A pathogen (Greek: πάθος pathos, "suffering, passion" and γενής genēs (-gen) "producer of") or infectious agent — in colloquial terms, a germ — is a microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus, that causes disease in its animal or plant host.^[1][2] There are several substrates including pathways wherein pathogens can invade a host; the principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen.

Not all pathogens are negative. In entomology, pathogens are one of the "Three P's" (predators, pathogens, and parasitoids) that serve as natural or introduced biological controls to suppress arthropod pest populations.

Types of pathogen[link]

Viral[link]

Pathogenic viruses are mainly those of the families of: Adenoviridae, bacteria Picornaviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Polyomavirus, Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae. Viruses typically range between 20-300 nanometers in length. ^[3]

Bacterial[link]

Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, a few pathogenic bacteria can cause infectious diseases. Bacteria can often be killed by antibiotics because the cell wall in the outside is destroyed, expelling the DNA out of the body of the pathogen, therefore making the pathogen incapable of producing proteins and dies. They typically range between 1 and 5 micrometers in length.

Fungal[link]

Fungi comprise a eukaryotic kingdom of microbes that are usually saprophytes but can cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. Fungi are the most common cause of diseases in crops and other plants. The typical fungal spore size is 1-40 micrometer in length.

Other parasites[link]

Some eukaryotic organisms, such as protists and helminths, cause disease.

Prionic[link]

According to the prion theory, prions are infectious pathogens that do not contain nucleic acids. These abnormally-folded proteins are found characteristically in some diseases such as scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.^[4] Although prions fail to meet the requirements laid out by Koch's postulates, the hypothesis of prions as a new class of pathogen led Stanley B. Prusiner to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1997.

Animal pathogens[link]

Animal pathogens are disease-causing agents of wild and domestic animal species, at times including humans.^[5]

Virulence[link]

Virulence (the tendency of a pathogen to cause damage to a host's fitness) evolves when that pathogen can spread from a diseased host, despite that host being very debilitated. Horizontal transmission occurs between hosts of the same species, in contrast to vertical transmission, which tends to evolve symbiosis (after a period of high morbidity and mortality in the population) by linking the pathogen's evolutionary success to the evolutionary success of the host organism.

Evolutionary medicine has found that under horizontal transmission, the host population might never develop tolerance to the pathogen.

Transmission[link]

Transmission of pathogens occurs through many different routes, including airborne, direct or indirect contact, sexual contact, through blood, breast milk, or other body fluids, and through the fecal-oral route.

See also[link]

• Ecological competence
• Emerging Pathogens Institute
• Human pathogen

References[link]

External links[link]

• Pronunciation Guide to Microorganisms

Emily Hagins
Emily Hagins, 2008
Born	(1992-10-27) October 27, 1992 (age 19) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Years active	2002 - present

Emily Hagins (born October 27, 1992), is an Austin based filmmaker, who is most famous for directing the 2006 independent feature film, Pathogen at the age of 12.

Biography[link]

She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and moved to Austin, Texas in 1992.

Film career[link]

Since her early childhood, Emily had always had an interest in film and filmmaking.^[1] She always had a keen interest in movies, and by second grade had earned the nickname, "The movie girl" by her classmates. Not long after reading J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, she saw Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and was inspired to make her own movies. She made 8 short films including It's a Dog's Life and a documentary about an independent film, CrazyInsane Productions' Organic. At age 10 her short-films had drawn the interest of Harry Knowles, a critic with Ain't It Cool News. He shared her short, Buddie vs. The Barbies I with director Cameron Crowe who found it "really funny".^[2] At Butt-numb-a-thon 5 she saw her first zombie film, UNDEAD which inspired her to expand her repertoire. By May 2004, she finished the screenplay for Pathogen, a feature-length zombie film. In August 2005, she won a Texas Filmmakers Production Fund grant to finish post production work on the film.^[3] She finished the film which premiered at the Alamo Drafthouse^[4][5] and the publicity persuaded organizers to name her the youngest-ever guest-of-honor at CONvergence 2007 in Bloomington, Minnesota.^[6] Vacdoomed Productions released a documentary about Hagins, Zombie Girl: The Movie profiling her production of Pathogen.^[7]

After Pathogen[link]

After finishing Pathogen, Hagins started the preparations for her second feature-length film, and in 2009 premiered in Austin. The Retelling is a supernatural murder-mystery about two young kids and their blind grandfather.^[8] Hagins' latest production is the vampire comedy My Sucky Teen Romance, which had its world premiere at South by Southwest.^[9] The film was partially funded by crowdsourcing via the website Indiegogo.com.^[10]

On 10/19/2011 Emily Hagins got her first theatrical distribution deal with MPI Media for her third feature film - My Sucky Teen Romance.

In October 2011, it was announced that she had joined Rooster Teeth Productions.^[11]

References[link]

Robert Carlyle
Robert Carlyle in 2011
Born	(1961-04-14) 14 April 1961 (age 51) Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland
Occupation	Actor
Years active	1990–present
Spouse	Anastasia Shirley (1997–present)[citation needed]

Robert Carlyle, OBE (born 14 April 1961) is a Scottish actor. He is known for a variety of roles in films such as Trainspotting, The Full Monty, The World Is Not Enough, Angela's Ashes, The 51st State, and 28 Weeks Later. In addition to his film work, he is also known for his roles in the television shows Hamish Macbeth and Once Upon A Time.

Early life[link]

Carlyle was born in Maryhill, Glasgow, the son of Elizabeth, a bus company employee, and Joseph Carlyle, a painter and decorator.^[1][2] He was brought up by his father after his mother left when Carlyle was four years old.^[3][4] He left school at the age of 16 without any qualifications and worked for his father as a painter and decorator; however, he continued his education by attending night classes at Cardonald College in Glasgow.^[5]

Career[link]

Carlyle became involved in drama at the Glasgow Arts Centre at the age of 21 (having been inspired by reading Arthur Miller's The Crucible), and subsequently graduated from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. In 1991, he and four friends founded a theatre company, Raindog (which is now primarily involved in television and film work), and guest starred in The Bill. The same year he starred in his first movie, Riff-Raff, directed by Ken Loach.

In 1994, he played the gay lover of Father Greg in the film Priest. Carlyle's first high-profile role came as murderer Albert "Albie" Kinsella in an October 1994 episode of Cracker opposite Robbie Coltrane (in which Kinsella killed five people, including Christopher Eccleston's DCI David Bilborough). This highly acclaimed role showcased Carlyle's "pure intensity".^[6] Shortly after his appearance in Cracker, he landed the role of Highland policeman Hamish Macbeth in the BBC comedy-drama Hamish Macbeth. The series ran for three seasons from 1995 to 1997.

In 1996 and 1997, he appeared in the two most high-profile roles of his career to date: that of the psychopathic Francis Begbie in Trainspotting and Gaz, the leader of a group of amateur male strippers, in The Full Monty, the latter earning Carlyle a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. He also starred with Ray Winstone in the 1997 film Face. Carlyle played the senior Malachy McCourt (father of author Frank McCourt) in the 1999 film adaptation of McCourt's first memoir, Angela's Ashes, the arch villain Renard in the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, and a cannibalistic soldier in the 1999 Ravenous.

Carlyle appeared in the 2002 Oasis music video for "Little By Little". He played Adolf Hitler in the 2003 miniseries Hitler: The Rise of Evil. In 2006 he played the villain Durza in Eragon. In 2007 Carlyle played one of the main characters in the film 28 Weeks Later. He also played the lead role as a marine engineer, attempting to save London from total devastation in the disaster film Flood. That year he also portrayed Father Joseph Macavoy in the film The Tournament.

In 2008 Carlyle narrated a BBC audiobook version of The Cutting Room. In 2008, Carlyle was cast as Dr. Nicholas Rush in the television series Stargate Universe.^[7][8] His involvement has been described thus, "As [the team fights] to survive, Dr. Rush (Carlyle) works to unlock the mysteries of the ship and return the group home, but evidence of his ulterior motives soon arises." Carlyle was touted by the studio as the "leading role" in Universe.^[9] In December 2008, Carlyle appeared in 24: Redemption, a television movie of the popular series 24, starring alongside Kiefer Sutherland.

In 2009, Carlyle appeared in a long-form commercial for Johnnie Walker whisky, titled "The Man Who Walked Around The World", that showed Carlyle walking down a path and talking for six minutes in a single long take. The ad took two days to film. The director, Jamie Rafn, afterwards referred to Carlyle as an "utter genius".^[10] He voices the character of Gabriel Belmont, and his counterpart, the immortal Count Dracula in the video game Castlevania: Lords of Shadow, released in 2010.

Beginning in October 2011 Carlyle portrayed Rumpelstiltskin in the fantasy-drama series Once Upon A Time. His recurring role is symbolized not only in the story of Rumpelstiltskin, but also in the classic fairy tale Beauty and the Beast (within the show) as the Beast. He plays a deal maker; an arm and a leg for a little bit of magic from him.

Acting style[link]

Known for his commitment to authenticity in roles, Carlyle has often altered his lifestyle and physical appearance to better understand a character; before playing a homeless character in Antonia Bird's Safe, he went to live in the Waterloo area of London where the film was set. For his role as a bus driver in Ken Loach's Carla's Song, he passed the test for a PSV licence (a licence to drive a bus with passengers) in a Glasgow Leyland Atlantean bus.^[11]

Personal life[link]

Carlyle is married to make-up artist Anastasia Shirley, with whom he has three children: Ava (born 2002), Harvey (born 2004), and Pearce Joseph (born 2006). The family lives in Glasgow. Carlyle is a supporter of Rangers,^[12] and is the patron of School For Life in Romania.^[13]

Filmography[link]

Film[link]

Television[link]

Video games[link]

Music videos[link]

Audio books[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Carlyle

• Robert Carlyle at the Internet Movie Database
• Robert Carlyle biography and credits at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
• An onstage video interview with Robert Carlyle at BAFTA

Stanley Falkow (2009).

Stanley Falkow, PhD, (born 1934 in Albany, New York) is microbiologist and a professor of microbiology and immunology at Stanford University School of Medicine.^[1] He is sometimes referred to as the father of molecular microbial pathogenesis, which is the study of how infectious microbes and host cells interact to cause disease at the molecular level.^[2] He formulated molecular Koch's postulates, which have guided the study of the microbial determinants of infectious diseases since the late 1980s.^[3] It was while she was at Walter Reed visiting his mentor Lou Baron, that Falkow met Esther Lederberg, one of the leading researchers elucidating the relationship between plasmids and antibiotic resistance. (He would later become her Department Chairman at Stanford in 1981.)^[4][5]

Education and early career[link]

Falkow received his B.S. degree from the University of Maine, graduating cum laude, and went on to earn his Ph.D. from Brown University. Following the completion of his graduate studies, Dr. Falkow went on to become a staff member at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) in the Department of Bacterial Immunology where he was eventually named the assistant chief of the department.^[1] Dr. Falkow's early work in the 1960s focused on the genetic mechanisms that enable populations of bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. He demonstrated that organisms, such as shigella, can possess gene fragments called plasmids that exist apart from the bacterial chromosome and that they carry specialized information for survival. Under selective pressure from antibiotics, one species of bacteria can pass its plasmids to another unidirectionally rather than by mating, thereby preserving its own specialized survival genes.

In 1966, he joined Georgetown University School of Medicine as a professor of microbiology. He later moved to Seattle to become a member of the faculty of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Here he described how meningitis and gonorrhea organisms acquire plasmids to become resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics.

In the 1970s, Falkow shifted his focus to the infection process. During this period, he showed that a life-threatening diarrhea prevalent in many developing countries is caused by a sub-type of E. coli. He also co-authored (with Royston C. Clowes, Stanley N. Cohen, Roy Curtiss III, Naomi Datta and Richard Novick) a proposal for uniform nomenclature for bacterial plasmids.^[6]

In 1981, he was named chairman of the Department of Medical Microbiology at Stanford University School of Medicine, a position he held until 1985. While at Stanford, Falkow encouraged Esther Lederberg to continue directing the Stanford Plasmid Reference Center, an internationally-used registry for plasmids, transposons and insertion sequences.^[7])

Contributions and honors[link]

Among his contributions, Dr. Falkow's adopted the perspective of viewing infection as a process that is ultimately mediated by the host. He discovered that infectious microbes employ genes that are activated only inside host cells. His work carries clinical applications, such as a new vaccine for whooping cough, as well as advancing knowledge in discovery of how cells are penetrated by bacteria.

Dr. Falkow has published numerous articles, and has served on the editorial boards of several professional publications. In addition, he has received numerous awards for his achievements in science. Some of these include the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Infectious Disease Research,^[8] the Altemeier Medal from the Surgical Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Howard Taylor Ricketts Award Lecture at the University of Chicago, and the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize. In 2003, he received the Abbott Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society for Microbiology and the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences.^[9] He received the Robert Koch Award in 2000.^[10]

Dr. Falkow was elected President of the American Society for Microbiology and served from July 1997 through June 1998. He was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 1997 and received the Maxwell Finland Award from the National Foundation of Infectious Diseases in 1999. He also received in 1999 an Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario and the University of Maine Alumni Career Award. He has received honorary doctorates in Europe and the U.S.

Dr. Falkow is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was also elected into the UK's Royal Society as a Foreign Member. Dr. Falkow was also nominated twice for a Nobel prize in the category "Medicine".

In September 2008, Dr. Falkow was one of five scientists awarded the prestigious Lasker Award for medical research.^[11]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Who Speaks for the Microbes? - article by Dr. Falkow
• "Host-Pathogen Interaction and Human Disease" online talk by Stanley Falkow

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (March 2011)

Don Huber (born May 1, 1957 in St. Louis, Missouri) is a retired American soccer forward who played professionally in the North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League. He also played for St. Louis Kutis S.C. when it won the 1986 U.S. Open Cup.

Huber attended St. Louis University where he played on the men's soccer team from 1975 to 1978.^[1] He was a 1978 Honorable Mention (third team) All American. He was inducted into the school's Athletic Hall of Fame in 1995. In 1979, he began his professional career with the Minnesota Kicks of the North American Soccer League. He then moved to the Tulsa Roughnecks. In the fall of 1980, he signed with the Baltimore Blast of the Major Indoor Soccer League. He retired from professional soccer at the end of the season and returne to St. Louis where he joined St. Louis Kutis S.C. In 1986, Huber and his team mates won the U.S. Open Cup.

He was inducted into the St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame in 2009.^[2]

References[link]

External links[link]

• NASL/MISL stats