- published: 19 Mar 2008
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- Aggradation
- Ait
- Alluvial river
- Amplitude
- Anabranch
- Angular momentum
- Antidune
- Arc (geometry)
- Argentina
- Avulsion (river)
- Baer's law
- Base level
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- Büyük Menderes River
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- Cauto River
- Channel pattern
- Channel types
- Classical Greece
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- Crevasse splay
- Cuba
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- Dune
- England
- Entrenched river
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- Exner equation
- Flood plain
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- Geometry
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- Glen Canyon
- Graben
- Grade (slope)
- Gradient
- Hack's law
- Helical flow
- Helicoidal flow
- ISS
- Jet stream
- Knickpoint
- Lake Powell
- Length
- Meander
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- Serbia
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Cauto River
The Cauto River or Río Cauto, located in southeast Cuba, is the longest river of Cuba.
It flows on a total length of 230 miles (370 km) from the Sierra Maestra to the west and north-west, and enters the Caribbean Sea north of Manzanillo. However, it provides only 70 miles (110 km) of transport waterway. Water is not drinkable.
It flows through the provinces of Santiago de Cuba and Granma, and the communities of Palma Soriano, Cauto Cristo and Rio Cauto are located along the river. It is one of the two navigable rivers in Cuba. The other one is called Sagua la Grande.
Coordinates: 20°32′57″N 77°14′30″W / 20.54917°N 77.24167°W / 20.54917; -77.24167
wn.com/Cauto_River -
Colorado Plateau
The Colorado Plateau, also called the Colorado Plateau Province, is a physiographic region of the Intermontane Plateaus, roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States. The province covers an area of 337,000 km2 (130,000 mi2) within western Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, southern and eastern Utah, and northern Arizona. About 90% of the area is drained by the Colorado River and its main tributaries: the Green, San Juan, and Little Colorado.
The Colorado Plateau is largely made up of deserts, with scattered areas of forests. In the southwest corner of the Colorado Plateau lies the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. Much of the Plateau's landscape is related, in both appearance and geologic history, to the Grand Canyon. The nickname "Red Rock Country" suggests the brightly colored rock left bare to the view by dryness and erosion. Domes, hoodoos, fins, reefs, goblins, river narrows, natural bridges, and slot canyons are only some of the additional features typical of the Plateau.
wn.com/Colorado_Plateau -
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] (
listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
wn.com/Cuba -
England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
wn.com/England -
Glen Canyon
Glen Canyon is a canyon that is located in southeastern and south central Utah and northwestern Arizona within the Vermilion Cliffs area. It was carved by the Colorado River.
A reservoir, Lake Powell, was created by the Glen Canyon Dam. Lake Powell emerged from a struggle over damming Dinosaur National Monument. The Sierra Club and its leader, David Brower, were instrumental in blocking the dam in Dinosaur, ignoring Glen Canyon in the process. Before Glen Canyon was flooded, but after the struggle in Congress, Brower floated the canyon and realized what a tremendous resource it was. This experience transformed Brower's attitude towards environmental preservation, making him more radical and less likely to compromise. It was very similar to the experience of John Muir with the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. For Brower, it steeled him for the battle over a dam in the Grand Canyon. Beginning in the late 1990s, the Sierra Club and other organizations renewed the call to drain Lake Powell in Lower Glen Canyon.
wn.com/Glen_Canyon -
Miletus
Miletus (mī lē' təs) (Ancient Greek: Μίλητος, Milētos; Latin: Miletus) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia (in what is now Aydin Province, Turkey), near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Caria. Before the Persian invasion in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest of Greek cities.
Evidence of first settlement at the site has been made inaccessible by the rise of sea level and deposition of sediments from the Maeander. The first available evidence is of the Neolithic. In the early and middle Bronze age the settlement came under Minoan influence. Legend has it that an influx of Cretans occurred displacing the indigenous Leleges. The site was renamed Miletus after a place in Crete.
The Late Bronze Age, 13th century BCE, saw the arrival of Luwian language speakers from south central Anatolia calling themselves the Carians. Later in that century the first Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against the Hittite Empire. After the fall of that empire the city was destroyed in the 12th century BCE and starting about 1000 BCE was resettled extensively by the Ionian Greeks. Legend offers an Ionian foundation event sponsored by a founder named Neleus from the Peloponnesus.
wn.com/Miletus -
River Ashes Hollow
Coordinates: 52°32′N 2°50′W / 52.53°N 2.83°W / 52.53; -2.83
Ashes Hollow is a small river running through Little Stretton, Shropshire in the heart of the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England.
It runs off the plateau of the Long Mynd and is one of the many tributaries of the River Severn. Its source is called Boiling Well and is at 475m above sea level.
Ashes Hollow is within a V-shaped valley, and has several tributaries. Due to scree slopes next to the river some of the rocks in the lower course are more angular.
After passing through Little Stretton, the watercourse heads south towards Marshbrook.
wn.com/River_Ashes_Hollow -
Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
wn.com/Serbia -
Songhua River
The Songhua River (Chinese: 松花江; pinyin: Sōnghuā Jiāng) or Sunggari River (Manchu: 35px, Sunggari Ula) is a river in Northeast China, and is the largest tributary of the Heilong River (Amur), flowing about 1,434 kilometres (891 mi) from Changbai Mountains through Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. The river drains 557,180 square miles (1,443,100 km2) of land, and has an annual discharge of 2,463 cubic metres per second (87,000 cu ft/s).
As the Second Songhua River, it joins the Amur at the town of Dongjiang. It is then interrupted by the Baishan, Hongshi and Fengman Dams, which are used for hydroelectricity production. Fengman Dam forms a lake that stretches 62 km upstream. Below the dam, the Second Songhua flows northwest until its largest tributary, the Nen River, joins it near Da'an and creates the Songhua. The Nen River drains the northern Manchurian Plain. The river travels east until it joins the Hulan River near Harbin. Then it passes between the northern end of the eastern Manchurian mountain system and the Lesser Khingan Range. The river then flows into the Amur River valley. The river freezes from late November until March. It has its highest flows when the mountain snow melts during the spring thaw. The river is navigable up to Harbin by medium-sized ships. Smaller craft can navigate the Songhua up to Jilin and the Nen River up to Qiqihar.
wn.com/Songhua_River -
Utah
Utah (/ˈjuːtɔː/ ori/ˈjuːtɑː/) (Arapaho: Wo'tééneihí' ) is a state in the Western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-most extensive, the 34th-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,817,222 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
Utah is the most religiously homogeneous state in the Union. It is home to the Salt Lake Temple, and approximately 60% of Utahns are reported to be members of LDS Church which greatly influences Utah culture and daily life.
wn.com/Utah -
Uvac
The Uvac (Serbian Cyrillic: Увац, pronounced [ǔːʋats])(Bosnian: Uvac) is the international transboundary river, rising under Golija mountain and Pešter plateau, then flowing through southwestern Serbia and cross into eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina where, after 119 km, finally meets the Lim river from the right, however, before it empties into the Lim, for a 10 kilometers Uvac forms the border between two countries. Also, while meandering through Serbia, Uvac loosely makes the northern border of the Sandžak/Raška region too.
The Uvac originates in the Pešter plateau from the Ninaja mountain, as Rasanska reka (Cyrillic: Расанска река). The stream curves around the Ninaja and Pometenik mountains, next to the villages of Tuzinje, Rasno, Dragojloviće and Gradac, where it meets Brnjička reka (Cyrillic: Брњичка река), enters the Sjenica depression and continues on depression eastern border as the Vapa (Cyrillic: Вапа), which is 25 kilometers long and drains an area of 496 km².
The river passes next to the villages of Gornja Vapa, Donja Vapa, Čedovo and Krstac, where the Vapa receives from the left the short river Uvac, which originates on the Ozren mountain, and gives name to the downstream course of the river.
wn.com/Uvac
-
Strabo
Strabo,,[pronunciation?], also written Strabon (Greek: Στράβων; 64/63 BC – ca. AD 24), was a Greek geographer, philosopher and historian.
Strabo was born to an affluent family from Amaseia in Pontus (modern Amasya, Turkey), a city that he said was situated the approximate equivalent of 75 km from the Black Sea. His mother was Georgian. Pontus had recently fallen to the Roman Republic, and although politically he was a proponent of Roman imperialism, Strabo belonged on his mother's side to a prominent family whose members had held important positions under the resisting regime of King Mithridates VI of Pontus.
Strabo's life was characterized by extensive travels. He journeyed to Egypt and Kush, as far west as coastal Tuscany and as far south as Ethiopia in addition to his travels in Asia Minor and time spent in Rome. Travel throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, especially for scholarly purposes, was popular during this era and was facilitated by the relative peace enjoyed throughout the reign of Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). He moved to Rome in 44 BC, and stayed there, studying and writing, until at least 31 BC. In 29 BC, on his way to Corinth (where Augustus was at the time), he visited the island of Gyaros in the Aegean Sea. Around 25 BC, he sailed up the Nile until reaching Philae, after which point there is little record of his proceedings until 17 AD.
wn.com/Strabo
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Sticky - One Minute on Meanders
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
A minute to teach you about meanders
http://wn.com/Sticky_One_Minute_on_Meanders
Meander - The I We And It
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Label: Plusquam Records Artist: Meander Releasename: The I We And It Web: www.plusquam-records.net Beatport www.beatport.com www.beatport.com www.beatport.com Facebook: www.facebook.com www.facebook.com Soundcloud: soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/Meander_The_I_We_And_It
Label: Plusquam Records Artist: Meander Releasename: The I We And It Web: www.plusquam-records.net Beatport www.beatport.com www.beatport.com www.beatport.com Facebook: www.facebook.com www.facebook.com Soundcloud: soundcloud.com
- published: 18 Mar 2012
- views: 1998
- author: PlusquamRecords
Meandering Rivers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
Meandering rivers have distinctive migration patterns and deposit distinctive sediments, which I describe here. You can also see my lecture notes on rivers at dawnssedstrat.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Meandering_Rivers
Meandering rivers have distinctive migration patterns and deposit distinctive sediments, which I describe here. You can also see my lecture notes on rivers at dawnssedstrat.blogspot.com
- published: 24 Feb 2007
- views: 23355
- author: sumnerd
Meander - 2012 (Musica Humana Vol 1) [& Infinity].wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:26
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
www.meanderproject.com www.facebook.com/pages/Meander/261774709494 www.soundcloud.com/meanderproject www.myspace.com/meanderproject www.meanderproject.bandcamp.com
http://wn.com/Meander_2012_Musica_Humana_Vol_1_Infinity_wmv
www.meanderproject.com www.facebook.com/pages/Meander/261774709494 www.soundcloud.com/meanderproject www.myspace.com/meanderproject www.meanderproject.bandcamp.com
- published: 30 May 2010
- views: 4679
- author: TheLoopaLoopaTeam
Meander Book
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
The meander (or maze) book gets its name from the way the paper is cut and folded to make the pages. This size book is great for scrapbooking a single event! For step by step still pictures and more tutorials, visit our resources page and tutorial at www.splitcoaststampers.com
http://wn.com/Meander_Book
The meander (or maze) book gets its name from the way the paper is cut and folded to make the pages. This size book is great for scrapbooking a single event! For step by step still pictures and more tutorials, visit our resources page and tutorial at www.splitcoaststampers.com
- published: 06 Nov 2009
- views: 153010
- author: Splitcoaststampers
Ozric Tentacles - Meander
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Ozric Tentacles - Meander from the album "Curious Corn" (1997) - Ed Wynne / guitars, synths, mists - Seaweed [Christoper Lenox-Smith] / synths, strands - John Egan / flutes - Rad / drums - Zia Geelani / bass, spongebag
http://wn.com/Ozric_Tentacles_Meander
Ozric Tentacles - Meander from the album "Curious Corn" (1997) - Ed Wynne / guitars, synths, mists - Seaweed [Christoper Lenox-Smith] / synths, strands - John Egan / flutes - Rad / drums - Zia Geelani / bass, spongebag
- published: 23 May 2009
- views: 7226
- author: ILoveAnnieHaslam
Havasi Balázs - Meander
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Havasi_Balázs_Meander
Meander initiation and braiding in a small river model
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:44
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
A 35 minute run in an Emriver Em2 model, beginning with a straight channel. We shot the first few minutes of this simply to capture meander initiation, and then just fooled around with discharge and dye injections to get interesting patterns. We used very high discharges and rapid changes in flow--this is in no way an attempt to model real river behavior. Video has no sound.
http://wn.com/Meander_initiation_and_braiding_in_a_small_river_model
A 35 minute run in an Emriver Em2 model, beginning with a straight channel. We shot the first few minutes of this simply to capture meander initiation, and then just fooled around with discharge and dye injections to get interesting patterns. We used very high discharges and rapid changes in flow--this is in no way an attempt to model real river behavior. Video has no sound.
- published: 06 Oct 2009
- views: 11682
- author: Steve Gough
Vibrasphere feat. Irina Mikhailova - Meander (Original)(HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:07
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Awesome relaxing chill music. Its Beautiful Voices 037 Btw. mdbmixes.com From the Beautiful voices 037 Album. (06) [Vibrasphere feat. Irina Mikhailova] Meander (Original Version)
http://wn.com/Vibrasphere_feat_Irina_Mikhailova_Meander_OriginalHD
Awesome relaxing chill music. Its Beautiful Voices 037 Btw. mdbmixes.com From the Beautiful voices 037 Album. (06) [Vibrasphere feat. Irina Mikhailova] Meander (Original Version)
- published: 15 Nov 2008
- views: 59823
- author: rydoskek
Meandering Stream Table
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Time Lapse of Stream Table exhibit in the Mississippi River Gallery. The material used in this version was polycarbonate blasting media, kaolin clay. The table is 7 feet long and 30" wide, minimal slope. 12 gallons per hour flow. Over 100 iterations of material testing went into making this video.
http://wn.com/Meandering_Stream_Table
Time Lapse of Stream Table exhibit in the Mississippi River Gallery. The material used in this version was polycarbonate blasting media, kaolin clay. The table is 7 feet long and 30" wide, minimal slope. 12 gallons per hour flow. Over 100 iterations of material testing went into making this video.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 5487
- author: SMMexhibits
UC Berkeley Researchers create Meandering River in Lab
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Graduate student Christian Braudrick and Professor William Dietrich display the meandering stream they created in a lab, and how their study will be applied to environmental restoration projects on earth, as well as studies of the geography of Mars. 2:48 min. video produced by Roxanne Makasdjian, UC Berkeley Media Relations Full press release at: www.berkeley.edu
http://wn.com/UC_Berkeley_Researchers_create_Meandering_River_in_Lab
Graduate student Christian Braudrick and Professor William Dietrich display the meandering stream they created in a lab, and how their study will be applied to environmental restoration projects on earth, as well as studies of the geography of Mars. 2:48 min. video produced by Roxanne Makasdjian, UC Berkeley Media Relations Full press release at: www.berkeley.edu
- published: 13 Oct 2009
- views: 5465
- author: ucberkeleycampuslife
Meander Book How To Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:06
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
HI! Join me on my new project, the Meander book. Its a book full of pages and pockets, all made from 1 paper and 3 cuts! Please excuse the chipped nails. I'm a very hard working Hair Artist, therefore, nail colors DO NOT last long on me. I'm doing these videos as soon as I get home from a very long day so my nails at the end of the day is what you get. Thanks for watching, any questions please ask.
http://wn.com/Meander_Book_How_To_Part_1
HI! Join me on my new project, the Meander book. Its a book full of pages and pockets, all made from 1 paper and 3 cuts! Please excuse the chipped nails. I'm a very hard working Hair Artist, therefore, nail colors DO NOT last long on me. I'm doing these videos as soon as I get home from a very long day so my nails at the end of the day is what you get. Thanks for watching, any questions please ask.
- published: 26 Sep 2011
- views: 64562
- author: ScrappingBeauty
Vermont River Meanders and Floodplains, River Restoration, part 3 of a Vermont Rivers Program Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 19 Mar 2012
James Valastro, Director/Producer/Editor River Meanders and Floodplains is part 3 of a 5 part series on the science of rivers. This section covers how floodplains and meanders have been altered by humans and how these alterations have effected channel equilibrium. Cross section anamation and video footage help explain how rivers function in times of high water events. This video illustrates how rivers adjust to restore and preserve channel equilibrium over time. This is presented by Shayne Jaquith, Vermont Rivers Management Program, River Restoration Scientist. James Valastro Productions has over 100 hours of video footage of river science and river processes. James Valastro, Director/Producer/Editor Burlington Vermont 802-863-9601
http://wn.com/Vermont_River_Meanders_and_Floodplains,_River_Restoration,_part_3_of_a_Vermont_Rivers_Program_Video
James Valastro, Director/Producer/Editor River Meanders and Floodplains is part 3 of a 5 part series on the science of rivers. This section covers how floodplains and meanders have been altered by humans and how these alterations have effected channel equilibrium. Cross section anamation and video footage help explain how rivers function in times of high water events. This video illustrates how rivers adjust to restore and preserve channel equilibrium over time. This is presented by Shayne Jaquith, Vermont Rivers Management Program, River Restoration Scientist. James Valastro Productions has over 100 hours of video footage of river science and river processes. James Valastro, Director/Producer/Editor Burlington Vermont 802-863-9601
- published: 17 Nov 2010
- views: 1883
- author: james valastro
Meandering River - dyed red - Emriver Em2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Not much here but a meandering river trying to find the fastest way to the bottom. It was mostly just a test to see how the new dye looked on the camera. It looks more organge here than it really is. I played around with rip-rapping the far side at the end.
http://wn.com/Meandering_River_dyed_red_Emriver_Em2
Not much here but a meandering river trying to find the fastest way to the bottom. It was mostly just a test to see how the new dye looked on the camera. It looks more organge here than it really is. I played around with rip-rapping the far side at the end.
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 3612
- author: DavidsonGeology
Meander/Maze Book
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:32
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Sara from www.cardmakingparadise.com shows you how quick and easy you can make a mini book from just one sheet of paper! Visit www.cardmakingparadise.com for lots of lovely quotes to put in your book, and for lots of crafty fun! :)
http://wn.com/Meander_Maze_Book
Sara from www.cardmakingparadise.com shows you how quick and easy you can make a mini book from just one sheet of paper! Visit www.cardmakingparadise.com for lots of lovely quotes to put in your book, and for lots of crafty fun! :)
- published: 01 Sep 2011
- views: 23201
- author: Sara Sandberg
Wolfert Brederode Quartet - Meander
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
'Meander' is composed by Wolfert Brederode and performed in Bimhuis Amsterdam for Vrije Geluiden. Wolfert Brederode - piano, Claudio Puntin - clarinet, Mats Eilertsen - double bass, Samuel Rohrer - drums
http://wn.com/Wolfert_Brederode_Quartet_Meander
'Meander' is composed by Wolfert Brederode and performed in Bimhuis Amsterdam for Vrije Geluiden. Wolfert Brederode - piano, Claudio Puntin - clarinet, Mats Eilertsen - double bass, Samuel Rohrer - drums
- published: 21 Mar 2011
- views: 10664
- author: Vrijegeluiden
Giant Meander - Maze Minialbum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 06 Jul 2012
You all know the little meander -maze booklets, made from one sheet of scrapbook paper? Well here I made a giant one Scrapbooking Mini Album
http://wn.com/Giant_Meander_Maze_Minialbum
You all know the little meander -maze booklets, made from one sheet of scrapbook paper? Well here I made a giant one Scrapbooking Mini Album
- published: 23 Jun 2011
- views: 644
- author: Scrapia27
Stream Table Meander Bend Run - Emriver Em2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
First run with a tripod for improved viewing. Started with a straight channel although the high initial discharge needed for recharging groundwater created its own channel. The video was about 20 minutes long and is sped up by 10x. Song is String Cheese Incident - Take Five
http://wn.com/Stream_Table_Meander_Bend_Run_Emriver_Em2
First run with a tripod for improved viewing. Started with a straight channel although the high initial discharge needed for recharging groundwater created its own channel. The video was about 20 minutes long and is sped up by 10x. Song is String Cheese Incident - Take Five
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 5312
- author: DavidsonGeology
Vibrasphere feat Irina Mikhailova - Meander
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
- The Vibrasphere project - this is very beautiful music of vibrasphere : Meander. i hope you will enjoy listening to it. rate comment and subscribe for more. cheers ^^ WHAT IS THE VIBRASPHERE PROJECT ? This project is made with the help of another channel named Theskyscatcher, the purpose of it is to make the entire discography of the group Vibrasphere in order to give them a tribute. we already made 14 videos on the following titles -The big sleep -Ensueno -San pedro first edit -33000 feets over -All green season -Northern sunset -Meander -Yaku -Thermal twist -Mountain lake -Decade -Ice flow -Buenos aires -Spring flood there is a lot more to do and we are only 2 making the videos, we need your help! if you want to join us on the project, send us a message. Serenity spirit for eternity... Ereyi'aa awan'aha. the music is not owned by me, the right goes to the respective owner, no copyright infrigment was attempted.
http://wn.com/Vibrasphere_feat_Irina_Mikhailova_Meander
- The Vibrasphere project - this is very beautiful music of vibrasphere : Meander. i hope you will enjoy listening to it. rate comment and subscribe for more. cheers ^^ WHAT IS THE VIBRASPHERE PROJECT ? This project is made with the help of another channel named Theskyscatcher, the purpose of it is to make the entire discography of the group Vibrasphere in order to give them a tribute. we already made 14 videos on the following titles -The big sleep -Ensueno -San pedro first edit -33000 feets over -All green season -Northern sunset -Meander -Yaku -Thermal twist -Mountain lake -Decade -Ice flow -Buenos aires -Spring flood there is a lot more to do and we are only 2 making the videos, we need your help! if you want to join us on the project, send us a message. Serenity spirit for eternity... Ereyi'aa awan'aha. the music is not owned by me, the right goes to the respective owner, no copyright infrigment was attempted.
- published: 16 Jul 2011
- views: 9366
- author: brumeargentee
Couture Catastrophes : Misshapen Meander
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
Couture Catastrophes ....and how to avoid them With a tailored washing cycle for woollen garments LG's 6 Motion washing machines help keep your finest clothing looking its best. Find out more www.lg.com
http://wn.com/Couture_Catastrophes_Misshapen_Meander
Couture Catastrophes ....and how to avoid them With a tailored washing cycle for woollen garments LG's 6 Motion washing machines help keep your finest clothing looking its best. Find out more www.lg.com
- published: 12 Sep 2012
- views: 19388
- author: LGBlogUK
Quilting Quilts - Meander Quilting Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
How to machine quilt quilts with meander quilting video
http://wn.com/Quilting_Quilts_Meander_Quilting_Video
How to machine quilt quilts with meander quilting video
- published: 16 Jan 2011
- views: 27980
- author: Rose Smith
Meander Valerie Tessa earned AA diploma@NIMROD 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:18
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
Meander Valerie Tessa (Win'Weim Nani's Foreign Affair x Meander All the Best) earend AA diploma @Nimrod 2009. She's the first weimaranerbitch in 36 years of this prestigeus, invitation only, once in a lifetime only per dog, test to pass. And teh 2nd weimaraner ever in this 36 yrs of existance
http://wn.com/Meander_Valerie_Tessa_earned_AA_diploma@NIMROD_2009
Meander Valerie Tessa (Win'Weim Nani's Foreign Affair x Meander All the Best) earend AA diploma @Nimrod 2009. She's the first weimaranerbitch in 36 years of this prestigeus, invitation only, once in a lifetime only per dog, test to pass. And teh 2nd weimaraner ever in this 36 yrs of existance
- published: 09 Nov 2009
- views: 2021
- author: Meanderweimaraners
photo: Creative Commons / Axou
24 Dec 2012
Steve Jobs was controversial in life, and now his high-tech mega-yacht is associated with a controversy long after his death. The former Apple CEO's ship was impounded in Amsterdam in the middle of a financial battle over a disputed bill. Phillippe Starck, a French product designer and architect, has alleged that Jobs' heirs owe him 3 million euros for his work on Venus, the 256-foot yacht Jobs commissioned before his death ... ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra, File
26 Dec 2012
Cairo • The official approval of Egypt’s disputed, Islamist-backed constitution Tuesday held out little hope of stabilizing the country after two years of turmoil and Islamist President Mohammed Morsi may now face a more immediate crisis with the economy falling deeper into distress ... Join the Discussion. The battle over the constitution left Egypt deeply polarized at a time when the government is increasingly cash-strapped ... The U.S ... " ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
Gadling
27 Dec 2012
"Dog!" I exclaimed to my husband, who was driving our small rental car along a toll-free road that meanders slowly through the towns of the Yucatan, slowly meandering much like the many stray dogs along these roads. Sometimes the dogs would sleepily walk into the road and stop, find a warm spot and lay down in the sun. These dogs don't know about time; their previous moments determine their next and that is all ... Gallery. Stray Dogs ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
The Independent
27 Dec 2012
Abu Abdullah points to a snow-capped Mount Hermon in the distance. “The Zionists' outpost is just there,” he explains. “But there are thousands of our fighters here ... As we meander we discuss the differing views on Hezbollah – which is deemed a terrorist organisation by the US, but is a member of a coalition government in Lebanon ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
Tampa Bay Online
27 Dec 2012
TARPON SPRINGS --. It was difficult for even the Grinchiest of folks to avoid the positive holiday spirit in Tarpon Springs this year ... That was exemplified this year by Dec ... The family-oriented event ran 4-9 p.m ... The parade, Santa Claus and his elves meandered down Pinellas Avenue to Craig Park in the morning, and children were invited to get in on the Candy Cane Hunt later in the afternoon....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Examiner
27 Dec 2012
“The global appetite is increasing for great works of art but the supply is radically limited,” notes Simon Shaw, head of Impressionist and modern art at Sotheby’s. Hunting for good art is an exciting journey, one that is often woven throughout a lifetime ... while meandering through a touristy vacation pebbled walkway; while perusing galleries or attending an outdoor art show; and while shopping at antique auctions and used resale shops....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Hindu
27 Dec 2012
If we consider old ‘is gold’ and ‘enduring,’ we should also accept that the ‘youth is bold.’ Kunnakudi M. Balamuralikrishna keeps growing in his musical pursuit preserving and promoting his youthful dynamism. He does not touch any item superficially but prefers to delve deep ... In such calculative moves, a few meandering segments could have been eschewed by a talented vocalist like him ... R. Ramesh and B.N....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Hindu
27 Dec 2012
T.N. Seshagopalan made up for fetching up at the concert a quarter of an hour late by treating his audience with a splendid Aarabhi. It was the kind of alapana that might be expected of Seshagopalan — briga-heavy, long phrases delivered in single breath and brilliant in imagination ... The main piece was Thodi ... Despite flashes of brilliance, the niraval came across as go-through-motions and the swaras meandered on and on ... K.V ... Keywords....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Hindu
27 Dec 2012
... nritta? Do these composers think of how strenuous it could be to the dancer and the viewer to wade through tediously boring jati-s in a traditional varnam that could have otherwise been enjoyed sans all that? It was precisely these long jati-s that made the dancer meander all over the stage, often reaching its edges and precariously swinging back....(size: 2.9Kb)
Colorado Springs Gazette
27 Dec 2012
a delicious gift coupled with a dose of pain ... Many of those adventures have involved trails ... So the next time you decide to treat yourself to a delicious 1.45 — you probably hike faster than I do — meander down Contemplative Trail, with its majestic rock formations; hook up with the Roundup Trail and pause for the exquisite views; and complete the loop on the Red Rock Canyon Trail, where you are surrounded by the canyon ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
The Hindu
27 Dec 2012
The Krishna avatara comes to an end in the episode where a hunter mistakes Krishna’s foot for a deer and shoots a fatal arrow. The hunter is horrified at this turn of events, whereupon Krishna consoles him by imparting the philosophy of Bhagavad Gita through many tales ... Also, minute details in episodes like that of Devaki meandered away and certainly the seat upon which Krishna sat could have been given a more artistic touch ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Examiner
27 Dec 2012
The initial tour following that break showed the Crowes a bit rusty and prone to meandering, aimless jamming, but they soon clicked and produced some of their finest live and studio work from 2006-2010, with the final tour of that period, featuring North Mississippi Allstars virtuoso Luther Dickinson, among the best of their career ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
MSNBC
27 Dec 2012
Some of the Nazca Lines, mysterious geoglyphs that span a vast swath of the rugged Peruvian desert, may have once been a labyrinth with a spiritual purpose, a new study suggests ... by walking it ... ['Nazca Lines'. Aerial Photos Reveal Mysterious Stone Structures] ... and A.D ... What's more, the meandering line was in pristine condition, leading the archaeologists to conclude that the paths that were carved out were rarely, if ever, used ... In Photos....(size: 4.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
27 Dec 2012
Some of the Nazca Lines, mysterious geoglyphs that span a vast swath of the rugged Peruvian desert, may have once been a labyrinth with a spiritual purpose, a new study suggests ... by walking it ... ['Nazca Lines'. Aerial Photos Reveal Mysterious Stone Structures] ... and A.D ... What's more, the meandering line was in pristine condition, leading the archaeologists to conclude that the paths that were carved out were rarely, if ever, used ... In Photos....(size: 4.0Kb)
Fox News
27 Dec 2012
The giant stone structures form wheel shapes with spokes often radiating inside. Here a cluster of wheels in the Azraq Oasis.David D. Boyer. Next Slide Previous Slide ... by walking it ... "To appreciate what they might have meant to ordinary people, then you have to walk them." ... What's more, the meandering line was in pristine condition, leading the archaeologists to conclude that the paths that were carved out were rarely, if ever, used ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
For other uses, see Meander (disambiguation).
A meander, in general, is a bend in a sinuous watercourse or river. A meander is formed when the moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley. A stream of any volume may assume a meandering course, alternately eroding sediments from the outside of a bend and depositing them on the inside. The result is a snaking pattern as the stream meanders back and forth across its down-valley axis. When a meander gets cut off from the main stream, an oxbow lake is formed. Over time meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges.
There is not yet full consistency or standardization of scientific terminology used to describe watercourses. A variety of symbols and schemes exist. Parameters based on mathematical formulae or numerical data vary as well, depending on the database used by the theorist. Unless otherwise defined in a specific scheme "meandering" and "sinuosity" here are synonymous and mean any repetitious pattern of bends, or waveforms. In some schemes, "meandering" applies only to rivers with exaggerated circular loops or secondary meanders; that is, meanders on meanders.
Sinuosity is one of the channel types that a stream may assume over all or part of its course. All streams are sinuous at some time in their geologic history over some part of their length.
Contents |
Origin of term[link]
The term derives from a river located in present-day Turkey and known to the Greeks as (Μαίανδρος) Maiandros or Maeander, characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As such, even in Classical Greece (and in later Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the geomorphological feature. Strabo said: "... its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering."[1]
The Meander River is located south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of Miletus, now, Milet, Turkey. It flows through a graben in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. In the Turkish name, the Büyük Menderes River, Menderes is from "Meander".
Meander geometry[link]
The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander geometry or meander planform geometry.[2] It is characterized as an irregular waveform. Ideal waveforms, such as a sine wave, are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average cross-section at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation.
As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line fitted to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream.
At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the down-valley axis is the meander length or wavelength. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or amplitude. The course at that point is the apex.
In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The curvature varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The radius of the loop is considered to be the straight line perpendicular to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis.
A loop at the apex has an outer or convex bank and an inner or concave bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a flood plain it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free - it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain the meanders are fixed.
Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused by geologic factors. In general the meander length is 10-14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the radius of curvature at the apex. This radius is 2-3 times the channel width.
A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by riffles, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment.
The line of maximum depth, or channel, is the thalweg or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander arc length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline.
Formation[link]
Meander formation is a result of natural factors and processes. The waveform configuration of a stream is constantly changing. Fluid flows around a bend in a vortex.[3] Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops increase dramatically due to the effect of helical flow sweeping dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaving the outside of the bend unprotected and therefore vulnerable to accelerated erosion, forming a positive feedback loop. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood:[4]
"... this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process ... in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature ...."
The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the secondary flow and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend.[5] The cross-current then rises to the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the helical flow. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping.[6]
Due to the conservation of angular momentum the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside.[7]
Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. However, the pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface from the inside to the outside.[8] This entire situation is very similar to the Tea leaf paradox. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering.[9]
As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive.
Stochastic theory[link]
The stochastic theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger:[10]
"The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence of direction-changing obstacles in the river path."
Given a flat, smooth, tilted artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case adhesion of water to the surface and cohesion of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear to be straight have a sinuous thalweg that leads eventually to a sinuous channel.
Equilibrium theory[link]
In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream gradient until an equilibrium between the erodibility of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached.[11] A mass of water descending must give up potential energy, which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away all the sediment that it produces.
Geomorphic and morphotectonic theory[link]
Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain. Morphotectonic means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic).
Associated landforms[link]
Erosion mechanics[link]
Most meanders occur in the region of a river channel with shallow gradients, a well-developed floodplain, and cohesive floodplain material. Deposition of sediment occurs on the inner edge, because the secondary flow of the river[12] sweeps and rolls sand, rocks and other submerged objects across the bed of the river towards the inside radius of the river bend, creating a slip-off slope called a point bar. Erosion is greater on the outside of the bend where the soil is not protected by deposits of sand and rocks. The current on the outside bend is more effective in eroding the unprotected soil, and the inside bend receives steadily increasing deposits of sand and rocks, and the meander tends to grow in the direction of the outside bend, forming a small cliff called a cut bank. This can be seen in areas where willows grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, willows are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the roots of the willows are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river. This demonstrates the river's movement. Slumping usually occurs on the concave sides of the banks resulting in mass movements such as slides.
Deposits[link]
Incised meanders[link]
Main article: Entrenched river
If the slope of an established meandering stream is suddenly increased, it will resume downward erosion – this happens when the base level of the stream is reduced, for example due to tectonic uplift of the region, a global fall in sea-level, collapse of a moraine-dammed lake downstream, or by capture of the stream by a steeper one. As the stream erodes downwards, its established meandering pattern will remain as a deep valley known as an incised meander or entrenched meander. Rivers in the Colorado Plateau and streams in the Ozark Plateau are noted for these incised meanders.
Oxbow lakes[link]
Main article: Oxbow lake
Oxbow lakes are created when growing meanders intersect each other and cut off a meander loop, leaving it without an active cutting stream. Over a period of time, these oxbow lakes tend to dry out or fill in with sediments.
Abandoned meander (rincon)[link]
 |
Look up rincón in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Sometimes an incised meander is cut off, similar to an oxbow lake. The resulting landform is known as an abandoned meander. In the southwest United States it is also known as a rincon. One dramatic example, on Lake Powell, is called "The Rincon."
Scroll-bars[link]
Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography[13] on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes[14] which carve sediment out from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward.[15] These characteristics are a result of the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits.[16] There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave.[17] Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods. This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales.
Derived quantities[link]
The meander ratio[18] or sinuosity index[19] is a means of quantifying how much a river or stream meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the length of the stream divided by the length of the valley. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this ratio is above 1, the more the river meanders.
Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach.
The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may need to be elaborated because the valley may meander as well; i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even more subtle.[20]
Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 to 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight).
See also[link]
- Riffle-pool sequence
- Helicoidal flow
- Baer's law
- Meander cutoffs in Avulsion (river)
- Meander scar
- Crevasse splay
- Jet stream exhibits meander also
References and notes[link]
- ^ Strabo, Geography, Book 12 Chapter 8 Section 15.
- ^ The technical definitions of this section rely heavily on Julien, Pierre Y. (2002). River Mechanics. Cambridge University press. pp. 179–184. ISBN 0-521-52970-0. In addition concepts are utilized from Graf, Walter (1984). Hydraulics of Sediment Transport. Water Resources Publications. pp. 261–265. ISBN 0-918334-56-X.
- ^ Lewalle, Jacques (2006). "Flow Separation and Secondary Flow: Section 9.1". Lecture Notes in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics: Phenomenology, Concepts and Analytical Tools. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University. http://www.ecs.syr.edu/faculty/lewalle/FluidDynamics/fluidsCh9.pdf. .
- ^ Wood, Elizabeth A. (1975). Science from Your Airplane Window: 2nd Revised Edition. New York: Courier Dover Publications. p. 45. ISBN 0-486-23205-0.
- ^ Hickin 2003, p. 432. "One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to be moved to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend."
- ^ Hickin 2003, p. 434.
- ^ Hickin 2003, p. 432. "In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower."
- ^ Hickin 2003, p. 432. "Near the bed, where velocity and thus the centrifugal effects are lowest, the balance of forces is dominated by the inward hydraulic gradient of the super-elevated water surface and secondary flow moves toward the inner bank."
- ^ Callander, R.A. "River Meandering," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1978. 10:129-58
- ^ Scheidegger, Adrien E. (2004). Morphotectonics. Berlin, New York: Springer. p. 113. ISBN 3-540-20017-7.
- ^ Riley, Ann L. (1998). Restoring Streams in Cities: A Guide for Planners, Policymakers and Citizens. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 137. ISBN 1-55963-042-6.
- ^ Chant, Robert J. (2002). "Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge". Journal of Geophysical Research 107. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2002/2001JC001082.shtml.
- ^ Woolfe and Purdon; Purdon, Richard (1996). "Deposits of a rapidly eroding meandering river: terrace cut and fill in the Taupo Volcanic Zone". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 39 (2): 243–249. DOI:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514708.
- ^ K. Whipple (September 2004). "Alluvial channels and their landforms". Surface Processes and Landscape Evolution.
- ^ Sam Boggs, Jr. (2003). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4 ed.). NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-099696-3.
- ^ G. Wasser (2005). "A Comparison Of Meandering River Deposits From The Middle Belly River And Horsefly With Recent Milk River Valley Deposits; Central And Southern Alberta". Calgary, Alberta.
- ^ Norman D. Smith and John Rogers (1999). Fluvial Sedimentology (6 ed.). blackwell publishing. ISBN 0-632-05354-2.
- ^ Shaw, Lewis C. (1984). Pennsylvania Gazetteer of Streams Part II. Bulletin No. 16. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources. p. 8. OCLC 17150333.
- ^ Gordon, Nancy D.; Thomas A. McMahon; Christopher J. Gippel; Rory J. Nathan (2005). Stream Hydrology: an Introduction for Ecologists: Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-470-84357-8.
- ^ Singh, R.Y. (2005). "Interface drainage analysis of a water divide". In Jansky, Libor; Haigh, Martin J.; Prasad, Hushila. Sustainable Management of Headwater Resources: Research from Africa and India. Tokyo, New York: United Nations University Press. pp. 87–106. ISBN 92-808-1108-8.
Bibliography[link]
- Hickin, Edward J. (2003). "Meandering Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V.. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Kluwer Academic Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 430–434. ISBN 1-4020-0872-4.
- Leopold, Luna B.; Langbein, W.B. (June 1966). "River Meanders". Scientific American: 60.
- Thonemann, P., The Maeander Valley: A historical geography from Antiquity to Byzantium (Cambridge, 2011) (Greek Culture in the Roman World Series).
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Meanders |
- Movshovitz, Nitsa; Hadar Alla Shmuklar (2006-01-01). "River Meandering and a Mathematical Model of this Phenomenon". Physicalplus (Israel Physical Society (IPS)) (7). http://physicaplus.org.il/zope/home/en/1124811264/1141060775rivers_en. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
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Wiki Summary
A meander, in general, is a bend in a sinuous watercourse or river. A meander is formed when the moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley. A stream of any volume may assume a meandering course, alternately eroding sediments from the outside of a bend and depositing them on the inside. The result is a snaking pattern as the stream meanders back and forth across its down-valley axis. When a meander gets cut off from the main stream, an oxbow lake is formed. Over time meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges.
There is not yet full consistency or standardization of scientific terminology used to describe watercourses. A variety of symbols and schemes exist. Parameters based on mathematical formulae or numerical data vary as well, depending on the database used by the theorist. Unless otherwise defined in a specific scheme "meandering" and "sinuosity" here are synonymous and mean any repetitious pattern of bends, or waveforms. In some schemes, "meandering" applies only to rivers with exaggerated circular loops or secondary meanders; that is, meanders on meanders.
