Coordinates: 53°10′19″N 3°05′10″W / 53.172°N 3.086°W / 53.172; -3.086

Buckley
Welsh: Bwcle
The Parish Church of St Matthew, Buckley, consecrated in 1822.
Buckley  Buckley shown within Flintshire
Population	14,568  (2001 Census)[1]
OS grid reference	SJ274645
Principal area	Flintshire
Ceremonial county	Clwyd
Country	Wales
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	BUCKLEY
Postcode district	CH7
Dialling code	01244
Police	North Wales
Fire	North Wales
Ambulance	Welsh
EU Parliament	Wales
UK Parliament	Alyn and Deeside
Welsh Assembly	Alyn and Deeside
List of places: UK • Wales • Flintshire

Buckley (Welsh: Bwcle) is a town and community in Flintshire, located in north-east Wales. It is situated 2 miles (3.2 km) from the county town of Mold and is contiguous with the nearby villages of Ewloe, Alltami (which are both under the jurisdiction of Buckley town council) and Mynydd Isa. The town is located on the A549 road, with the larger A55 road passing nearby.

Buckley is the second largest town in Flintshire in terms of population.^[1] According to the 2001 Census, the community had a total population of 14,568.^[1]

Notable nearby landmarks include Ewloe Castle.

History[link]

Buckley was an Anglo-Saxon location,^[2] with some of its houses later recorded in the Norman Domesday Book of the 11th century. However, the first documented evidence of its existence dates from 1294 when it was described as the pasturage of the Manor of Ewloe, spelled as "Bokkeley".^[2]

The name Buckley may derive from the Old English bok lee, meaning meadow, or field.^[2] The likely meaning of the name was "clearing in a beech wood" (with boc meaning beech tree and ley meaning wood, glade or clearing). The name could also have been construed from bucc, a buck or deer; or bwlch y clai, meaning clay hole.^[2]

In 1420, Henry V presented Ewloe and the pastorage of Buckley to his wife, Catherine of Valois, as a wedding present. It was worth £26 per annum.^[3]

The town became an industrial heartland for pottery and coal mining between the 17th and 19th centuries.^[2] The first was opened in 1737. However, it only grew into any kind of prominence during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, when coal and clay were extensively mined there, and the name Buckley became synonymous with the production of various fire-clay and pottery products. By the early 19th century, there were 14 potteries in the town.^[3]

Buckley was a popular location for mining, as there were many faults in local rock formations that allowed seams of coal to be mined directly from the surface. Its heavy, clay soil also allowed for excellent pottery and bricks to be manufactured. Bricks from Buckley were transported all across the United Kingdom and as far as the United States, as Buckley became a brickworking centre. A great deal of people moved into the area, particularly from Ireland and Liverpool to find work in the mining and brick industries, giving the town a distinctive accent. Many pottery and earthenware products manufactured were taken on the backs of donkeys to either Chester market or exported via the River Dee, as early as the reign of Elizabeth I. The last pottery kiln was fired in 1946. The site of the brickworks is now being redeveloped as a housing estate. However, a local cement works is still in operation.

In 1932, a tradition started in Buckley of running an annual pantomime. Dennis Griffiths produced a version of Dick Whittington in 1933, and ran the pantomime for 27 years, famously using the programme to invite any and all complaints to arrive written "on the back of a 10 shilling note (non-returnable)".

In the Second World War, a Nazi German Luftwaffe plane, most likely on its way to blitz Liverpool was shot down and crash landed in a nearby district, with the plane's engine crashing into a small lake known locally as 'The Trap'. The pilot survived, captured by a Special Constable, Peter Griffiths and taken to Hawarden Prisoner of War camp.

Governance[link]

Urban district status was conferred on the town in 1898; at this time, the area comprised two parishes, Buckley (1874) and Bistre (1844). The urban district of Buckley was formed of Ewloe, Pentrobin and Bannel (which was formerly a part of the parish of Hawarden), Argoed, and Bistre (the oldest part of the town). Wat's Dyke formed the western boundary.^[2]

Prior to then, it was divided between the parishes of Mold and Hawarden. Buckley is part of the Alyn and Deeside UK parliamentary constituency and the Alyn and Deeside Welsh Assembly consituency.

Geography and climate[link]

Buckley is situated in north east Wales approximately 6 miles from the border with England to the East. Buckley is in the lee of the Snowdonian mountain range to the west and is therefore in a rain shadow area. Average annual rainfall in Buckley is approximately 700 - 800mm (28 - 30 inches) which is significantly lower than areas to the West of the Snowdonian mountain range. However, in comparison to areas in the East and South East of the United Kingdom, Buckley still receives a fair amount of rainfall. Since Buckley is located approximately 130 - 150m (430 – 480 feet) above sea level, snowfall is more frequent in winter months in comparison to the lower lying ground in neighbouring areas.

Areas in the parish of Buckley outside the town centre include Bistre, Lane End, Padeswood, Buckley Mountain, Drury, Pentrobin, Bannel, Alltami, and Ewloe.

Dialect[link]

Although very few locals speak with a 'Buckley' accent nowadays, due to people moving in and out of the area, and with the proliferation of television and radio, a few of the town's older citizens still speak in a form of the strongly accented dialect, full of colloquialisms, and often unintelligible to outsiders. One of the last remaining pure 'Buckley' speakers was noted linguist Dennis Griffiths, a Buckley resident, who died in 1972, and whose books are the main repository and record of the dialect. A few examples (mainly phonetic) are noted below:

• Wunst every blue moon - rarely occurring
• Thou fries me to death - the limit of boredom
• A lick and a promise - a quick wash
• Fasen the fost un fost - fasten the first one first
• The daddy on um aw - the best of the lot
• Husht thee naise - be quiet
• I conna meke thee out - I can't understand you
• Chunner - Complain

The last 'pure' speaker of the Buckley dialect was Joseph Charles Shone, a foundryman born in 1917, who died in 1987.

Economy[link]

Today, Buckley has a population of around 14,500, and has numerous light industries. Those who cannot find work locally commute to Deeside, Cheshire, Wrexham and Merseyside.

The Hanson Cement works at Padeswood is the only large scale industry remaining in the town. Its 200 ft kiln is now the major landmark on the skyline, visible from many miles away. Despite many locals considering it an eyesore, according to its website, the company has reduced pollution produced by the cement works by up to 90%.^[4]

Community facilities[link]

Buckley has a large area of common land, known simply as 'The Common'. It has a large playground for children, as well as a duck pond. A funfair visits during the Buckley Jubilee in the summer, usually on the second Tuesday of July, which is the town jubilee.

There is also a small lake, known as 'The Trap', which is stocked with coarse fish. A German Messerschmitt bomber crashed into the Trap during World War II, shot down by anti-aircraft fire after going off course following a bombing run over Liverpool. The land is primarily heavy clay soil. Etna Park, which is just a short walk from the town centre, is part of the Heritage Trail walk in the area.

Buckley has a shopping precinct, as well as one supermarket (run by a Somerfield and The Co-op coalition). There is a town-centre car park which is free of charge. The town contains a wide variety of public houses, which includes the local working men's club. The local branch of The Royal British Legion closed in 2010.

Education[link]

Buckley has four primary schools: Westwood County Primary, Mountain Lane Primary School, Buckley Southdown County Primary, and Drury County Primary.

Buckley has one secondary school, the Elfed High School, located near the Common on Mill Lane. During the Second World War, it was built as a military hospital, and adapted for school use shortly after, in the early 1950s. Now in extreme circumstances the roof can convert into a landing pad for light aircraft and helicopters. The school includes a sports centre, and a swimming pool, for use of both the students and the public. Many students from Buckley also attend Argoed High School, located in nearby Bryn-y-Baal, or the Alun School, in Mold. All schools in Buckley are run by the Flintshire Local Education Authority.

Religion[link]

Buckley is unusual in having two ecclesiastical parishes. The Church of St Matthew is the oldest parish church in the town, and was consecrated in 1822. Bistre Emmanuel Parish Church was built in 1842, despite appearing much older due to its early Gothic-style architecture.^[3] The first Primitive Methodist church in Wales is on the outskirts of Buckley, in Alltami.

The present St John's United Reformed Church was originally a chapel known as "Chapel in the Meadow", set up by a noncomformist pottery owner, Jonathan Catherall, in 1737. Catherall received special dispensation from Lord Hawkesbury, after whom he named his house, to hold services at his house. As the Church forbade chapels from having bells, he built a bell tower in the grounds of his home. The site of this unique non-conformist bell tower is marked by a mound and plaque near the skate park at the Elfed Sports Complex.^[3]

The Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic church in Buckley was built in 2000 to replace a much older building. Other churches in Buckley include Bistre Methodist, Pentrobin Methodist, Buckley Cross Methodist, Bryn Methodist, and Drury Lane Methodist.^[5]

Culture[link]

Events[link]

The Royal Buckley Town Band at the Buckley Jubilee in 2005

Buckley observes an annual regional celebration and march over 200 years old called the Buckley Jubilee, which is celebrated on the second Tuesday of July. Officially, however, the Jubilee was begun in 1856. The difference in dates stems from the 'official' date being set when the Buckley Temperance Society first sanctioned the march. The Jubilee is a ceremonial march that begins on "The Common", a large area of common ground owned by the people of the town used for leisure and recreational purposes. The term 'jubilee' was first used in 1871.^[6]

On the Common starting at around 3pm is a non-denominational Service led by the Minister of the Church/Chapel leading the Jubilee that year. The Sunday before the Jubilee, the leading church is presented with the Centenary Shield, which they hold for the year. A fifteen-minute service takes place, with two hymns accompanied by the Royal Buckley Town Band. The march then leaves the common, and marches through the town, with representatives from the local Sunday Schools, Scout and Guide troops, and many of the local schools. Banners from each of the local faiths are carried.^[3]

Royal Buckley Town Band[link]

Buckley has a famous brass band, the Royal Buckley Town Band. The band is one of only two in the entire United Kingdom to have received sanction from a British monarch to use "Royal" in their name. They lead the Jubilee every year.

Popular music[link]

Buckley has one nightclub, the Tivoli Nightclub (known locally as "The Tiv"), on Brunswick Road. Formerly both a cinema and a music hall, the Tivoli has seen many bands play there over the years, including Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin in the early 1970s, and many Britpop bands including Oasis, Ocean Colour Scene and the Super Furry Animals in the 1990s. It has been described as 'one of the finest quirky little venues of our time' and is featured in the DVD re-issue of Oasis' album, Definitely Maybe.^[7] Between summer 1992 and spring 1993, Radiohead played there twice.^[8] Since a renovation and rebranding in 2000, few bands played live at the venue, with the club music policy having more emphasis on commercial dance and pop music, with a rock night on Fridays. Recently, bands such as Cast, Ash, Stiff Little Fingers, Fun Lovin' Criminals, Skindred, Hed PE and OPM have all played there. The venue attracts crowds from Chester, Wrexham, Manchester and Liverpool.

Radio[link]

The town was also home to a community radio project which used to broadcast 'trial' or 'temporary radio' licences to Buckley, Broughton, Mold, Deeside and the surrounding areas. The station was known as South Flintshire Radio and its offices were found above the swimming baths on Mold Road. The station was heard on eight separate occasions between November 1996 and July 2000 as part of a campaign to bring a local radio station to Flintshire, following the demise of Mold-based BBC Radio Clwyd. The project helped pave the way for a permanent local radio licence which was awarded to Chester FM (known as Dee 106.3) which broadcasts to Chester, Ellesmere Port, Deeside and Buckley.

Library[link]

Buckley has a sizable two-storey library, with the second level being dedicated solely to history and reference pieces, mainly on the local area. The second floor also doubles as the local museum.

Sport[link]

Buckley has a football club in the Cymru Alliance, Buckley Town F.C.. In addition to the men's team Buckley also has a women's team, Buckley Town Ladies FC, who play in the North Wales Coast Women's Football League.

The Elfed Sports Complex was built in 2005, near the Elfed High School, and includes a swimming pool, which replaced the outdated, Victorian-style baths on the Mold Road high street.

Transport[link]

Road[link]

Buckley is located on the A549 road, and is near the A55 expressway, which passes to the south of Ewloe.

Bus[link]

There are a number of bus routes that pass through Buckley, mostly operated by Arriva Buses Wales, which now means on most weekdays a bus to Chester or Mold is available every 10 minutes.

Rail[link]

Buckley railway station opened on 14 June 1860, with a line serving as a 5-mile (8 km) line from Buckley to a junction with the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Chester-Holyhead main line at Connah's Quay, in order to link collieries and brickworks in the Buckley area with a point of shipment on the River Dee.

The Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway (WMCQR) was incorporated on 7 August 1862 to build a line from Wrexham to Buckley. The Buckley Railway was opened in 1864 as a freight-carrying line, and was worked by horses.

The WMCQR line - 12.5 miles (20.1 km) in length - opened as a single line with short branches from Buckley to a point near the Great Western Railway station at Wrexham; it also had a connection with the London and North Western Railway at Hope. The WMCQR took over the Buckley Railway from 30 June 1873.

Today, Buckley railway station is a minor stop on the Borderlands Line, which runs from Wrexham to Bidston on the Wirral. It is owned and operated by Arriva Trains Wales. Trains run every 60 minutes, Monday to Saturday daytimes, and infrequently at other times. Connections can be made at Shotton, Wrexham General or Bidston railway stations. There are two platforms, one for each direction the line runs in.

Air[link]

The nearest major airports are Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Manchester Airport, both around 45 minutes' drive away, although there are minor airfields in nearby Hawarden and Broughton.

Notable current or former residents[link]

• Frederick Birks, holder of the Victoria Cross for extreme valour as a first world war soldier.^[9]
• Danny Collins, professional footballer with Stoke City.^[10]
• Cherry Dee, a professional glamour model and Page Three girl.^[11]
• Sylvia Heal, now a Labour Member of Parliament.^[12]
• Ryan Shawcross, a professional footballer with Stoke City.^[10]

See also[link]

• St Matthew's Church, Buckley
• Elfed High School
• Buckley Town F.C.

References[link]

Notes[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Dialect extracts are taken from Dennis Griffiths' book Talk of My Town, Buckley Young People's Cultural Association, 1969. It can be borrowed from Buckley Library.
• Out of This Clay Dennis Griffiths 1960 Published by Gee and Son, Ltd., Denbigh
• The Making of Buckley and District by T.W. Pritchard, Bridge Books, 2006. ISBN 1-84494-031-4

External links[link]

• Buckley Town Council
• Buckley Society
• BBC North East Wales website
• BBC North East Wales: Buckley Jubilee
• Photos of Buckley and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk

v t e Flintshire Principal settlements Afon-wen Bagillt Buckley Caerwys Connah's Quay Ewloe Flint Halkyn Holywell Mold Queensferry Saltney Shotton Communities (categorised list) Abermorddu Alltami Aston Park Bretton Broughton Bryn-y-Baal Brynford Cadole Caergwrle Calcoed Carmel Cefn-y-Bedd Cilcain Coed Talon Cymau Deeside Drury Ffrith Flint Mountain Ffynnongroew Greenfield Gronant Glyncorrwg Gwernaffield Gwernymynydd Hawarden Holway Higher Kinnerton Hope Leeswood Llanfynydd Llanasa Leadmill Mancot Mostyn Mynydd Isa Nannerch Nercwys Northop Northop Hall Oakenholt Pantasaph Pantymwyn Pentre Halkyn Penyffordd (Buckley) Pen-y-Ffordd (Holywell) Penymynydd Pontblyddyn Rhosesmor Rhes-y-Cae Rhydymwyn Sealand Soughton/Sychdyn Saltney Ferry Talacre Trelogan Treuddyn Whitford Ysceifiog See also: More communities Wards Geography Alyn Gorge Basingwerk Abbey Bretton Bridge Caerwys Rectory Clwydian Range Caergwrle Castle Dee Estuary Ewloe Castle Flint Castle Flintshire Bridge The Gop Greenfield Valley Heritage Park Hawarden Castle Holy Trinity Church Moel Famau Moel y Gaer Moel y Parc Mold Castle Mostyn Colliery Nant-y-Ffrith Ogof Nadolig Point of Ayr Point of Ayr Gas Terminal River Alyn River Cegidog River Dee River Terrig St Bartholomew's Church St Mary's Church (Cilcain) St Mary's Church (Halkyn) St Mary's Church (Mold) St Winefride's Well Talacre Beach Wepre Park See also The historic county The UK Parliament constituency Alyn and Deeside Broughton Shopping Park Delyn East Flintshire Flintshire County Council Flintshire Local Education Authority Holywell Rural District Maelor Saesneg Maelor Rural District Mold cape Point of Ayr Colliery Company Prestatyn Coal Company RAF Sealand Borough of Rhuddlan West Flintshire Western Mostyn Colliery Company Categories: History Notable people Sport Visitor attractions The five largest urban areas are marked in bold text.

Jeffrey Scott "Jeff" Buckley (November 17, 1966 – May 29, 1997), raised as Scotty Moorhead,^[1] was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was the son of Tim Buckley, also a musician. After a decade as a guitarist-for-hire in Los Angeles, Buckley amassed a following in the early 1990s by playing cover songs at venues in Manhattan's East Village, such as Sin-é, gradually focusing more on his own material. After rebuffing much interest from record labels^[2] and his father's manager Herb Cohen,^[3] he signed with Columbia, recruited a band, and recorded what would be his only studio album, Grace.

Over the following two years, the band toured widely to promote the album, including concerts in the U.S., Europe, Japan and Australia. In 1996, they stopped touring^[4] and made sporadic attempts to record his second album in New York with Tom Verlaine as producer. In 1997, Buckley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, to resume work on the album, to be titled My Sweetheart the Drunk, recording many four-track demos while also playing weekly solo shows at a local venue. While awaiting the arrival of his band from New York, he drowned during a spontaneous evening swim — fully clothed — in the Wolf River, when he was caught in the wake of a passing boat. His body was found on June 4, 1997.^[5]

Since his death, there have been many posthumous releases of his material, including a collection of four-track demos and studio recordings for his unfinished second album My Sweetheart the Drunk and expansions of debut album Grace and his Live at Sin-é EP. Chart success also came posthumously; with Leonard Cohen's song, "Hallelujah" he attained his first #1 on Billboard's Hot Digital Songs in March 2008 and reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart in Christmas 2008. Buckley and his work remain popular^[6] and are regularly featured in 'greatest' lists in the music press.^[7][8]

Life and career[link]

Early life[link]

Born in Anaheim, California,^[1] Buckley was the only son of Mary Guibert and Tim Buckley. His mother was a Panama Canal Zonian of mixed Greek, French, American and Panamanian descent,^[9] while his father was the son of an Irish American father and an Italian American mother.^[10] Buckley was raised by his mother and stepfather, Ron Moorhead, in Southern California, and had a half-brother, Corey Moorhead.^[11][12] Buckley moved many times in and around Orange County while growing up with a single mother, an upbringing Buckley called "rootless trailer trash".^[13] As a child, Buckley was known as Scott "Scotty" Moorhead based on his middle name and his stepfather's surname.^[1] His biological father, Tim Buckley, was a singer-songwriter who released a series of highly acclaimed folk and jazz albums in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Buckley said he only met him once at the age of eight.^[14] After his father died of a drug overdose in 1975,^[15] he chose to go by Buckley and his real first name, which he found on his birth certificate.^[16] To members of his family he remained "Scotty".^[17]

Buckley was brought up around music. His mother was a classically trained pianist and cellist.^[18] His stepfather introduced him to Led Zeppelin, Queen, Jimi Hendrix, The Who, and Pink Floyd at an early age.^[19] Buckley grew up singing around the house and in harmony with his mother,^[20] later noting that all his family sang.^[21] Buckley began playing guitar at the age of five after discovering an acoustic guitar in his grandmother's closet.^[22] Led Zeppelin's Physical Graffiti was the first album he ever owned;^[23] the hard rock band Kiss was also an early favorite.^[24] At the age of 12, he decided to become a musician,^[23] and received his first electric guitar — a black Les Paul — at the age of 13.^[25] He attended Loara High School,^[26] and played in the school's jazz band.^[27] During this time, he developed an affinity for progressive rock bands such as Rush, Genesis, and Yes, as well as jazz fusion guitarist Al Di Meola.^[28]

After graduating from high school, he moved north to Hollywood to attend the Musicians Institute,^[29] completing the one-year course at the age of 19.^[30] Buckley later told Rolling Stone the school was "the biggest waste of time",^[23] but noted in an interview with Double Take Magazine that he appreciated studying music theory there, saying, "I was attracted to really interesting harmonies, stuff that I would hear in Ravel, Ellington, Bartók."^[31]

Career beginnings[link]

Buckley spent the next six years working in a hotel and playing guitar in various struggling bands playing in styles from jazz, reggae, and roots rock to heavy metal.^[32] He toured with the dancehall reggae artist Shinehead^[33] and also played the occasional funk and R&B studio session, collaborating with fledgling producer Michael J. Clouse to form X-Factor Productions.^[34] Throughout this period, Buckley limited his singing to backing vocals.

He moved to New York City in February 1990,^[35] but found few opportunities to work as a musician. He was introduced to Qawwali, the devotional music of Pakistan, and to Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, one of its best-known singers.^[36] Buckley was an impassioned fan of Khan,^[37] and during his cafe days, he often covered Khan's songs. In January 1996, he interviewed Khan for Interview and wrote liner notes for Khan's Supreme Collection, Vol. 1 compilation.^[38] Buckley also became interested in blues musician Robert Johnson and hardcore punk band Bad Brains during this time.^[19] Buckley moved back to Los Angeles in September when his father's former manager, Herb Cohen, offered to help him record his first demo of original songs. Buckley completed Babylon Dungeon Sessions, a four-song cassette that included the songs "Eternal Life", "Unforgiven" (later titled "Last Goodbye"), "Strawberry Street" (a different version of which appears on the Grace Legacy Edition), and punk screamer "Radio".^[39] Cohen and Buckley hoped to attract attention from the music industry with the demo tape.^[40]

Buckley flew back to New York early the following year to make his public singing debut at a tribute concert for his father called "Greetings from Tim Buckley".^[41] The event, produced by show business veteran Hal Willner, was held at St. Ann's Church in Brooklyn on April 26, 1991.^[41] Buckley rejected the idea of the concert as a springboard to his career, instead citing personal reasons regarding his decision to sing at the tribute.^[42] With accompaniment by experimental rock guitarist Gary Lucas, Buckley performed "I Never Asked To Be Your Mountain", a song Tim Buckley wrote about an infant Jeff Buckley and his mother.^[43] Buckley returned to the stage to play "Sefronia – The King's Chain", "Phantasmagoria in Two", and concluded the concert with "Once I Was" performed acoustically with an impromptu a cappella ending, due to a snapped guitar string.^[43] Willner, the show's organizer, later recalled that Buckley's set closer made a strong impression.^[44] Buckley's performance at the concert was counter-intuitive to his desire to distance himself musically from his father. Buckley later explained his reasoning to Rolling Stone: "It wasn't my work, it wasn't my life. But it bothered me that I hadn't been to his funeral, that I'd never been able to tell him anything. I used that show to pay my last respects."^[23] The concert proved to be his first step into the music industry that had eluded him for years.^[45]

On subsequent trips to New York in mid-1991, Buckley began co-writing with Gary Lucas resulting in the songs "Grace" and "Mojo Pin",^[46] and by late 1991 he began performing with Lucas' band Gods and Monsters around New York City.^[47] After being offered a development deal as a member of Gods and Monsters at Imago Records, Buckley moved back to New York to the Lower East Side at the end of 1991.^[48] The day after Gods and Monsters officially debuted in March 1992, Buckley decided to leave the band.^[49]

	Grace (Live) noicon from Live at Sin-é (Legacy Edition)
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Buckley began performing at several clubs and cafés around Lower Manhattan,^[50] but Sin-é in the East Village became his main venue.^[19] Buckley first appeared at the small Irish café in April 1992,^[51] and quickly earned a regular Monday night slot there.^[52] His repertoire consisted of a diverse range of folk, rock, R&B, blues and jazz cover songs, much of it music he had newly learned. During this period, he discovered singers such as Nina Simone, Billie Holiday, Van Morrison, and Judy Garland.^[53] Buckley performed an eclectic selection of covers from a range of artists from Led Zeppelin, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Bob Dylan, Édith Piaf, Elton John, The Smiths, Bad Brains, Leonard Cohen, Robert Johnson^[39][52][53] and Siouxsie Sioux.^[54][55] Original songs from the Babylon Dungeon Sessions, and the songs he'd written with Gary Lucas were also included in his set lists.^[53] He performed solo, accompanying himself on a borrowed Fender Telecaster.^[51] Buckley stated that he learned how to perform onstage from playing to small audiences.^[14]

Over the next few months, Buckley attracted admiring crowds and attention from record label executives.^[56] Industry maven Clive Davis even dropped by to see him.^[14] By the summer of 1992, limos from executives eager to sign the singer lined the street outside Sin-é.^[56] Buckley signed with Columbia Records, home of Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen,^[57] for a three-album, essentially million-dollar deal in October 1992.^[58] Recording dates were set for July and August 1993 for what would become Buckley's recording debut, an EP of four songs which included a cover of Van Morrison's "The Way Young Lovers Do".^[59] Live at Sin-é was released on November 23, 1993, documenting this period of Buckley's life.^[60]

[edit] Grace

In mid-1993, Buckley began working on his first album with record producer Andy Wallace, who had mixed Nirvana's multi-platinum album Nevermind. Buckley assembled a band, composed of bassist Mick Grondahl and drummer Matt Johnson, and spent several weeks rehearsing.^[61][62] In September, the trio headed to Bearsville Studios in Woodstock, New York to spend six weeks recording basic tracks for what would become Grace. Buckley invited ex-bandmate Lucas to play guitar on the songs "Grace" and "Mojo Pin", and Woodstock-based jazz musician Karl Berger wrote and conducted string arrangements with Buckley assisting at times.^[63] Buckley returned home for overdubbing at studios in Manhattan and New Jersey where he performed take after take to capture the perfect vocals and experimented with ideas for additional instruments, and added textures to the songs.^[64]

In January 1994, Buckley left to go on his first solo North American tour to support Live at Sin-é.^[64] It was followed by a 10-day European tour in March.^[65] Buckley played clubs and coffeehouses and made in-store appearances.^[64] After returning, Buckley invited guitarist Michael Tighe to join the band and a collaboration between the two resulted in "So Real", a song which was recorded as a late addition to the album.^[66][67] In June, Buckley began his first full band tour called the "Peyote Radio Theatre Tour" that lasted into August.^[68] Pretender Chrissie Hynde,^[69] Soundgarden's Chris Cornell, and The Edge from U2^[70] were among the attendees of these early shows.

	Hallelujah noicon from Grace
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Grace was released on August 23, 1994. In addition to seven original songs, the album included three covers: "Lilac Wine", based on the version by Nina Simone;^[53] "Corpus Christi Carol", from Benjamin Britten's A Boy Was Born, Op.3, a composition that Buckley was introduced to in high school, based on a 15th century hymn;^[71] and "Hallelujah"^[72] by Leonard Cohen, based on John Cale's recording from the Cohen tribute album, I'm Your Fan.^[53] Buckley's rendition of "Hallelujah" has been called "Buckley's best" and "one of the great songs"^[73] by Time, and is included on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".^[74]

Sales of Grace were slow and it garnered little radio airplay, despite critical acclaim.^[75] The Sydney Morning Herald proclaimed it "a romantic masterpiece" and a "pivotal, defining work".^[76] Despite slow initial sales the album went gold in France and Australia over the next two years,^[68] achieving gold status in the U.S. in 2002,^[77] and selling over six times platinum in Australia in 2006.^[78]

Grace won appreciation from a host of revered musicians and artists, including members of Buckley's biggest influence, Led Zeppelin.^[79] Jimmy Page considered Grace close to being his "favorite album of the decade".^[80] Robert Plant was also complimentary,^[81] as was Brad Pitt, saying of Buckley's work, "There's an undercurrent to his music, there's something you can't pinpoint. Like the best of films, or the best of art, there's something going on underneath, and there's a truth there. And I find his stuff absolutely haunting. It just... it's under my skin."^[82] Others who had influenced Buckley's music lauded him:^[83] Bob Dylan named Buckley "one of the great songwriters of this decade",^[81] and, in an interview with Village Voice, David Bowie named Grace as the one album he would take with him to a desert island.^[84] The album eventually went on to feature in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003, appearing at #303.^[85]

Concert tours[link]

Buckley spent much of the next year and a half touring internationally to promote Grace. From the album's release, he played in numerous countries, from Australia, to the UK (Glastonbury Festival and the 1995 Meltdown Festival — at which he sang Henry Purcell's 'Dido's Lament'^[86] — at the invitation of Elvis Costello).^[87] Following Buckley's Peyote Radio Theater tour, the band began a European tour on August 23, 1994, starting with performances in the UK and Ireland. The tour continued in Scandinavia and, throughout September, numerous concerts in Germany were played. The tour ended on September 22 with a concert in Paris. A gig on September 24 in New York dovetailed on to the end of the European tour and Buckley and band spent the next month relaxing and rehearsing.^[88]

A tour of Canada and the U.S. began on October 19, 1994 at CBGB's. The tour was far reaching with concerts held on both east and west coasts of the U.S., and a number of performances in central and southern states. The tour ended two months later on December 18 at Maxwell's in New Jersey.^[88] After another month of rest and rehearsal, the band commenced a second European tour, this time mainly for promotion purposes. The band began the tour in Dublin; Buckley has remained particularly popular in Ireland.^[89] The short tour largely consisted of promotional work in London and Paris.^[88]

In late January, the band did their first tour of Japan, playing concerts and appearing for promotion of the album and newly released Japanese single "Last Goodbye". The band returned to Europe on February 6 and toured various Western European countries before returning to the U.S. on March 6. Among the gigs performed during this period, Buckley and his band performed at a 19th century built French venue, the Bataclan, and material from the concert was recorded and later released in October of that year as a four track EP, Live from the Bataclan. Also, songs from a performance on February 25, at the venue Nighttown in Rotterdam, were subsequently released as a promotional-only CD, So Real.^[88]

	So Real (Live at Nighttown) noicon from The Grace EPs
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Touring recommenced in April with dates across the U.S. and Canada. During this period Buckley and the band notably played Metro in Chicago, which was recorded on video and later released as Live in Chicago on VHS and later on DVD. In addition, on June 4 they played at Sony Music Studios for the Sony Music radio hour. Following this was a month long European tour between June 20 and July 18 in which they played many summer music festivals. During the tour, Buckley played two concerts at the Paris Olympia, a venue made famous by the French vocalist Édith Piaf. Although he had failed to fill out smaller American venues at that point of his career, both nights at the large Paris Olympia venue were sold out.^[90] Shortly after this Buckley attended the Festival de la Musique Sacrée (Festival of Sacred Music), also held in France, and performed "What Will You Say" as a duet with Alim Qasimov, an Azerbaijani mugham singer. Sony BMG has since released a live album, 2001's Live à L'Olympia, which has a selection of songs from both Olympia performances and the collaboration with Qasimov.^[91]

Buckley's Mystery White Boy tour, playing concerts in both Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, lasted between August 28 and September 6 and recordings of these performances were compiled and released on the live album Mystery White Boy. Buckley was so well received during these concerts that his album Grace went gold in Australia, selling over 35,000 copies, and taking this into account he decided a longer tour was needed and returned for a tour of New Zealand and Australia in February the following year.^[68]

Between the two Oceanian tours Buckley and the band took a break from touring. Buckley played solo in the meantime with concerts at Sin-é and a New Year's Eve concert at Mercury Lounge in New York.^[88] After the break, the band spent the majority of February on the Hard Luck Tour in Australia and New Zealand, but tensions had risen between the group and drummer Matt Johnson. The concert on March 1, 1996 was the last gig he played with Buckley and his band.^[68]

Much of the material from the tours of 1995 and 1996 was recorded and released on either promotional EPs, such as the Grace EP, or posthumously on albums, such as Mystery White Boy (a reference to Buckley not using his real name) and Live a L'Olympia. Many of the other concerts Buckley played during this period have surfaced on bootleg recordings.^[92]

Following Johnson's departure, the band, now without a drummer, was put on hold and did not perform live again until February 12, 1997.^[93] Due to the pressure from extensive touring, Buckley spent the majority of the year away from the stage. However, from May 2 to May 5 he played a short stint as bass guitarist with Mind Science of the Mind, with friend Nathan Larson, then guitarist of Shudder to Think.^[68] Buckley returned to playing live concerts when he went on his "phantom solo tour" of cafés in the Northeast in December 1996, appearing under a series of aliases: The Crackrobats, Possessed by Elves, Father Demo, Smackrobiotic, The Halfspeeds, Crit-Club, Topless America, Martha & the Nicotines, and A Puppet Show Named Julio.^[88] By way of justification, Buckley posted a note on his Internet site stating that he missed the anonymity of playing in cafes and local bars:

There was a time in my life not too long ago when I could show up in a cafe and simply do what I do, make music, learn from performing my music, explore what it means to me, i.e., have fun while I irritate and/or entertain an audience who don't know me or what I am about. In this situation I have that precious and irreplaceable luxury of failure, of risk, of surrender. I worked very hard to get this kind of thing together, this work forum. I loved it and then I missed it when it disappeared. All I am doing is reclaiming it.^[94]

[edit] Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk

After completing touring in 1996, Buckley started to write for a new album to be called My Sweetheart the Drunk. Buckley worked with Patti Smith on her 1996 album Gone Again and met fellow collaborater Tom Verlaine, an ex-Television member. Buckley asked Verlaine to be producer on the new album and he agreed.^[95] In the middle of 1996, Buckley and his band began recording sessions in Manhattan with Verlaine. Eric Eidel played the drums through these sessions as a stop-gap between the dates drummer Matt Johnson left and before Parker Kindred joined as full-time drummer.^[96] Around this time Buckley met Inger Lorre of The Nymphs in an East Village bar,^[97] and struck up a fast and close friendship. Together, they contributed a track to Kerouac: Kicks Joy Darkness, a Jack Kerouac tribute album.^[95] After Lorre's backup guitarist for an upcoming album quit the project, Buckley offered to fill in.^[98] He became very attached to one of the songs from the album, "Yard of Blonde Girls", and covered it on Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk.^[99] Another recording session in Manhattan followed in early 1997, but Buckley and the band were unsatisfied and the album was not considered finished.

On February 4, 1997, Buckley played a short set at The Knitting Factory's tenth anniversary concert featuring a selection of his new songs: "Jewel Box", "Morning Theft", "Everybody Here Wants You", "The Sky is a Landfill" and "Yard of Blonde Girls".^[100] Lou Reed was there to watch^[100] and expressed an interest in working with Buckley.^[84] The band played their first gig with Parker Kindred, their new drummer, at Arlene's Grocery in New York on February 9. This set featured much of Buckley's new material that would appear on Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk and a recording has become one of Buckley's most widely distributed bootlegs.^[101] Later that month, Buckley recorded a spoken word reading of the Edgar Allan Poe poem, "Ulalume", for the album Closed on Account of Rabies.^[102] This would be his last recording in New York; shortly after, he moved to Memphis, Tennessee.

Buckley became interested in recording at Easley McCain Recording in Memphis, at the suggestion of friend Dave Shouse from the Grifters.^[103] He rented a shotgun house there, of which he was so fond he contacted the owner about the possibility of buying it.^[104] Throughout this period, February 12 to May 26, 1997, Buckley played at Barristers', a bar located in downtown Memphis underneath a parking garage in an alley off of Jefferson Avenue. He played numerous times in order to work through the new material in a live atmosphere, at first with the band then solo as part of a Monday night residency.^[105] In early February, Buckley and the band did a third recording session with Verlaine, in Memphis, but Buckley expressed his dissatisfaction with the sessions and later called Grace producer, Andy Wallace, to step in as Verlaine's replacement.^[95] Buckley started recording demos on his own 4-track recorder in preparation for a forthcoming session with Wallace.^[95] Some of these demos were sent to his band in New York, who listened to them enthusiastically, and were excited to resume working on the album. These recordings would go on to compose the first disc of Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk. However Buckley was not entirely happy with the results and he sent his band back to New York while he stayed behind to work on the songs. The band was scheduled to return to Memphis for rehearsals and recording sessions on May 29.

Death[link]

Wolf River Harbor, with Memphis, Tennessee in background.

On the evening of May 29, 1997, Buckley's band flew to Memphis intending to join him in his studio there to work on the newly written material. That same evening, Buckley went swimming in Wolf River Harbor,^[106] a slackwater channel of the Mississippi River, while wearing boots, all of his clothing, and singing the chorus of the song "Whole Lotta Love" by Led Zeppelin.^[107] Buckley had gone swimming there several times before.^[108] A roadie in Buckley's band, Keith Foti, remained on shore. After moving a radio and guitar out of reach of the wake from a passing tugboat, Foti looked up to see that Buckley had vanished. Despite a determined rescue effort that night, Buckley remained missing. On June 4, two locals spotted his body in the Mississippi River near a riverboat, and it was brought to land.

Buckley's autopsy showed no signs of drugs or alcohol in his system and the death was ruled as an accidental drowning.^[109] The following statement was released from the Buckley estate:

Jeff Buckley's death was not "mysterious", related to drugs, alcohol, or suicide. We have a police report, a medical examiner's report, and an eye witness to prove that it was an accidental drowning, and that Mr. Buckley was in a good frame of mind prior to the accident.^[110]

Musical style[link]

Buckley's voice was a particularly distinguished aspect of his music. He possessed a tenor vocal range,^[111] he had a vocal range of between three and a half to four octaves. Buckley made full use of this range in his performance, particularly in the songs from Grace, and reached peaks of high E in the tenor range at the culmination of "Grace" and "So Real". These high notes were unusual for a rock musician in that he sung them with his head voice, rather than in a falsetto, and that he sung them for sustained periods. "Corpus Christi Carol" was sung entirely in a high falsetto. The pitch and volume of his singing was also highly variable, as songs such as "Mojo Pin" and "Dream Brother" began with mid-range quieter vocals before reaching louder, higher peaks near the ending of the songs.^[112][113]

Buckley played guitar in a variety of styles ranging from the distorted rock of "Sky is a Landfill", to the jazz of "Strange Fruit", the country styling of "Lost Highway", and the guitar picking style in "Hallelujah". He occasionally used slide guitar in live performances as a solo act and used a slide for the introduction of "Last Goodbye" when playing with a full band. His songs were written in various guitar tunings which, apart from the EADGBE standard tuning, included Drop D tuning and an Open G tuning. His guitar playing style varied from highly melodic songs, such as "Twelfth of Never", to more percussive ones, such as "New Year's Prayer".^[114][115]

Equipment[link]

Buckley used several guitars, but mainly played a 1983 Fender Telecaster and a Rickenbacker 360/12. When touring with his band he used Mesa Boogie amplifiers and various brands of effects pedals. He was primarily a singer and guitarist; however, he also played other instruments on various studio recordings and sessions, including bass, dobro, mandolin, harmonium (intro to Lover, You Should've Come Over), organ, dulcimer (Dream Brother intro), tabla, esraj, harmonica.^[116]

Legacy[link]

After Buckley's death, a collection of demo recordings and a full-length album he had been reworking for his second album were released as Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk — the compilation being overseen by his mother, Mary Guibert, band members and old friend Michael J. Clouse, as well as Chris Cornell. The album achieved gold sales in Australia in 1998.^[117] Three other albums composed of live recordings have also been released, along with a live DVD of a performance in Chicago. A previously unreleased 1992 recording of "I Shall Be Released", sung by Buckley over the phone on live radio, was released on the album For New Orleans.

Since his death, Buckley has been the subject of numerous documentaries: Fall in Light, a 1999 production for French TV, Goodbye and Hello, a program about Buckley and his father produced for Netherlands TV in 2000 and Everybody Here Wants You, a documentary made in 2002 by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). An hour long documentary about Buckley called Amazing Grace: Jeff Buckley has been shown at various film festivals to critical acclaim.^[118] The film was released worldwide in 2009 by Sony BMG Legacy as part of the Grace Around The World Deluxe Edition.^[119][120] In the spring of 2009 it was revealed that Ryan Jaffe, best known for scripting the movie The Rocker, had replaced Brian Jun as screenwriter for the upcoming film Mystery White Boy.^[121] Orion Williams is also set to co-produce the film with Michelle Sy.^[122] A separate project involving the book Dream Brother was allegedly cancelled.^[123]

Buckley's premature death inspired many artists he knew or influenced to write songs in tribute to the late singer. PJ Harvey knew him personally and in the song "Memphis" she takes lines from a song on his unfinished album, "Morning Theft", and in her own words reflects on Buckley's death: "In Memphis...die suddenly, at a wonderful age, we're ready to go".^[124] Rufus Wainwright, whose fledgling career had barely started when he met Buckley, wrote "Memphis Skyline" in tribute to him, singing "then came hallelujah sounding like Ophelia, for me in my room living, turn back and you will stay, under the Memphis Skyline".^[125] Duncan Sheik's "A Body Goes Down", from his 1998 album Humming, was a response to Buckley's death.^[126] Steve Adey wrote a song tribute entitled "Mississippi" on his 2006 album All Things Real. The song contains the lyrics "Until the morning thief steals the humming of the Lord", a reference to Buckley's song "Morning Theft".^[127]

In May and June 2007, Buckley's life and music were celebrated globally with tributes in Australia,^[128] Canada, England, France, Iceland, Israel, Ireland,^[129] Macedonia, Portugal and the U.S.^{[130][131][132]} Many of Buckley's family members attended the various tribute concerts across the globe, some of which they helped organize. There are three annual Jeff Buckley tribute events: the Chicago-based Uncommon Ground, featuring a three day concert schedule, An Evening With Jeff Buckley, an annual New York City tribute, and the Australia-based Fall In Light.^[133] The latter event is run by the Fall In Light Foundation, which in addition to the concerts, runs a "Guitars for Schools" program.^[134] The name of the foundation is taken from the lyrics of Buckley's "New Year's Prayer".

Resurgence[link]

On March 7, 2008, Buckley’s version of the Leonard Cohen song, “Hallelujah”, went to No. 1 on the iTunes chart, selling 178,000 downloads for the week, after being performed by Jason Castro on the seventh season of the television series American Idol.^[135] The song debuted at #1 that week on Billboard's Hot Digital Songs chart, giving Buckley his first #1 on any Billboard chart.

In a similar vein, the 2008 UK X Factor winner, Alexandra Burke, released a cover of "Hallelujah" with the intent to top the UK Singles Chart as the Christmas number one single. Buckley fans countered this, launching a campaign with the aim of propelling Buckley's version to the number one spot. The campaign picked up support through social networking websites and it soon spread to the mainstream media.^[136] Buckley's version of the song entered the UK charts at #49 on November 30 and by December 21 it had reached #2; in spite of the fact that it had not been released in a physical format.^[137][138]

Discography[link]

• Grace (1994)
• Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk (1998)

Awards and nominations[link]

• The Académie Charles Cros awarded Buckley the "Grand Prix International Du Disque" on April 13, 1995 in honor of his debut album Grace.^[68]
• MTV Video Music Award nomination for Best New Artist in a Video for "Last Goodbye", 1995.^[139]
• Rolling Stone magazine nomination for Best New Artist, 1995.^[5]
• Triple J Hottest 100 awarded #14 best song for that year in the world's largest voting competition for "Last Goodbye", 1995.^[140]
• In 2006, Mojo named Grace the #1 Modern Rock Classic of all Time. It was also rated as Australia's second favorite album on My Favourite Album, a television special aired by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation on December 3, 2006.^[141]
• Grammy Award nomination for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Everybody Here Wants You", 1998.^[139]
• Grace was ranked #303 of the 500 Greatest Albums by Rolling Stone in 2003.^[85]
• Buckley's cover of "Hallelujah" was ranked #259 of the 500 Greatest Songs by Rolling Stone in 2004.^[74]
• Rolling Stone ranked Buckley #39 in its 2008 list: The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.^[142]
• On the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time, 2009,^[143] Buckley's version of "Hallelujah" was voted in 3rd place, Last Goodbye was 7th, Lover, You Should've Come Over was 56th and Grace came in 69th.

Notes[link]