996 ©: Tommy Boy Music
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 6154
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Natural Elements - Tri-Boro (1998) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Z8tR1IDTh_I/default.jpg "Natural Elements - Tri-Boro (1998) [HQ]")
Natural Elements - Tri-Boro (1998) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Recordshttp://wn.com/Natural_Elements_Tri-Boro_1998_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 6101
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Night Breed - I Got Your Back (1998) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/j2je2oHA1Ww/default.jpg "Night Breed - I Got Your Back (1998) [HQ]")
Night Breed - I Got Your Back (1998) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Recordshttp://wn.com/Night_Breed_I_Got_Your_Back_1998_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 5336
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Capone -N- Noreaga - Halfway Thugs (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3CJ_ncT6cA4/default.jpg "Capone -N- Noreaga - Halfway Thugs (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]")
Capone -N- Noreaga - Halfway Thugs (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordingshttp://wn.com/Capone_-N_Noreaga_Halfway_Thugs_Charlemagne_Instrumental_1997_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordings
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 42331
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
![Capone -N- Noreaga - Stay Tuned (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/HoYPCRVk6FU/default.jpg "Capone -N- Noreaga - Stay Tuned (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]")
Capone -N- Noreaga - Stay Tuned (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordings More Beats off The War Report comin this week!http://wn.com/Capone_-N_Noreaga_Stay_Tuned_Charlemagne_Instrumental_1997_HQ_
Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordings More Beats off The War Report comin this week!
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 15473
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
Send this Playlist by SMSEmail this Page
Hilarious Interview : Power 105.1 Interviewing Mindless Behavior- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:31
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
Charlemagne be actin weird with the youngins! Ignore him!http://wn.com/Hilarious_Interview_Power_1051_Interviewing_Mindless_Behavior
Charlemagne be actin weird with the youngins! Ignore him!
- published: 22 Sep 2011
- views: 276473
- author: CeeCee Perez
Charlamagne Tha God Talks About Being Fired From The Beat 10- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
- VladTV.com - Was it really because of the Beanie Sigel Interview? Find Out Charlamagne's thoughts.http://wn.com/Charlamagne_Tha_God_Talks_About_Being_Fired_From_The_Beat_10
- VladTV.com - Was it really because of the Beanie Sigel Interview? Find Out Charlamagne's thoughts.
- published: 05 Nov 2009
- views: 84643
- author: djvlad
Game interview with the Breakfast Club (pt. 1)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:14
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
the game talks beef, album delays, & more!http://wn.com/Game_interview_with_the_Breakfast_Club_pt_1
Carolina Grinda, Charlemagne tha God- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 22 Mar 2012
Charlemagne tells us all why he would love to see artists from South Carolina reach mainstream success.http://wn.com/Carolina_Grinda,_Charlemagne_tha_God
Charlemagne tells us all why he would love to see artists from South Carolina reach mainstream success.
- published: 31 Jul 2009
- views: 1911
- author: linenk82
Chief Keef Interview ( Breakfast Club- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:12
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
chief keef interview on breakfast clubhttp://wn.com/Chief_Keef_Interview_Breakfast_Club
Charlamagne Tha God from Power 105.1-Interview with Exit21magazine.com- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Charlamagne Tha God from Power 105.1-caught up to him at the Source Magazine Release Party.http://wn.com/Charlamagne_Tha_God_from_Power_1051-Interview_with_Exit21magazinecom
Charlamagne Tha God from Power 105.1-caught up to him at the Source Magazine Release Party.
- published: 25 Feb 2012
- views: 955
- author: Exit21magazine
RAY J AND FABOLOUS FIGHT AFTER MAYWEATHER? RAY J INTERVIEW WITH CHARLEMAGNE Onsitehiphop.com- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
ray j and fabolous fight ray j and fabolous ray j and fabolous vegas ray j beat up fabolous the breakfast club angela yee dj envy mayweather vs ortiz mayweather vs ortiz fighthttp://wn.com/RAY_J_AND_FABOLOUS_FIGHT_AFTER_MAYWEATHER?_RAY_J_INTERVIEW_WITH_CHARLEMAGNE_Onsitehiphopcom
ray j and fabolous fight ray j and fabolous ray j and fabolous vegas ray j beat up fabolous the breakfast club angela yee dj envy mayweather vs ortiz mayweather vs ortiz fight
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 4956
- author: onsitehiphop09
Charlamagne tha God - Exclusive Interview for SS Media Group- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
The SS Media Group Checks in with Charlamagne tha God . For more on Sixteen Seventy visit www.sixteenseventy.comhttp://wn.com/Charlamagne_tha_God_Exclusive_Interview_for_SS_Media_Group
The SS Media Group Checks in with Charlamagne tha God . For more on Sixteen Seventy visit www.sixteenseventy.com
- published: 02 Dec 2009
- views: 5332
- author: TheSSMediaGroup
ENGLISH-interview Roland Masse Corton Charlemagne.mov- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:54
- Updated: 25 May 2011
Jean-David Camus from www.hospices-beaune.com meets Roland Masse, the winemaker of the world-famous Hospices de Beaune estate for the Chardonnay Day on May 26th 2011. A good opportunity to talk about Chardonnay and its role, its characteristics, in the Hospices de Beaune context. This interview was shot on the prestigious Corton Charlemagne Grand Cru terroir, on the hill of Corton, so we also talk together about this wine and the Cuvée François de Salins that is made out of it.http://wn.com/ENGLISH-interview_Roland_Masse_Corton_Charlemagnemov
Jean-David Camus from www.hospices-beaune.com meets Roland Masse, the winemaker of the world-famous Hospices de Beaune estate for the Chardonnay Day on May 26th 2011. A good opportunity to talk about Chardonnay and its role, its characteristics, in the Hospices de Beaune context. This interview was shot on the prestigious Corton Charlemagne Grand Cru terroir, on the hill of Corton, so we also talk together about this wine and the Cuvée François de Salins that is made out of it.
- published: 24 May 2011
- views: 162
- author: HospicesBeaune
RAY J AND FABOLOUS FIGHT AFTER MAYWEATHER? RAY J INTERVIEW WITH CHARLEMAGNE POWER 105.1 (UNCENSORED)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
www.freshfad.es The Classic Urban Culture.http://wn.com/RAY_J_AND_FABOLOUS_FIGHT_AFTER_MAYWEATHER?_RAY_J_INTERVIEW_WITH_CHARLEMAGNE_POWER_1051_UNCENSORED
www.freshfad.es The Classic Urban Culture.
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 160874
- author: fadethechannel
Charlemagne Interview.avi- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 26 Jan 2012
Charlemagne Interview.avihttp://wn.com/Charlemagne_Interviewavi
335 Records - Larry Carlton Interview Clinic - Kid Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.comhttp://wn.com/335_Records_Larry_Carlton_Interview_Clinic_Kid_Charlemagne
335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.com
- published: 11 May 2011
- views: 265
- author: 335Records
Player Interviews: Charlemagne "Ackmey" Tremblay- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 16 May 2012
Charlos talks about his favorite races, his rich heritage, and the skill level of his opponents.http://wn.com/Player_Interviews_Charlemagne_Ackmey_Tremblay
Charlos talks about his favorite races, his rich heritage, and the skill level of his opponents.
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 48
- author: BlakeProLeague
Charlemagne interview- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:59
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Charlemagne_interview
![Get to Know Charlemagne tha god [Interview] @cthagod](http://web.archive.org./web/20130227180603im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ECf-3_gS17s/default.jpg "Get to Know Charlemagne tha god [Interview] @cthagod")
Get to Know Charlemagne tha god [Interview] @cthagod- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
www.LateNightCreep.comhttp://wn.com/Get_to_Know_Charlemagne_tha_god_Interview_@cthagod
335 Records - Larry Carlton Interview Clinic - Kid Charlemagne Solo- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.comhttp://wn.com/335_Records_Larry_Carlton_Interview_Clinic_Kid_Charlemagne_Solo
335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.com
- published: 11 May 2011
- views: 5037
- author: 335Records
Charlemagne Interview- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Another Project!http://wn.com/Charlemagne_Interview
AV Festival 10: Charlemagne Palestine: Interview- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/AV_Festival_10_Charlemagne_Palestine_Interview
Nutso-Street Corner f. Panchi/Torae/Punchline (Dir. by Ali Charlemagne)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 18 Feb 2013
Produced by Pete Cannon // Visuals by Ali Charlemagne (c) Poor Pocket Muzik www.nutsoppm.com Interviews/Show Bookings Contact Cuban : poorpocket@gmail.com This song is a FREE Download on Soundcloud.com (Strictly for the Street Corners)http://wn.com/Nutso-Street_Corner_f_Panchi_Torae_Punchline_Dir_by_Ali_Charlemagne
Produced by Pete Cannon // Visuals by Ali Charlemagne (c) Poor Pocket Muzik www.nutsoppm.com Interviews/Show Bookings Contact Cuban : poorpocket@gmail.com This song is a FREE Download on Soundcloud.com (Strictly for the Street Corners)
- published: 14 Mar 2011
- views: 15005
- author: NutsoPPM
Christopher Lee on Charlemagne- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
Christopher Lee talks about his upcoming album "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross". The interview was done on the 1st of January 2010.http://wn.com/Christopher_Lee_on_Charlemagne
Christopher Lee talks about his upcoming album "Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross". The interview was done on the 1st of January 2010.
- published: 03 Jan 2010
- views: 147385
- author: CharlemagneMusical
Cassie Talks Album, Charlemagne, Pics, and More- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Cassie dropped by DC's WPGC 95.5 to talk to DJ Flexx about her current project, the recent explosive interview with Charlaemagne, the nude photo leaks, and more.http://wn.com/Cassie_Talks_Album,_Charlemagne,_Pics,_and_More
Cassie dropped by DC's WPGC 95.5 to talk to DJ Flexx about her current project, the recent explosive interview with Charlaemagne, the nude photo leaks, and more.
- published: 18 Jun 2009
- views: 6171
- author: djheat
Nicki Minaj - Press Conference (feat. Charlemagne, Safaree "SB" Samuels) Part I- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:29
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
20 Minutes closing track interview from Pink Friday:Roman Reloadedhttp://wn.com/Nicki_Minaj_Press_Conference_feat_Charlemagne,_Safaree_SB_Samuels_Part_I
20 Minutes closing track interview from Pink Friday:Roman Reloaded
- published: 02 Apr 2012
- views: 40372
- author: Flight1403
Nutso - Broke b/w Rock Out ft. LIFE Long & FT (Directed by Ali Charlemagne)- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
Both cuts produced by Pete Cannon Off the 'Guilty Your Honor EP' available digitally worldwide! www.nutsoppm.com Interviews Bookings Contact Cuban : poorpocket@gmail.comhttp://wn.com/Nutso_Broke_b_w_Rock_Out_ft_LIFE_Long_FT_Directed_by_Ali_Charlemagne
Both cuts produced by Pete Cannon Off the 'Guilty Your Honor EP' available digitally worldwide! www.nutsoppm.com Interviews Bookings Contact Cuban : poorpocket@gmail.com
- published: 22 Feb 2011
- views: 16691
- author: NutsoPPM
4:09
Manno Charlemagne-Zanmi PreManno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre Zanmi Louin...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno Charlemagne-Zanmi PreManno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre Zanmi Louin
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 42818
- author: masstintin
3:06
Manno Charlemagne oganizasyon mondyalchanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyal...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno Charlemagne oganizasyon mondyalchanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyal
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 56209
- author: masstintin
3:49
Manno Charlemagne - Ayiti Pa ForèArtist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is a...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno Charlemagne - Ayiti Pa ForèArtist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is available for purchase online. Support the artist and buy it. L'album est disponible sur le net. Supportez l'artiste et achetez-le. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oganizasyon-mondyal/id357095753 For more Haiti content, please visit the Facebook page of DaliReel Productions: http://www.facebook.com/dalireelproductions Disclaimer: All rights remain with the artist.This song is uploaded for your listening pleasure only and any downloading is strictly prohibited.
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 32013
- author: masstintin
1:53
Manno CharlemagneManno Charlemagne Haiti cherie...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno CharlemagneManno Charlemagne Haiti cherie
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 12234
- author: masstintin
3:46
Manno Charlemagne- Sispan'n PerduSispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagne...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno Charlemagne- Sispan'n PerduSispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagne
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 31232
- author: masstintin
2:50
Manno Charlemagne Gebede...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno Charlemagne Gebede
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 16350
- author: masstintin
6:23
Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisati...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno Charlemagne Konviksyon© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisation : Frantz Voltaire, image & montage : Jean-François Chalut, productions : Cidihca & Fred Paul (Mini Records), edition@cidihca.com Documentaire sur la vie du musicien haïtien et auteur-compositeur, Emmanuel Charlemagne. Cet artiste était un élément important des mouvements sociopolitiques populaires haïtien dans les années 1980 et 1990. Sa musique avait une présence forte et a certainement influencée l'histoire d'Haïti avant le départ de Jean-Claude Duvalier. Documentary about the life of Haitian musician and song writer, Emmanuel Charlemagne. That artist was an important element of the popular Haitian socio-political movements in the 1980's and 1990's. His music had a strong presence and certainly influenced Haitian history prior to the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier.
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 52113
- author: masstintin
7:59
Haitianbeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC-BLVD...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinHaitianbeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC-BLVD
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 20372
- author: masstintin
8:06
Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD...published: 19 Feb 2011author: masstintinManno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD
- published: 19 Feb 2011
- views: 8777
- author: masstintin
7:39
HaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD...published: 26 Feb 2011author: masstintinHaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD
- published: 26 Feb 2011
- views: 1862
- author: masstintin
3:14
HaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD...published: 26 Feb 2011author: masstintinHaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD
- published: 26 Feb 2011
- views: 431
- author: masstintin
7:07
HaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC-BLVD...published: 18 Jun 2011author: masstintinHaitianBeatz.Com- Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas- CDC-BLVD
- published: 18 Jun 2011
- views: 981
- author: masstintin
4:03
Manno Charlemagne-LiberationManno Charlemagne-Liberation...published: 18 Jun 2011author: masstintinManno Charlemagne-LiberationManno Charlemagne-Liberation
- published: 18 Jun 2011
- views: 14135
- author: masstintin
Vimeo results:0:56
CharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that ...published: 03 Sep 2012author: Antje Van WichelenCharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that day, with a doll I made. The next day I spent with sound artist Gerrit Valckenaers, who did a great job.0:12
CharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa....published: 12 May 2011author: João TeófiloCharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa.3:03
Charlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/...published: 09 Feb 2012author: Juwan Torrell DickersonCharlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 Song: 'Yes Yes Yo' by DJ Cam
4:50
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (Live)Live in NY)"Two Against Nature - DVD - You are free to comment but..... I will remove min...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (Live)Live in NY)"Two Against Nature - DVD - You are free to comment but..... I will remove mindless BS that nobody wants to sift through
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 2539748
- author: PlaylistPanda4
4:38
Kid Charlemagne by Steely DanKid Charlemagne, classic Steely Dan from The Royal Scam, with images of a few Kids who'd m...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Kid Charlemagne by Steely DanKid Charlemagne, classic Steely Dan from The Royal Scam, with images of a few Kids who'd make Charlemagne look like a puppy dog. Photos include Jorge Cabrera and Hillary. Cabrera was the drug dealer who gave enough to the Democrats to have his picture taken with both Hillary Clinton and Al Gore. In a 1997 story, Don Van Natta Jr. of the NY Times reported, "Jorge Cabrera, a drug smuggler who has emerged as one of the most notorious supporters of President Clinton's re-election campaign, was asked for a campaign contribution in the unlikely locale of a hotel in Havana by a prominent Democratic fund-raiser, congressional investigators have learned. . . On his return to the United States several days after that meeting, in November 1995, Cabrera wrote a check for $20,000 to the Democratic National Committee from an account that included the proceeds from smuggling cocaine from Colombia to the United States, said the investigators, who spoke on condition of anonymity. "Within two weeks of the contribution, Cabrera met Gore at the dinner in Miami. Ten days later, Cabrera attended a Christmas reception at the White House hosted by Hillary Rodham Clinton. At the events, Gore and Mrs. Clinton posed for photographs with Cabrera, who has two felony convictions dating from the 1980s and is now in a prison here on a drug-smuggling conviction. . . "A Cuban-born American, Cabrera was arrested two times on serious drug charges in the 1980s. Both times he pleaded guilty to nondrug felony charges. In 1983, he pleaded guilty to obstruction of justice for conspiring to bribe a grand jury witness and served 42 months in prison. In 1988, he pleaded guilty to filing a false income-tax return and served one year in prison. After his brief brush with presidential politics, Cabrera was arrested in January 1996 inside a cigar warehouse near here in Dade County, where more than 500 pounds of cocaine had been hidden. He and several accomplices were charged with having smuggled 3,000 pounds of cocaine into the United States through the Keys. . . In January, Cabrera received an invitation to Clinton's inauguration. While the music played you worked by candlelight Those san francisco nights You were the best in town Just by chance you crossed the diamond with the pearl You turned it on the world Thats when you turned the world around Did you feel like jesus Did you realize That you were a champion in their eyes On the hill the stuff was laced with kerosene But yours was kitchen clean Everyone stopped to stare at your technicolor motor home Every a-frame had your number on the wall You must have had it all Youd go to l.a. on a dare And youd go it alone Could you live forever Could you see the day Could you feel your whole world fall apart and fade away Chorus: Get along, get along kid charlemagne Get along kid charlemagne Now your patrons have all left you in the red Your low rent friends are dead This life can be very strange All those dayglow freaks who used to paint the face Theyve joined the human race Some things will never change Son you were mistaken You are obsolete Look at all the white men on the street Chorus Clean this mess up else well all end up in jail Those test tubes and the scale Just get them all out of here Is there gas in the car Yes, theres gas in the car I think the people down the hall Know who you are Careful what you carry cause the man is wise You are still an outlaw in their eyes Chorus
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 302654
- author: PlaylistPanda4
4:36
Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan - Stereo Vinyl...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan - Stereo Vinyl
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 23661
- author: PlaylistPanda4
7:52
Steely Dan 2006-Kid CharlemagneSteely Dan with Michael McDonald Kid Charlemagne The Sugar-Tooth Steelyard McDan Tour 2006...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan 2006-Kid CharlemagneSteely Dan with Michael McDonald Kid Charlemagne The Sugar-Tooth Steelyard McDan Tour 2006
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 51940
- author: PlaylistPanda4
4:31
Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne KaraokeI want to sing this song for Ghettoroke tomorrow night. YouTube did not have a karaoke ve...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne KaraokeI want to sing this song for Ghettoroke tomorrow night. YouTube did not have a karaoke version. So I made one.
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 14107
- author: PlaylistPanda4
6:36
Steely Dan Live 1996 at Manassas 20/23: Kid CharlemagneSteely Dan Nissan Pavillion Manassas, VA 21 July 1996 20/23 - Kid Charlemagne Donald Fag...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan Live 1996 at Manassas 20/23: Kid CharlemagneSteely Dan Nissan Pavillion Manassas, VA 21 July 1996 20/23 - Kid Charlemagne Donald Fagen - keyboard / vocals Walter Becker - guitar / vocals Wayne Krantz - guitar Ricky Lawson - drums Tom Barney - bass John Beasley - piano Carolyn Leonhart - background vocals Michelle Wiley - background vocals Art Crimes '96 Neuraesthenic Horns: Cornelius Bumpus - alto sax Ari Ambrose - tenor sax Michael Leonhart - trumpet Source: Intercept from the in-house video monitor broadcast. Producer acquired higher quality audio than that found on the original VHS and synched the new audio with the video and deleted the original audio. Producer remastered the video with GTH Electronics' Advanced Convertor Enhancer dramatically increasing the quality of the video picture.
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 37465
- author: PlaylistPanda4
5:26
Steely Dan on May 5, 2000 plays "Kid Charlemagne"Steely Dan Live on NYC May 5, 2000 Broadcast by The Today Show with Dean and Deluca in the...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan on May 5, 2000 plays "Kid Charlemagne"Steely Dan Live on NYC May 5, 2000 Broadcast by The Today Show with Dean and Deluca in the back! Part III: Kid Charlemagne
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 57483
- author: PlaylistPanda4
4:49
Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne"Clean this mess or we'll all end up in jail -- the test tubes and the scales, just get th...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne"Clean this mess or we'll all end up in jail -- the test tubes and the scales, just get them all out of here..."
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 46593
- author: PlaylistPanda4
5:17
Steely Dan live plays "Kid Charlemagne"Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan Pine Knob Ampitheater Clarkston, MI 11 August 2003 In house v...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan live plays "Kid Charlemagne"Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan Pine Knob Ampitheater Clarkston, MI 11 August 2003 In house video feed + Mono SBD
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 84523
- author: PlaylistPanda4
4:14
Kid Charlemagne- Steely DanFrom the Album "Royal Scam". Originally played by Chuck Rainey. Fender 1975 American Vinta...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Kid Charlemagne- Steely DanFrom the Album "Royal Scam". Originally played by Chuck Rainey. Fender 1975 American Vintage Reissue Jazz Bass with Sadowsky On-board Preamp in nitro Seafoam Green finish
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 29980
- author: PlaylistPanda4
6:01
Steely Dan- "Kid Charlemagne" (1080p HD) Live in Canandaigua, NY on July 23, 2011Trivia: "Walter Becker and Donald Fagen have stated that the song's lyrics were loosely in...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan- "Kid Charlemagne" (1080p HD) Live in Canandaigua, NY on July 23, 2011Trivia: "Walter Becker and Donald Fagen have stated that the song's lyrics were loosely inspired by the exploits of the infamous 1960's San Francisco-based LSD chemist Owsley Stanley. The first two lines draw on the fact that Owsley's acid was famed for its purity, and the third line is likely a reference to the famous psychedelic bus named Further, which was used by the Merry Pranksters, who were supplied their LSD by Owsley himself. The lyric "You'd go to LA on a dare and you'd go it alone" alludes to a story in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test about a trip taken by chief Prankster Ken Kesey. The final verse foreshadows Owsley's eventual bust.Owsley and another person were arrested after their car ran out of gas. According to an infamous story recounted by Walter Becker on VH1's Storytellers, Becker once informed a taxi cab driver in New York City that he was with the band Steely Dan. The cab driver remarked "Steely Dan - they had the stupidest lyric I ever heard in any song that ever has been written." Becker replied "You're kidding - what was that?" The cab driver responded with "Is there gas in the car? Yes, there's gas in the car" -From Wiki Recorded at Steely Dan's performance at the Canandaigua Musical Arts Center in Canandaigua, NY on July 23, 2011. While the music played you worked by candlelight Those San Francisco nights You were the best in town Just by chance you crossed the diamond with the pearl You turned it on the world That's when you turned the world around Did you feel like Jesus Did you realize That you were a champion in their eyes On the hill the stuff was laced with kerosene But yours was kitchen clean Everyone stopped to stare at your technicolor motor home Every A-Frame had your number on the wall You must have had it all You'd go to L.A. on a dare And you'd go it alone Could you live forever Could you see the day Could you feel your whole world fall apart and fade away [Chorus:] Get along, get along Kid Charlemagne Get along Kid Charlemagne Now your patrons have all left you in the red Your low rent friends are dead This life can be very strange All those dayglow freaks who used to paint the face They've joined the human race Some things will never change Son you were mistaken You are obsolete Look at all the white men on the street [Chorus] Clean this mess up else we'll all end up in jail Those test tubes and the scale Just get them all out of here Is there gas in the car Yes, there's gas in the car I think the people down the hall Know who you are Careful what you carry 'Cause the man is wise You are still an outlaw in their eyes [Chorus]
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 16686
- author: PlaylistPanda4
7:52
Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan live! 12 August 2006. (16/18)Steely Dan Verizon Wireless Amphitheater Charlotte, North Carolina USA 12 August 2006 Ste...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Kid Charlemagne - Steely Dan live! 12 August 2006. (16/18)Steely Dan Verizon Wireless Amphitheater Charlotte, North Carolina USA 12 August 2006 Steelyard "Sugartooth" McDan (and the Fab-Originees.com) Band Jon Herington - Guitar Freddie Washington - Bass Keith Carlock - Drums Jeff Young - Keyboards and Backing Vocals Walt Weiskopf - Sax Michael Leonhart - Trumpet Jim Pugh - Trombone Roger Rosenberg - Baritone Sax Carolyn Leonhart-Escoffery - Backing Vocals Cindy Mizelle - Backing Vocals Walter Becker - Guitar Donald Fagen - Keyboards and Vocals Michael McDonald - Keyboard and Vocals
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 27690
- author: PlaylistPanda4
6:35
Larry Carlton - Solos (Hill Street Blues / Kid Charlemagne / Don't Take Me Alive / and...)From a 1988 concert, in which Larry performs some of his famous guitar solos. You'll hear ...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Larry Carlton - Solos (Hill Street Blues / Kid Charlemagne / Don't Take Me Alive / and...)From a 1988 concert, in which Larry performs some of his famous guitar solos. You'll hear those from: - The theme to the television series "Hill Street Blues" - Kid Charlemagne (Steely Dan composition) - Don't Take Me Alive (another Steely Dan composition) - Put It Where You Want It (The Crusaders).
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 133691
- author: PlaylistPanda4
4:53
Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne (full cover)Backing track courtesy of http://www.bobbysbackingtracks.com/en/ Thanks for watching an...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan-Kid Charlemagne (full cover)Backing track courtesy of http://www.bobbysbackingtracks.com/en/ Thanks for watching and hope you enjoy! I made a mistake or two along the way, but had fun playing along with this great track!
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 10678
- author: PlaylistPanda4
Vimeo results:0:56
CharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that ...published: 03 Sep 2012author: Antje Van WichelenCharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that day, with a doll I made. The next day I spent with sound artist Gerrit Valckenaers, who did a great job.0:12
CharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa....published: 12 May 2011author: João TeófiloCharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa.3:03
Charlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/...published: 09 Feb 2012author: Juwan Torrell DickersonCharlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 Song: 'Yes Yes Yo' by DJ Cam
Youtube results:0:59
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (Guitar Solo Cover)This is my cover of Larry Carlton's guitar solo on 'Kid Charlemagne' by Steely Dan for 'Th...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (Guitar Solo Cover)This is my cover of Larry Carlton's guitar solo on 'Kid Charlemagne' by Steely Dan for 'The Royal Scam' album.
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 454
- author: PlaylistPanda4
0:52
Alex Canadine - Kid Charlemagne - Solo...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Alex Canadine - Kid Charlemagne - Solo
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 574
- author: PlaylistPanda4
5:49
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne - Live @ Ravinia Festival (8/12/11)Steely Dan "Kid Charlemagne" Ravinia Festival Highland Park, IL August 12, 2011...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne - Live @ Ravinia Festival (8/12/11)Steely Dan "Kid Charlemagne" Ravinia Festival Highland Park, IL August 12, 2011
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 2315
- author: PlaylistPanda4
1:23
Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (including John Harrington Solo) - Birmingham June 2009Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (including John Harrington Solo) - Birmingham June 2009...published: 07 May 2012author: PlaylistPanda4Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (including John Harrington Solo) - Birmingham June 2009Steely Dan - Kid Charlemagne (including John Harrington Solo) - Birmingham June 2009
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 4535
- author: PlaylistPanda4
6:23
Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisati...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne Konviksyon© MINI RECORDS - CIDIHCA " Manno Charlemagne Konviksyon" 2010, 58 min., créole, réalisation : Frantz Voltaire, image & montage : Jean-François Chalut, productions : Cidihca & Fred Paul (Mini Records), edition@cidihca.com Documentaire sur la vie du musicien haïtien et auteur-compositeur, Emmanuel Charlemagne. Cet artiste était un élément important des mouvements sociopolitiques populaires haïtien dans les années 1980 et 1990. Sa musique avait une présence forte et a certainement influencée l'histoire d'Haïti avant le départ de Jean-Claude Duvalier. Documentary about the life of Haitian musician and song writer, Emmanuel Charlemagne. That artist was an important element of the popular Haitian socio-political movements in the 1980's and 1990's. His music had a strong presence and certainly influenced Haitian history prior to the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 52113
- author: jeantorchenot
3:46
Manno Charlemagne- Sispan'n PerduSispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagne...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne- Sispan'n PerduSispan'n Pedi(Kreyol), Fini Les Colonies(Francais) Chanson de Manno Charlemagne
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 31232
- author: jeantorchenot
9:55
Portrait de Jean Claude DUVALIER alias "Baby Doc", -1Portrait de Jean Claude DUVALIER alias "Baby Doc", successeur de son père à la tête d'Haït...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotPortrait de Jean Claude DUVALIER alias "Baby Doc", -1Portrait de Jean Claude DUVALIER alias "Baby Doc", successeur de son père à la tête d'Haïti. Interview du président à vie en alternance avec des images de la vie à Haïti. PRODUCTION producteur ou co-producteur: Télévision Française 1 HD VIDEO Wilner Nau GÉNÉRIQUE journaliste: Faucon, Régis ; Daval, Tony participant: Duvalier, Jean Claude
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 29278
- author: jeantorchenot
3:06
Manno Charlemagne oganizasyon mondyalchanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyal...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne oganizasyon mondyalchanson de Manno Charlemangne Oganizasyon mondyal
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 56209
- author: jeantorchenot
8:06
Manno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Chalmagne & Beethova Obas-CDC-BLVD
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 8777
- author: jeantorchenot
4:09
Manno Charlemagne-Zanmi PreManno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre Zanmi Louin...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne-Zanmi PreManno Charlemagne-Zanmi Pre Zanmi Louin
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 42818
- author: jeantorchenot
3:49
Manno Charlemagne - Ayiti Pa ForèArtist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is a...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne - Ayiti Pa ForèArtist: Manno Charlemagne -- Album: òganizasyon mondyal -- Year: 1988 -- The album is available for purchase online. Support the artist and buy it. L'album est disponible sur le net. Supportez l'artiste et achetez-le. http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/oganizasyon-mondyal/id357095753 For more Haiti content, please visit the Facebook page of DaliReel Productions: http://www.facebook.com/dalireelproductions Disclaimer: All rights remain with the artist.This song is uploaded for your listening pleasure only and any downloading is strictly prohibited.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 32013
- author: jeantorchenot
5:05
Charlemagneoutta the dark ages...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotCharlemagneoutta the dark ages
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 55044
- author: jeantorchenot
2:04
KOMPAMAGAZINE.COM & AYITI DEPLOGE present SWEET MICKY and MANNO CHARLEMAGNE (Acoustic)SWEET MICKY and MANNO CHARLEMAGNE, accompanied by FABRICE ROUZIER get down "DEPLOGE" style...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotKOMPAMAGAZINE.COM & AYITI DEPLOGE present SWEET MICKY and MANNO CHARLEMAGNE (Acoustic)SWEET MICKY and MANNO CHARLEMAGNE, accompanied by FABRICE ROUZIER get down "DEPLOGE" style in Haiti.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 14149
- author: jeantorchenot
6:44
Charlemagne the Man the Myth the LegendMorgan Freeman stars as the narrator in yet another movie. You may know him from such fil...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotCharlemagne the Man the Myth the LegendMorgan Freeman stars as the narrator in yet another movie. You may know him from such films as Bruce Almighty, March of the Penguins, and The Big Bounce. Mr. Witchger also makes a surprise appearance at the end of the movie highlighting many of Charlemagne's great and admirable qualities. This movie, with many other guest appearances such as Dr. Samuel Emanuel, will in fact blow your mind.
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 9439
- author: jeantorchenot
2:54
Ralph of MaWoN and Manno Charlemagne Sing a DuetRalph Cassagnol, lead singer of MaWoN, and Manno Charlemagne sing a duet at the North Miam...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotRalph of MaWoN and Manno Charlemagne Sing a DuetRalph Cassagnol, lead singer of MaWoN, and Manno Charlemagne sing a duet at the North Miami Kreyol Hip Hop Holiday Showcase
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 9579
- author: jeantorchenot
1:53
Manno CharlemagneManno Charlemagne Haiti cherie...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno CharlemagneManno Charlemagne Haiti cherie
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 12234
- author: jeantorchenot
3:18
Manno Charlemagne...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 2622
- author: jeantorchenot
4:47
Manno Charlemagne-Gebede...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne-Gebede
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 14828
- author: jeantorchenot
Vimeo results:0:56
CharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that ...published: 03 Sep 2012author: Antje Van WichelenCharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that day, with a doll I made. The next day I spent with sound artist Gerrit Valckenaers, who did a great job.0:12
CharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa....published: 12 May 2011author: João TeófiloCharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa.3:03
Charlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/...published: 09 Feb 2012author: Juwan Torrell DickersonCharlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 Song: 'Yes Yes Yo' by DJ Cam
Youtube results:2:50
Manno Charlemagne Gebede...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne Gebede
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 16350
- author: jeantorchenot
2:28
Haiti manman cheri!!!www.samhaiti.blogspot.com In memory of my loving grandma who did all she could to raise me...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotHaiti manman cheri!!!www.samhaiti.blogspot.com In memory of my loving grandma who did all she could to raise me but unfortunately didn't live long enough to eat the fruits of her labor. I love you grandma and I know you are proud of your son!
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 49656
- author: jeantorchenot
4:03
Manno Charlemagne-LiberationManno Charlemagne-Liberation...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotManno Charlemagne-LiberationManno Charlemagne-Liberation
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 14135
- author: jeantorchenot
8:36
Gemini All Stars de Ti Manno- Bamboche CreoleLe Roi du Compas...published: 25 Dec 2010author: jeantorchenotGemini All Stars de Ti Manno- Bamboche CreoleLe Roi du Compas
- published: 25 Dec 2010
- views: 42027
- author: jeantorchenot
4:21
Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen En...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3191
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
4:21
Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen En...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Raidermen - Top Dollar (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne, G Blass & Stex Scratches: DJ Finesse Released: 1997 ©: Raidermen Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3616
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
4:39
Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainment...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Production) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3039
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
4:32
Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainment...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Raidermen - Magnetic (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Fortress Entertainment
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3025
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
4:14
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Remix) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Remix) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 1879
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
4:09
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Production) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 3841
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
4:11
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 5223
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
2:32
Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Promo Mix) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Natural Elements - Live It Up Part 2 (Promo Mix) (1999) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1999 ©: Tommy Boy Black Label
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 1225
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
3:15
Kid Thun - I Wonder (Life) (Charlemagne Production) (1998) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records Re-Up in better Quality!...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Kid Thun - I Wonder (Life) (Charlemagne Production) (1998) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records Re-Up in better Quality!
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 5568
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
1:29
Big Noyd - It's On You (Intro) (Charlemagne Production) (1996) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1996 ©: Tommy Boy Music...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Big Noyd - It's On You (Intro) (Charlemagne Production) (1996) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1996 ©: Tommy Boy Music
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 6154
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
3:48
Natural Elements - Tri-Boro (1998) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Natural Elements - Tri-Boro (1998) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 6101
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
3:45
Night Breed - I Got Your Back (1998) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Night Breed - I Got Your Back (1998) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1998 ©: Wreck Records
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 5336
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
4:27
Capone -N- Noreaga - Halfway Thugs (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordings...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Capone -N- Noreaga - Halfway Thugs (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordings
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 42331
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
3:16
Capone -N- Noreaga - Stay Tuned (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordings More Beats off The War Report ...published: 20 May 2010author: BeaTJunKiE82Capone -N- Noreaga - Stay Tuned (Charlemagne Instrumental) (1997) [HQ]Producer: Charlemagne Released: 1997 ©: Penalty Recordings More Beats off The War Report comin this week!
- published: 20 May 2010
- views: 15473
- author: BeaTJunKiE82
Vimeo results:0:56
CharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that ...published: 03 Sep 2012author: Antje Van WichelenCharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that day, with a doll I made. The next day I spent with sound artist Gerrit Valckenaers, who did a great job.0:12
CharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa....published: 12 May 2011author: João TeófiloCharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa.3:03
Charlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/...published: 09 Feb 2012author: Juwan Torrell DickersonCharlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 Song: 'Yes Yes Yo' by DJ Cam
11:31
Hilarious Interview : Power 105.1 Interviewing Mindless BehaviorCharlemagne be actin weird with the youngins! Ignore him!...published: 22 Sep 2011author: CeeCee PerezHilarious Interview : Power 105.1 Interviewing Mindless BehaviorCharlemagne be actin weird with the youngins! Ignore him!
- published: 22 Sep 2011
- views: 276473
- author: CeeCee Perez
6:58
Charlamagne Tha God Talks About Being Fired From The Beat 10- VladTV.com - Was it really because of the Beanie Sigel Interview? Find Out Charlamagne's...published: 05 Nov 2009author: djvladCharlamagne Tha God Talks About Being Fired From The Beat 10- VladTV.com - Was it really because of the Beanie Sigel Interview? Find Out Charlamagne's thoughts.
- published: 05 Nov 2009
- views: 84643
- author: djvlad
9:14
Game interview with the Breakfast Club (pt. 1)the game talks beef, album delays, & more!...published: 09 Aug 2011author: Thejluck777Game interview with the Breakfast Club (pt. 1)the game talks beef, album delays, & more!
- published: 09 Aug 2011
- views: 355732
- author: Thejluck777
3:09
Carolina Grinda, Charlemagne tha GodCharlemagne tells us all why he would love to see artists from South Carolina reach mainst...published: 31 Jul 2009author: linenk82Carolina Grinda, Charlemagne tha GodCharlemagne tells us all why he would love to see artists from South Carolina reach mainstream success.
- published: 31 Jul 2009
- views: 1911
- author: linenk82
13:12
Chief Keef Interview ( Breakfast Clubchief keef interview on breakfast club...published: 26 Jun 2012author: projectbrienChief Keef Interview ( Breakfast Clubchief keef interview on breakfast club
- published: 26 Jun 2012
- views: 3344
- author: projectbrien
2:13
Charlamagne Tha God from Power 105.1-Interview with Exit21magazine.comCharlamagne Tha God from Power 105.1-caught up to him at the Source Magazine Release Party...published: 25 Feb 2012author: Exit21magazineCharlamagne Tha God from Power 105.1-Interview with Exit21magazine.comCharlamagne Tha God from Power 105.1-caught up to him at the Source Magazine Release Party.
- published: 25 Feb 2012
- views: 955
- author: Exit21magazine
8:03
RAY J AND FABOLOUS FIGHT AFTER MAYWEATHER? RAY J INTERVIEW WITH CHARLEMAGNE Onsitehiphop.comray j and fabolous fight ray j and fabolous ray j and fabolous vegas ray j beat up fabolou...published: 19 Sep 2011author: onsitehiphop09RAY J AND FABOLOUS FIGHT AFTER MAYWEATHER? RAY J INTERVIEW WITH CHARLEMAGNE Onsitehiphop.comray j and fabolous fight ray j and fabolous ray j and fabolous vegas ray j beat up fabolous the breakfast club angela yee dj envy mayweather vs ortiz mayweather vs ortiz fight
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 4956
- author: onsitehiphop09
8:54
Charlamagne tha God - Exclusive Interview for SS Media GroupThe SS Media Group Checks in with Charlamagne tha God . For more on Sixteen Seventy visit ...published: 02 Dec 2009author: TheSSMediaGroupCharlamagne tha God - Exclusive Interview for SS Media GroupThe SS Media Group Checks in with Charlamagne tha God . For more on Sixteen Seventy visit www.sixteenseventy.com
- published: 02 Dec 2009
- views: 5332
- author: TheSSMediaGroup
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ENGLISH-interview Roland Masse Corton Charlemagne.movJean-David Camus from www.hospices-beaune.com meets Roland Masse, the winemaker of the wor...published: 24 May 2011author: HospicesBeauneENGLISH-interview Roland Masse Corton Charlemagne.movJean-David Camus from www.hospices-beaune.com meets Roland Masse, the winemaker of the world-famous Hospices de Beaune estate for the Chardonnay Day on May 26th 2011. A good opportunity to talk about Chardonnay and its role, its characteristics, in the Hospices de Beaune context. This interview was shot on the prestigious Corton Charlemagne Grand Cru terroir, on the hill of Corton, so we also talk together about this wine and the Cuvée François de Salins that is made out of it.
- published: 24 May 2011
- views: 162
- author: HospicesBeaune
8:03
RAY J AND FABOLOUS FIGHT AFTER MAYWEATHER? RAY J INTERVIEW WITH CHARLEMAGNE POWER 105.1 (UNCENSORED)www.freshfad.es The Classic Urban Culture....published: 19 Sep 2011author: fadethechannelRAY J AND FABOLOUS FIGHT AFTER MAYWEATHER? RAY J INTERVIEW WITH CHARLEMAGNE POWER 105.1 (UNCENSORED)www.freshfad.es The Classic Urban Culture.
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 160874
- author: fadethechannel
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335 Records - Larry Carlton Interview Clinic - Kid Charlemagne335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.com...published: 11 May 2011author: 335Records335 Records - Larry Carlton Interview Clinic - Kid Charlemagne335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.com
- published: 11 May 2011
- views: 265
- author: 335Records
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Player Interviews: Charlemagne "Ackmey" TremblayCharlos talks about his favorite races, his rich heritage, and the skill level of his oppo...published: 09 Mar 2012author: BlakeProLeaguePlayer Interviews: Charlemagne "Ackmey" TremblayCharlos talks about his favorite races, his rich heritage, and the skill level of his opponents.
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 48
- author: BlakeProLeague
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Charlemagne interview...published: 16 Jun 2011author: chris dulleaCharlemagne interview
- published: 16 Jun 2011
- views: 26
- author: chris dullea
Vimeo results:0:56
CharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that ...published: 03 Sep 2012author: Antje Van WichelenCharlemagneI was invited to spend a day at Heike Langsdorf's Changing Room. This is how I spent that day, with a doll I made. The next day I spent with sound artist Gerrit Valckenaers, who did a great job.0:12
CharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa....published: 12 May 2011author: João TeófiloCharlemagneO ciclo de um soldado da época do Carlos Magno com corisa.3:03
Charlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/...published: 09 Feb 2012author: Juwan Torrell DickersonCharlemagnetest footage for a short documentary project that I'm working on Nikon D90 Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 Song: 'Yes Yes Yo' by DJ Cam
Youtube results:4:45
Get to Know Charlemagne tha god [Interview] @cthagodwww.LateNightCreep.com...published: 25 Feb 2013author: LateNightCreepVidsGet to Know Charlemagne tha god [Interview] @cthagodwww.LateNightCreep.com
- published: 25 Feb 2013
- views: 25
- author: LateNightCreepVids
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335 Records - Larry Carlton Interview Clinic - Kid Charlemagne Solo335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.com...published: 11 May 2011author: 335Records335 Records - Larry Carlton Interview Clinic - Kid Charlemagne Solo335 Records - www.335Records.com Larry Carlton - www.LarryCarlton.com
- published: 11 May 2011
- views: 5037
- author: 335Records
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Charlemagne InterviewAnother Project!...published: 17 Jan 2013author: ExpandYourBrocabBroCharlemagne InterviewAnother Project!
- published: 17 Jan 2013
- views: 3
- author: ExpandYourBrocabBro
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AV Festival 10: Charlemagne Palestine: Interview...published: 21 Feb 2013author: avfestivalarchiveAV Festival 10: Charlemagne Palestine: Interview
- published: 21 Feb 2013
- views: 1
- author: avfestivalarchive
Gizmodophoto: AP / Mary Altaffer
26 Feb 2013Jesus Diaz - . Scientists have found proof of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean. According to a study published in Nature Geoscience, the continent “was separated from Madagascar and fragmented into a ribbon-like configuration by a series of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin.”. Its name is not Atlantis, though ... [Nature Geoscience via BBC News]. Image by Shutterstock ... Related Posts ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)The Daily Telegraphphoto: Creative Commons / John Harrison
25 Feb 2013Just like Angelina Jolie's right leg last year, Oscar-winner Anne Hathaway's apparently 'alert' nipples inspired their own Twitter account and a flurry of cheeky hashtags last night. BY Bibby Sowray . 25 February 2013. Anne Hathaway's seemingly pointy nipples attracted a lot of attention. Photo. Getty. Poor Anne Hathaway, she's not been served well by fashion of late ... Related articles. Oscars 2013 fashion. red carpet hits and misses ... Photo ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)WorldNews.comphoto: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Effrain Lopez
26 Feb 2013Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. During the 19th and early 20th centuries developments in technology vastly transformed warfare. The age of machine guns, steam-powered battle ships, and tanks replaced the era of flintlock muskets, sailing wooden ships, and cannonballs. But these new and more lethal innovations also altered humanity and political systems ... World War I and II ... They will subversively disrupt entire societies....(size: 4.8Kb)Chicago Sun-Timesphoto: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)Huffington Postphoto: AP / Manu Fernandez
27 Feb 2013Angel Di Maria tamed the aging lion at the heart of the Barcelona defense in the decisive sequence of Real Madrid's 3-1 win in the second leg of the Copa del Rey semifinal. After receiving a long outlet pass from Sami Khedira in the 57th minute, Di Maria shook down the 34-year-old Barcelona captain, leaving him behind on the turf as he headed for goal ... twitter.com/Dominic777775/…— Dominic (@Dominic777775) February 26, 2013 ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News26 Feb 2013In realizing the side effects of a low calorie diet program, Diet Doc provides clients with pure ground flaxseed in order to assure the most healthy weight loss experience ... Flaxseed promotes regular bowel movements due to the high content of insoluble fiber ... Cultivated in Babylon as early as 3000 BC, King Charlemagne believed so strongly in the health benefits of flaxseed, that he passed laws requiring his subjects to consume it.” ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)The Examiner26 Feb 2013Mark your calendars, because on Thursday, 28 February 2013, starting at midnight PST to Monday, 04 March 2013, ending at 11.59p PST, author Nathaniel Burns will be offering his book, "Honour and Glory. The Battle of Saxony," absolutely free on Amazon.com. Nathaniel Burns has always been fascinated with swordfighting and especially tales of Camelot or Charlemagne ... His readers say the following about "Honour and Glory." ... " — Peter Prasad ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)Huffington Post26 Feb 2013It goes, roughly; "Train slow, because anger will give you speed in the fight." ... That's not really conducive to learning how to do anything properly ... Spoilers ahead! ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... The oldest piece of French Literature is part of the stories of the Twelve Peers of Charlemagne known as the Matter of France, and it features vile treason, monstrous villains, pure-hearted heroes, tragedy, and one of the most famous magic swords in history; Durendal....(size: 9.1Kb)The Independent23 Feb 2013It's a tough one, according to Darius McDermott of Chelsea Financial Services ... Europe stands out. The past year is a prime example ... Then there is IMA UK Smaller Companies on 16.70 per cent ... Lucrative gilts ... Smaller firms shone ... JPM Russia, meanwhile, lost a staggering 64.58 per cent, with Skandia Global Property and Charlemagne Magna Eastern European faring only slightly better with falls of 61.95 per cent and 56.71 per cent, respectively....(size: 8.9Kb)CBC22 Feb 2013Stockhouse20 Feb 2013... Resources Inc., for the use of CARDS (Computer Aided Resources Detection Software) which will help to analyse all of the data sets related to Threegold Abitibi North projects (enclosing Dalquier, Colline Bearn, Rousseau West and East, Standard Gold, Marcotte, Barraute and Charlemagne) located in the Abitibi region of the province of Quebec....(size: 3.2Kb)noodls20 Feb 2013... Resources Inc., for the use of CARDS (Computer Aided Resources Detection Software) which will help to analyse all of the data sets related to Threegold Abitibi North projects (enclosing Dalquier, Colline Bearn, Rousseau West and East, Standard Gold, Marcotte, Barraute and Charlemagne) located in the Abitibi region of the province of Quebec....(size: 4.0Kb)Rocky Mount Telegram19 Feb 2013Italians are known for enjoying “la dolce vita” (“the sweet life”), and if you doubt that’s true, look no further than Lent. Lent is a period of penitence in the Catholic Church. In early times, those who broke the rules were in for some serious punishment; the emperor Charlemagne, for example, executed those who ate meat during Lent ... “It’s the way we are eating today,” she said ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)Newsday19 Feb 2013Videos. Clips from TV shows. Galleries. Web links. It's not quite 8 on a Monday morning, and in a dark control room on West 57th Street, Chris Licht, executive producer of "CBS This Morning," already has been up for nearly four hours ... " would never get a tattoo," he says with a sneer. MORE. . ... weekdays ... It made its first attempt at the genre in 1954 with "The Morning Show," hosted by and a lion puppet named Charlemagne ... Most recent ... 0 ... Log in....(size: 7.2Kb)The Examiner18 Feb 2013Celine Dion has been forced to cancel shows scheduled for this week at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas due to sinusitis ... 19 - Friday, Feb. 22 ... 26 - Mar. 16 will proceed as planned ... The Charlemagne, CQ native began her latest Caesar’s Palace residency on March 15, 2011, signing on to perform an initial 70 shows a year for 3 years, working in the same Caesar’s Palace theatre built for her record breaking “A New Day” Vegas run ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)The Dallas Morning News16 Feb 2013Paul Collins’ very readable The Birth of the West, written for a general reader with little background in the era, shows Europe, three generations after the death of Charlemagne in 814, fallen into disorder, with no central government and all autonomy local ... One element that defeated Charlemagne’s successors was the Frankish custom of dividing land ......(size: 5.9Kb)The Guardian15 Feb 2013Ride a railway run by children, or drink in a pop-up bar in a derelict building - plus all the cafes, museums and gorgeous spas you'd expect on a trip to Hungary. Add a tip for next week for the chance to win a pair of top-quality walking boots ... Photograph. Alamy. Winning tip ... A university city with an ancient history, Pécs was founded by Romans and passed though the hands of Charlemagne, the Ottoman Turks, the Croats and the Viennese ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)Wall Street Journal15 Feb 2013By LETTIE TEAGUE. Enlarge Image. Close. IT'S NOT OFTEN that a winemaker's genius can be detected in a bottle of basic Bourgogne. It would be like finding one of the world's greatest speeches written on the back of an envelope ... Aubins to stylish, rich grand crus ... Truax ... Colin's precise winemaking style.) ... Close ... Mr ... Colin is even able to buy grapes from grand cru vineyards like Bâtard-Montrachet and Corton-Charlemagne—a nearly impossible feat ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)For other uses, see Charlemagne (disambiguation).Charlemagne Rex Francorum (King of the Franks)
Rex Longobardorum (King of the Lombards)
Imperator Romanorum (Emperor of the Romans)
A coin of Charlemagne with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG ("Carolus Imperator Augustus") Reign 768–814 Coronation Noyon, 9 October 768
Pavia, 10 July 774
Rome, 25 December 800Predecessor Pepin the Short Successor Louis the Pious Father Pepin the Short Mother Bertrada of Laon Born 2 April 742 (Unsure)
LiègeDied 28 January 814 (aged around 71)
AachenBurial Aachen Cathedral Blessed Carolus Magnus 
Reliquary of Blessed Charles AugustusHonored in Roman Catholic Church (Germany and France) Beatified 814, Aachen by a court bishop, later confirmed by Pope Benedict XIV[1] Canonized 1166 by Antipope Paschal III[1] Major shrine Aachen Cathedral Feast 28 January (Aachen and Osnabrück) Attributes Fleur-de-lis; German Eagle Patronage Lovers (both licit and illicit), schoolchildren, the Kings of France and Germany, men on horseback, men on the scaffold, crusaders Carolingian dynasty Pippinids - Pippin the Elder (c. 580–640)
- Grimoald (616–656)
- Childebert the Adopted (d. 662)
Arnulfings - Arnulf of Metz (582–640)
- Chlodulf of Metz (d. 696 or 697)
- Ansegisel (c. 602–before 679)
- Pippin the Middle (c. 635–714)
- Grimoald II (d. 714)
- Drogo of Champagne (670–708)
- Theudoald (d. 714)
Carolingians - Charles Martel (686–741)
- Carloman (d. 754)
- Pepin the Short (714–768)
- Carloman I (751–771)
- Charlemagne (d. 814)
- Louis the Pious (778–840)
After the Treaty of Verdun (843) - Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor (795–855)
(Middle Francia) - Charles the Bald (823–877)
(Western Francia) - Louis the German (804–876)
(Eastern Francia)
Charlemagne (
/ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. [2] He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.[3]
Nevertheless further conflict was prevented by the sudden death of Carloman in 771, in unexplained circumstances. Charlemagne continued the policy of his father towards the papacy and became its protector, removing the Lombards from power in Italy, and leading an incursion into Muslim Spain, to which he was invited by the Muslim governor of Barcelona. Charlemagne was promised several Iberian cities in return for giving military aid to the governor; however, the deal was withdrawn.
Subsequently, Charlemagne's retreating army experienced its worst defeat at the hands of the Basques, at the Battle of Roncesvalles (778) (memorialised, although heavily fictionalised, in the Song of Roland). He also campaigned against the peoples to his east, especially the Saxons, and after a protracted war subjected them to his rule. By forcibly Christianizing the Saxons and banning on penalty of death their native Germanic paganism, he integrated them into his realm and thus paved the way for the later Ottonian dynasty.
The French and German monarchies descending from the empire ruled by Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor cover most of Europe. In his acceptance speech of the Charlemagne Prize Pope John Paul II referred to him as the Pater Europae ("father of Europe"):[4] his empire united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Romans, and the Carolingian renaissance encouraged the formation of a common European identity.[5]
Contents
[edit] Political background
By the 6th century, the West Germanic Franks had been Christianised and Francia, ruled by the Merovingians, was the most powerful of the kingdoms that succeeded the Western Roman Empire. But following the Battle of Tertry, the Merovingians declined into a state of powerlessness, for which they have been dubbed the do-nothing kings (rois fainéants). Almost all government powers of any consequence were exercised by their chief officer, the mayor of the palace or major domus.
In 687, Pippin of Herstal (or Heristal), mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at Tertry and became the sole governor of the entire Frankish kingdom. Pippin himself was the grandson of two of the most important figures of the Austrasian Kingdom, Saint Arnulf of Metz and Pippin of Landen. Pippin the Middle was eventually succeeded by his illegitimate son Charles, later known as Charles Martel (the Hammer).
After 737, Charles governed the Franks without a king on the throne but declined to call himself "king". Charles was succeeded in 741 by his sons Carloman and Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne. To curb separatism in the periphery of the realm, in 743 the brothers placed on the throne Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian king.
After Carloman resigned office in 746 to enter the church by preference as a monk, Pepin brought the question of the kingship before Pope Zachary, asking whether it was logical for a king to have no royal power. The pope handed down his decision in 749. He decreed (mandavit) that it was better for Pepin, who had the powers of high office as Mayor, to be called king, so as not to confuse the hierarchy (ordo). He therefore ordered him (iussit) to become "true king."
In 750, Pepin was elected by an assembly of the Franks, anointed by the archbishop and then raised (elevatus) to the office of king. Branding Childeric III as "the false king," the Pope ordered him into a monastery. Thus was the Merovingian dynasty replaced by the Carolingian dynasty, named after Pepin's father, Charles Martel.
In 753 Pope Stephen II fled from Italy to Francia appealing for assistance pro iustitiis sancti Petri ("for the rights of St. Peter") to Pepin. He was supported in this appeal by Carloman, Charles' brother. In return the pope could only provide legitimacy, which he did by again anointing and confirming Pepin, this time adding his young sons, Carolus and Carloman, to the royal patrimony, now heirs to the great realm that already covered most of western and central Europe. In 754 Pepin accepted the Pope's invitation to visit Italy on behalf of St. Peter's rights, dealing successfully with the Lombards.[6]
Under the Carolingians, the Frankish kingdom spread to encompass an area including most of Western Europe. The division of that kingdom formed France and Germany;[7] and the religious, political, and artistic evolutions originating from a centrally positioned Francia made a defining imprint on the whole of Europe.
[edit] Personal background
Ancestry[link]
Charles Martel, sarcophagus16. Ansegisel 8. Pepin of Herstal 17. Begga 4. Charles Martel 9. Alpaida 2. Pepin the Short 5. Rotrude 1. Charlemagne 6. Caribert of Laon 13. Bertrada of Prüm 3. Bertrada of Laon Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 – 12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon and Bertrada of Cologne. Records name only Carloman, Gisela, and three short-lived children named Pepin, Chrothais and Adelais as his younger siblings.
Date of birth[link]
The most likely date of Charlemagne's birth is reconstructed from a number of sources. A date of 742 calculated from Einhard's date of death as January 814 at age 72 suffers from the defect of being two years before his parents' marriage in 744. The year given in the Annales Petaviani as 747 would be more likely, except that it contradicts Einhard and a few other sources in making Charlemagne less than a septuagenarian at his death. A month and day of April 2 is established by a calendar from Lorsch Abbey.[8]
In 747 that day fell on Easter, a coincidence that would have been remembered but was not. If Easter was being used as the beginning of the calendar year, then 2 April 747 could have been, by modern reckoning, 2 April 748 (not on Easter). The date favored by the preponderance of evidence is 2 April 742, based on the septuagenarian age at death.[8] This date would appear to support an initial illegitimacy of birth, which is not, however, mentioned by Einhard.
Place of birth[link]
Roman road connecting Tongeren to the Herstal region. Jupille and Herstal, near Liege, are located in the lower right corner.Charlemagne was most likely born in Herstal, Wallonia, where his father was born, a town close to Liège in modern day Belgium.[9] The Merovingians had a number of hunting villas in the vicinity. Liège is close to the region from where both the Merovingian and Carolingian families originated. He went to live in his father's villa in Jupille when he was around seven, which caused Jupille to be listed as a possible place of birth in almost every history book. Other cities have been suggested, including Aachen, Düren, Gauting, Mürlenbach,[10] and Prüm. No definitive evidence as to which is the right candidate exists.
Name[link]
Dubbed Charles le Magne, "Charles the Great," by subsequent Old French historians,[11] becoming Charlemagne in English after the Norman conquest of England, he was named Karl (Carolus) after his grandfather, Charles Martel. Carolus Magnus was universal, leading to numerous translations in many languages of Europe: German Karl der Grosse, Dutch Karel de Grote, Danish Karl den Store, Italian Carlo Magno, Hungarian Nagy Károly, Icelandic Karlamagnús, Polish Karol Wielki, Czech Karel Veliký, Russian Karl Velikij, Estonian Karl Suur, Lithuanian Karolis Didysis, Croatian Karlo Veliki and so on.
According to Julius Pokorny, the historical linguist and Indo-Europeanist, the root meaning of Karl is "old man", from Indo-European *ĝer-, where the ĝ is a palatal consonant, meaning "to rub; to be old; grain." An old man has been worn away and is now grey with age.[12]
"Old man" descended into words with different senses. In all the reflex languages a husband is "the old man" or in feminine form "the old lady". He can be an "old fool" as in English churl or a "sad case" as in Persian zar, but in the Germanic languages he becomes something more exalted. Old Norse Karl, Old English Ceorl, Old High German karel is a free man, a citizen, not a slave or an alien. As far as the civilizations established in imitation of classical city-states are concerned, such as the Roman, which had its senatus, "the old men," Karl means respected senior, similar to the English vernacular for a commander, "the old man." The common Germanic was *karilaz, on which the Latin Carolus, English Charles, is based.[13]
Regardless of its previously understood meaning, Charles' achievements altered the meaning of the word. In many European languages, the very word for "king" derives from his name; e.g., Polish: król, Ukrainian: король (korol'), Czech: král, Slovak: kráľ, Hungarian: király, Lithuanian: karalius, Latvian: karalis, Russian: король, Macedonian: крал, Bulgarian: крал, Serbian: краљ/kralj, Croatian: kralj, Turkish: kral. This development parallels that of the name of the Caesars in the original Roman Empire, which became Kaiser and Czar, among others.[14]
Language[link]
Main article: TheodiscusBy Charlemagne's time the French vernacular had already diverged significantly from Latin. This is evidenced by one of the regulations of the Council of Tours (813), which required that the parish priests preach either in the "rusticam Romanam linguam" (Romance) or "Theotiscam" (the Germanic vernacular) rather than in Latin. The goal of this rule was to make the sermons comprehensible to the common people, who must therefore have been either Romance speakers or Germanic speakers.[15] Charlemagne himself probably spoke a Rhenish Franconian dialect of Old High German.[16]
Apart from his native language he also spoke Latin "as well as his native tongue" and understood a bit of Greek, according to his biographer Einhard (Grecam vero melius intellegere quam pronuntiare poterat, "he could understand Greek better than he could speak it").[17] Einhard also writes that Charlemagne started a "grammar of his native language" and "gave the months names in his own tongue".[18] All of his daughters received Old High German names.[citation needed]
The largely fictional account of Charlemagne’s Iberian campaigns by Pseudo-Turpin, written some three centuries after his death, gave rise to the legend that the king also spoke Arabic.[19]
Appearance[link]
In the Cathedral of Moulins, France, end of the 15th centuryCharlemagne's personal appearance is known from a good description by a personal associate, Einhard, author after his death of the biography Vita Karoli Magni. Einhard tells in his twenty-second chapter:[20]
"He was heavily built, sturdy, and of considerable stature, although not exceptionally so, since his height was seven times the length of his own foot. He had a round head, large and lively eyes, a slightly larger nose than usual, white but still attractive hair, a bright and cheerful expression, a short and fat neck, and he enjoyed good health, except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life. Toward the end, he dragged one leg. Even then, he stubbornly did what he wanted and refused to listen to doctors, indeed he detested them, because they wanted to persuade him to stop eating roast meat, as was his wont, and to be content with boiled meat."
The physical portrait provided by Einhard is confirmed by contemporary depictions of the emperor, such as coins and his 8-inch (20 cm) bronze statue kept in the Louvre. In 1861, Charlemagne's tomb was opened by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and estimated it to be measured 74.9 in (190 cm).[21] An estimate of his height from an X-ray and CT Scan of his tibia performed in 2010 is 1.84 m (72 in). This puts him in the 99th percentile of tall people of his period, given that average male height of his time was 1.69 m (67 in). The width of the bone suggested he was gracile but not robust in body build.[22]
Dress[link]
In the Bibliothèque Nationale de FranceCharlemagne wore the traditional costume of the Frankish people, described by Einhard thus:[23]
"He used to wear the national, that is to say, the Frank, dress-next his skin a linen shirt and linen breeches, and above these a tunic fringed with silk; while hose fastened by bands covered his lower limbs, and shoes his feet, and he protected his shoulders and chest in winter by a close-fitting coat of otter or marten skins."
He wore a blue cloak and always carried a sword with him. The typical sword was of a golden or silver hilt. He wore fancy jewelled swords to banquets or ambassadorial receptions. Nevertheless:[23]
"He despised foreign costumes, however handsome, and never allowed himself to be robed in them, except twice in Rome, when he donned the Roman tunic, chlamys, and shoes; the first time at the request of Pope Hadrian, the second to gratify Leo, Hadrian's successor."
He could rise to the occasion when necessary. On great feast days, he wore embroidery and jewels on his clothing and shoes. He had a golden buckle for his cloak on such occasions and would appear with his great diadem, but he despised such apparel, according to Einhard, and usually dressed like the common people.[23]
[edit] Rise to power
Early life[link]
Einhard says of the early life of Charles:[24]
"It would be folly, I think, to write a word concerning Charles' birth and infancy, or even his boyhood, for nothing has ever been written on the subject, and there is no one alive now who can give information on it. Accordingly, I determined to pass that by as unknown, and to proceed at once to treat of his character, his deed, and such other facts of his life as are worth telling and setting forth, and shall first give an account of his deed at home and abroad, then of his character and pursuits, and lastly of his administration and death, omitting nothing worth knowing or necessary to know."
The ambiguous high office[link]
The most powerful officers of the Frankish people, the Mayor of the Palace (Maior Domus) and one or more kings (rex, reges) were appointed by election of the people; that is, no regular elections were held, but they were held as required to elect officers ad quos summa imperii pertinebat, "to whom the highest matters of state pertained." Evidently interim decisions could be made by the Pope, which ultimately needed to be ratified by an assembly of the people, which met once a year.[25]
Before Pepin the Short, initially a Mayor, was elected king in 750, he held the high office "as though hereditary" (velut hereditario fungebatur). Einhard explains that "the honor" was usually "given by the people" to the distinguished, but Pepin the Great. and his brother Carloman the wise received it as though hereditary, as did their father, Charles Martel. There was, however, a certain ambiguity about quasi-inheritance. The office was treated as joint property: one Mayorship held by two brothers jointly.[26] Each, however, had his own geographic jurisdiction. When Carloman decided to resign, becoming ultimately a Benedictine at Monte Cassino,[27] the question of the disposition of his quasi-share was settled by the pope. He converted the Mayorship into a Kingship and awarded the joint property to Pepin, who now had the full right to pass it on by inheritance.[28]
This decision was not accepted by all members of the family. Carloman had consented to the temporary tenancy of his own share, which he intended to pass on to his own son, Drogo, when the inheritance should be settled at someone's death. By the Pope's decision, in which Pepin had a hand, Drogo was to be disqualified as an heir in favor of his cousin Charles. He took up arms in opposition to the decision and was joined by Grifo, a half-brother of Pepin and Carloman, who had been given a share by Charles Martel, but was stripped of it and held under loose arrest by his half-brothers after an attempt to seize their shares by military action. By 753 all was over. Grifo perished in combat in the Battle of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne while Drogo was hunted down and taken into custody.[29]
On the death of Pepin, September 24, 768, the kingship passed jointly to his sons, "with divine assent" (divino nutu).[28] According to the Life, Pepin died in Paris. The Franks "in general assembly" (generali conventu) gave them both the rank of king (reges) but "partitioned the whole body of the kingdom equally" (totum regni corpus ex aequo partirentur). The annals[30] tell a slightly different version. The king died at St. Denis, which is, however, still in Paris. The two "lords" (domni) were "elevated to kingship" (elevati sunt in regnum), Carolus on October 9 in Noyon, Carloman on an unspecified date in Soissons. If born in 742, Carolus was 26 years old, but he had been campaigning at his father's right hand for several years, which may help to account for his military skill and genius. Carloman was 17.
The language in either case suggests that there were not two inheritances, which would have created distinct kings ruling over distinct kingdoms, but a single joint inheritance and a joint kingship tenanted by two equal kings, Charles and his brother Carloman. As before, distinct jurisdictions were awarded. Charles received Pepin's original share as Mayor: the outer parts of the kingdom, bordering on the sea, namely Neustria, western Aquitaine, and the northern parts of Austrasia, while Carloman was awarded his uncle's former share: the inner parts: southern Austrasia, Septimania, eastern Aquitaine, Burgundy, Provence, and Swabia, lands bordering on Italy. The question of whether these jurisdictions were joint shares reverting to the other brother if one brother died or were inherited property passed on to the descendants of the brother who died was never definitely settled by the Frankish people. It came up repeatedly over the succeeding decades until the grandsons of Charlemagne created distinct sovereign kingdoms.
Further information: Mayor of the PalaceAquitanian rebellion[link]
An inheritance in the countries formerly under Roman law (ius or iustitia) represented not only a transmission of the properties and privileges but also the encumbrances and obligations attached to the inheritance. Pepin at his death had been in process of building an empire, a difficult task:[31]
"In those times, to build a kingdom from an aggregation of small states was itself no great difficulty .... But to keep the state intact after it had been formed was a colossal task .... Each of the minor states ... had its little sovereign ... who ... gave himself chiefly to ... plotting, pillaging and fighting."
Formation of a new Aquitania[link]
Main article: AquitaineAquitania under Rome had been southern Gaul, which was Romanized and spoke a Romance language. Similarly Hispania had been populated by peoples speaking various languages, including Celtic, but was now populated entirely by Romance language speakers. Between Aquitania and Hispania were the Euskaldunak, Latinized to Vascones, or Basques,[32] living in Basque country, Vasconia, which extended, according to the distributions of place names attributable to the Basques, most densely in the western Pyrenees but also as far south as the upper Ebro River in Spain and as far north as the Garonne River in France.[33] The French name, Gascony, derives from Vasconia. The Romans were never able to entirely subject Vasconia. The parts which they did, in which they placed the region's first cities, were sources of legions in the Roman army valued for their fighting abilities. The border with Aquitania was Toulouse.
The Romans after the fall of their empire were replaced by the Visigoths in Spain and the Franks and Visigoths to the north. Although they had the authority of state, these Germanic tribes were thinly settled at best. They did not keep their languages long but were assimilated to the Romance-speaking prior populations. Romance was still spoken in Toulouse and to the east as well as on the Ebro. These authorities maintained relationships with the Basques that were fully as combative as the previous had been; moreover, the Basques on the whole had the upper hand. They began to raid and pillage to the north and east of their borders into territory then ruled by the Merovingians. They took slaves from the north and sold them to the south. Army after army was sent by the Franks. If the Basques could not win they retreated into the mountains. In 635 a Frankish column under Arnebert was massacred in the Haute Soule, a mountain valley.[34]
At about 660 the Duchy of Vasconia united with the Duchy of Aquitania to form a single kingdom under Felix of Aquitaine, governing from Toulouse. This was a joint kingship with a 28-year-old Basque king, Lupus I.[35] The kingdom was sovereign and independent. On the one hand Vasconia gave up predation to become a player on the field of European politics. On the other, whatever arrangements Felix had made with the weak Merovingians were null and void. At his death in 770 the joint property of the kingship reverted entirely to Lupus. As the Basques had no law of joint inheritance, but practiced primogeniture, Lupus in effect founded a hereditary dynasty of Basque kings of an expanded Aquitania.[36]
Acquisition of Aquitania by the Carolingians[link]
The Latin chronicles on the end of Visigothic Hispania leave much to be desired: identification of characters, filling in the gaps and reconciliation of the numerous contradictions.[37] The Saracen sources, however, present a more coherent view, such as the Ta'rikh iftitah al-Andalus ("History of the Conquest of al-Andalus") by Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, "the son of the Gothic woman," meaning by the named woman Sarah, granddaughter of the last king of all Visigothic Spain, who married a Saracen. Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, who had another, much longer name, must have been relying to some degree on family oral tradition.
According to Ibn al-Qūṭiyya[38] the last Visigothic king of a united Hispania died before his three sons: Almund, Romulo and Ardabast, reached majority. Their mother was regent at Toledo, but Roderic, army chief of staff, staged a rebellion, capturing Cordova. Of all the possible outcomes he chose to impose a joint rule over distinct jurisdictions on the true heirs. Evidence of a division of some sort can be found in the distribution of coins imprinted with the name of each king and in the king lists.[39] Wittiza is succeeded by Roderic, reigning 7.5 years, and a certain Achila (Aquila), reigning 3.5 years. If the reigns of both terminated with the incursion of the Saracens, then Roderic appears to have reigned a few years before the majority of Achila. The latter's kingdom is securely placed to the northeast, while Roderic seems to have taken the rest, notably Portugal.
Achila is undoubtedly Achila II of the coins and chronicles, who is stated by some chronicles to have been the son of Wittiza. How he fits into the Gothic woman's family tree is a problem, A scribal error in the transmission of her son's manuscript has been postulated: w.q.l.h for Waqla becomes r.m.l.h for Rumulu (Arabic like Hebrew writes only the consonants). Ardabast is generally identified with Ardo king of Septimania, 713-720.[40] The location of the share of Almun, or Olemundo, has not survived, but that he had one is assured by subsequent events.
In the account, a Christian merchant, Julian, left his daughter in the guardianship of Roderic (her mother had just died) while he conducted some business on Roderic's request in North Africa. Returning to find his daughter had been seduced by Roderic he simulated nonchalance and acceptance of that event, convincing Roderic to send him back on more business. Arriving there, however, he went to Tariq ibn Ziyad and convinced him to invade al-Andalus. En route the prophet Mohammed appeared to Tariq in a dream at the head of an army, telling him to go on. When the Saracens had landed in southern Spain Roderic establishing a base at Cordova reached out to the three sons of Wittiza asking for assistance in the common defense. The three arrived but not even daring to enter Cordova they sent to Tariq stating that Roderic was no better than a dog and offering submission and support in return for keeping their ancestral lands and privileges.[41] The offer having been accepted Roderic was defeated at the Battle of Guadalete. It is not clear whether the royal Goths fought against him or simply withheld troops. "Weighed down with weapons he threw himself into the water and was never found."
The three royals travelled to Damascus to confirm their submissions:[42] "Aquila was nominated king of the Goths but in 714 he traveled with his brothers to Damascus and sold the kingdom to Caliph Walid I (705-15) for lands and money." Ardo went on as client-king in Provence. On the death of Almund he appropriated the latter's share of the joint property against the will of the children, who went to Syria to appeal the case. The Saracens moved against Ardo. The boys never recovered the land. One became a Christian bishop. The daughter, Sarah, accepted an arranged marriage with a Saracen, becoming known as "the Gothic woman." She played an important role subsequently in Moorish Spain.
The Saracens crossed the mountains to claim Ardo's Septimania, only to encounter the Basque dynasty of Aquitania, always the allies of the Goths. Odo the Great of Aquitania was at first victorious at the Battle of Bordeaux in 721.[43] Saracen troops gradually massed in Septimania and in 732 advanced into Vasconia, and Odo was defeated at the Battle of the River Garonne. They took Bordeaux and were advancing toward Tours when Odo, powerless to stop them, appealed to his arch-enemy, Charles Martel, mayor of the Franks. In one of the first of those lightning marches for which the Carolingian kings became famous, Charles and his army appeared in the path of the Saracens between Tours and Poitiers, and in the Battle of Tours settled the question of the Saracen advance into Europe. The Moors were defeated so conclusively that they retreated across the mountains, never to return, leaving Septimania to become part of Francia. Odo also had to pay the price of incorporation into Charles's kingdom, a decision that was repugnant to him and also to his heirs.
Further information: Umayyad conquest of HispaniaLoss and recovery of Aquitania[link]
After his death his son Hunald allied himself with free Lombardy, a violation of the sovereignty of Francia. However, Odo had left the kingdom ambiguously to his two sons jointly, Hunald and Hatto. The latter, loyal to Francia, now went to war with his brother over full possession. Victorius, Hunald blinded and imprisoned his brother, only to be so stricken by conscience that he resigned and entered the church as a monk to do penance.[44] His son Waifer took an early inheritance, becoming duke of Aquitania. Inheriting also the alliance with Lombardy. Waifer decided to honor it, repeating his father's treason, which he justified by arguing that any agreements with Charles Martel became invalid on Martel's death. Since Aquitania was now Pepin's inheritance, the latter and his son, the young Charles, hunted down Waifer, who could only conduct a guerrilla war, and executed him.[45]
Among the contingents of the Frankish army were Bavarians under Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria, an Agilofing, the hereditary Bavarian royal family. Grifo had installed himself as Duke of Bavaria but Pepin replaced him with a member of the royal family yet a child, Tassilo, whose protector he had become after the death of his father. The loyalty of the Agilolfings was perpetually in question but Pepin exacted numerous oaths of loyalty from Tassilo. However, the latter had married Liutperga, a daughter of Desiderius, king of Lombardy. At a critical point in the campaign Tassilo with all his Bavarians left the field. Out of reach of Pepin, he repudiated all loyalty to Francia.[46] Pepin had no chance to respond as he grew ill and within a few weeks after the execution of Waifer died himself.
The first event of the brothers' reign was the uprising of the Aquitainians and Gascons, in 769, in that territory split between the two kings. Years before, Pepin had suppressed the revolt of Waifer, Duke of Aquitaine. Now, one Hunald (seemingly other than Hunald the duke) led the Aquitainians as far north as Angoulême. Charles met Carloman, but Carloman refused to participate and returned to Burgundy. Charles went to war, leading an army to Bordeaux, where he set up a fort at Fronsac. Hunald was forced to flee to the court of Duke Lupus II of Gascony. Lupus, fearing Charles, turned Hunald over in exchange for peace. He was put in a monastery. Aquitaine was finally fully subdued by the Franks.
Union perforce[link]
The brothers maintained lukewarm relations with the assistance of their mother Bertrada, but in 770 Charles signed a treaty with Duke Tassilo III of Bavaria and married a Lombard Princess (commonly known today as Desiderata), the daughter of King Desiderius, to surround Carloman with his own allies. Though Pope Stephen III first opposed the marriage with the Lombard princess, he would soon have little to fear from a Frankish-Lombard alliance.
Less than a year after his marriage, Charlemagne repudiated Desiderata, and quickly remarried to a 13-year-old Swabian named Hildegard. The repudiated Desiderata returned to her father's court at Pavia. The Lombard's wrath was now aroused and he would gladly have allied with Carloman to defeat Charles. But before any open hostilities could be declared, Carloman died on 5 December 771, seemingly of natural causes. Carloman's widow Gerberga fled to Desiderius' court in Lombardy with her sons for protection.
[edit] Italian campaigns
Conquest of Lombardy[link]
The Frankish king Charlemagne was a devout Catholic and maintained a close relationship with the papacy throughout his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian I was threatened by invaders, the king rushed to Rome to provide assistance. Shown here, the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a meeting near Rome.At the succession of Pope Adrian I in 772, he demanded the return of certain cities in the former exarchate of Ravenna as in accordance with a promise of Desiderius' succession. Desiderius instead took over certain papal cities and invaded the Pentapolis, heading for Rome. Adrian sent embassies to Charlemagne in autumn requesting he enforce the policies of his father, Pepin. Desiderius sent his own embassies denying the pope's charges. The embassies both met at Thionville and Charlemagne upheld the pope's side. Charlemagne promptly demanded what the pope had demanded and Desiderius promptly swore never to comply. Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged. Charlemagne temporarily left the siege to deal with Adelchis, son of Desiderius, who was raising an army at Verona. The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and he fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V, who was waging war with Bulgaria.
The siege lasted until the spring of 774, when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome. There he confirmed his father's grants of land, with some later chronicles claiming—falsely—that he also expanded them, granting Tuscany, Emilia, Venice, and Corsica. The pope granted him the title patrician. He then returned to Pavia, where the Lombards were on the verge of surrendering.
In return for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and opened the gates in early summer. Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie and his son Adelchis died in Constantinople a patrician. Charles, unusually, had himself crowned with the Iron Crown and made the magnates of Lombardy do homage to him at Pavia. Only Duke Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence. Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place that very year.
There was still instability, however, in Italy. In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the duke of Friuli in battle. The duke was slain. The duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium, never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his.
Southern Italy[link]
In 787 Charlemagne directed his attention toward the Duchy of Benevento, where Arechis was reigning independently. Charlemagne besieged Salerno, and Arechis submitted to vassalage. However, with his death in 792, Benevento again proclaimed independence under his son Grimoald III. Grimoald was attacked by armies of Charles or his sons many times, but Charlemagne himself never returned to the Mezzogiorno, and Grimoald never was forced to surrender to Frankish suzerainty.
[edit] Charles and his children
Charlemagne (left) and Pippin the Hunchback. Tenth-century copy of a lost original from about 830During the first peace of any substantial length (780–782), Charles began to appoint his sons to positions of authority within the realm, in the tradition of the kings and mayors of the past. In 781, he made his two younger sons kings, having them crowned by the Pope. The elder of these two, Carloman, was made king of Italy, taking the Iron Crown which his father had first worn in 774, and in the same ceremony was renamed "Pippin." The younger of the two, Louis, became king of Aquitaine. Charlemagne ordered Pippin and Louis to be raised in the customs of their kingdoms, and he gave their regents some control of their subkingdoms, but real power was always in his hands, though he intended his sons to inherit their realms some day. Nor did he tolerate insubordination in his sons: in 792, he banished his eldest, though possibly illegitimate, son, Pippin the Hunchback, to the monastery of Prüm, because the young man had joined a rebellion against him.
Charles was determined to have his children educated, including his daughters, as he himself was not. His children were taught all the arts, and his daughters were learned in the way of being a woman. His sons took archery, horsemanship, and other outdoor activities.
Charlemagne instructing Louis the PiousThe sons fought many wars on behalf of their father when they came of age. Charles was mostly preoccupied with the Bretons, whose border he shared and who insurrected on at least two occasions and were easily put down, but he was also sent against the Saxons on multiple occasions. In 805 and 806, he was sent into the Böhmerwald (modern Bohemia) to deal with the Slavs living there (Bohemian tribes, ancestors of the modern Czechs). He subjected them to Frankish authority and devastated the valley of the Elbe, forcing a tribute on them. Pippin had to hold the Avar and Beneventan borders but also fought the Slavs to his north. He was uniquely poised to fight the Byzantine Empire when finally that conflict arose after Charlemagne's imperial coronation and a Venetian rebellion. Finally, Louis was in charge of the Spanish March and also went to southern Italy to fight the duke of Benevento on at least one occasion. He took Barcelona in a great siege in the year 797 (see below).
Charlemagne's attitude toward his daughters has been the subject of much discussion. He kept them at home with him and refused to allow them to contract sacramental marriages – possibly to prevent the creation of cadet branches of the family to challenge the main line, as had been the case with Tassilo of Bavaria – yet he tolerated their extramarital relationships, even rewarding their common-law husbands, and treasured the illegitimate grandchildren they produced for him. He also, apparently, refused to believe stories of their wild behavior. After his death the surviving daughters were banished from the court by their brother, the pious Louis, to take up residence in the convents they had been bequeathed by their father. At least one of them, Bertha, had a recognised relationship, if not a marriage, with Angilbert, a member of Charlemagne's court circle.
[edit] Carolingian expansion to the south
See also: Abbasid-Carolingian allianceVasconia and the Pyrenees[link]
The destructive war led by Pepin in Aquitaine, although brought to a satisfactory conclusion for the Franks, proved the Frankish power structure south of the Loire was feeble and unreliable. After the defeat and death of Waifer of Aquitaine in 768, while Aquitaine submitted again to the Carolingian dynasty, a new rebellion broke out in 769 led by Hunald II, maybe son of Waifer. He took refuge with the ally duke Lupus II of Gascony, but probably out of fear of Charlemagne's reprisal, handed him over to the new King of the Franks besides pledging loyalty to him, which seemed to confirm the peace in the Basque area south of the Garonne.
However, wary of new Basque uprisings, Charlemagne seems to have tried to diminish duke Lupus’s power by appointing a certain Seguin as count of Bordeaux (778) and other counts of Frankish background in bordering areas (Toulouse, County of Fézensac), a decision that seriously undermined the authority of the duke of Gascony (Vasconia). The Basque duke in turn seems to have contributed decisively or schemed the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (referred to as “Basque treachery”). The defeat of Charlemagne's army in Roncevaux (778) confirmed him in his determination to rule directly by establishing the Kingdom of Aquitaine (son Louis the Pious proclaimed first king) based on a power base of Frankish officials, distributing lands among colonisers and allocating lands to the Church, which he took as ally.
From 781 (Pallars, Ribagorça) to 806 (Pamplona under Frankish influence), taking the County of Toulouse for a power base, Charlemagne managed to assert Frankish authority on the Pyrenees by establishing vassal counties that were to make up the Marca Hispanica and provide the necessary springboard to attack the Hispanic Muslims (expedition led by William Count of Toulouse and Louis the Pious to capture Barcelona in 801), in a way that Charlemagne had succeeded in expanding the Carolingian rule all around the Pyrenees by 812, although events in the Duchy of Vasconia (rebellion in Pamplona, count overthrown in Aragon, duke Seguin of Bordeaux deposed, uprising of the Basque lords, etc.) were to prove it ephemeral on his death.
Roncesvalles campaign[link]
According to the Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir, the Diet of Paderborn had received the representatives of the Muslim rulers of Saragossa, Girona, Barcelona, and Huesca. Their masters had been cornered in the Iberian peninsula by Abd ar-Rahman I, the Umayyad emir of Cordova. These Moorish or "Saracen" rulers offered their homage to the great king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain.
In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne was facing the toughest battle of his career where the Muslims had the upper hand and forced him to retreat. He decided to go home, since he could not trust the Basques, whom he had subdued by conquering Pamplona. He turned to leave Iberia, but as he was passing through the Pass of Roncesvalles one of the most famous events of his long reign occurred. The Basques fell on his rearguard and baggage train, utterly destroying it. The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, less a battle than a mere skirmish, left many famous dead: among which were the seneschal Eggihard, the count of the palace Anselm, and the warden of the Breton March, Roland, inspiring the subsequent creation of the Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland).
Wars with the Moors[link]
The conquest of Italy brought Charlemagne in contact with the Saracens who, at the time, controlled the Mediterranean. Pippin, his son, was much occupied with Saracens in Italy. Charlemagne conquered Corsica and Sardinia at an unknown date and in 799 the Balearic Islands. The islands were often attacked by Saracen pirates, but the counts of Genoa and Tuscany (Boniface) kept them at bay with large fleets until the end of Charlemagne's reign. Charlemagne even had contact with the caliphal court in Baghdad. In 797 (or possibly 801), the caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, presented Charlemagne with an Asian elephant named Abul-Abbas and a clock.[47]
In Hispania, the struggle against the Moors continued unabated throughout the latter half of his reign. His son Louis was in charge of the Spanish border. In 785, his men captured Gerona permanently and extended Frankish control into the Catalan littoral for the duration of Charlemagne's reign (and much longer, it remained nominally Frankish until the Treaty of Corbeil in 1258). The Muslim chiefs in the northeast of Islamic Spain were constantly revolting against Cordovan authority, and they often turned to the Franks for help. The Frankish border was slowly extended until 795, when Gerona, Cardona, Ausona, and Urgel were united into the new Spanish March, within the old duchy of Septimania.
In 797 Barcelona, the greatest city of the region, fell to the Franks when Zeid, its governor, rebelled against Cordova and, failing, handed it to them. The Umayyad authority recaptured it in 799. However, Louis of Aquitaine marched the entire army of his kingdom over the Pyrenees and besieged it for two years, wintering there from 800 to 801, when it capitulated. The Franks continued to press forward against the emir. They took Tarragona in 809 and Tortosa in 811. The last conquest brought them to the mouth of the Ebro and gave them raiding access to Valencia, prompting the Emir al-Hakam I to recognize their conquests in 812.
[edit] Eastern campaigns
Saxon Wars[link]
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Map showing Charlemagne's additions (in light green) to the Frankish KingdomCharlemagne was engaged in almost constant battle throughout his reign,[48] often at the head of his elite scara bodyguard squadrons, with his legendary sword Joyeuse in hand. After thirty years of war and eighteen battles—the Saxon Wars—he conquered Saxonia and proceeded to convert the conquered to Christianity.
The Germanic Saxons were divided into four subgroups in four regions. Nearest to Austrasia was Westphalia and furthest away was Eastphalia. In between these two kingdoms was that of Engria and north of these three, at the base of the Jutland peninsula, was Nordalbingia.
In his first campaign, Charlemagne forced the Engrians in 773 to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn.[49] The campaign was cut short by his first expedition to Italy. He returned in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquered the Saxon fort of Sigiburg. He then crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated a Saxon force, and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity. He returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had, up until then, been important Saxon bastions. All of Saxony but Nordalbingia was under his control, but Saxon resistance had not ended.
Following his campaign in Italy subjugating the dukes of Friuli and Spoleto, Charlemagne returned very rapidly to Saxony in 776, where a rebellion had destroyed his fortress at Eresburg. The Saxons were once again brought to heel, but their main leader, Widukind, managed to escape to Denmark, home of his wife. Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt. In 777, he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom. Many Saxons were baptised as Christians.
In the summer of 779, he again invaded Saxony and reconquered Eastphalia, Engria, and Westphalia. At a diet near Lippe, he divided the land into missionary districts and himself assisted in several mass baptisms (780). He then returned to Italy and, for the first time, there was no immediate Saxon revolt. Saxony was peaceful from 780 to 782.
Charlemagne (742–814) receiving the submission of Widukind at Paderborn in 785, by Ary Scheffer (1795–1858). VersaillesHe returned to Saxony in 782 and instituted a code of law and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. The laws were draconian on religious issues; for example, the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae prescribed death to Saxon pagans who refused to convert to Christianity. This revived a renewal of the old conflict. That year, in autumn, Widukind returned and led a new revolt. In response, at Verden in Lower Saxony, Charlemagne is recorded as having ordered the execution of 4,500 Saxon prisoners, known as the Massacre of Verden ("Verdener Blutgericht"). The killings triggered three years of renewed bloody warfare (783–785). During this war the Frisians were also finally subdued and a large part of their fleet was burned. The war ended with Widukind accepting baptism.
Thereafter, the Saxons maintained the peace for seven years, but in 792 the Westphalians again rose against their conquerors. The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793, but the insurrection did not catch on and was put down by 794. An Engrian rebellion followed in 796, but the presence of Charlemagne, Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it. The last insurrection of the independent-minded people occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them. This time, the most restive of them, the Nordalbingians, found themselves effectively disempowered from rebellion for the time being. According to Einhard:
The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people.
Submission of Bavaria[link]
In 789, Charlemagne turned his attention to Bavaria. He claimed Tassilo was an unfit ruler, due to his oath-breaking. The charges were exaggerated, but Tassilo was deposed anyway and put in the monastery of Jumièges. In 794, he was made to renounce any claim to Bavaria for himself and his family (the Agilolfings) at the synod of Frankfurt. Bavaria was subdivided into Frankish counties, as had been done with Saxony.
Avars campaigns[link]
In 788, the Avars, a pagan Asian horde which had settled down in what is today Hungary (Einhard called them Huns), invaded Friuli and Bavaria. Charlemagne was preoccupied until 790 with other things, but in that year, he marched down the Danube into their territory and ravaged it to the Győr. Then, a Lombard army under Pippin marched into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia. The campaigns would have continued if the Saxons had not revolted again in 792, breaking seven years of peace.
For the next two years, Charlemagne was occupied with the Slavs against the Saxons. Pippin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was sent to Charlemagne at his capital, Aachen, and redistributed to all his followers and even to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia. Soon the Avar tuduns had thrown in the towel and travelled to Aachen to subject themselves to Charlemagne as vassals and Christians. Charlemagne accepted their surrender and sent one native chief, baptised Abraham, back to Avaria with the ancient title of khagan. Abraham kept his people in line, but in 800, the Bulgarians under Khan Krum swept the Avar state away. In the 10th century, the Magyars settled the Pannonian plain and presented a new threat to Charlemagne's descendants.
Northeast Slav expeditions[link]
In 789, in recognition of his new pagan neighbours, the Slavs, Charlemagne marched an Austrasian-Saxon army across the Elbe into Obotrite territory. The Slavs immediately submitted under their leader Witzin. Charlemagne then accepted the surrender of the Wiltzes under Dragovit and demanded many hostages and the permission to send, unmolested, missionaries into the pagan region. The army marched to the Baltic before turning around and marching to the Rhine with much booty and no harassment. The tributary Slavs became loyal allies. In 795, when the Saxons broke the peace, the Abotrites and Wiltzes rose in arms with their new master against the Saxons. Witzin died in battle and Charlemagne avenged him by harrying the Eastphalians on the Elbe. Thrasuco, his successor, led his men to conquest over the Nordalbingians and handed their leaders over to Charlemagne, who greatly honoured him. The Abotrites remained loyal until Charles' death and fought later against the Danes.
Southeast Slav expeditions[link]
Europe around 800When Charlemagne incorporated much of Central Europe, he brought the Frankish state face to face with the Avars and Slavs in the southeast.[50] The most southeast Frankish neighbors were Croats, who settled in Pannonian Croatia and Littoral Croatian Duchy. While fighting the Avars, the Franks had called for their support.[51] During the 790s, when Charlemagne campaigned against the Avars, he won a major victory in 796.[52] Pannonian Croatian duke Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia aided Charlemagne, and the Franks made themselves overlords over the Croatians of northern Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Pannonia.[52]
The Frankish commander Eric of Friuli wanted to extend his dominion by conquering Littoral Croatian Duchy. During that time, Littoral Croatia was ruled by duke Višeslav of Croatia, who was one of the first known Croatian dukes.[53] In the Battle of Trsat, the forces of Eric fled their positions and were totally routed by the forces of Višeslav.[53] Eric himself was among the killed, and his death and defeat proved a great blow for the Carolingian Empire.[50][53][54]
Charlemagne also directed his attention to the Slavs to the west of the Avar khaganate: the Carantanians and Carniolans. These people were subdued by the Lombards and Bavarii, were made tributaries, but were never fully incorporated into the Frankish state.
Imperium[link]
Coronation[link]
In 799, Pope Leo III had been mistreated by the Romans, who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue. Leo escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn, asking him to intervene in Rome and restore him. Charlemagne, advised by Alcuin of York, agreed to travel to Rome, doing so in November 800 and holding a council on 1 December. On 23 December Leo swore an oath of innocence. At Mass, on Christmas Day (25 December), when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray, the Pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica. In so doing, the Pope was effectively nullifying the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople:
- "When Odoacer compelled the abdication of Romulus Augustulus, he did not abolish the Western Empire as a separate power, but cause it to be reunited with or sink into the Eastern, so that from that time there was a single undivided Roman Empire... [Pope Leo III and Charlemagne], like their predecessors, held the Roman Empire to be one and indivisible, and proposed by the coronation of [Charlemagne] not to proclaim a severance of the East and West... they were not revolting against a reigning sovereign, but legitimately filling up the place of the deposed Constantine VI... [Charlemagne] was held to be the legitimate successor, not of Romulus Augustulus, but of Constantine VI..."[55]
Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor, though intended to represent the continuation of the unbroken line of Emperors from Augustus to Constantine VI, had the effect of setting up two separate (and often opposing) Empires and two separate claims to imperial authority. For centuries to come, the Emperors in the West would claim sovereignty over both West and East with the Emperors in the East claiming the same.
Einhard says that Charlemagne was ignorant of the Pope's intent and did not want any such coronation:
[H]e at first had such an aversion that he declared that he would not have set foot in the Church the day that they [the imperial titles] were conferred, although it was a great feast-day, if he could have foreseen the design of the Pope.
Many modern scholars, however,[56] suggest that Charlemagne was indeed aware of the coronation; certainly he cannot have missed the bejeweled crown waiting on the altar when he came to pray.
In any event, Charlemagne used these circumstances to claim that he was the renewer of the Roman Empire, which had apparently fallen into degradation under the Byzantines. In his official charters, Charles preferred the style Karolus serenissimus Augustus a Deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperator Romanum gubernans imperium[57] ("Charles, most serene Augustus crowned by God, the great, peaceful emperor ruling the Roman empire") to a more direct Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans").
Imperial Diplomacy[link]
The iconoclasm of the Byzantine Isaurian Dynasty was endorsed by the Franks.[58] When the Second Council of Nicaea reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene, the council was not recognized by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited although Charlemagne was ruling more than three provinces of the old Roman empire and was considered equal in rank to the Byzantine emperor. And although the Pope supported the reintroduction of the iconic veneration he thus politically digressed from Byzantium.[58] He also most certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy, honour his saviour Charlemagne, and solve the constitutional issues then most troubling to European jurists in an era when Rome was not in the hands of an emperor. Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not a usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians. It was, however, seen as such in Byzantium, where it was protested by Irene and her successor Nicephorus I — neither of whom had any great effect in enforcing their protests.
The Byzantines, however, still held several territories in Italy: Venice (what was left of the Exarchate of Ravenna), Reggio (in Calabria), Brindisi (in Apulia), and Naples (the Ducatus Neapolitanus). These regions remained outside of Frankish hands until 804, when the Venetians, torn by infighting, transferred their allegiance to the Iron Crown of Pippin, Charles' son. The Pax Nicephori ended. Nicephorus ravaged the coasts with a fleet, and the only instance of war between the Byzantines and the Franks, as it was, began. It lasted until 810, when the pro-Byzantine party in Venice gave their city back to the Byzantine Emperor, and the two emperors of Europe made peace: Charlemagne received the Istrian peninsula and in 812 the emperor Michael I Rhangabes recognised his status as Emperor,[59] although not necessarily as "Emperor of the Romans".[60]
Danish attacks[link]
After the conquest of Nordalbingia, the Frankish frontier was brought into contact with Scandinavia. The pagan Danes, "a race almost unknown to his ancestors, but destined to be only too well known to his sons" as Charles Oman described them, inhabiting the Jutland peninsula, had heard many stories from Widukind and his allies who had taken refuge with them about the dangers of the Franks and the fury which their Christian king could direct against pagan neighbours.
In 808, the king of the Danes, Godfred, built the vast Danevirke across the isthmus of Schleswig. This defence, last employed in the Danish-Prussian War of 1864, was at its beginning a 30 km (19 mi) long earthenwork rampart. The Danevirke protected Danish land and gave Godfred the opportunity to harass Frisia and Flanders with pirate raids. He also subdued the Frank-allied Wiltzes and fought the Abotrites.
Godfred invaded Frisia, joked of visiting Aachen, but was murdered before he could do any more, either by a Frankish assassin or by one of his own men. Godfred was succeeded by his nephew Hemming, who concluded the Treaty of Heiligen with Charlemagne in late 811.
Death[link]
Portion of the 814 death shroud of Charlemagne. It represents a quadriga and was manufactured in Constantinople.In 813, Charlemagne called Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, his only surviving legitimate son, to his court. There Charlemagne crowned his son with his own hands as co-emperor and sent him back to Aquitaine. He then spent the autumn hunting before returning to Aachen on 1 November. In January, he fell ill with pleurisy.[61] In deep depression (mostly because many of his plans were not yet realized), he took to his bed on 21 January and as Einhard tells it:
He died January twenty-eighth, the seventh day from the time that he took to his bed, at nine o'clock in the morning, after partaking of the Holy Communion, in the seventy-second year of his age and the forty-seventh of his reign.
Frederick II's gold and silver casket for CharlemagneHe was buried the same day as his death, in Aachen Cathedral, although the cold weather and the nature of his illness made such a hurried burial unnecessary. The earliest surviving planctus, the Planctus de obitu Karoli, was composed by a monk of Bobbio, which he had patronised.[62] A later story, told by Otho of Lomello, Count of the Palace at Aachen in the time of Otto III, would claim that he and Emperor Otto had discovered Charlemagne's tomb: the emperor, they claimed, was seated upon a throne, wearing a crown and holding a sceptre, his flesh almost entirely incorrupt. In 1165, Frederick I re-opened the tomb again and placed the emperor in a sarcophagus beneath the floor of the cathedral.[63] In 1215 Frederick II re-interred him in a casket made of gold and silver.
Charlemagne's death greatly affected many of his subjects, particularly those of the literary clique who had surrounded him at Aachen. An anonymous monk of Bobbio lamented:[64]
From the lands where the sun rises to western shores, People are crying and wailing...the Franks, the Romans, all Christians, are stung with mourning and great worry...the young and old, glorious nobles, all lament the loss of their Caesar...the world laments the death of Charles...O Christ, you who govern the heavenly host, grant a peaceful place to Charles in your kingdom. Alas for miserable me.
He was succeeded by his surviving son, Louis, who had been crowned the previous year. His empire lasted only another generation in its entirety; its division, according to custom, between Louis's own sons after their father's death laid the foundation for the modern state of Germany.[65]
Administration[link]
As an administrator, Charlemagne stands out for his many reforms: monetary, governmental, military, cultural, and ecclesiastical. He is the main protagonist of the "Carolingian Renaissance."
Military[link]
It has long been held that the dominance of Charlemagne's military was based on a "cavalry revolution" led by Charles Martel in 730s. However, the stirrup, which made the "shock cavalry" lance charge possible, was not introduced to the Frankish kingdom until the late eighth century.[66] Instead, Charlemagne's success rested primarily on novel siege technologies and excellent logistics.[67]
However, large numbers of horses were used by the Frankish military during the age of Charlemagne. This was because horses provided a quick, long-distance method of transporting troops, which was critical to building and maintaining such a large empire.[66]
Economic and monetary reforms[link]
Monogram of Charlemagne, from the subscription of a royal diploma: "Signum (monogr.: KAROLVS) Karoli gloriosissimi regis"Charlemagne had an important role in determining the immediate economic future of Europe. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne abolished the monetary system based on the gold sou, and he and the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up the system set in place by Pippin. There were strong pragmatic reasons for this abandonment of a gold standard, notably a shortage of gold itself.
The gold shortage was a direct consequence of the conclusion of peace with Byzantium, which resulted in the ceding of Venice and Sicily and the loss of their trade routes to Africa and to the East. This standardisation also had the effect of economically harmonising and unifying the complex array of currencies which had been in use at the commencement of his reign, thus simplifying trade and commerce.
Charlemagne, denier, Tours, 793–812He established a new standard, the livre carolinienne (from the Latin libra, the modern pound), which was based upon a pound of silver—a unit of both money and weight—which was worth 20 sous (from the Latin solidus [which was primarily an accounting device and never actually minted], the modern shilling) or 240 deniers (from the Latin denarius, the modern penny). During this period, the livre and the sou were counting units; only the denier was a coin of the realm.
Charlemagne instituted principles for accounting practice by means of the Capitulare de villis of 802, which laid down strict rules for the way in which incomes and expenses were to be recorded.
The lending of money for interest was prohibited and then strengthened in 814, when Charlemagne introduced the Capitulary for the Jews, a draconian prohibition on Jews engaging in money-lending.
In addition to this macro-oriented reform of the economy of his empire, Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms, such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities.
Charlemagne applied the system to much of the European continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England. After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded, and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high-quality English coin until about 1100.
Education reforms[link]
A part of Charlemagne's success as warrior and administrator can be traced to his admiration for learning. His reign and the era it ushered in are often referred to as the Carolingian Renaissance because of the flowering of scholarship, literature, art, and architecture which characterize it. Charlemagne, brought into contact with the culture and learning of other countries (especially Visigothic Spain, Anglo-Saxon England, and Lombard Italy) due to his vast conquests, greatly increased the provision of monastic schools and scriptoria (centres for book-copying) in Francia.
Most of the presently surviving works of classical Latin were copied and preserved by Carolingian scholars. Indeed, the earliest manuscripts available for many ancient texts are Carolingian. It is almost certain that a text which survived to the Carolingian age survives still.
The pan-European nature of Charlemagne's influence is indicated by the origins of many of the men who worked for him: Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon from York; Theodulf, a Visigoth, probably from Septimania; Paul the Deacon, Lombard; Peter of Pisa and Paulinus of Aquileia, Italians; and Angilbert, Angilram, Einhard, and Waldo of Reichenau, Franks.
Charlemagne took a serious interest in scholarship, promoting the liberal arts at the court, ordering that his children and grandchildren be well-educated, and even studying himself (in a time when even leaders who promoted education did not take time to learn themselves) under the tutelage of Paul the Deacon, from whom he learned grammar; Alcuin, with whom he studied rhetoric, dialectic (logic), and astronomy (he was particularly interested in the movements of the stars); and Einhard, who assisted him in his studies of arithmetic.[68]
His great scholarly failure, as Einhard relates, was his inability to write: when in his old age he began attempts to learn—practicing the formation of letters in his bed during his free time on books and wax tablets he hid under his pillow—"his effort came too late in life and achieved little success", and his ability to read – which Einhard is silent about, and which no contemporary source supports—has also been called into question.[68]
In 800, Charlemagne enlarged the hostel at the Muristan in Jerusalem and added a library to it. He certainly had not been personally in Jerusalem.[69][70]
Church reforms[link]
See also: Charlemagne and church musicWriting reforms[link]
Page from the Lorsch Gospels of Charlemagne's reignDuring Charles' reign, the Roman half uncial script and its cursive version, which had given rise to various continental minuscule scripts, were combined with features from the insular scripts that were being used in Irish and English monasteries. Carolingian minuscule was created partly under the patronage of Charlemagne. Alcuin of York, who ran the palace school and scriptorium at Aachen, was probably a chief influence in this.
The revolutionary character of the Carolingian reform, however, can be over-emphasised; efforts at taming the crabbed Merovingian and Germanic hands had been underway before Alcuin arrived at Aachen. The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen and later from the influential scriptorium at Tours, where Alcuin retired as an abbot.
Political reforms[link]
Charlemagne engaged in many reforms of Frankish governance, but he continued also in many traditional practices, such as the division of the kingdom among sons.[citation needed]
Organization[link]
Main article: Government of the Carolingian EmpireThe Carolingian king exercised the bannum, the right to rule and command. He had supreme jurisdiction in judicial matters, made legislation, led the army, and protected both the Church and the poor. His administration was an attempt to organize the kingdom, church, and nobility around him. However, the effort was heavily dependent upon the efficiency, loyalty, and support of his subjects.[citation needed]
Imperial coronation[link]
Throne of Charlemagne and the subsequent German Kings in Aachen CathedralHistorians have debated for centuries whether Charlemagne was aware of the Pope's intent to crown him Emperor prior to the coronation (Charlemagne declared that he would not have entered Saint Peter's had he known), but that debate has often obscured the more significant question of why the Pope granted the title and why Charlemagne chose to accept it once he did.[71]
Roger Collins points out "[t]hat the motivation behind the acceptance of the imperial title was a romantic and antiquarian interest in reviving the Roman empire is highly unlikely."[72] For one thing, such romance would not have appealed either to Franks or Roman Catholics at the turn of the ninth century, both of whom viewed the Classical heritage of the Roman Empire with distrust. The Franks took pride in having "fought against and thrown from their shoulders the heavy yoke of the Romans" and "from the knowledge gained in baptism, clothed in gold and precious stones the bodies of the holy martyrs whom the Romans had killed by fire, by the sword and by wild animals", as Pippin III described it in a law of 763 or 764.[73]
Furthermore, the new title—carrying with it the risk that the new emperor would "make drastic changes to the traditional styles and procedures of government" or "concentrate his attentions on Italy or on Mediterranean concerns more generally"—risked alienating the Frankish leadership.[74]
For both the Pope and Charlemagne, the Roman Empire remained a significant power in European politics at this time, and continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy, with borders not very far south of the city of Rome itself—this is the empire historiography has labelled the Byzantine Empire, for its capital was Constantinople (ancient Byzantium) and its people and rulers were Greek; it was a thoroughly Hellenic state. Indeed, Charlemagne was usurping the prerogatives of the Roman Emperor in Constantinople simply by sitting in judgement over the Pope in the first place:
By whom, however, could he [the Pope] be tried? Who, in other words, was qualified to pass judgement on the Vicar of Christ? In normal circumstances the only conceivable answer to that question would have been the Emperor at Constantinople; but the imperial throne was at this moment occupied by Irene. That the Empress was notorious for having blinded and murdered her own son was, in the minds of both Leo and Charles, almost immaterial: it was enough that she was a woman. The female sex was known to be incapable of governing, and by the old Salic tradition was debarred from doing so. As far as Western Europe was concerned, the Throne of the Emperors was vacant: Irene's claim to it was merely an additional proof, if any were needed, of the degradation into which the so-called Roman Empire had fallen.—John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries, pg. 378
Coronation of an idealised king, depicted in the Sacramentary of Charles the Bald (about 870)For the Pope, then, there was "no living Emperor at the that time"[75] though Henri Pirenne[76] disputes this saying that the coronation "was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople." Nonetheless, the Pope took the extraordinary step of creating one. The papacy had since 727 been in conflict with Irene's predecessors in Constantinople over a number of issues, chiefly the continued Byzantine adherence to the doctrine of iconoclasm, the destruction of Christian images; while from 750, the secular power of the Byzantine Empire in central Italy had been nullified.
By bestowing the Imperial crown upon Charlemagne, the Pope arrogated to himself "the right to appoint ... the Emperor of the Romans, ... establishing the imperial crown as his own personal gift but simultaneously granting himself implicit superiority over the Emperor whom he had created." And "because the Byzantines had proved so unsatisfactory from every point of view—political, military and doctrinal—he would select a westerner: the one man who by his wisdom and statesmanship and the vastness of his dominions ... stood out head and shoulders above his contemporaries."
With Charlemagne's coronation, therefore, "the Roman Empire remained, so far as either of them [Charlemagne and Leo] were concerned, one and indivisible, with Charles as its Emperor", though there can have been "little doubt that the coronation, with all that it implied, would be furiously contested in Constantinople."[77]
How realistic either Charlemagne or the Pope felt it to be that the people of Constantinople would ever accept the King of the Franks as their Emperor, we cannot know; Alcuin speaks hopefully in his letters of an Imperium Christianum ("Christian Empire"), wherein, "just as the inhabitants of the [Roman Empire] had been united by a common Roman citizenship", presumably this new empire would be united by a common Christian faith,[73] certainly this is the view of Pirenne when he says "Charles was the Emperor of the ecclesia as the Pope conceived it, of the Roman Church, regarded as the universal Church".[78]
Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne, by Friedrich Kaulbach, 1861What is known, from the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes,[79] is that Charlemagne's reaction to his coronation was to take the initial steps toward securing the Constantinopolitan throne by sending envoys of marriage to Irene, and that Irene reacted somewhat favorably to them.
Only when the people of Constantinople reacted to Irene's failure to immediately rebuff the proposal by deposing her and replacing her with one of her ministers, Nicephorus I, did Charlemagne drop any ambitions toward the Byzantine throne and begin minimising his new Imperial title,[citation needed] and instead return to describing himself primarily as rex Francorum et Langobardum.
The title of emperor remained in his family for years to come, however, as brothers fought over who had the supremacy in the Frankish state. The papacy itself never forgot the title nor abandoned the right to bestow it. When the family of Charles ceased to produce worthy heirs, the pope gladly crowned whichever Italian magnate could best protect him from his local enemies.
This devolution led, as could have been expected, to the dormancy of the title for almost forty years (924–962). Finally, in 962, in a radically different Europe from Charlemagne's, a new Roman Emperor was crowned in Rome by a grateful pope. This emperor, Otto the Great, brought the title into the hands of the kings of Germany for almost a millennium, for it was to become the Holy Roman Empire, a true imperial successor to that of Charles, if not Augustus.
Divisio regnorum[link]
In 806, Charlemagne first made provision for the traditional division of the empire on his death. For Charles the Younger he designated Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pippin he gave Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. Louis received Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence. There was no mention of the imperial title however, which has led to the suggestion that, at that particular time, Charlemagne regarded the title as an honorary achievement which held no hereditary significance.
This division might have worked, but it was never to be tested. Pippin died in 810 and Charles in 811. Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter, and in 813, crowned his youngest son, Louis, co-emperor and co-King of the Franks, granting him a half-share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne's own death. The only part of the Empire which Louis was not promised was Italy, which Charlemagne specifically bestowed upon Pippin's illegitimate son Bernard.
Marriages and heirs[link]
Charlemagne had eighteen children over the course of his life with eight of his ten known wives or concubines.[80] Nonetheless, he only had four legitimate grandsons, the four sons of his fourth son, Louis. In addition, he had a grandson (Bernard of Italy, the only son of his third son, Pippin of Italy), who was born illegitimate but included in the line of inheritance. So, despite eighteen children, the claimants to his inheritance were few.
Start date Marriages and heirs Concubinages and illegitimate children ca.768 His first relationship was with Himiltrude. The nature of this relationship is variously described as concubinage, a legal marriage, or a Friedelehe.[81] (Charlemagne put her aside when he married Desiderata.) The union with Himiltrude produced two children: - Amaudru, a daughter[82]
- Pippin the Hunchback (ca. 769–811)
ca. 770 After her, his first wife was Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards; married in 770, annulled in 771. ca. 771 His second wife was Hildegard (757 or 758–783), married 771, died 783. By her he had nine children: - Charles the Younger (ca. 772–4 December 811), Duke of Maine, and crowned King of the Franks on 25 December 800
- Carloman, renamed Pippin (April 777–8 July 810), King of Italy
- Adalhaid (774), who was born whilst her parents were on campaign in Italy. She was sent back to Francia, but died before reaching Lyons
- Rotrude (or Hruodrud) (775–6 June 810)
- Louis (778–20 June 840), twin of Lothair, King of Aquitaine since 781, crowned King of the Franks/co-emperor in 813, senior Emperor from 814
- Lothair (778–6 February 779/780), twin of Louis, he died in infancy[83]
- Bertha (779–826)
- Gisela (781–808)
- Hildegarde (782–783)
ca. 773 His first known concubine was Gersuinda. By her he had: - Adaltrude (b.774)
ca. 774 His second known concubine was Madelgard. By her he had: - Ruodhaid (775–810), abbess of Faremoutiers
ca. 784 His third wife was Fastrada, married 784, died 794. By her he had: - Theodrada (b.784), abbess of Argenteuil
- Hiltrude (b.787)
ca. 794 His fourth wife was Luitgard, married 794, died childless. His third known concubine was Amaltrud of Vienne. By her he had: - Alpaida (b.794)
ca. 800 His fourth known concubine was Regina. By her he had: - Drogo (801–855), Bishop of Metz from 823 and abbot of Luxeuil Abbey
- Hugh (802–844), archchancellor of the Empire
ca. 804 His fifth known concubine was Ethelind. By her he had: - Richbod (805–844), Abbott of Saint-Riquier
- Theodoric (b. 807)
Further information: Carolingian dynastyCultural uses[link]
Charlemagne had an immediate afterlife. The author of the Visio Karoli Magni written around 865 uses facts gathered apparently from Einhard and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne's family after the dissensions war (840–43) as the basis for a visionary tale of Charles' meeting with a prophetic spectre in a dream.
Charlemagne, being a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies, enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture. One of the great medieval literary cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France, centres on the deeds of Charlemagne—the Emperor with the Flowing Beard of Roland fame—and his historical commander of the border with Brittany, Roland, and the paladins who are analogous to the knights of the Round Table or King Arthur's court. Their tales constitute the first chansons de geste.
Charlemagne himself was accorded sainthood inside the Holy Roman Empire after the twelfth century. His canonisation by Antipope Paschal III, to gain the favour of Frederick Barbarossa in 1165, was never recognised by the Holy See, which annulled all of Paschal's ordinances at the Third Lateran Council in 1179. His name does not appear among the 28 saints named Charles who are listed in the Roman Martyrology.[84] However, his beatification has been acknowledged as cultus confirmed and is celebrated on 28 January.[citation needed] In the Divine Comedy the spirit of Charlemagne appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars, among the other "warriors of the faith."
Stained-glass of Charlemagne sitting on his throne in the railway station of Metz, representing the imperial protection over Metz during the German annexation of the cityIn 809-810, Charlemagne called together a church council in Aachen, which confirmed the unanimous belief in the West that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son (ex Patre Filioque) and sanctioned inclusion in the Nicene Creed of the phrase Filioque (and the Son). For this Charlemagne sought the approval of Pope Leo III. However, the Pope, while affirming the doctrine and approving its use in teaching, opposed its inclusion in the text of the Creed as adopted in the 381 First Council of Constantinople. This spoke of the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father, without adding phrases such as "and the Son", "through the Son", or "alone". Stressing his opposition, the Pope had the original text inscribed in Greek and Latin on two heavy shields, which were displayed in Saint Peter's Basilica.[85][86][87]
The city of Aachen has, since 1949, awarded an international prize (called the Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen) in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to "personages of merit who have promoted the idea of western unity by their political, economic and literary endeavours."[88] Winners of the prize include Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, the founder of the pan-European movement, Alcide De Gasperi, and Winston Churchill.
In its national anthem, El Gran Carlemany, the nation of Andorra credits Charlemagne with its independence.
Charlemagne is quoted by Dr Henry Jones Sr. (played by Sean Connery) in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. After using his umbrella to induce a flock of seagulls to smash through the glass cockpit of a pursuing German fighter plane, Henry Jones remarks, "I suddenly remembered my Charlemagne: 'Let my armies be the rocks and the trees and the birds in the sky'." Despite the quote's popularity since the movie, there is no evidence that Charlemagne actually said this.[89]
The Economist, the weekly news and international affairs newspaper, features a one-page article every week entitled "Charlemagne", focusing generally on European affairs and, more usually and specifically, on the European Union and its politics.
There is a play named "Carelman Charitham" in the Indian art-form Chavittu Nadakam which is based on the life of Charlemagne.
Christopher Lee's 2011 Symphonic Metal album, Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross features the events of Charlemagne's life narrated by Christopher Lee as Charlemagne.
See also[link]
- Massacre of Verden, a massacre of 4,500 captive rebel Saxons in 782 as a repression for their paganism.
- Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, a law code imposed by Charlemagne in 785 that prescribes death for Saxon pagans refusing to convert to Christianity.
- Carolingian dynasty
[edit] References
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b Butler, Alban (1995). Thurston, Herbert J, S.J.; Atwater, Donald. eds. Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Christian Classics. Vol. 1. Allen, Texas: Thomas Moore Publishers. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-87061-045-7.
- ^ "The Historical Charlemagne". http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/santiago/histchrl.html.
- ^ McKitterick 2008, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Papst Johannes Paul II (2004). "Ansprache von seiner Heiligkeit Papst Johannes Paul II" (in German). Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen. http://www.karlspreis.de/preistraeger/seine_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii/ansprache_von_seiner_heiligkeit_papst_johannes_paul_ii.html.
- ^ Riché 1993, Preface xviii. "Personally, he enjoyed an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also profoundly marked the history of Western Europe."
- ^ The background relies heavily on Einhard, putative 741-829, Years 745-755
- ^ Oman 1914, pp. 409–410 portrays the Treaty of Verdun, 843, between the warring grandsons of Charlemagne, as the foundation event of an independent France under its first king, Charles the Bald, an independent Germany, under its first king, Louis the German, and an independent intermediate state stretching from the low countries along the borderlands to south of Rome under Lothair I, who retained the title of emperor and the capitals Aachen and Rome without the jurisdiction. The middle kingdom had broken up by 890. The disposition of its territory remained a major source of divisiveness between France, Germany and Italy down to the 20th century. The ultimate solution was the creation of smaller nations in the buffer zones, mainly Netherlands and Switzerland but also some very small states. The concept and memory of a united Europe remains to the current time.
- ^ a b Baldwin, Stewart (2007-2009). "Charlemagne". The Henry Project. http://sbaldw.home.mindspring.com/hproject/prov/charl000.htm.
- ^ Boulger, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh (1904). Belgian life in town and country. New York; London: G.P. Putnam's sons. pp. 186–188.
- ^ http://www.route-gottfried-von-bouillon.de/index.php?rid=1307&cid=5&area=content
- ^ The historians of the period wrote universally in Latin, regardless of native language. Charles le Magne only translates Carolus Magnus given in the Latin manuscripts into French, which was subsequent to whatever language Charles spoke.
- ^ Pokorny, Julius; G. Starotsin; A. Lubotsky (2007). Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary: a Revised Edition of Julius Pokorny's Indogermanicshes Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Indo-European Language Association. pp. 1192–1193.
- ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2000). "*ĝer-" (in German). Indogermanisches Wörterbuch (3rd ed.). Gerhard Köbler. http://www.koeblergerhard.de/idgwbhin.html.
- ^ Anderson, Perry (1996). Passages from antiquity to feudalism. Verso classics, 2. London; New York. p. 231.
- ^ Barbero 2004, p. 106.
- ^ Keller, R.E. (1964). "The Language of the Franks". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of Manchester 47 (1): 101–122, esp. 122. Chambers, W.W.; Wilkie, J.R. (1970). A short history of the German language. London: Methuen. p. 33. McKitterick 2008, p. 318.
- ^ Einhard 1999, 25. Studies.
- ^ Einhard 1999, 29. Reforms. The names are: Wintarmanoth, Hornung, Lentzinmanoth, Ostarmanoth, Winnemanoth, Brachmanoth, Heuvimanoth, Aranmanoth, Witumanoth, Windumemanoth, Herbistmanoth, Heilagmanoth.
- ^ Herwaarden, J. v. (2003). Between Saint James and Erasmus. Studies in late-medieval religious life: devotion and pilgrimage in the Netherlands. Leiden: Brill. p. 475.
- ^ Barbero 2004, p. 116.
- ^ Barbero 2004, p. 118.
- ^ Ruhli, F.J.; Blumich, B.; Henneberg, M. (2010). "Charlemagne was very tall, but not robust". Economics and Human Biology 8: 289–290.
- ^ a b c Einhard 1999, 23. Dress.
- ^ Einhard 1999, 4. Plan of This Work
- ^ Einhard 1999, 1. The Merovingian Family
- ^ The Annales uses maiores domus, a plural followed by a singular: one house, two chief officers. Einhard, putative 741-829, Year 742
- ^ Einhard, putative 741-829, Years 745, 746
- ^ a b Einhard 1999, 3. Charlemagne's Accession
- ^ Collins 1998, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Einhard, putative 741-829, Year 768
- ^ Russell 1930.
- ^ Collins 1987, p. 32.
- ^ Collins 1987, p. 105.
- ^ Collins 1987, p. 95.
- ^ Douglas & Bilbao 2005, pp. 36–37. Lupus is the Latin translation of Basque Otsoa, "wolf."
- ^ Collins 1987, p. 100.
- ^ Collins 2004, pp. 130–131, "The sequence of events ... has not been assisted by the tendency of the historians to take all the information ... from all the available sources and combine it to produce a single synthetic account.... As a rule of thumb, reliability, and also brevity of narrative, are usually in direct proportion to chronological proximity."
- ^ James 2009, p. 49.
- ^ Collins 2004, pp. 131–132.
- ^ James 2009, p. 54
- ^ James & 2009 pp-51-52.
- ^ Douglass & Bilbao 2005, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Douglass & Bilbao 2005, p. 40.
- ^ The story, originally told in the Annales Mettenses priores, is retold in Freeman, Edward Augustus; Holmes, T Scott (1904). Western Europe in the eighth century & onward. London, New York: Macmillan and Co.. p. 74.
- ^ Russell 1930, p. 88.
- ^ McKitterick 2008, pp. 118–125.
- ^ Gene W. Heck When worlds collide: exploring the ideological and political foundations of the clash of civilizations Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 ISBN 0-7425-5856-8, p. 172 Google Books Search
- ^ France, John, “The Composition and Raising of the Armies of Charlemagne”, in Journal of Medieval Military History, ed. B. Bachrach (2002), pp. 63-5
- ^ Revised annals of the kingdom of the Franks, ed. and trans. King, Sources, p. 110
- ^ a b Bruce Ross, James (Apr., 1945). Two Neglected Paladins of Charlemagne: Erich of Friuli and Gerold of Bavaria Speculum, Vol. 20, No. 2. Medieval Academy of America. pp. 212–235. JSTOR 2854596.
- ^ Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 0-521-24304-1.
- ^ a b Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). The early medieval Balkans: a critical survey from the sixth to the late twelfth century. University of Michigan Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-472-08149-7. http://books.google.hr/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C&pg=RA1-PA242&dq=Klis+Fortress,+The+Early+Medieval+Balkans&lr=&cd=2#v=snippet&q=major%20victory%20in%20796&f=false.
- ^ a b c Klaić, Vjekoslav (1985) (in Croatian). Povijest Hrvata: Knjiga Prva. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske. pp. 63–64. ISBN 86-401-0051-9, 9788640100519.
- ^ Turner, Samuel Epes (1880). Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne (Vita Karoli Magni). New York: Harper & Brothers. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html.
- ^ James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, 1864, pg 62-64
- ^ Tierney, Brian. The Crisis of the Church and State 1050–1300. University of Toronto Press, 1964. p. 17.
- ^ Cf. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata Karolinorum I, 77ff.; title used from 801 onward.
- ^ a b Becher, Matthias (2011). "Die Außenpolitik Karls des Großen. Zwischen Krieg und Diplomatie" (in German). Damals 2011 Special Volume: 33–46.
- ^ eum imperatorem et basileum appellantes, cf. Royal Frankish Annals, a. 812.
- ^ E. Eichmann, Die Kaiserkrönung im Abendland I (Würzburg: 1942), 33.
- ^ Einhard, Life, p. 59
- ^ Peter Godman (1985), Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), 206–211.
- ^ Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne, pp. 222–224
- ^ Dutton, PE, Carolingian Civilization: A Reader
- ^ von Hellfeld, Matthias. "Die Geburt zweier Staaten – Die Straßburger Eide vom 14. Februar 842" (in German). Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3840415,00.html. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ a b Hooper, Nicholas / Bennett, Matthew. The Cambridge illustrated atlas of warfare: the Middle Ages Cambridge University Press, 1996, Pg. 12–13 ISBN 0-521-44049-1, ISBN 978-0-521-44049-3
- ^ Bowlus, Charles R. The battle of Lechfeld and its aftermath, August 955: the end of the age of migrations in the Latin West Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2006, Pg. 49 ISBN 0-7546-5470-2, ISBN 978-0-7546-5470-4
- ^ a b Dutton, Paul Edward, Charlemagne's Mustache
- ^ Karl der Grosse und das Erbe der Kulturen, Band 1999, Franz-Reiner Erkens, Akademie Verlag, 2001.
- ^ Saint-Denis zwischen Adel und König, Rolf Große, Thorbecke, Stuttgart 2002.
- ^ "he said that he would have refused to enter the church that day, although it was a major festival, had he been aware of the pope's plans". Einhard, The life of Charlemagne, 28
- ^ Collins, Charlemagne, p. 147
- ^ a b Collins 151
- ^ Collins, Charlemagne, p. 149
- ^ Norwich 379,
- ^ Mohammed and Charlemagne, pg. 234n
- ^ Norwich, Byzantium: The Apogee, pg. 3
- ^ Pirenne 233
- ^ Collins 153
- ^ Durant, Will. "King Charlemagne." History of Civilization, Vol III, The Age of Faith. Online version in the Knighthood, Tournaments & Chivalry Resource Library, Ed. Brian R. Price.
- ^ Charlemagne's biographer Einhard (Vita Karoli Magni, ch. 20) calls her a "concubine" and Paulus Diaconus speaks of Pippin's birth "before legal marriage", whereas a letter by Pope Stephen III refers to Charlemagne and his brother Carloman as being already married (to Himiltrude and Gerberga), and advises them not to dismiss their wives. Historians have interpreted the information in different ways. Some, such as Pierre Riché (The Carolingians, p.86.), follow Einhard in describing Himiltrude as a concubine. Others, for example Dieter Hägemann (Karl der Große. Herrscher des Abendlands, p. 82f.), consider Himiltrude a wife in the full sense. Still others subscribe to the idea that the relationship between the two was "something more than concubinage, less than marriage" and describe it as a Friedelehe, a form of marriage unrecognized by the Church and easily dissolvable. Russell Chamberlin (The Emperor Charlemagne, p. 61.), for instance, compared it with the English system of common-law marriage. This form of relationship is often seen in a conflict between Christian marriage and more flexible Germanic concepts.
- ^ Gerd Treffer, Die französischen Königinnen. Von Bertrada bis Marie Antoinette (8.-18. Jahrhundert) p. 30.
- ^ "By [Hildigard] Charlemagne had four sons and four daughters, according to Paul the Deacon: one son, the twin of Lewis, called Lothar, died as a baby and is not mentioned by Einhard; two daughters, Hildigard and Adelhaid, died as babies, so that Einhard appears to err in one of his names, unless there were really five daughters." Thorpe, Lewis, Two Lives of Charlemagne, p.185
- ^ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7), p. 685
- ^ The Filioque: A Church-Dividing Issue?: An Agreed Statement of the North American Orthodox-Catholic Consultation
- ^ Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma, The Controversy regarding the Filioque and Pictures
- ^ Gerald Bray, The Filioque Clause in History and Theology The Tyndale Historical Lecture 1982, p. 121
- ^ Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne, p. ???
- ^ Quid plura? | "Flying birds, excellent birds..."
Bibliography[link]
- Charlemagne: Biographies and general studies, from Encyclopædia Britannica, full-article, latest edition.
- Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. trans. Allan Cameron. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23943-1.
- Becher, Matthias (2003). Charlemagne. trans. David S. Bachrach. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09796-4.
- Collins, Roger (1987) [1986]. The Basques. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc.
- Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409-711. History of Spain. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub..
- Douglass, William A; Bilbao, Jon (2005). Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World. The Basque series. Reno; Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press.
- Einhard, putative (741-829). Annales Regni Francorum (Annales Laurissenses Maiores). The Latin Library. http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesregnifrancorum.html.
- Einhard (1999) [1880]. Halsall, Paul. ed. The Life of Charlemagne. trans. Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper & Brothers; Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html.
- Ganshof, F. L. (1971). The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History. trans. Janet Sondheimer. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0635-8.
- James, David; Ibn al-Qūṭiyya (2009). Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments. London and New York: Routledge.
- Langston, Aileen Lewers; and J. Orton Buck, Jr (eds.) (1974). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co..
- McKitterick, R. (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Molina Figueras, Joan (2004). "Arnau de Montrodon y la catedral de San Carlomagno: sobre la imagen y el culto al emperador carolingio en Gerona" (in Spanish). Anuario de Estudios Medievales 34 (1): 417–454.
- Oman, Charles (1914). The Dark Ages, 476–918 (6th ed. ed.). London: Rivingtons.
- Painter, Sidney (1953). A History of the Middle Ages, 284-1500. New York: Knopf.
- Pirenne, Henri (2001) [1937 posthumous]. Mohammed and Charlemagne (Dover ed.). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover Publications.
- Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1342-4.
- Russell, Charles Edward (1930). Charlemagne, first of the moderns. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Co..
- Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9.
- Scholz, Bernhard Walter; with Barbara Rogers (1970). Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08790-8. Comprises the Annales regni Francorum and The History of the Sons of Louis the Pious
- Sypeck, Jeff (2006). Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-079706-1.
- Tierney, Brian (1964). The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6701-8.
- Wilson, Derek (2005). Charlemagne: The Great Adventure. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-179461-7.
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Textbooks from Wikibooks - Einhard. "Einhardi Vita Karoli Magni". Medieval Latin. The Latin Library. http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ein.html.
- Bakker, Marco (2003-2011). "Charlemagne". Reportret. http://www.reportret.info/gallery/charlemagne1.html.
- The Sword of Charlemagne (myArmoury.com article)
- Snell, Melissa (2011). "Charlemagne Picture Gallery". Medieval History. About.com. http://www.historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-Picture-Gallery/index_t.htm.
- Charter given by Charlemagne for St. Emmeram's Abbey showing the Emperor's seal, 22.2.794 . Taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden at Marburg University
Emperor Charles I the GreatDied: 28 January 814Regnal titles Preceded by
Pippin the ShortKing of the Franks
768–814
with Carloman I (768–771)
Charles the Younger (800–811)Succeeded by
Louis the PiousPreceded by
DesideriusKing of the Lombards
774–814
with Pippin Carloman (781–810)
with Bernard of Vermandois (810–818)Vacant Title last held byRomulus Augustulus (as Western Roman Emperor)Emperor of the Romans
800–814
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Carolingians - Charles I (774–814)
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Regimes Ancien Régime (Kingdom of France · Kingdom of the French) · French First Republic · First French Empire · Bourbon Restoration · July Monarchy · French Second Republic · Second French Empire · French Third Republic · German occupation during World War II / Vichy France · Provisional Government · French Fourth Republic · French Fifth RepublicHistoric periods Geography Administrative divisions (Regions · Overseas collectivity · Departments · Arrondissements · Cantons · Communes) · Cities · Climate · Extreme points · Islands · Lakes · Mountains · RiversGovernment
and politicsConstitution · Parliament (National Assembly · Senate) · Judiciary · Law · Law enforcement · President (List) · Prime Minister (List) · Cabinet · Foreign relations (Francophonie) · Elections · Political partiesMilitary Economy Agriculture · Banque de France · Companies · Euro coins · Euronext Paris · Franc (CFP franc) · History · Taxation · Telecommunications · Tourism · TransportCulture Architecture (Architects) · Art (Artists) · Cinema (Actors) · Cuisine · Fashion · Gardens · Language · Literature (Writers) · Music (Composers) · Philosophy (Philosophers) · Public holidays · Sport · TheatreMedia Society Demographics · Education · Health care · Human rights (LGBT rights) · People (List) · Poverty · Religion · Social classSymbols Persondata Name Charlemagne Alternative names Carolus Magnus Short description King of the Franks Date of birth April, 742/747 Place of birth Liège, Belgium Date of death 28 January 814 Place of death Aachen, Germany http://wn.com/Charlemagne
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Karl der Große
http://es.wn.com/Carlomagno
http://ru.wn.com/Карл Великий
http://cs.wn.com/Karel Veliký
http://pt.wn.com/Carlos Magno
http://pl.wn.com/Karol Wielki
http://hi.wn.com/शारलेमेन
http://it.wn.com/Carlo Magno
http://id.wn.com/Charlemagne
http://nl.wn.com/Karel de Grote
http://fr.wn.com/Charlemagne
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For other people named Christopher Lee, see Christopher Lee (disambiguation).Sir Christopher Lee 
Lee in 2009.Born Christopher Frank Carandini Lee
(1922-05-27) 27 May 1922 (age 90)[1]
Belgravia, Westminster, EnglandResidence London, England Nationality British Alma mater Wellington College Occupation Actor, author, singer Years active 1946–present Notable work(s) Count Dracula
The Man with the Golden Gun
The Lord of the Rings film trilogy
Star Wars prequel trilogy
Jinnah
The Wicker ManHome town London, England Height 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)[2][3][4] Spouse Birgit Krøncke (m. 1961) «start: (1961)»"Marriage: Birgit Krøncke to Christopher Lee" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Christopher_Lee) Children Christina Erika Carandini Lee Relatives Ian Fleming (step-cousin)
Harriet Walter (niece)
Marie Carandini (great-grandmother)Awards BAFTA Fellowship Award Website www.christopherleeweb.com Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee, CBE, CStJ (born 27 May 1922) is an English actor and musician. Lee initially portrayed villains and became famous for his role as Count Dracula in a string of Hammer Horror films. Other notable roles include Francisco Scaramanga in the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun (1974), Saruman in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003), and Count Dooku in the final two films of the Star Wars prequel trilogy (2002, 2005). He has collaborated with director Tim Burton in five films, most recently with Dark Shadows (2012).
Lee considers his most important role to be his portrayal of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the biopic Jinnah (1998); however, he considers his best role to be that of Lord Summerisle in the British cult classic The Wicker Man (1973), which he also believes to be his best film.[5] Lee is well known for his deep, strong voice and imposing height. He has performed roles in 275 films since 1946 making him the Guinness World Record holder for most film acting roles ever.[6] He was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009, and received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011.[7][8]
Contents
Early life[link]
Lee was born in Belgravia, Westminster, as the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Geoffrey Trollope Lee, of the 60th King's Royal Rifle Corps, and his wife, Contessa Estelle Marie (née Carandini di Sarzano).[9][10] Lee's mother was a famous Edwardian beauty who was painted by Sir John Lavery as well as by Oswald Birley and Olive Snell, and sculpted by Clare F. Sheridan. Lee's maternal great-grandfather was an Italian political refugee, whose wife, Lee's great-grandmother, was English-born Australian singer Marie Carandini (née Burgess).
His parents separated when he was very young, and his mother took him and his sister to Switzerland. After enrolling in Miss Fisher's Academy in Wengen, he played his first villainous role as Rumpelstiltskin. The family returned to London, where Lee attended Wagner's private school. His mother then married Harcourt "Ingle" Rose, a banker and stepcousin of Ian Fleming, author of the James Bond novels. Lee spent some time at Summer Fields School, a preparatory school in Oxford (notable for sending many alumni to Eton). Lee applied unsuccessfully for a scholarship to Eton although the interview was to prove portentous because of the presence of the noted ghost story author M. R. James. Lee later claimed in his autobiography that James had cut a very impressive figure. Sixty years later Lee played the part of M.R. James for the BBC.[11]
James was at that time nick-named 'Black Mouse', derived in part from his faintly sinister black cape and mortar board, and part from his habit of mewing unexpectedly at recalcitrant pupils. I cannot in all honesty say that at the time I was wholly displeased in failing to secure a scholarship; in many ways it was a relief. But I do know this: few men have created such a profound impression upon me, and I partially attribute my lifelong interest in the occult to my subsequent discovery of the horror stories penned by that most intriguing and intimidating of men.
Instead, Lee attended Wellington College, where he won scholarships in classics.
Involvement in World War II[link]
Lee volunteered to fight for the Finnish forces during the Winter War against the Soviet Union in 1939; however, he along with other British volunteers were kept away from actual fighting, although he was issued winter gear and was posted on guard duty a safe distance from the frontlines. He went on to serve in the Royal Air Force and intelligence services during World War II, including serving as an Intelligence officer with the Long Range Desert Group. He trained in South Africa as a pilot, but eyesight problems forced him to drop out. He eventually ended up in North Africa as Cipher Officer for No. 260 Squadron RAF and was with it through Sicily and Italy. Additionally, he has mentioned (including in his audio commentary on the Lord of the Rings DVD) serving in Special Operations Executive. Lee retired from the RAF after the end of the war with the rank of Flight Lieutenant.
Acting career[link]
Early career[link]
In 1946, Lee gained a seven-year contract with the Rank Organisation after discussing his interest in acting with his mother's second cousin Nicolò Carandini, the Italian Ambassador. Carandini related to Lee that performance was in his blood, as his great-grandmother Marie Carandini had been a successful opera singer, a fact of which Lee was unaware. He made his film debut in Terence Young's Gothic romance Corridor of Mirrors in 1947.[12] He was a student at the Rank "charm school".
Also in 1947, Lee made an uncredited appearance in Laurence Olivier's film version of Hamlet as a spear carrier (marking his first film with frequent co-star and close friend Peter Cushing, who played Osric), and in John Huston's Oscar-nominated Moulin Rouge (1952).[12] Throughout the next decade, he made nearly 30 films, playing mostly stock action characters.
Lee's first film for Hammer was The Curse of Frankenstein (1957), in which he played Frankenstein's monster, with Cushing as the Baron.[12] A little later, Lee co-starred with Boris Karloff in the film Corridors of Blood (1958), but Lee's own appearance as Frankenstein's monster led to his first appearance as the Transylvanian vampire in the 1958 film Dracula (known as Horror of Dracula in the United States).[12]
Lee returned to the role of Dracula in Hammer's Dracula: Prince of Darkness in 1965.[12] Lee's performance is notable in that he has no lines, merely hissing his way through the film. Again, stories vary as to the reason for this: Lee states he refused to speak the poor dialogue he was given, but screenwriter Jimmy Sangster claims that the script did not contain any lines for the character. This film set the standard for most of the Dracula sequels in the sense that half the film's running time was spent on telling the story of Dracula's resurrection and the character's appearances were brief. Lee has gone on record to state that he was virtually "blackmailed" by Hammer into starring in the subsequent films; unable or unwilling to pay him his going rate, they would resort to reminding him of how many people he would put out of work if he did not take part.[citation needed]
His roles in the films Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968), Taste the Blood of Dracula (1969), and Scars of Dracula (1970) all gave the Count very little to do, but were all commercially successful. Although Lee may not have liked what Hammer was doing with the character, worldwide audiences embraced the films, which are now considered classics of the genre. Lee starred in two further Dracula films for Hammer in the early 1970s, both of which attempted to bring the character into the modern-day era. These were not commercially successful.
Lee's other work for Hammer included The Mummy (1959). Lee portrayed Rasputin in Rasputin, the Mad Monk (Lee apparently met Rasputin's assassin Felix Yussupov when he was a child) and Sir Henry Baskerville (to Cushing's Sherlock Holmes) in The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959). Lee later played Holmes himself in 1962's Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace, and returned to Holmes films with Billy Wilder's British-made The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970), in which he plays Sherlock's smarter brother, Mycroft. Lee played a leading role in the German film The Puzzle of the Red Orchid (1962), speaking German, which he had learned during his education in Switzerland.
He was responsible for bringing acclaimed occult author Dennis Wheatley to Hammer. The company made two films from Wheatley's novels, both starring Lee. The first, The Devil Rides Out (1967), is generally considered to be one of Hammer's crowning achievements. According to Lee, Wheatley was so pleased with it that he offered the actor the film rights to his remaining black magic novels free of charge. However, the second film, To the Devil a Daughter (1976), was fraught with production difficulties and was disowned by its author. Although financially successful, it was Hammer's last horror film and marked the end of Lee's long association with the studio that brought him fame.
Like Cushing, Lee also appeared in horror films for other companies during the 20-year period from 1957 to 1977. Other films in which Lee performed include the series of Fu Manchu films made between 1965 and 1969, in which he starred as the villain in heavy oriental make-up; I, Monster (1971), in which he played Jekyll and Hyde; The Creeping Flesh (1972); and his personal favourite, The Wicker Man (1973), in which he played Lord Summerisle. Lee was attracted to the latter role by screenwriter Anthony Shaffer and apparently gave his services for free, as the budget was so small. Lee appeared in Eugenie (1970), unaware that it was softcore pornography, as the sex scenes were shot separately. In addition to doing films in the United Kingdom, Lee did movies in Mainland Europe: he appeared in two German films, Count Dracula, where he again played the vampire count, and The Torture Chamber of Dr. Sadism. Other films in Europe he made include Castle of the Living Dead and Horror Express.
1970–1999[link]
Since the mid 1970s, Lee has eschewed horror roles almost entirely. Ian Fleming, author of the James Bond spy novels and Lee's stepcousin, had offered him the role of the titular antagonist in the first official Bond film Dr. No. Lee enthusiastically accepted, but the producers had already chosen Joseph Wiseman for the part. In 1974, Lee finally got to play a James Bond villain when he was cast as the deadly assassin Francisco Scaramanga in The Man with the Golden Gun.
Because of his filming schedule in Bangkok, film director Ken Russell was unable to sign Lee to play The Specialist in Tommy (1975). That role was eventually given to Jack Nicholson. In an AMC documentary on Halloween, John Carpenter states that he offered the role of Samuel Loomis to Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee before Donald Pleasence took the role. Years later, Lee met Carpenter and told him that the biggest regret of his career was not taking the role of Dr. Loomis.
Lee appeared on the cover of the 1973 Wings album Band on the Run, along with others including chat show host Michael Parkinson, film actor James Coburn, world boxing champion John Conteh and broadcaster Clement Freud.
In 1978, Lee surprised many people with his willingness to go along with a joke by appearing as guest host on NBC's Saturday Night Live.
In 1982, Lee appeared in The Return of Captain Invincible. In this film, Lee plays a fascist who plans to rid America (and afterwards, the world) of all non-whites. Lee sings on two tracks in the film ("Name Your Poison" and "Mister Midnight"), written by Richard O'Brien (who had written The Rocky Horror Picture Show seven years previously) and Richard Hartley.
In 1985, he appeared alongside Reb Brown and Sybil Danning in Howling II: Stirba – Werewolf Bitch. The movie rates a 2.8 on the Internet Movie Database and has been reviewed by The Spoony Experiment.
Lee made his latest appearances to date as Sherlock Holmes in 1991's Incident at Victoria Falls and 1992's Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady.
In addition to more than a dozen feature films together for Hammer Films, Amicus Productions and other companies, Lee and Peter Cushing both appeared in Hamlet (1948) and Moulin Rouge (1952) albeit in separate scenes; and in separate instalments of the Star Wars films, Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin in the original film, Lee years later as Count Dooku. The last project which united them in person was a documentary, Flesh and Blood: The Hammer Heritage of Horror (1994), which they jointly narrated. It was the last time they saw each other as Cushing died two months later. While they frequently played off each other as mortal enemies onscreen—Lee's Count Dracula to Cushing's Professor Van Helsing—they were close friends in real life.
In 1994, Lee played the character of the Russian commandant in Police Academy: Mission to Moscow.
In 1998, Lee starred in the role of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of modern Pakistan, in the film Jinnah. While talking about his favourite role in film at a press conference at the Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival, he declared that his role in Jinnah was by far his best performance.[13]
Lee was at one point considered for the role of comic book villain/hero Magneto in the screen adaptation of the popular comic book series X-Men, but he lost the role to Ian McKellen.
2000–2009[link]
Lee at Forbidden Planet New Oxford Street, signing The Two TowersHe has had many television roles, including that of Flay in the BBC television miniseries, based on Mervyn Peake's novels, Gormenghast (2000), and Stefan Wyszyński in the CBS film John Paul the Second (2005). He played Lucas de Beaumanoir, the Grand Master of the Knights Templar, in the BBC/A&E co-production of Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1997). He played a role in the made-for-TV series La Révolution française (1989) in part 2, "Les Années Terribles", as the executioner, Sanson, who beheaded Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Robespierre and others. In 1967 he starred in an episode of the Avengers series entitled "Never, Never Say Die."
Lee played Saruman in the The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. In the commentary, he states he had a decades-long dream to play Gandalf but that he was now too old and his physical limitations prevented his being considered. The role of Saruman, by contrast, required no horseback riding and much less fighting. Lee had met Tolkien once (making him the only person in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy to have done so) and makes a habit of reading the novels at least once a year.[14] In addition, he performed for the album The Lord of the Rings: Songs and Poems by J. R. R. Tolkien in 2003.[15] Lee's appearance in the third film was cut from the theatrical release. However, the scene was reinstated in the extended edition.
The Lord of the Rings marked the beginning of a major career revival that continued in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005), in which he played Count Dooku, a name allegedly chosen to reflect his fame playing Count Dracula.[citation needed] His autobiography states that he did much of the swordplay himself, though a double was required for the more vigorous footwork.
Lee filming The Heavy in Westminster in 2007Lee is one of the favourite actors of Tim Burton and has become a regular in many of Burton's films, having now worked for the director five times since 1999. He had a small role as the Burgomaster in the film Sleepy Hollow. In 2005, Lee then went on to voice the character of Pastor Galswells in Corpse Bride co-directed by Burton and Mike Johnson and play a small role in the Burton's reimagining of the Roald Dahl tale Charlie and the Chocolate Factory as Willy Wonka's strict dentist father Dr. Wilbur Wonka.
In 2007, Lee collaborated with Burton on Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, playing the spirit of Sweeney Todd's victims called The Gentleman Ghost alongside Anthony Head, with both singing "The Ballad of Sweeney Todd", its reprises and the Epilogue. These songs were recorded, but eventually cut since director Tim Burton felt that the songs were too theatrical for the film. Lee's appearance was completely cut from the film, but Head still has an uncredited one-line cameo.[16]
In late November 2009, Lee narrated the Science Fiction Festival in Trieste, Italy.[17] Also in 2009, Lee starred in Stephen Poliakoff's British period drama Glorious 39 with Julie Christie, Bill Nighy, Romola Garai and David Tennant, Academy Award-nominated director Danis Tanović's war film Triage with Colin Farrell and Paz Vega, and Duncan Ward's comedy Boogie Woogie alongside Amanda Seyfried, Gillian Anderson, Stellan Skarsgård and Joanna Lumley.
2010–present[link]
Lee at the 2012 Berlin International Film FestivalIn 2010, Lee marked his fourth collaboration with Tim Burton by voicing the Jabberwocky in Burton's adaptation of Lewis Carroll's classic book Alice in Wonderland alongside Johnny Depp, Helena Bonham Carter and Anne Hathaway. While he only had two lines, Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is "an iconic guy".[18]
Lee won the "Spirit of Hammer" award in the Metal Hammer Golden Gods 2010. The award was presented by Tony Iommi.
In 2010, Lee received the Steiger Award (Germany) and, in February 2011, Lee was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship.
In 2011, Lee appeared in The Resident alongside Hilary Swank[19] and the critically acclaimed Hugo directed by Martin Scorsese.
On 11 January 2011, Lee announced on his website that he would be reprising the role of Saruman for the prequel film The Hobbit. Lee had originally said he would have liked to have shown Saruman's corruption by Sauron, but would not be comfortable flying to New Zealand at his age. A July 2011 behind-the-scenes featurette showed Jackson at the Pinewood Studios in London and Lee in make-up and costume as Saruman,[20] so it would seem that production has been adjusted to accommodate Lee's travel concerns and allow him to participate in the film. Lee has stated that he worked on his role for the films over the course of four days and that he is portraying Saruman as a kind and noble wizard, before his subsequent fall into darkness, which audiences have seen in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.
In 2012, Lee marked his fifth collaboration with Tim Burton by appearing in his film adaptation of the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows.
Voice work[link]
With his classically-trained bass voice, Lee sings on the The Wicker Man soundtrack, performing Paul Giovanni's psych folk composition, "The Tinker of Rye".[21] He sings the closing credits song of the 1994 horror film Funny Man.[22] His most notable musical work on film, however, appears in the strange superhero comedy/rock musical The Return of Captain Invincible (1983) in which Lee performs with a song and dance number called "Name Your Poison", written by Richard O'Brien.
In the 1980s, during the height of Italo Disco, Lee provided vocals to Kathy Joe Daylor's "Little Witch".
Lee reprised his role as Saruman in the video game The Lord of the Rings: Battle for Middle Earth along with the other actors of the films.
Lee provided the off-camera voice of "U. N. Owen", the mysterious host who brings disparate characters together in Agatha Christie's Ten Little Indians (1965). The film was produced by Harry Alan Towers, for whom Lee had worked repeatedly in the 1960s. Even though he is not credited on the film, the voice is unmistakable.
Lee appears on Peter Knight and Bob Johnson's (of Steeleye Span) 1970s concept album The King of Elfland's Daughter. Lee provided the voices for the roles of DiZ (Ansem the Wise) in the video games Kingdom Hearts II and Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days, but was replaced by veteran voice actor Corey Burton for Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories and Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep.
He contributed his voice as Death in the animated versions of Terry Pratchett's Soul Music and Wyrd Sisters and reprised the role in the Sky1 live action adaptation The Colour of Magic, taking over the role from the late Ian Richardson.
He is fluent in English, Italian, French, Spanish and German, and moderately proficient in Swedish, Russian and Greek.[23] He was the original voice of Thor in the German dubs in the Danish 1986 animated film Valhalla, and of King Haggard in both the English and German dubs of the 1982 animated adaptation of The Last Unicorn.[24][25]
Lee bridged two disparate genres of music by performing a heavy metal variation of the Toreador Song from the opera Carmen with the band Inner Terrestrials.[26] Lee narrated and sang for the Danish musical group The Tolkien Ensemble, taking the role of Treebeard, King Théoden and others in the readings or singing of their respective poems or songs.[27] Lee appeared as a narrator for Italian symphonic fantasy power metal band Rhapsody of Fire, playing the Wizard King in the latest four albums: Symphony of Enchanted Lands II: The Dark Secret, Triumph or Agony, The Frozen Tears of Angels and From Chaos to Eternity as well as the EP The Cold Embrace Of Fear - A Dark Romantic Symphony which is also a part of the saga in which he performs. He narrates several tracks on the albums, as well as singing a duet with lead vocalist Fabio Lione in the single "The Magic of the Wizard's Dream" from the Symphony of Enchanted Lands II album. Lee was the voice of Lucan D'Lere in the trailers for Everquest II.
Some thirty years after playing Francisco Scaramanga in The Man with the Golden Gun, Lee provided the voice of Scaramanga in the video game GoldenEye: Rogue Agent.[28]
In 2005, Lee provided the voice of the Pastor Galswells in The Corpse Bride co-directed by Tim Burton and Mike Johnson. He served as the narrator on The Nightmare Before Christmas's poem written by Tim Burton as well.
In 2007, Lee voiced the transcript of The Children of Húrin, by J. R. R. Tolkien for the audiobook version of the novel.
Lee reprised his role as Count Dooku in the 2008 animated film The Clone Wars but did not voice the character in the TV series. Corey Burton took his place for the series.
Lee has been signed by Falcon Picture Group to host the syndicated radio series "Mystery Theater", a nightly two-hour program featuring classic radio mystery shows. The program is distributed by Syndication Networks Corporation with a launch date of 2 March 2009.
In 2010, Lee collaborated again with Tim Burton, this time by voicing the Jabberwocky in Burton's adaptation of Lewis Carroll's classic book Alice in Wonderland.
Lee has provided the vocals for a symphonic metal concept album called Charlemagne.[29] It was released on 15 March 2010.[30]
Lee is working with Manowar while they are recording a new version of their first album, Battle Hymns. The original voice was done by Orson Welles.[31] The new album, Battle Hymns MMXI was released on 26 November 2010.
On his 90th Birthday (27th of May 2012) he announced the release of his first Heavy Metal single "Let legend mark me as the King". The single is from his upcoming album "Charlemagne: The Omens of Death", signifying his move onto "full on" Heavy Metal. That makes him the oldest Heavy Metal performer in History. The music was arranged by Richie Faulkner (Judas Priest) and features World Guitar Idol Champion, Hedras Ramos. Youtube - Sir Christopher Lee Celebrates 90th Birthday by Releasing Heavy Metal Work
Honours[link]
In 2001, Lee was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) by Queen Elizabeth II[32] and was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2009 by Prince Charles.[33][34][35] Lee was named 2005's 'most marketable star in the world' in a USA Today newspaper poll, after three of the films he appeared in grossed US$640 million.[36] In 2011, Lee was awarded the BAFTA Academy Fellowship by Tim Burton.
In 2011, accompanied by his wife Birgit and on the 164th anniversary of the birth of Bram Stoker, Lee was honoured with a tribute by University College Dublin, and described his honorary life membership of the UCD Law Society as "in some ways as special as the Oscars".[37][38] He was awarded the Bram Stoker Gold Medal by the Trinity College Philosophical Society, of which Stoker was President, and a copy of Collected Ghost Stories of MR James by Trinity College's School of English.[39]
Personal life[link]
Lee with his wife, the Danish former model Birgit Kroencke LeeThe Carandinis, Lee's maternal ancestors, were given the right to bear the coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. Cinemareview cites: "Cardinal Consalvi was Papal Secretary of State at the time of Napoleon and is buried at the Pantheon in Rome next to the painter Raphael. His painting, by Lawrence, hangs in Windsor Castle".[23][40]
Lee is a step-cousin of Ian Fleming, author of the James Bond spy novels.
He has been married to the Danish model Birgit "Gitte" Kroencke Lee since 1961. They have a daughter named Christina Erika Carandini Lee,[40] who married Juan Francisco Aneiros Rodriguez in July 2001.[41] Lee is also the uncle of the British actress Dame Harriet Walter.[23]
Contrary to popular belief, Lee does not have a vast library of occult books. When giving a speech at the University College Dublin on 8 November 2011 he said: "Somebody wrote I have 20,000 books. I'd have to live in a bath! I have maybe four or five."[42]
Lee is a supporter of the British Conservative Party, and described Michael Howard as "the ideal person to lead the party" in 2003.[43]
On the 27th May 2012, Lee celebrated his 90th birthday.
Books[link]
- Christopher Lee's Treasury of Terror, edited by Russ Jones, illustrated by Mort Drucker & others, Pyramid Books, 1966
- Christopher Lee's New Chamber of Horrors, Souvenir Press, 1974
- Christopher Lee's Archives of Terror, Warner Books, Volume I, 1975; Volume 2, 1976
- Tall, Dark and Gruesome (autobiography), W. H. Allen, 1977 and 1999
- Christopher Lee: The Authorised Screen History by Jonathan Rigby, Reynolds & Hearn, 2001 and 2003
- Lord of Misrule (autobiography, a revised and expanded edition of Tall, Dark and Gruesome), Orion Publishing Group Ltd., 2004
- Dans les griffes de la Hammer by Nicolas Stanzick, Le Bord de l'eau Editions, Paris, 2010.
- Sir Christopher Lee by Laurent Aknin, Nouveau Monde Éditions, Paris, 2011.
Filmography[link]
Main article: Christopher Lee filmographyDiscography[link]
- The Wicker Man soundtrack (1973)
- Hammer Presents "Dracula" With Christopher Lee (EMI NTS 186 UK/Capitol ST-11340 USA, 1974)
- The Soldier's Tale by Stravinsky, with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra conducted by Lionel Friend (Nimbus, 1986)
- Peter and the Wolf by Prokofiev, with the English String Orchestra conducted by Yehudi Menuhin (Nimbus, 1989)
- Annie Get Your Gun (1995) JAY Records recording of Annie Get Your Gun
- The Rocky Horror Show (1995) JAY Records recording of The Rocky Horror Show
- Devils, Rogues & Other Villains (1998)
- Jinnah (1998)
- Superman 1979
- The King and I (1998) JAY Records recording of The King and I
- Musicality of Lerner and Loewe (2002) Christopher Lee sings Wandering Star on this recording Musicality of Lerner and Loewe
- Lord of the Rings: Songs and Poems by J. R. R. Tolkien (2003)
- Symphony of Enchanted Lands II: The Dark Secret (2004)
- Triumph or Agony (2006)
- Revelation (2006)
- Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross (2010)[44]
- The Frozen Tears of Angels (2010)
- The Cold Embrace of Fear - A Dark Romantic Symphony (2010)
- Battle Hymns MMXI (2010)
- From Chaos to Eternity (2011)
- Charlemagne: Let legend mark me as the King (2012)
- Charlemagne: The Omens of Death (2012)
References[link]
- ^ "Biography – Christopher Lee – Official Website". Christopherleeweb.com. http://christopherleeweb.com/content/biography. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
- ^ "Biography for Christopher Lee". imdb.
- ^ "Christopher Lee Height |". Bio27.com. http://www.bio27.com/tag/christopher-lee-height. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ "Christopher Lee Height – compare yourself to him!". Filmbug. http://www.filmbug.com/db/290917/height. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ Christopher Lee talks about his favorite role, in press conference at Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival 21 March 2002 (YouTube video)
- ^ "British actors in Guinness records". metro.co.uk. http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/306752-british-actors-in-guinness-records. Retrieved 13 April 2012. "London-born Lee, who has been made a CBE, was listed in the 2001 record book as the star with the most screen appearances to his name – after playing about 300 film and TV roles."
- ^ "Hammer Horror star Lee knighted". BBC. Retrieved 7 May 2012
- ^ "Christopher Lee to receive Bafta Fellowship". BBC. Retrieved 7 May 2012
- ^ "Christopher Lee Biography (1922–)". Filmreference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/79/Christopher-Lee.html. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "Merchant of menace". The Daily Telegraph (London). 19 May 2002. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2002/05/19/do1910.xml. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ^ Christopher Lee playing M.R. James for the BBC in 2000, YouTube video
- ^ a b c d e "Christopher Lee- Biography". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 7 May 2012
- ^ "Christopher Lee talks about his favorite role". YouTube. 21 March 2002. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE_1ofnBFos&feature=related. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
- ^ Peter Jackson (2002). Cameras in Middle-earth (The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Special Extended Edition documentary) (DVD). New Line Cinema.
- ^ "Lord of the Rings: At Dawn in Rivendell". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000084HA0. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "Tim Burton – KCRW | 89.9FM". Kcrw.com. http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/tt/tt031210tim_burton. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "Science+Fiction Festival Report: Christopher Lee on Modern Horror Movies". Dreadcentral.com. 22 December 2009. http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35078/sciencefiction-festival-report-christopher-lee-modern-horror-movies. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2010). Alice in Wonderland: A Visual Companion. Disney Editions. p. 191. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4231-2827-8|978-1-4231-2827-8]].
- ^ "Hi-Res Look at Hilary Swank in Hammer Films' 'The Resident'". Bloody-disgusting.com. http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/18048. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ The Hobbit Team (21 July 2011). "Production Video #3". The Hobbit Blog. http://www.thehobbitblog.com/?p=3133. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ Lindsay, Cam (1 September 2003). "The Wicker Man soundtrack". Stylus magazine. http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/various-artists/the-wicker-man.htm. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ Steve Anderson. ""Funny Man" DVD Review". http://emol.org/emclub/taxonomy/term/15?page=4. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
- ^ a b c "Extensive biography at Tiscali UK". Tiscali.co.uk. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/christopher_lee_biog.html. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ Valhalla at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ The Last Unicorn at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Video clip at christopherleeweb.com". Web.archive.org. 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011183425/http://christopherleeweb.com/multimedia/showphoto.php/photo/1301/cat/535. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ The Green Man review website. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
- ^ The EA Games website, URL accessed 2 May 2006.
- ^ "Christopher Lee is Metal!". Dreadcentral.com. 15 March 2010. http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35199/christopher-lee-metal. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ Blabbermouth. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ "Battle Hymns 2011 – Born To Live Forevermore". Manowar.com. 4 November 2010. http://www.manowar.com/news_body.php?idnews=486. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
- ^ British Honours, 16 June 2001. BBC website.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 59090. p. 1. 13 June 2009.
- ^ Veteran horror actor Lee knighted 13 June 2009. BBC.
- ^ UK Honours List 12 June 2009, BBC.
- ^ In brief: Christopher Lee 'most bankable' star. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 April 2006.
- ^ "Christopher Lee honoured by UCD". RTÉ Ten. 9 November 2011.
- ^ Byrne, Luke. "Fangs for the memories as legend Lee honoured". Irish Independent. 9 November 2011.
- ^ Duncan, Pamela. "Lee receives Bram Stoker award". The Irish Times. 9 November 2011.
- ^ a b Christopher Lee, 'Lord of Misrule'.
- ^ Prepolec, Charles (27 July, 2001). "To the Bride and Groom!". Christopher Lee Web. http://christopherleeweb.com/forums/front-page-news/bride-and-groom. Retrieved 4 May, 2012.
- ^ Christopher Lee discusses rumours of his extensive occult library..., in appearance at University College Dublin 8 November 2011 (YouTube video)
- ^ "Christopher Lee: You Ask The Questions – Profiles, People". The Independent (London). 11 February 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20100925072809/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/christopher-lee-you-ask-the-questions-735506.html. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
- ^ "Charlemagne Music Samples | Christopher Lee – Official Website". Christopherleeweb.com. http://christopherleeweb.com/story/charlemagne-music-samples. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
External links[link]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Christopher Lee - Christopher Lee at ChristopherLeeWeb.com (official website)
- Christopher Lee at the Internet Movie Database
- Christopher Lee at the TCM Movie Database
- Christopher Lee at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
- Christopher Lee at AllRovi
- 2006 article from The Spectator
- Christopher Lee on the making of legends and Jinnah
- Bizarre Magazine interview
- Concerning his role in The Lord of the Rings movies
- Guardian Unlimited Profile
- Starwars.com interview in which he mentions work with SOE
- Christopher Lee interview 2007
- Christopher Lee at FEARnet
- Christopher Lee Community
Notable actors and actresses appearing in Hammer films- Ralph Bates
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- Richard Pasco
- Jacqueline Pearce
- Ingrid Pitt
- Oliver Reed
- Michael Ripper
- Yvonne Romain
- Barbara Shelley
- Patrick Troughton
- Thorley Walters
- Barry Warren
- Noel Willman
Films - The Wicker Man (1973)
- The Wicker Tree (2011)
- The Wrath of the Gods (TBA)
Novels - Ritual (1967)
- The Wicker Man (1978)
- Cowboys for Christ (2006)
Related persons - Robin Hardy
- Anthony Shaffer
- Christopher Lee
- Edward Woodward
- Britt Ekland
Related articles - Alex Staropoli
- Fabio Lione
- Alex Holzwarth
- Tom Hess
- Oliver Holzwarth
- Roberto De Micheli
- Alessandro Lotta
- Cristiano Adacher
- Andrea Furlan
- Daniele Carbonera
- Christopher Lee
- Dominique Leurquin
- Luca Turilli
- Patrice Guers
Studio albums EPs Live albums Compilations Singles Demos - Land of Immortals (as Thundercross)
- Eternal Glory
DVDs Related articles - Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker - Happy Gilmore (1996)
- Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney - The Craft (1997)
- Will Smith vs. Cockroach - Men in Black (1998)
- Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog - There's Something About Mary (1999)
- Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne - The Matrix (2000)
- Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar - Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
- Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang - Rush Hour 2 (2002)
- Yoda vs. Christopher Lee - Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2003)
- Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama - Kill Bill Volume 1 (2004)
- Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah - Kill Bill Volume 2 (2005)
- Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt - Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006)
- Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet - 300 (2007)
- Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet - Never Back Down (2008)
- Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet - Twilight (2009)
- Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter - Obsessed (2010)
- Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel - The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)
Persondata Name Lee, Christopher Frank Carandini Alternative names Short description English actor Date of birth 27 May 1922 (age 90) Place of birth Belgravia, London, England, UK Date of death Place of death http://wn.com/Christopher_Lee
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://cs.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://id.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://es.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://ru.wn.com/Ли, Кристофер
http://pt.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://pl.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://fr.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://de.wn.com/Christopher Lee
http://nl.wn.com/Christopher Lee
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Charlemagne Palestine 
Palestine performing at the LMC Annual Festival of Experimental Music, Cochrane Theatre London, 30th November, 2007Background information Birth name Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine Origin Brooklyn, New York
United StatesGenres Minimalist music
ExperimentalOccupations Musical performance artist Instruments Vocals, piano, organ, harmonium, spoken word Charlemagne Palestine (born Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine, or Charles Martin) August 15, 1945, or 1947, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American minimalist composer, performer, and visual artist.
Contents
Life and career[link]
Charles Martin was born in New York, and studied at New York University, Columbia University, Mannes College of Music, and the California Institute of the Arts.
A contemporary of Philip Glass, Terry Riley, Phill Niblock, and Steve Reich, Palestine wrote intense, ritualistic music in the 1970s, intended by the composer to rub against Western audiences’ expectations of what is beautiful and meaningful in music. A composer-performer originally trained to be a cantor, he always performed his own works as soloist. His earliest works were compositions for carillon and electronic drones, and he is known for his intense piano performances. He also performs as a vocalist. In Karenina he sings in the countertenor register and in other works he sings long tones with gradually shifting vowels and overtones while moving through the performance space or performing repeated actions such as throwing himself onto his hands.
Palestine's Strumming Music (1974) remains his best known work. It features over 45 minutes of Palestine forcefully playing two notes in rapid alternation that slowly expand into clusters. He performed this on a nine-foot Bösendorfer grand piano with the sustain pedal depressed for the entire length of the work. As the music swells (and the piano gradually detunes), the overtones build and the listener can hear a variety of timbres rarely produced by the piano.[1] A recording of Strumming Music was also Palestine's second vinyl album in the 1970s, reissued on CD in 1991. Since then, several additional recordings (featuring Palestine on piano, organ, harmonium, and spoken word) from the 1970s—including new recordings of more recent works such as Schlingen-Blängen have become available.
Palestine's performance style is ritualistic: he generally surrounds himself (and his piano) with stuffed animals, smokes large numbers of kretek (Indonesian clove cigarettes), and drinks cognac.
Music critic and scholar Kyle Gann named Palestine composer of the month in June 2005.[citation needed]
Selected Discography: Solo Works[link]
- Karenina. 2 CDs. Solo performance with Indian harmonium and falsetto voice, rec. March 1997 in Paris. London: World Serpent Distribution.
- Schlingen-Blängen. Solo performance for organ. US: New World Records.
- Four Manifestations on Six Elements. Solo pieces for piano and for electronics. Belgium: Barooni Records.
- Godbear. Solo pieces for piano. Belgium: Barooni Records.
- Strumming Music. Solo piece for piano. Felmay, San Germano, Italy, 1995; reissue of New Tone recording nt6742
- Three Compositions for Machines. Staalplaat, 1997.
- Schlongo!!!daLUVdrone. Organ of Corti, 2000.
- Jamaica Heinekens in Brooklyn. Piece for found sound and electronic drones. Belgium: Barooni Records.
- Alloy. Alga Marghen, 2000.
- Continuous Sound Forms. Alga Marghen, 2000.
- Charlemagne at Sonnabend. 2 CDs. CP, 2001.
- Music for Big Ears. Staalplaat, 2001.
- In Mid-Air. Alga Marghen, 2003.
- Old Souls Wearing New Clothes. VPRO, 2003.
- A Sweet Quasimodo between Black Vampire Butterflies: For Maybeck. Cold Blue, 2007.
- The Apocalypse Will Blossom. Yesmissolga, 2008.
- Voice Studies. LP only. Alga Marghen, 2008.
- From Etudes to Cataclysms. 2 CDs. Sub Rosa, 2008.
Selected Discography: Collaborations[link]
- Pan Sonic and Charlemagne Palestine. Mort aux vaches. Staalplaat, 2000.
- Charlemagne Palestine, David Coulter and Jean Marie Mathoul. Maximin. Young God Records, 2002.
- Charlemagne Palestine, David Coulter, Michael Gira and Jean Marie Mathoul. Gantse Mishpuchach / Music in Three Parts. Fringes Recordings, 2004.
- Charlemagne Palestine and Tony Conrad. An Aural Symbiotic Mystery. Sub Rosa, 2006.
- Charlemagne Palestine, Terry Jennings, Tony Conrad, Robert Feldman, Rhys Chatham. Sharing a Sonority. Alga Marghen, 2008.
- Charlemagne Palestine and Christoph Heemann. Saiten in Flammen. Streamline, 2009.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Voegelin, Salome. Listening to Noise and Silence: Towards a Philosophy of Sound Art. London: Continuum. 2010. Chapter 2 Noise, pp. 50-52.
References[link]
- Johnson, Tom (1989). The Voice of New Music: New York City 1972–1982: A Collection of Articles Originally Published by the Village Voice. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Het Apollohuis. ISBN 90-71638-09-X. Available for free download at: [1]
- Palestine, Charlemagne (2004). Sacred Bordello. Book with CD. Milan: Alga Marghen.
- Voegelin, Salome. Listening to Noise and Silence: Towards a Philosphy of Sound Art. London: Continuum. 2010. Chapter 2 Noise, pp. 50–52.
External links[link]
- Charlemagne Palestine official Web site
- Interview in ESTWeb
- "Matter—Viewpoint: Do you still identify yourself as an American composer? —Charlemagne Palestine", from NewMusicBox, November 1, 2002
- Charlemagne Palestine: Searching for the Golden Sound, interview by Marcus Boon
- 2002 Interview with Daniel Varela
- Kyle Gann on Music After Fact
- Conversation between Charlemagne Palestine and André Éric Létourneau (In French) - Web site of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
- Charlemagne Palestine in the Video Data Bank
See also[link]
Persondata Name Palestine, Charlemagne Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1945 Place of birth Date of death Place of death http://wn.com/Charlemagne_Palestine
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Charlemagne Palestine
http://nl.wn.com/Charlemagne Palestine
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_Palestine
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Diane Charlemagne Born (1964-02-02) February 2, 1964 (age 48) Occupations vocalist Associated acts Urban Cookie Collective
Goldie
Moby
D:ReamDiane Charlemagne (born 2 February 1964) is a British vocalist, who has provided vocals for many major dance music hits.
Contents
Biography[link]
She was the lead singer for the Urban Cookie Collective, who had two UK Top 10 hits in the 1990s, and the lead singer for 1980s funk band, 52nd Street.
She provided the vocal for Goldie's "Inner City Life", and has performed vocals for Moby for his live tours.
In 2008 she worked with the recently reformed D:Ream.
In 2011 she collaborated with Aquasky on their dubstep track "Take Me There"
Discography[link]
Singles and EPs[link]
- "Bullets" by Calibre (2005)
- "Your Love" with 2020 Soundsystem & Pat Fulgoni in 2006 on 2020 Recordings
- "If We Ever" by High Contrast (2007)
- "Rolling With The Punches" by B-complex (2010)
External links[link]
Persondata Name Charlemagne, Diane Alternative names Short description Date of birth 2 February 1964 Place of birth Date of death Place of death 
This biographical article about a British singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. http://wn.com/Diane_Charlemagne
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"Winehouse" redirects here. For the first coffee house in London, see Jamaica Wine House.Amy Winehouse 
Amy Winehouse at the Eurockéennes festival in France (2007)Background information Birth name Amy Jade Winehouse Born (1983-09-14)14 September 1983
Southgate, London, UKDied 23 July 2011(2011-07-23) (aged 27)
Camden, London, UKGenres Soul, R&B, jazz, blues Occupations Singer, songwriter, composer, arranger Instruments Vocals, guitar, drums Years active 1993–2011 Labels Island, Lioness, Universal Republic (U.S.) Associated acts Dionne Bromfield, Mark Ronson, Tony Bennett, Nas, Zalon, Tyler James, Paul Weller, The Rolling Stones, Lily Allen Website www.amywinehouse.com Amy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English singer and songwriter known for her powerful deep contralto vocals[1] and her eclectic mix of musical genres including R&B, soul and jazz.[2] Winehouse's 2003 debut album, Frank, was critically successful in the UK and was nominated for the Mercury Prize. Her 2006 follow-up album, Back to Black, led to six Grammy Award nominations and five wins, tying the then record for the most wins by a female artist in a single night, and made Winehouse the first British female to win five Grammys,[3][4] including three of the "Big Four": Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year.
In 2007 she won a Brit Award for Best British Female Artist; she had also been nominated for Best British Album. She won the Ivor Novello Award three times: once in 2004 for Best Contemporary Song (musically and lyrically) for "Stronger Than Me", once in 2007 for Best Contemporary Song for "Rehab", and once in 2008 for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for "Love Is a Losing Game".
Winehouse died of alcohol poisoning on 23 July 2011. Her album Back to Black subsequently became the UK's best selling album of the 21st century.[5] In 2012, Winehouse was listed at number 26 on VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music.[6]
Contents
Early life[link]
Amy Winehouse was born in the Southgate area of North London to a Jewish family, with some Russian ancestry on her mother's side[7][8] who also influenced her interest in jazz.[9] Her father, Mitchell "Mitch" Winehouse, was a taxi driver, her mother, Janis Winehouse (née Seaton),[10] a pharmacist.[11] Her grandmother, Cynthia, was a singer[12] and she had an older brother, Alex (born 1979).[13] Mitch often sang Frank Sinatra songs to young Amy, who also took to a constant habit of singing to the point that teachers found it difficult keeping her quiet in class.[14] Winehouse's parents separated when she was nine.[15]
When Winehouse was nine years old, her grandmother Cynthia suggested she attend the Susi Earnshaw Theatre School for furthering her vocal education.[16] She attended the Earnshaw school for four years and founded a short-lived rap group called Sweet 'n' Sour with Juliette Ashby, her childhood friend[17] before seeking full-time training at Sylvia Young Theatre School; however, Winehouse was allegedly expelled at 14 for "not applying herself" and also for piercing her nose.[13][18] (Sylvia Young herself has denied this – "She changed schools at 15 – I've heard it said she was expelled; she wasn't. I'd never have expelled Amy.")[19] She also appeared in an episode of The Fast Show, 1997, with other children from the Sylvia Young School[20] and later attended The Mount School, Mill Hill, the BRIT School in Selhurst, Croydon, Southgate School and then Ashmole School.[21][22][23][24]
Music career[link]
Early career[link]
After toying around with her brother Alex's guitar, Winehouse received her first guitar when she was 13 and began writing music a year later. Soon after, she began working for a living, including, at one time, as an entertainment journalist for the World Entertainment News Network, in addition to singing with local group the Bolsha Band.[13][25] In July 2000 she became the featured female vocalist with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra; her influences were to include Sarah Vaughan and Dinah Washington.[26] Her boyfriend at the time, soul singer Tyler James, sent her demo tape to an A&R person.[9] Winehouse signed to Simon Fuller's 19 Management in 2002. While being developed by the management company, she was kept as a recording industry secret.[27] Her future A&R representative at Island/Universal, Darcus Beese, heard of her by accident when the manager of The Lewinson Brothers showed him some productions of his clients, which featured Winehouse as key vocalist. When he asked who the singer was, the manager told him he was not allowed to say. Having decided that he wanted to sign her, it took several months of asking around for Beese to eventually discover who the singer was. However, Winehouse had already recorded a number of songs and signed a publishing deal with EMI by this time. Incidentally, she formed a working relationship with producer Salaam Remi through these record publishers.[27]
Beese introduced Winehouse to his boss, Nick Gatfield, and the Island head shared his enthusiasm in signing the young artist. Winehouse was signed to Island/Universal, as rival interest in Winehouse had started to build to include representatives of EMI and Virgin starting to make moves. Beese told HitQuarters that he felt the reason behind the excitement, over an artist who was an atypical pop star for the time, was due to a backlash against reality TV music shows, which included audiences starved for fresh, genuine young talent.[27]
Winehouse's greatest love was 1960s girl groups.[28] Her stylist, Alex Foden, borrowed her "instantly recognisable" beehive hairdo (a weave[29][30]) and she borrowed her Cleopatra makeup from The Ronettes.[28] Her imitation was so successful, as the Village Voice reports: "Ronnie Spector—who, it could be argued, all but invented Winehouse's style in the first place when she took the stage at the Brooklyn Fox Theater with her fellow Ronettes more than 40 years ago—was so taken aback at a picture of Winehouse in the New York Post that she exclaimed, "I don't know her, I never met her, and when I saw that pic, I thought, 'That's me!' But then I found out, no, it's Amy! I didn't have on my glasses."[31]
New York Times reporter, Guy Trebay, discussed the multiplicity of influences on Winehouse's style. Trebay noted: "her stylish husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, may have influenced her look." Additionally, Trebay observes:
- She was a 5-foot-3 almanac of visual reference, most famously to Ronnie Spector of the Ronettes, but also to the white British soul singer Mari Wilson, less famous for her sound than her beehive; to the punk god Johnny Thunders...; to the fierce council-house chicks... (see: Dior and Chanel runways, 2007 and 2008); to the rat-combed biker molls photographed by the Swiss photographer Karlheinz Weinberger in the 1960s; to a lineage of bad girls, extending from Cleopatra to Louise Brooks’s Lulu and including Salt-n-Pepa, to irresistible man traps that always seemed to come to the same unfortunate end.[32]
[edit] Major label success and Frank
Performing at the Bowery Ballroom, New York City in 2007Winehouse's debut album, Frank, was released on 20 October 2003. Produced mainly by Salaam Remi, many songs were influenced by jazz and, apart from two covers, every song was co-written by Winehouse. The album received positive reviews[33][34] with compliments over the "cool, critical gaze" in its lyrics[2] and brought comparisons of her voice to Sarah Vaughan,[35] Macy Gray and others.[2]
The album entered the upper levels of the UK album chart in 2004 when it was nominated for BRIT Awards in the categories of "British Female Solo Artist" and "British Urban Act". It went on to achieve platinum sales.[36] Later in 2004 she won the Ivor Novello (songwriting) Award for Best Contemporary Song, alongside Salaam Remi, with her contribution to the first single, "Stronger Than Me".[37] The album also made the short list for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize. In the same year she performed at the Glastonbury Festival, the V Festival, the Montreal International Jazz Festival (7 July 2004, at the Club Soda), and on the Jazzworld stage. After the release of the album, Winehouse commented that she was "only 80 percent behind [the] album" because of the inclusion by her record label of certain songs and mixes she disliked.[9] Additional singles from the album were "Take the Box", "In My Bed"/"You Sent Me Flying" and "Pumps"/"Help Yourself".
[edit] International success and Back to Black
In contrast to her jazz-influenced former album, Winehouse's focus shifted to the girl groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer Sharon Jones's longtime band, the Dap-Kings to back her up in the studio and on tour.[38] In May 2006 Winehouse's demonstration tracks such as "You Know I'm No Good" and "Rehab" appeared on Mark Ronson's New York radio show on East Village Radio. These were some of the first new songs played on the radio after the release of "Pumps" and both were slated to appear on her second album. The 11-track album was produced entirely by Salaam Remi and Ronson, with the production credits being split between them. Ronson said in a 2010 interview that he liked working with Winehouse because she was blunt when she did not like his work.[39] Promotion of Back to Black soon began and, in early October 2006 Winehouse's official website was relaunched with a new layout and clips of previously unreleased songs.[36] Back to Black was released in the UK on 30 October 2006. It went to number one on the UK Albums Chart numerous times, and entered at number seven on the Billboard 200 in the US. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2007, selling 1.85 million copies over the course of the year.[40]
25-second audio sample from one of the standout tracks on "Back to Black" album
Originally performed by The Shirelles in the 1960s, this version slows the tempo down and features a jazz arrangement.Problems listening to these files? See media help. The album spawned a number of singles. The first single released from the album was the Ronson-produced "Rehab". The song reached the top ten in the UK and the US.[41] Time magazine named "Rehab" the Best Song of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, saying, "What she is is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy" and "It's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you've got the best song of 2007."[42] The album's second single and lead single in the US, "You Know I'm No Good", was released in January 2007 with a remix featuring rap vocals by Ghostface Killah. It ultimately reached number 18 on the UK singles chart. The title track, "Back to Black", was released in the UK in April 2007 and peaked at number 25, but was more successful across mainland Europe.[43] "Tears Dry on Their Own", "Love Is a Losing Game" and "Just Friends" were also released as singles, but failed to achieve the same level of success.[44]
A deluxe edition of Back to Black was also released on 5 November 2007 in the UK. The bonus disc features B-sides, rare, and live tracks, as well as "Valerie". Winehouse's debut DVD I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London was released the same day in the UK and 13 November in the US. It includes a live set recorded at London's Shepherds Bush Empire and a 50-minute documentary charting the singer's career over the previous four years.[45] Frank was released in the United States on 20 November 2007 to positive reviews.[46][47] The album debuted at number 61 on the Billboard 200 chart.[48]
In addition to her own album she collaborated with other artists on singles. Winehouse was a vocalist on the song "Valerie" on Ronson's solo album Version. The song peaked at number two in the UK, upon its October single release. The song was nominated for a 2008 Brit Award for "Best British Single".[49][50][51] Her work with ex-Sugababe Mutya Buena, "B Boy Baby", was released on 17 December 2007. It served as the fourth single from Buena's solo debut album, Real Girl.[52]
Continued success and acclaim[link]
Winehouse performing at Eurockéennes in 2007By year's end Winehouse had garnered numerous accolades and awards. The singer won 2008 Grammy Awards in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the single "Rehab", while her album Back to Black was nominated for Album of the Year and won the Best Pop Vocal Album award.[53][54] Producer Mark Ronson's work with her won the award in the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical category.[55] The singer also earned a Grammy in the Best New Artist category. This earned Winehouse an entry in the 2009 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records for Most Grammy Awards won by a British Female Act.[56] She performed "You Know I’m No Good" and "Rehab" at the awards ceremony via satellite, as her visa approval came through too late for her to travel to the US. She said "This is for London because Camden town ain't burning down", in reference to the Camden Market fire.[57] After the Grammy Awards, the album's sales increased catapulting Back to Black to number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 after initially peaking at number seven.[58] On 13 January 2008, Back to Black held the number one position on the Billboard Pan European charts for the third straight week.[59] In January 2008 Universal Music International said it believed that there was a correlation between number of albums sold and the extensive media coverage the singer had received.[60]
A special deluxe edition of Back to Black topped the UK album charts on 2 March 2008. The original edition of the album resided at the number 30 position, in its 68th week on the charts, while "Frank" charted at number 35.[61] By 12 March the album had sold a total of 2,467,575 copies, 318,350 of those in the previous 10 weeks, putting the album on the UK's top 10 best-selling albums of the 21st century for the first time.[62] On 7 April, Back to Black was residing at the top position on the pan-European charts for the sixth consecutive and thirteenth aggregate week.[63] Back to Black was the world's seventh biggest selling album for 2008.[64] These sales helped keep Universal Music's recorded music division from dropping to levels experienced by the overall music market.[65]
At the 2008 Ivor Novello Awards, Winehouse became the first artist to receive two nominations for the top award, best song, musically and lyrically. She won the award for "Love Is a Losing Game" and was nominated for "You Know I'm No Good".[66] "Rehab", a Novello winner for best contemporary song in 2006, also received a 2008 nomination for best-selling British song.[67] Winehouse was nominated for a MTV Europe Award in the Act of The Year category.[68] Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good: A Documentary Review, a 78-minute DVD, was released on 14 April 2008. The documentary features interviews with those who knew her at a young age, helped her gain success, jazz music experts, as well as music and pop culture specialists.[69][70] A clip of Winehouse's music was included in the "Roots and Influences" area that looked at connections between different artists at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex NYC, which opened in December 2008. One thread started with Billie Holiday continued with Aretha Franklin, Mary J. Blige and finished with Winehouse.[71] In a poll of United States residents conducted for VisitBritain by Harris Interactive that was released in March 2009, one fifth of those polled indicated they had listened to Winehouse's music during the previous year.[72] Winehouse performed with Rhythms del Mundo on their cover of the Sam Cooke song "Cupid" for an Artists Project Earth benefit album that was released on 13 July 2009.[73][74]
On the week of July 26, after Winehouse's death, Frank, Back To Black, and the Back To Black EP re-entered the Billboard 200 at number 57, number 9, and number 152 respectively with the album climbing to number 4 the following week.[75][76] Back To Black also topped the Billboard Digital Albums chart on the same week and was the second best seller at iTunes.[77] "Rehab" re-entered and topped the Billboard Digital Songs chart as well, selling up to 38,000 more digital downloads.[78] As of August 2011 "Back to Black" was the best selling album in the United Kingdom in the 21st Century.[79]
Final projects[link]
Winehouse and Mark Ronson contributed a cover of Lesley Gore's "It's My Party" to the Quincy Jones tribute album Q Soul Bossa Nostra released 9 November 2010.[80] Winehouse and drummer ?uestlove of the Roots had agreed to form a group. Winehouse's problems obtaining a visa delayed the still unnamed group from working together. Producer Salaam Remi had already created some material with Winehouse as part of the project.[81] According to a newspaper report, Universal Music pressed her regarding new material in 2008. According to that same report Winehouse as of 2 September had not been near a recording studio. It was noted that she had touring obligations during the summer and also that if an album was quickly recorded, it would be at least a year before an album could be released.[65] In late October Winehouse's spokesman was quoted as saying that Winehouse had not been given a deadline to complete her third album, for which she was learning to play drums.[82]
During her 2009 stay in Saint Lucia, Winehouse worked on new music with producer Salaam Remi. Island claimed that a new album would be due in 2010; Island co-president Darcus Beese said, "I've heard a couple of song demos that have absolutely floored me".[83] In July 2010 Winehouse was quoted as saying her next album would be released no later than January 2011, saying "It’s going to be very much the same as my second album, where there's a lot of jukebox stuff and songs that are... just jukebox, really." Mark Ronson said in July 2010 that he had not started to record the album.[84]
Winehouse's last recording was a duet with American singer Tony Bennett for his latest album, Duets II, which was released on 20 September 2011.[85] Their single from the album, "Body and Soul," was released on 14 September 2011 on MTV and VH1 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Her father, Mitch Winehouse, launched The Amy Winehouse Foundation with the goal of raising awareness and support for organizations that help vulnerable, young adults with problems such as addiction. Proceeds from "Body and Soul" will benefit The Amy Winehouse Foundation.[86] The song received the Grammy for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards on 12 February 2012.[87] Winehouse's father, Mitch Winehouse, picked up the award at the awards ceremony with his wife Janis, saying, "We shouldn't be here. Our darling daughter should be here. These are the cards that we're dealt."[88]
When interviewed by Jon Stewart on The Daily Show on 29 September 2011, Bennett stated that in hindsight, he believed Amy:
-
- was in trouble at that time because she had a couple of engagements that she didn't keep up. But what people didn't realize at that time, that she really knew, and in fact I didn't even know it when we were making the record, and now looking at the whole thing; she knew that she was in a lot of trouble; that she wasn't going to live. And it wasn't drugs. It was alcohol toward the end. . . . It was such a sad thing because . . . she was the only singer that really sang what I call the 'right way' because she was a great jazz-pop singer. . . . She was really a great jazz singer. A true jazz singer. And I regret that because that's the 'right way' to sing.[89]
An album of previously unreleased material, entitled Lioness: Hidden Treasures, was released on 6 December 2011.[90]
Artistry[link]
Influence[link]
British singer Adele has credited Winehouse's success in the United States for making her and fellow British singer Duffy's journey to the United States "a bit smoother".[91] American singer Lady Gaga credited Winehouse with paving the way for her rise to the top of the charts. She appeared to be using a metaphorical analogy to explain that Winehouse made it easier for unconventional women to have mainstream pop success.[92] Raphael Saadiq, Anthony Hamilton, and John Legend said "Amy Winehouse was produced by people who wanted to create a marketing coup. The positive side is that it reacquainted an audience with this music and played an introductory role for others. This reinvigorated the genre by overcoming the vintage aspect".[93]
After the release of Back to Black, record companies sought out female artists with a similar sound and fearless and experimental female musicians in general. Adele and Duffy were the second wave of artists with a sound similar to Winehouse's. A third wave of female musicians that has emerged since the album was released are led by VV Brown, Florence and the Machine, La Roux and Little Boots.[94] In February 2010 rapper Jay-Z credited Winehouse with revitalising British music, saying, "There's a strong push coming out of London right now, which is great. It's been coming ever since I guess Amy (Winehouse). I mean always, but I think Amy, this resurgence was ushered in by Amy."[95] In March 2011 the New York Daily News ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence. Spin magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying "Amy Winehouse was the Nirvana moment for all these women," "They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude, musical styles or fashion". According to Keith Caulfield, chart manager for Billboard, "Because of Amy, or the lack thereof, the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele and Duffy," "Now those ladies have brought on the new ones, like Eliza Doolittle, Rumer and Ellie."[96]
Live performances[link]
Winehouse in Berlin in 2007Winehouse toured in conjunction with the Back to Black album's release. She performed headlining gigs in September and November 2006, including one of the Little Noise Sessions charity concerts at the Union Chapel, Islington. On 31 December 2006, Winehouse appeared on Jools Holland's Annual Hootenanny and performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" along with Paul Weller and Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. She also performed Toots & the Maytals' "Monkey Man". She began a run of another 14 gigs beginning in February 2007. At his request, Bruce Willis introduced Winehouse before her performance of "Rehab" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards. Winehouse made awards organizers nervous when she went on a Las Vegas jaunt in the hours before the show.[97] During the summer of 2007, Winehouse performed at various festivals, including UK's Glastonbury Festival,[98] Chicago's Lollapalooza festival, Rock Werchter and Baltimore's Virgin Music Festival.
Winehouse's tour, however, did not go as well. In November 2007 the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. A music critic for the Birmingham Mail said it was "one of the saddest nights of my life...I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience."[99] Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her Hammersmith Apollo performance saying that she "looked highly intoxicated throughout",[100] until she announced on 27 November 2007, that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of 2007, citing doctor advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter Live Nation blamed "the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks" for the decision.[101]
On 20 February 2008, Winehouse performed at the 2008 BRIT Awards, performing "Valerie" with Mark Ronson, followed by "Love Is a Losing Game". She urged the crowd to "make some noise for my Blake."[102] In Paris she performed what was described as a "well-executed 40 minute" set at the opening of a Fendi boutique.[103] Although her father, manager and various members of her touring team reportedly tried to dissuade her, Winehouse performed at the Rock in Rio Lisboa festival in Portugal in May 2008.[16] Although the set was plagued by a late arrival and problems with her voice, the crowd warmed to her. In addition to her own material she performed two Specials covers.[104] Winehouse performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday Party concert at London's Hyde Park on the 27 June,[105] and the next day at the Glastonbury Festival.[106] On 12 July at the Oxegen Festival she performed a well-received 50 minute set[107] which was followed the next day by a 14 song set at T in the Park.[108] On 16 August she played at the Staffordshire leg of the V Festival, and the following day played the Chelmsford leg of the festival. Organizers said that Winehouse attracted the biggest crowds of the festival. Audience reaction was reported as mixed.[109] On 6 September she was the headliner at Bestival. She performed what was described as a polished set which ended with her storming off the stage. Her hour late arrival caused her set to be cut off at the halfway point due to a curfew.[110]
Amy Winehouse with her band backstage, 16 March 2009In May 2009 Winehouse returned to performing at a jazz festival in Saint Lucia amid torrential downpours and technical difficulties. During her hour long set it was reported she was unsteady on her feet and had trouble remembering lyrics. She apologised to the crowd for being "bored" and ended her set by walking off the stage in the middle of a song.[111][112] To a cheering crowd on 23 August at the V festival, Winehouse sang with The Specials on their songs "You're Wondering Now" and "Ghost Town".[113]
In July 2010 she performed "Valerie" with Mark Ronson at a movie premiere. She sang lead but forgot some of the song's lyrics.[84] In October Winehouse performed a four song set to promote her fashion line. In December 2010 Winehouse played a 40 minute concert at a Russian oligarch's party in Moscow. Guests included other Russian tycoons and Russian show business stars. The tycoon hand picked the songs she played.[114]
During January 2011, she played five dates in Brazil, with opening acts of Janelle Monáe and Mayer Hawthorne.[115][116] On 11 February 2011, Winehouse cut short a performance in Dubai following booing from the audience. Winehouse was reported to be tired, distracted and "tipsy" during the performance.[117]
On 18 June 2011, Winehouse started her 12-leg 2011 European tour in Belgrade. Local media described her performance as a scandal and disaster, and she was booed off the stage due to her apparently being too drunk to perform. It was reported that she was unable to remember the city she was in, the lyrics of her songs or – when trying to introduce them – the names of the members of her band.[118][119] The local press also claimed that Winehouse was forced to perform by her bodyguards, who didn't allow her to leave the stage when she tried to do so.[120] She then pulled out of performances in Istanbul and Athens which had been scheduled for the following week.[121] On 21 June it was announced that she had cancelled all shows of her European tour and would be given "as long as it takes" to sort herself out.[122]
Winehouse's last public appearance took place at Camden's Roundhouse, London on 20 July 2011, when she made a surprise guest appearance on stage to support her goddaughter, Dionne Bromfield, who was singing "Mama Said" with The Wanted.[123]
Club nights[link]
On 10 July 2008, Winehouse launched her own club night, Snakehips at the Monarch, in the Camden Monarch venue in London. Although billed as a DJ battle between her and another DJ, she stayed behind the decks swaying as another person actually played 1960s music.[124] She appeared at another Snakehips event at the Monarch on the night of 11 September. After reportedly arriving two hours late, she spun music and played a short acoustic set.[125]
Other ventures[link]
Winehouse joined a campaign to stop a block of flats being built beside the George Tavern, a famous London East End music venue. Campaign supporters feared the residential development would end the spot's lucrative sideline as a film and photo location, on which it relies to survive.[126] As part of a breast cancer awareness campaign, Winehouse appeared in a revealing photograph for the April 2008 issue of Easy Living magazine.[127] Winehouse had an estimated £10m fortune, tying her for tenth place in the 2008 Sunday Times listing of the wealth of musicians under age 30.[128] The following year her fortune had dropped to an estimated £5m.[129] Her finances are run by Mitch and Janis Winehouse.[130] It was reported she earned about £1m singing at two private parties during Paris Fashion Week.[131] as well as another £1m to perform at a Moscow Art Gallery for Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich.[132] Winehouse loaned a vintage dress used in her video for "Tears Dry on Their Own" as well as a DVD to the British Music Experience, a new museum dedicated to the history of British pop music.[133] The museum, located in The O2, opened on 9 March 2009.[134][135]
In January 2009, Winehouse announced that she was launching her own record label. The first act on her Lioness Records is Winehouse's 13-year-old goddaughter, Dionne Bromfield. Her first album, featuring covers of classic soul records, was released on 12 October 2009.[136] Winehouse is the backing singer on several tracks on the album and she performed backing vocals for Bromfield on the television programme Strictly Come Dancing on 10 October.[137]
Winehouse and her family are the subject of a 2009 documentary shot by Daphne Barak titled Saving Amy.[138] Winehouse entered into a joint venture in 2009 with EMI to launch a range of wrapping paper and gift cards containing song lyrics from her album Back to Black.[139] On 8 January 2010, a television documentary, My Daughter Amy, aired on Channel 4.[140] Saving Amy was released as a paperback book in January 2010.[141]
Winehouse collaborated on a 17 piece fashion collection with the Fred Perry label. It was released for sale in October 2010. According to Fred Perry's marketing director "We had three major design meetings where she was closely involved in product style selection and the application of fabric, colour and styling details,” and gave "crucial input on proportion, colour and fit”. The collection consists of "vintage-inspired looks including Capri pants, a bowling dress, a trench coat, pencil skirts, a longline argyle sweater and a pink-and-black checkerboard-printed collared shirt".[142][143] At the behest her family three forthcoming collections up to and including autumn/winter 2012 that she had designed prior to her death will be released.[144]
Personal life[link]
With the paparazzi taking photographs of her wherever they could, Winehouse obtained an injunction against a leading paparazzi agency (Big Pictures) under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, the resultant court order banning them from following her.[145] Photographers were also banned from following her within 100 metres of her home and photographing Winehouse in her home or the home of her friends and family. According to a newspaper report, sources close to the singer said legal action was taken out of concern for the safety of Winehouse and those close to her.[145]
Relationships[link]
Winehouse dated chef-musician Alex Clare (sometimes referred to as Alex Claire) in 2006, while on the outs with her on-off boyfriend and future husband, Blake Fielder-Civil. Clare famously sold his story to the News of the World, which published it under the headline “Bondage Crazed Amy Just Can’t Beehive in Bed”.[146][147]
She married Fielder-Civil (born August 1978), a former video production assistant,[148][149] on 18 May 2007, in Miami Beach, Florida. Fielder-Civil was a "dropout" of Bourne Grammar School, who moved to London at aged 16 from his native Lincolnshire.[16] In a June 2007 interview, Winehouse admitted she could sometimes be violent toward him after she had been drinking, saying "if he says one thing I don't like then I'll chin him".[150] In August 2007, they were photographed, bloodied and bruised, in the streets of London after an alleged fight, although she contended her injuries were self-inflicted.[151] American men's campaigner Glenn Sacks condemned Winehouse for what he called her "bragging" about abusing her husband, saying that "a male abuser would have been locked up, stigmatised, and vilified".[152]
Winehouse's parents and in-laws publicly reported their numerous concerns, citing fears that the two might commit suicide, with Fielder-Civil's father encouraging fans to boycott her music.[153] Fielder-Civil was quoted in a British tabloid as saying he introduced her to crack cocaine and heroin.[154] During a visit with Mitch Winehouse at the prison in July 2008, Fielder-Civil reportedly said that they would cut themselves to ease the pain of withdrawal.[16]
From 21 July 2008 to 25 February 2009, Fielder-Civil was imprisoned following his guilty plea on charges of trying to pervert the course of justice as well as a charge of grievous bodily harm with intent.[155][156][157] The incident, in July 2007, involved an assault on a pub landlord that resulted in a broken cheek.[158] According to the prosecution the landlord accepted £200,000 as part of a deal to "effectively throw the [court] case and not turn up". The prosecution testified that the money used to pay off the landlord belonged to Winehouse,[159] but that Winehouse pulled out of a meeting with the men involved in the plot, because she had to attend an awards ceremony.[160]
Winehouse was spotted with aspiring actor Josh Bowman on holiday in Saint Lucia in early January 2009, saying she was "in love again, and I don't need drugs."[161] She commented that the "whole marriage was based on doing drugs" and that "for the time being I've just forgotten I'm even married."[161] On 12 January, Winehouse's spokesman confirmed that "papers have been received" for what Fielder-Civil's solicitor has said are divorce proceedings based on a claim of adultery.[162][163] On 25 February, Blake Fielder-Civil was quoted as saying that he planned to continue divorce proceedings to give himself a drug-free fresh start.[157] In March, Winehouse was quoted in a magazine as saying, "I still love Blake and I want him to move into my new house with me – that was my plan all along ... I won't let him divorce me. He's the male version of me and we're perfect for each other."[164] Uncontested,[165] the divorce was granted on 16 July 2009 and became final on 28 August 2009.[165] Upon his request Fielder-Civil received no money in the settlement.[166] She dated director Reg Traviss for approximately two years before her death.[167]
Substance abuse and mental health issues[link]
Winehouse's battles with substance abuse were the subject of much media attention. In 2005, she went through a period of drinking, heavy drug use, violent mood swings and weight loss.[16] People who saw her during the end of that year and early 2006 reported a rebound that coincided with the writing of Back to Black.[16] Her family believes that the mid-2006 death of her grandmother, who was a stabilising influence, set her off into addiction.[16] In August 2007, Winehouse cancelled a number of shows in the UK and Europe, citing exhaustion and ill health. She was hospitalised during this period for what was reported as an overdose of heroin, ecstasy, cocaine, ketamine and alcohol.[168] In various interviews, she admitted to having such problems with self-harm, depression and eating disorders.[13][169]
Winehouse told a magazine that the drugs were to blame for her hospitalisation and that "I really thought that it was over for me then."[170] Soon after, Winehouse's father commented that when he had made public statements regarding her problems, he was using the media because it seemed the only way to get through to her.[171] In an interview with The Album Chart Show on British television, Winehouse said she was manic depressive and not alcoholic, adding that that sounded like "an alcoholic in denial".[172] A U.S. reporter writes that Winehouse was a "victim of mental illness in a society that doesn't understand or respond to mental illness with great effectiveness".[173]
On 2 December 2007, images of the singer outside her home in the early morning hours, barefoot and wearing only a bra and jeans, appeared on the internet and in tabloid newspapers. In a statement, her spokesman blamed paparazzi harassment for the incident.[174] The spokesman reported that the singer was in a physician-supervised programme and was channelling her difficulties by writing a lot of music.[175] The British tabloid The Sun posted a video of a woman, alleged to be Winehouse, apparently smoking crack cocaine and speaking of having taken ecstasy and valium. Winehouse's father moved in with her,[176] and Island Records, her record label, announced the abandonment of plans for an American promotion campaign on her behalf.[177] In late January 2008, Winehouse reportedly entered a rehabilitation facility for a two-week treatment program.[178]
On 23 January 2008, the video was passed on to the Metropolitan Police,[177] who questioned her on 5 February.[179] No charges were brought. On 26 March 2008, Winehouse's spokesman said she was "doing well" and denied a published report in a British tabloid that consideration was being given to having her return to rehab.[180] Her record company reportedly believed that her recovery remained fragile.[181] By late April 2008, her erratic behaviour, including an allegation of assault, caused fear that her drug rehabilitation efforts have been unsuccessful,[182] leading to efforts by Winehouse's father and manager to seek assistance in having her sectioned.[183] Her dishevelled appearance during and after a scheduled club night in September sparked new rumours of a relapse. Photographers were quoted as saying she appeared to have cuts on her legs and arms.[125]
According to Winehouse's physician Winehouse quit illegal substances in 2008.[184] In an October 2010 interview, Winehouse speaking of her decision to quit drugs said "I literally woke up one day and was like, 'I don’t want to do this any more”.[185] Drinking alcohol emerged as a problem with Winehouse abstaining for a few weeks then lapsing.[184] The physician said that Winehouse was treated with Librium for alcohol withdrawal and anxiety, and underwent psychologist and a psychiatrist reviews in 2010, but refused psychological therapy.[184]
Violence and legal difficulties[link]
In 2006, Winehouse admitted punching a fan in the face for criticising her having taken Blake Fielder-Civil as a husband. She then attacked her spouse as he attempted to calm her down, kneeing him in the crotch.[186]
In October 2007, Winehouse and her then-husband were arrested in Bergen, Norway for possession of seven grams of marijuana. The couple were later released and fined 3850 kroner (around £350).[187] Winehouse first appealed the fines, claiming she was "duped" into confessing,[187][188] but later dropped the appeal.[189]
On 26 April 2008, Winehouse was cautioned after she admitted to police she slapped a 38 year-old man in the face, a "common assault" offence. She voluntarily turned herself in and was held overnight. Police said, at her arrival she was "in no fit state" to be interviewed.[190] Winehouse was arrested on 7 May 2008 on suspicion of possessing drugs after a video of her apparently smoking crack cocaine was passed to the police in January,[191] but was released on bail a few hours later because they could not confirm, from the video, what she was smoking.[168][192] The Crown Prosecution Service considered charging her with possessing a controlled drug and allowing her premises to be used for the supply by others of a controlled drug, but she was cleared when the service could not establish that the substance in the video was a controlled drug.[193] In reaction to the decision, former police commander John O’Connor said it is an "absolute scandal that nothing could be done" about Winehouse "cocking a snook at the law".[194] Some members of Parliament also reacted negatively.[194][195] Two London residents were subsequently charged with conspiracy to supply cocaine and ecstasy to Winehouse.[196] One of the pair was sentenced to two years in prison on 13 December 2008, while the other received a two-year community order.[197]
On 5 March 2009, Winehouse was arrested and charged with common assault following a claim by a woman that Winehouse hit her in the eye at a September 2008 Prince's Trust charity ball.[198] At the same time, she was reported to have spat at the English socialite Pippa Middleton and to have headbutted a photographer.[199] Winehouse's spokesperson announced the singer cancelled a scheduled United States Coachella Festival appearance in "light of current legal issues".[200] Swearing in under her legal name of Amy Jade Civil, Winehouse appeared in court on 17 March to enter her plea of not guilty.[201] On 23 July her assault trial began with prosecutor Lyall Thompson charging that Winehouse acted with "deliberate and unjustifiable violence" while appearing to be under the influence of alcohol or another substance. The woman, Sharene Flash, testified that Winehouse "punched me forcefully in my right eye. She used a fist, her right one.” Winehouse testified that she did not punch Flash, but tried to push Flash away from her because she was scared of Flash. Winehouse cited her worry that Flash would sell her story to a tabloid, Flash's height advantage, and Flash's "rude" behaviour as reasons for her fear of Flash.[202][203] On the 24 July, District Judge Timothy Workman ruled that Winehouse was not guilty of the charge. Workman cited the facts that all but two of the witnesses were intoxicated at the time of the incident and that medical evidence did not show "the sort of injury that often occurs when there is a forceful punch to the eye".[204]
On 19 December 2009, Winehouse was arrested again on charges of common assault, plus another charge of public order offence. Winehouse assaulted the front-of-house manager of the Milton Keynes Theatre after he asked her to move from her seat.[205] On 20 January 2010, she admitted common assault and disorderly behaviour. She was given a two-year conditional discharge and ordered to pay £85 court costs and £100 compensation to the man she attacked.[206]
Respiratory problems[link]
On 23 June 2008, Winehouse's publicist corrected earlier misstatements by Mitch Winehouse that his daughter had early stage emphysema, instead claiming she had signs of what could lead to early-stage emphysema.[207] Mitch Winehouse had also stated that his daughter's lungs were operating at 70 percent capacity and that she had an irregular heartbeat. Mitch Winehouse said that these problems had been caused by her chain smoking crack cocaine. The singer’s father also reported that doctors had warned Winehouse that, if she continued smoking crack cocaine, she would have to wear an oxygen mask and would eventually die.[208] In a radio interview, Mitch Winehouse said the singer was responding "fabulously" to treatment, which included being covered with nicotine patches.[209] British Lung Foundation spokesman Keith Prowse noted this type of condition could be managed with treatment. Prowse also said the condition was not normal for a person her age but "heavy smoking and inhaling other substances like drugs can age the lungs prematurely".[210] Norman H. Edelman of the American Lung Association explained that if she stopped smoking, her lung functions would decline at the rate of a normal person, but continued smoking would lead to a more rapid decline in lung function.[211] Photographs of the singer with a cigarette in her mouth, taken 23 June 2008, were widely published.[212]
Winehouse was released from The London Clinic 24 hours after returning from a temporary leave to perform at Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday and at a concert in Glastonbury, and continued receiving treatment as an outpatient.[213] In July 2008, Winehouse stated that she had been diagnosed with "some areas of emphysema" and said she is getting herself together by "eating loads of healthy food, sleeping loads, playing my guitar, making music and writing letters to my husband every day".[214] She also kept a vertical tanning bed in her apartment.[30] Winehouse began precautionary testing on her lungs and chest on 25 October 2008[215] at the London Clinic for what was reported as a chest infection. Winehouse was in and out of the facility and was granted permission to set her own schedule regarding home leave.[82] She returned to the hospital on 23 November 2008 for a reported reaction to her medication.[216]
Death[link]
Tributes outside Amy Winehouse's home at Camden Square on the evening of her death on 23 July 2011Winehouse's bodyguard said that he arrived at her residence three days before her death and felt she was somewhat intoxicated. He observed moderate drinking over the next few days. He observed her "laughing, listening to music and watching TV at 2 am the day of her death". According to the bodyguard at 10 am he observed her lying on her bed and tried unsuccessfully to rouse her. This did not raise much suspicion because she usually slept late after a night out. According to the bodyguard shortly after 3 pm he checked on her again and observed her lying in the same position as before leading to a further check in which he concluded she was not breathing and had no pulse. He claimed he subsequently called emergency services.[184] At 3:54 pm BST on 23 July 2011, two ambulances were called to Winehouse's home in Camden, London.[217][218] Winehouse was pronounced dead at the scene.[219] Shortly afterwards, the Metropolitan Police confirmed that she had died.[220][221] After her death was announced, media and camera crews appeared, as crowds gathered near Winehouse’s residence to pay their respects. Forensic investigators entered the flat as police cordoned off the street outside. Police recovered one small and two large bottles of vodka from her room.[184]
A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of misadventure. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's blood alcohol content was 416 mg per decilitre at the time of her death, more than five times the legal drink-drive limit. According to the coroner, "The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death."[184][222]
Romanian singers Rona Hartner, Paula Seling, Nico and Maria Radu performing at a memorial Amy Winehouse concert in Bucharest on 23 October 2011.Winehouse's record label, Universal Republic, released a statement that read in part: "We are deeply saddened at the sudden loss of such a gifted musician, artist and performer."[223][224] Many musical artists have since paid tribute to Winehouse including U2, M.I.A., Lady Gaga, Mutya Buena, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj, Keisha Buchanan, Rihanna, George Michael, Adele, Kelly Clarkson, Courtney Love,[225] and the American punk rock band Green Day, who wrote a song in her tribute titled "Amy."[226] Family and friends attended Winehouse's funeral on 26 July 2011 at Edgwarebury Lane cemetery in north London.[227][228][229] Her mother and father, Janis and Mitch Winehouse, close friend Kelly Osbourne, producer Mark Ronson and her boyfriend Reg Traviss were among those in attendance at the private service led by Rabbi Frank Hellner.[227][228] Her father delivered the eulogy, saying "Goodnight, my angel, sleep tight. Mummy and Daddy love you ever so much."[227] Carole King's "So Far Away" closed the service with mourners singing along.[230] She was later cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.[231] The family planned to sit a two-day shiva.[231] Winehouse's parents set up a foundation in her name, to help those affected by drug addiction.[232]
Controversy[link]
Winehouse in 2007Winehouse's dichotomous public image of critical and commercial success versus personal turmoil proved to be controversial. The New Statesman called Winehouse "a filthy-mouthed, down-to-earth diva,"[233] while Newsweek called her "a perfect storm of sex kitten, raw talent and poor impulse control."[234] Karen Heller with The Philadelphia Inquirer summarised the maelstrom this way:
She's only 24 with six Grammy nods, crashing headfirst into success and despair, with a codependent husband in jail, exhibitionist parents with questionable judgement, and the paparazzi documenting her emotional and physical distress. Meanwhile, a haute designer Karl Lagerfeld appropriates her dishevelled style and eating issues to market to the elite while proclaiming her the new Bardot.[235]
By 2008, her continued drug problems threatened her career. Even as Nick Gatfield, the president of Island Records, toyed with the idea of releasing Winehouse "to deal with her problems", he remarked on her talent, saying, "It’s a reflection of her status [in the U.S.] that when you flick through the TV coverage [of the Grammys] it’s her image they use."[177] Post-Grammys, some questioned whether Winehouse should have been honoured with the awards given her recent personal and drug problems,[236][237][238] including Natalie Cole, who introduced Winehouse at the ceremony. Cole (who battled her own substance-abuse problems while winning a Grammy for Best New Artist in 1975[239]) remarked, "I think the girl is talented, gifted, but it's not right for her to be able to have her cake and eat it too. She needs to get herself together."[239] In an opinion newspaper commentary, Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said that the alleged drug habits of Winehouse and other celebrities send a bad message "to others who are vulnerable to addiction" and undermine the efforts of other celebrities trying to raise awareness of problems in Africa, now that more cocaine used in Europe passes through Africa.[240] Winehouse's spokesperson called Costa a "ludicrous man" and noted that "Amy has never given a quote about drugs or flaunted it in any way. She's had some problems and is trying to get better. The U.N. should get its own house in order."[241] Following Winehouse's death William Bennett a former director of the United States Office of National Drug Control Policy criticised the Grammy Awards nominating committee along similar lines.[242] Graeme Pearson, the former head of Scotland's drug enforcement agency, criticised Winehouse and Kate Moss for making going to rehab a badge of honour, thus giving the false impression that quitting drugs is easy, because many cannot afford to go to clinics.[243]
Winehouse became a staple in popularity polls due not to her musical contributions, but her lifestyle. The 2008 NME Awards nominated Winehouse in the categories of "Villain of the Year", "Best Solo Artist", and "Best Music DVD"; Winehouse won for "Worst Dressed Performer".[244][245] In its third annual list, Glamour magazine named Winehouse the third worst dressed British Woman.[246] Winehouse was ranked number two on Richard Blackwell's 48th annual "Ten Worst Dressed Women" list, behind Victoria Beckham.[247] In an April 2008 poll conducted by Sky News, Winehouse was named the second greatest "ultimate heroine" by the UK population at large, topping the voting for that category of those polled under 25 years old.[248] Psychologist Donna Dawson commented that the results demonstrate women like Winehouse who have "a certain sense of vulnerability or have had to fight against some adversity in their lives” receive recognition.[248] Winehouse was voted the second most hated personality in the United Kingdom in a poll conducted one month later by Marketing magazine.[249]
Speaking at a discussion entitled Winehouse or White House?: Do we go too big on showbiz news? Jeff Zycinski, head of BBC Radio Scotland, said the BBC and media in general were complicit in the destruction of celebrities like Winehouse. He said that public interest in the singer's lifestyle does not make her lifestyle newsworthy. Rod McKenzie editor of the BBC Radio One program Newsbeat replied that "If you play [Amy Winehouse's] music to a certain demographic, those same people want to know what's happening in her private life. If you don't cover it, you're insulting young license fee payers."[250] The British artist M.I.A. was quoted in The Guardian in 2007 as saying she found Winehouse "really interesting", saying "I once saw her in the street and she was really out of it, so I guess she is really living it out. I think Amy's thing is feeling really weird about what she does and dealing with that."[251] British singer and songwriter Lily Allen was quoted in a Scottish newspaper as saying
I know Amy Winehouse very well. And she is very different to what people portray her as being. Yes, she does get out of her mind on drugs sometimes, but she is also a very clever, intelligent, witty, funny person who can hold it together. You just don't see that side.[252]
Artistic impressions[link]
London's Mall Galleries opened an exhibition in May 2008 that included a sculpture of Winehouse, entitled Excess. The piece, created by Guy Portelli, had a miniature of the singer lying on top of a cracked champagne bottle, with a pool of spilled liquid underneath. The body was covered with what appeared to be tiny pills, while one outstretched hand held a glass.[253] Another piece, a print entitled "Celebrity 1" by artist Charlotte Suckling, was exhibited in the same exhibition.[253] A wax sculpture of Winehouse went on display at the London Madame Tussauds on 23 July 2008. The singer did not attend the unveiling, although her parents did.[254] A sculpture by Marco Perego, entitled "The Only Good Rock Star Is a Dead Rock Star", that depicts Winehouse lying in a pool of blood with an apple and a bullet hole in her head after being shot by American novelist and beat poet William S. Burroughs (in a recreation of the accidental killing of his wife Joan Vollmer),[255] was scheduled to go on display in New York’s Half Gallery on 14 November 2008. The sale price for the sculpture is listed at US $100,000. Perego said of the sculpture "Rock stars are the sacrificial animals of society." Winehouse’s spokesperson said "It’s a funny kind of tribute. The artist seems in thrall to a tabloid persona that is not the real Amy. People often use her image to sell their work."[255]
Discography[link]
Main article: Amy Winehouse discography- Studio albums:
- Frank (2003)
- Back to Black (2006)
- Posthumous albums:
- Lioness: Hidden Treasures (2011)
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Amy WinehouseAmong the awards and recognitions for Frank, Winehouse earned an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song ("Stronger Than Me"),[256] a BRIT Award nomination for Best Female Solo Artist,[257] and an inclusion in Robert Dimery's 2006 book, 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[258] Back to Black produced numerous nominations, including two BRIT Awards (Best Female Solo Artist and Best British Album), six Grammy Awards (including five wins),[3] four Ivor Novello Awards, four MTV Europe Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, three World Music Awards, and was nominated for the Mercury Prize (Album of the Year) and a MOBO Awards (Best UK Female). During her career, Winehouse received 23 awards from 60 nominations. In February 2012, Winehouse was listed at number 26 on VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music.[6]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The New York Observer 14 December 2007: Amy Winehouse: The Next Tragic Talent? Retrieved 23 July 2011
- ^ a b c Bush, John. Amy Winehouse Frank Review. allmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.
- ^ a b Winehouse dominates Grammys with 5 wins Msnbc. Retrieved 24 July 2011
- ^ Winehouse, Alex (13 February 2008). "Amy Winehouse's brother on her return to form". The Times.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record". BBC News. 25 August 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
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- ^ Amy Winehouse Drops Drug Case Appeal in Norway, The New York Times, 6 January 2009.
- ^ "Winehouse cautioned over assault." BBC Entertainment. 26 April 2008.
- ^ Amy Winehouse bailed on drug charges[dead link]. NEWS.com.au. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse released after arrest over 'drugs video'." The Times. 8 May 2008.
- ^ "Crown Prosecution Service Press Release." 14 May 2008.
- ^ a b Amy will not face drug charges The Sun, 15 May 2008.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse escapes charges over drug video." Asian News International. 15 May 2008.
- ^ Winehouse drug accused in court. BBC News. 1 July 2008.
- ^ "Jail for Winehouse drug plot man." BBC. 12 December 2008.
- ^ Compiled by DAVE ITZKOFF (6 March 2009). ""Winehouse Charged With Assaulting Fan." ''The New York Times''. 6 March 2009". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/07/arts/music/07arts-WINEHOUSECHA_BRF.html?ref=arts. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ dailystar.co.uk dated 7 March 2009 at dailystar.co.uk
- ^ "Winehouse pulls out of Coachella." BBC. 9 March 2009.
- ^ "Winehouse denies assault charge". ITV. 17 March 2009. http://www.itv.com/News/Articles/Winehouse-denies-assault-charge-618248604.html. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- ^ Amy Winehouse 'punched dancer after photo request The Guardian 23 July 2009.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse: I'm too short to have punched anyone", The Times, 23 July 2009].
- ^ "Winehouse not guilty of assault". BBC. 24 July 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8167205.stm. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
- ^ Naughton, Philippe (23 December 2009). "Amy Winehouse charged over alleged Cinderella panto assault". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6966553.ece. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Harris, Paul; Bates, Daniel (22 January 2010). "The day five vodkas turned Amy Winehouse into a panto villain". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1244659/Amy-Winehouse-walks-free-court-admitting-panto-attack.html. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
- ^ "Spokeswoman: Amy Winehouse doesn't have emphysema". USA Today. 25 July 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-06-23-amy-winehouse_N.htm.
- ^ "Singer Amy Winehouse has lung damage and irregular heart beat, says her father". Associated Press via iht.com. 22 June 2008. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/22/arts/EU-A-E-CEL-Britain-Winehouse.php. [dead link]
- ^ "Dad says Winehouse flourishing." BBC.co.uk. 23 June 2008.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse diagnosed with emphysema." The Times. 23 June 2008.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2008-06-23). "Amy Winehouse's Father Clarifies Diagnosis, Sort Of: 'She Has A Small Amount Of Emphysema'.". Mtv.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589794/20080623/winehouse_amy.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "UPI NewsTrack Entertainment News". UPI.com. 2008-06-24. http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/06/24/UPI_NewsTrack_Entertainment_News/UPI-20631214325574/. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Winehouse leaves London clinic". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2008/07/01/Winehouse_leaves_London_clinic/UPI-75471214921764/. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Singh, Anita (22 July 2008). "Amy Winehouse: I want five kids and to appear on Countdown". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2446305/Amy-Winehouse-I-want-five-kids-and-to-appear-on-Countdown.html.
- ^ "Winehouse back in the hospital for more tests." MSNBC. 27 October 2008.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse hospitalized for drug reaction". Cnn.com. 2008-11-25. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/25/amy.winehouse.hospital/index.html. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Roberts, Randall (23 July 2011). "Soul singer Amy Winehouse found dead in her London home". The Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/07/amy-winehouse-found-dead-in-her-london-home.html. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse post-mortem takes place". BBC News. 25 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14272032. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ Sarah Bull (26 July 2011). "Amy Winehouse found dead at her London flat after 'drug overdose' | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead-London-flat-drug-overdose.html. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ Bull, Sarah (23 July 2011). "Amy Winehouse, 27, found dead at her London flat". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2018020/Amy-Winehouse-dead--Found-dead-London-flat.html. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse found dead, aged 27". BBC News (London: BBC). 23 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14262237. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse death: Coroner records misadventure verdict". BBC News. 26 October 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15453517. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse found dead". Daily Mirror. UK. 11 August 2009. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/23/amy-winehouse-found-dead-115875-23292089/. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse Found Dead | Amy Winehouse | News | MTV UK". Mtv.co.uk. 27 March 2011. http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/amy-winehouse/324873-amy-winehouse-found-dead. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Baltin, Steve (23 July 2011). "Courtney Love on Amy Winehouse: 'I'm Gutted'". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/courtney-love-on-amy-winehouse-im-gutted-20110723. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
- ^ Amy Winehouse Funeral Held In London MTV. Retrieved 26 July 2011
- ^ a b c 'Good Night, My Angel': Friends and Family Gather for Amy Winehouse's Funeral Time. Retrieved 26 July 2011
- ^ a b Singer Amy Winehouse bows out gracefully BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2011
- ^ "Family plan private funeral for Amy Winehouse". BBC News. 25 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14285327. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse Laid To Rest". B96 Chicago. 26 July 2011. http://b96.radio.com/2011/07/26/amy-winehouse-laid-to-rest/.
- ^ a b Marikar, Sheila (26 July 2011). "Amy Winehouse to Be Cremated Following Emotional Funeral". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/amy-winehouse-funeral-singer-cremated-service/story?id=14154202. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse foundation for addiction planned". BBC News. 27 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14306472. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Rogers, Jude. "Year of the woman". New Statesman. 135 (4822):36–38. 11 December 2006.
- ^ Alston, Joshua. "Soul on Ice, And a Twist". Newsweek. 149 (11):60. 12 March 2007.
- ^ Heller, Karen. "The ruin of a talent, shrilly told by tabloids". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 12 December 2007. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080206083621/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/magazine/20071212_Karen_Heller___The_ruin_of_a_talent__shrilly_told_by_tabloids.html. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ Jones, Steve and Brian Mansfield. "Winehouse and West: Big night". USA Today. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
- ^ Winehouse wins big – Editorial/Op-Ed. Hofstra University Chronicle. 14 February 2008.
- ^ Showbiz Tonight: Amy Winehouse Grammys: Rewarded for Bad Behavior? CNN.com. 12 February 2008.
- ^ a b Sundel, Jenny and Stephen M. Silverman. "Natalie Cole: Amy's Wins Send a 'Bad Message'." People. 11 February 2008.
- ^ Costa, Antonio Maria. "Every line of cocaine means a little part of Africa dies." The Observer 9 March 2008.
- ^ "''Anti-drugs chief hits out at Winehouse, Moss''". Edition.cnn.com. 2008-03-09. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/09/un.drugs/. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Grammy for Winehouse's 'Rehab' a mistake? by William Bennett for CNN 27 July 2011". Salon.com. 27 July 2011. http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/07/27/bill_bennett_grammys. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ "Scots drugs chief says Kate Moss and Amy Winehouse make rehab chic." The Times. 18 May 2008.
- ^ "Record seven NME nominations for Arctic Monkeys." The Times. 29 January 2008.
- ^ "Shockwaves NME Awards 2008: Winners' list | News". Nme.Com. 2008-02-29. http://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/34797. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Fashion queen Kate back on top."[dead link] ITN. 7 April 2008.
- ^ "Beckham, Winehouse top worst-dressed list." United Press International. 8 January 2008.
- ^ a b "Amy Winehouse Is The UK's 'Ultimate Heroine' Amongst under 25s Gigwise". Gigwise.com. 2008-04-23. http://www.gigwise.com/news/42588/amy-winehouse-is-the-uks-ultimate-heroine. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Heather Mills Voted Most Hated Personality In The United Kingdom.". Gigwise.com. 2008-05-16. http://www.gigwise.com/news/43213/heather-mills-voted-most-hated-personality-in-the-united-kingdom. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Shepherd, Robert (2008-07-02). "''BBC news execs clash over celebrity coverage''". Broadcastnow.co.uk. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2008/07/bbc_news_execs_clash_over_celebrity_coverage.html. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Collins, Hattie (18 August 2007). "Hattie Collins meets rapper MIA". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/18/urban.mia. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Lily Allen interview: Rebuilding the Lily Scotland on Sunday 7 December 2008.
- ^ a b Greenwood, Richard (2008-05-14). "Amy Winehouse sculpture to go on display.". London: Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/05/14/bbwinehouse14.xml. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Winehouse parents reveal waxwork.". BBC News. 2008-07-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7521104.stm. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ a b Amy Winehouse ‘shot down’ in name of art The Times. Retrieved 24 July 2011
- ^ "Profile: Amy Winehouse". BBC News. 29 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
- ^ Brits 2004: The winners BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2011
- ^ Dimery, Robert (2006). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Tristan de Lancey; Universe Publishing
Further reading[link]
- General
- Lewis, Pete. "A Blues & Soul Classic Interview With Amy Winehouse Before 'Rehab'" Blues & Soul. April 2004 (reprinted February 2008).
- Anderman, Joan. "Of course she should go to rehab." Boston Globe. 15 December 2007.
- Grimwood, Ben. "The Year of Amy Winehouse". Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080130145159/http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513. CollegeNews.com. 29 November 2007.
- Gundersen, Edna. "Amy Winehouse's sobering transformation could hurt her musical credibility." USA TODAY. 28 January 2008.
- Hill, Emily. "Amy Winehouse: her own woman." The Guardian. 31 July 2008
- Pareles, Jon. "In Real Time, Amy Winehouse’s Deeper Descent." New York Times 24 January 2008.
- Rosen, Jody. "Dark Star." Slate. 12 February 2008.
- Smith, Joan. "There's nothing poetic about Amy's self-destruction" The Independent. 26 June 2008.
- The Smoking Gun. BACKSTAGE RIDER: Divas: Amy Winehouse 12 May 2006.
- Tyrangiel, Josh. "Trouble Woman." TIME. 24 January 2008.
- Vernon, Polly Amy Winehouse: Unplugged Harper's Bazaar October 2010
- Perry, Simon; Stephen M. Silverman (20 January 2009). "Amy Winehouse Was at Death's Door, Says Dad". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20253618,00.html.
- July 2009 Mitch Winehouse interview with Daily Mirror covering a variety of her personal issues
- Books
- Barak, Daphne. Saving Amy. New Holland Publishers, 25 January 2010. ISBN 978-1-84773-670-3
- Johnstone, Nick. Amy Amy Amy: The Amy Winehouse Story. Omnibus Press, 1 April 2008. ISBN 978-0-8256-3602-8.
- Newkey-Burden, Chas. Amy Winehouse: The Biography. John Blake Publishing, 7 April 2008. ISBN 1-84454-563-6.
External links[link]
Find more about Amy Winehouse on Wikipedia's sister projects: Images and media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote - Official website
- Amy Winehouse at the All Music Guide
- Amy Winehouse collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Amy Winehouse collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- New York Times fashion retrospective
- Slide Show at Rolling Stone
- Videos at Island Records on YouTube
- Official Video Of Amy Winehouse performing 'Back To Black' Live and Acoustic at SXSW
Amy WinehouseStudio albums and singles Frank Back to Black Compilation albums EPs Featured singles - "B Boy Baby"
- "Valerie"
Video releases Concert tours - The Frank Tour (2003–2005)
- Back to Black Tour (2006–2008)
- The Return of Amy (2010–2011)
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Persondata Name Winehouse, Amy Alternative names Winehouse, Amy Jade Short description English singer and songwriter Date of birth 14 September 1983 Place of birth London, England Date of death 23 July 2011 Place of death London, England http://wn.com/Amy_Winehouse
Related pages:
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Charlemagne ( /ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
