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The Extreme North or Far North (Russian: Крайний Север, Дальний Север) is a large part of Russia located mainly north of the Arctic Circle and boasting enormous mineral and natural resources.

Formally, the regions of the Extreme North comprise the whole of Yakutia, Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast and Murmansk Oblast, as well as certain parts and cities of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic, Tyumen Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, as well as all islands of the Arctic Ocean, its seas, the Bering Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk. Some other territories of Russia with harsh climate are defined to be "equated to the conditions of Extreme North", in terms of labor compensation.

Legal status[link]

The Far North is known for its extremely harsh climate. People who work there, other than indigenous populations involved in traditional occupations and inmates of labor camps (e.g., gulag of the Soviet Union), used to receive an extra grade of payment, referred to as the "Northern Bonus", as well as other benefits, including extra vacation, extra disability benefits, extra retirement benefits, and housing benefits.

In January 2007 the State Duma Committee for Issues of North and Far East approved the proposed law "On the List of the Regions of the Extreme North and Territories Equated to It" («О перечне районов Крайнего Севера и приравненных к ним местностей»)^[1] as part of the package of laws on the labor compensation, including «О государственных гарантиях и компенсациях для лиц, работающих и проживающих в районах Крайнего Севера и приравненных к ним местностях» ("On government guarantees and compensation for persons working and residing in the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas"), «О районировании Севера РФ» ("On regional delineation of the North of the RF") as well as a law on the corresponding amendments to the Russian Labor Code. According to the List, the Extreme North territories will be subdivided into two categories: "zone of extreme discomfort" and "zone of absolute discomfort".

See also[link]

• Russian Far East
• List of Russian explorers
• Small-numbered indigenous peoples of Extreme North

References[link]

Eva Braun
Braun walking one of her Scottish Terriers at the Berghof 14 June 1942
Born	Eva Anna Paula Braun (1912-02-06)6 February 1912 Munich, Bavaria, German Empire
Died	30 April 1945(1945-04-30) (aged 33) Berlin, Nazi Germany
Cause of death	Suicide (cyanide poisoning)
Other names	Eva Hitler
Occupation	Photographer; office and lab assistant at photography studio of Heinrich Hoffmann
Known for	Partner and wife of Adolf Hitler
Spouse	Adolf Hitler (29 April 1945 – 30 April 1945)

Eva Anna Paula Hitler (née Braun; 6 February 1912 – 30 April 1945) was the longtime companion of Adolf Hitler and, for less than 40 hours, his wife. Braun met Hitler in Munich when she was 17 years old, while she was working as an assistant and model for his personal photographer, and began seeing him often about two years later. She attempted suicide twice during their early relationship. By 1936, she was a part of his household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden and lived a sheltered life throughout World War II. Braun was a photographer, and many of the surviving colour photographs and films of Hitler were taken by her. She was a key figure within Hitler's inner social circle, but did not attend public events with him until mid-1944, when her sister Gretl married Hermann Fegelein, the SS liaison officer on his staff.

As the Third Reich collapsed towards the end of the war, Braun swore loyalty to Hitler and went to Berlin to be by his side in the heavily reinforced Führerbunker beneath the Reich Chancellery. As Red Army troops fought their way into the neighbourhood on 29 April 1945, she married Hitler during a brief civil ceremony; she was 33 and he was 56. Less than 40 hours later, they committed suicide together in a sitting room of the bunker, she by biting into a capsule of cyanide. The German public was unaware of Braun's relationship with Hitler until after her death.

Early life[link]

Born in Munich, Eva Braun was the second daughter of school teacher Friedrich "Fritz" Braun and Franziska "Fanny" Kronberger, who had worked as a seamstress before her marriage.^[1] Her elder sister, Ilse, was born in 1909 and her younger sister, Margarete (Gretl), was born in 1915. Braun's parents were divorced in April 1921, but remarried in November 1922, likely for financial reasons (hyperinflation was plaguing the German economy at the time).^[2] Braun was educated at a Catholic lyceum in Munich, and then for one year at a business school in the Convent of the English Sisters in Simbach am Inn, where she had average grades and a talent for athletics.^[3] At age 17 she took a job working for Heinrich Hoffmann, the official photographer for the Nazi Party.^[4] Initially employed as a shop assistant and sales clerk, she soon learned how to use a camera and develop photos.^[5] She met Hitler, 23 years her senior, at Hoffmann's studio in Munich in October 1929. He had been introduced to her as "Herr Wolff".^[6] Eva's sister, Gretl, also worked for Hoffman from 1932 onward, and the women rented an apartment together for a time. Gretl accompanied her sister on her later trips with Hitler to the Obersalzberg.^[7]

Relationship with Hitler[link]

Hitler lived with his half-niece, Geli Raubal, in an apartment in Munich from 1929 until her death.^[8][9] On 18 September 1931 Raubal was found dead in the apartment, shot with his pistol, an apparent suicide. Hitler was in Nuremberg at the time. The relationship was important to him, likely the most intense of his life. ^[10] Hitler began seeing more of Braun after the suicide.

Braun herself attempted suicide on 10 or 11 August 1932 by shooting herself in the chest with her father's pistol.^[11] Historians feel the attempt was not serious, but was a bid for Hitler's attention.^[12][13] After Braun's recovery, Hitler became more committed to her and by the end of 1932 they had become lovers.^[14] She often stayed overnight at his Munich apartment when he was in town.^[15] Braun worked as a photographer for Hoffmann from 1933 on.^[16] This position enabled her to travel—accompanied by Hoffmann—with Hitler's entourage, as a photographer for the NSDAP.^[17] Later in her career she worked for Hoffman's art press.^[18]

According to a fragment of her diary and the account of biographer Nerin Gun, Braun's second suicide attempt occurred in May 1935. She took an overdose of sleeping pills when Hitler failed to make time for her in his life.^[19] Hitler provided Eva and her sister with a three-bedroom apartment in Munich that August, ^[20] and the next year the sisters were provided with a villa in Bogenhausen.^[21] By 1936, Braun was at Hitler's household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden whenever he was in residence there, but she lived mostly in Munich.^[22] Braun also had her own apartment at the new Reich Chancellery in Berlin, completed to a design by Albert Speer.^[23]

Braun attended the Nuremberg Rally for the first time in 1935, as a member of Hoffman's staff. Hitler's half-sister, Angela Raubal (the dead Geli's mother), took exception to her presence there, and was later dismissed from her position as housekeeper at his house in Berchtesgaden. Researchers are unable to ascertain if her dislike for Braun was the only reason for her departure, but other members of Hitler's entourage saw Braun as untouchable from then on.^[24]

Hitler wished to present himself in the image of a chaste hero; in the Nazi ideology, men were the political leaders and warriors and women were homemakers.^[25] He believed that he was sexually attractive to women and wished to exploit this for political gain by remaining single, as he felt this would increase his appeal.^[26][27] He and Braun never appeared as a couple in public; the only time they appeared together in a published news photo was when she sat near him at the 1936 Winter Olympics. The German people were unaware of Braun's relationship with Hitler until after the war.^[12] According to Speer's memoirs, Braun never slept in the same room as Hitler and had her own rooms at the Berghof, in Hitler's Berlin residence, and in the Berlin bunker. Speer later said, "Eva Braun will prove a great disappointment to historians."^[28]

Braun's political influence on Hitler was apparently minimal. She was never allowed to stay in the room when business or political conversations took place,^[25] and was sent out of the room when cabinet ministers or other dignitaries were present.^[29] She was not a member of the Nazi Party.^[30][31] Her main interests were sports, clothes, and the cinema. By all accounts, she led a sheltered and privileged existence and seemed uninterested in politics.^[32] One instance when she took an interest was in 1943, shortly after Germany had fully transitioned to a total war economy. Among other things, this meant a potential ban on women's cosmetics and luxuries. According to Speer's memoirs, Braun approached Hitler in "high indignation"; Hitler instructed Speer, who was armaments minister at the time, to quietly arrange for production of women's cosmetics and luxuries to cease rather than instituting an outright ban.^[33]

Braun continued to work for Hoffmann after commencing her relationship with Hitler. She took many photographs and movies of members of the inner circle, and some of these were sold to Hoffmann for extremely high prices. She received money from Hoffmann's company as late as 1943, and also held the position of private secretary to Hitler.^[34] This guise meant she could enter and leave the Chancellery unremarked, though she used a side entrance and a rear staircase.^[35][36]

On 3 June 1944, Braun's sister Gretl married SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein, who served as Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler's liaison officer on Hitler's staff. Hitler used the marriage as an excuse to allow Braun to appear at official functions, as she could then be introduced as Fegelein's sister-in-law.^[32] When Fegelein was caught in the closing days of the war trying to escape to Sweden or Switzerland, Hitler ordered his execution.^[37][38] He was shot for desertion in the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April 1945.^[39]

Lifestyle[link]

Conversion of Hitler's small vacation home he purchased in 1933 on the mountain at Obersalzberg began in 1934 and was completed by 1936. A large wing was added onto the original house and several additional buildings were constructed. The entire area was fenced off, and remaining houses on the mountain were purchased by the NSDAP and razed. Braun and the other members of the entourage were cut off from the outside world when in residence. Speer, Hermann Göring, and Martin Bormann had houses constructed inside the compound.^[40]

Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, stated in his memoirs that Hitler and Braun had two bedrooms and two bathrooms with interconnecting doors at the Berghof, and Hitler would end most evenings alone with her in his study before they retired to bed. She would wear a "dressing gown or house-coat" and drink wine; Hitler would have tea.^[41] Public displays of affection or physical contact were nonexistent, even in the enclosed world of the Berghof.^[42] Braun took the role of hostess amongst the regular visitors, though she was not involved in running the household. She regularly invited friends and family members to accompany her during her stays, the only guest to do so.^[43]

After learning about the failed 20 July plot to kill Hitler, Braun wrote to him, "From our first meeting I swore to follow you anywhere even unto death. I live only for your love."^[44] Hitler named Braun in his will, to receive 12,000 Reichsmarks yearly after his death.^[45] He was very fond of her, and worried when she participated in sports or was late returning for tea.^[46]

Braun with Hitler, walking their dogs

Braun was very fond of her two Scottish Terrier dogs named Negus and Stasi and they feature in her home movies. She usually kept them away from Hitler's German Shepherd, Blondi.^[47] Blondi was killed by one of the entourage on 29 April 1945 when Hitler ordered that one of the cyanide capsules obtained for Braun and Hitler's suicide the next day be tested on the dog.^[48] Braun's dogs and Blondi's puppies were shot by Hitler's dog handler, Fritz Tornow, on 30 April.^[49]

Marriage and suicide[link]

In early April 1945, Braun travelled from Munich to Berlin to be with Hitler at the Führerbunker. She refused to leave as the Red Army closed in on the capital.^[50] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler and Braun were married in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker.^[51] The event was witnessed by Joseph Goebbels and Martin Bormann. Thereafter, Hitler hosted a modest wedding breakfast with his new wife.^[52] With Braun's marriage, her legal name changed to Eva Hitler. When she signed her marriage certificate she wrote the letter B for her family name, then lined this out and replaced it with Hitler.^[52]

After 1:00 pm on the afternoon of 30 April 1945, Braun and Hitler said their farewells to staff and members of the inner circle.^[53] Later that afternoon, at approximately 3:30 pm, several witnesses reported hearing a loud gunshot.^[54] After waiting a few minutes, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, and Hitler's SS adjutant, Otto Günsche, entered the small study and found the lifeless bodies of Hitler and Braun on a small sofa. Eva had bitten into a cyanide capsule,^[55] and Hitler had shot himself in the right temple with his pistol.^[56] The corpses were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were burned.^[57] Braun was 33 years old when she died.

The charred remains were found by the Russians and secretly buried at the SMERSH compound in Magdeburg, East Germany, along with the bodies of Joseph and Magda Goebbels and their six children. On 4 April 1970, a Soviet KGB team with detailed burial charts secretly exhumed five wooden boxes of remains. The remains were thoroughly burned and crushed, after which the ashes were thrown into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe.^[58]

The rest of Braun's family survived the war. Her mother, Franziska, died at age 96 in January 1976, having lived out her days in an old farmhouse in Ruhpolding, Bavaria.^[44] Her father, Fritz, died in 1964. Gretl gave birth to a daughter—whom she named Eva—on 5 May 1945. She later married Kurt Beringhoff, a businessman. She died in 1987.^[59] Braun's elder sister, Ilse, was not part of Hitler's inner circle. She married twice and died in 1979.^[59]

Notes[link]

Sources[link]

Further reading[link]

• Alexander, Alex (2005) (in Dutch). In De Ban Van Hitler: Maria Reiter, Geli Raubal, Unity Mitford, Eva Braun. Rijswijk: Elmar. ISBN 978-90-389-1547-0. 
• Gun, Nerin E. (1968). Eva Braun: Hitler's Mistress. New York: Meredith Press. OCLC 712347. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eva Braun

• Eva Braun's home movies, part 1
• Eva Braun's home movies, part 2
• Eva Braun's home movies, part 3
• Eva Braun's home movies, part 4

v t e Adolf Hitler Politics Political views Political directives Speeches Mein Kampf Zweites Buch Last will and testament Events Military career Rise to power Streets named after Hitler Cabinet Hitler Third Reich World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death Places of residence Führer Headquarters Brown House Berghof (Kehlsteinhaus) Reich Chancellery Wolf's Lair Werwolf Adlerhorst Private train Führerbunker Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Anlage Süd Felsennest Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna (Meldemannstraße dormitory) Munich Personal life Reichssicherheitsdienst, 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (Bodyguards) Health Religious views Sexuality Hitler's Table Talk Vegetarianism Paintings 50th birthday Personal belongings Blondi (dog) Hitler's Globe Private library Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois (father) Klara (mother) Alois Jr. (half-brother) Angela (half-sister) Gustav (brother) Ida (sister) Otto (brother) Edmund (brother) Paula (sister) Leo Rudolf Jr. (half-nephew) Geli (half-niece) Elfriede (half-niece) William Patrick (half-nephew) Heinz (half-nephew)