Beech
European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), leaves and cupules
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fagales
Family:	Fagaceae
Genus:	Fagus L.
Species
Fagus crenata – Japanese Beech Fagus engleriana – Chinese Beech Fagus grandifolia – American Beech Fagus hayatae – Taiwan Beech Fagus japonica – Japanese Blue Beech Fagus longipetiolata – South Chinese Beech Fagus lucida – Shining Beech Fagus mexicana – Mexican Beech or Haya Fagus orientalis – Oriental Beech Fagus sylvatica – European Beech Fagus taurica

Beech (Fagus) is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America.

The southern beeches (Nothofagus genus) previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, Nothofagaceae. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile (principally Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).

Habit[link]

The leaves of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 cm long and 4–10 cm broad. The flowers are small single-sex (monoecious), the female flowers borne in pairs, the male flowers wind-pollinating catkins, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The bark is smooth and light grey. The fruit is a small, sharply three–angled nut 10–15 mm long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks 1.5–2.5 cm long, known as cupules. The nuts are edible, though bitter (though not nearly as bitter as acorns) with a high tannin content, and are called beechnuts or beechmast.

Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acid or basic, provided they are not waterlogged. The tree canopy casts dense shade, and carpets the ground with dense leaf litter, and the ground flora beneath may be sparse.

In North America, they often form Beech-Maple climax forests by partnering with the Sugar Maple.

The beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of Lepidoptera (see list of Lepidoptera that feed on beeches).

Uses[link]

Beech wood is an excellent firewood, easily split and burning for many hours with bright but calm flames. Chips of beech wood are used in the brewing of Budweiser beer as a fining agent. Beech logs are burned to dry the malts used in some German smoked beers, giving the beers their typical flavor. Beech is also used to smoke some cheeses.

Some drums are made from beech, which has a tone between those of maple and birch, the two most popular drum woods.

The textile modal is a kind of rayon often made wholly from the reconstituted cellulose of pulped beech wood.^[1][2][3]

The European species Fagus sylvatica yields a utility timber that is tough but dimensionally unstable. It weighs about 720 kg per cubic metre and is widely used for furniture framing and carcass construction, flooring and engineering purposes, in plywood and in household items like plates, but rarely as a decorative wood. The timber can be used to build chalets, houses and log cabins.

Beech wood is used for the stocks of military rifles when traditionally preferred woods such as walnut are scarce or unavailable or as a lower-cost alternative.^[4]

The fruit of the beech tree is known as beechnuts or mast and is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. It is small, roughly triangular and edible, with a bitter, astringent taste. Fresh from the tree, beech leaves are a fine salad vegetable, as sweet as a mild cabbage though much softer in texture.^[5]

Beech wood tablets were a common writing material in Germanic societies before the development of paper. The Old English bōc^[6] and Old Norse bók^[7] both have the primary sense of “beech” but also a secondary sense of “book”, and it is from bōc that the modern word derives.^[8] In modern German, the word for “book” is Buch, with Buche meaning “beech tree”. In Swedish, these words are the same, bok meaning both “beech tree” and “book”.

The pigment bistre was made from beech wood soot.

As an ornamental[link]

Beech bark with nodules.

The beech most commonly grown as an ornamental tree is the European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), widely cultivated in North America as well as its native Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation, notably the weeping beech F. sylvatica 'Pendula', several varieties of Copper or purple beech, the fern-leaved beech F. sylvatica 'Asplenifolia', and the tricolour beech F. sylvatica 'roseomarginata'. The strikingly columnar Dawyck beech (F. sylvatica 'Dawyck') occurs in green, gold and purple forms, named after Dawyck Garden in the Scottish Borders, one of the four garden sites of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

In Britain and Ireland[link]

European Beech with unusual aerial roots in a wet Scottish Glen.

Beech was a late entrant to Great Britain after the last glaciation, and may have been restricted to basic soils in the south of England.^[9] The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods.^[10] Large areas of the Chilterns are covered with beech woods, which are habitat to the Common Bluebell and other flora. The Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve in southeast Wales was designated for its beech woodlands which are believed to be on the western edge of their natural range in this steep limestone gorge.^[11]

Beech is not native to Ireland; however, it was widely planted from the 18th century, and can become a problem shading out the native woodland understory. The Friends of the Irish Environment say that the best policy is to remove young, naturally regenerating beech while retaining veteran specimens with biodiversity value.^[12]

There is a campaign by Friends of the Rusland Beeches^[13] and South Lakeland Friends of the Earth^[14] launched in 2007 to reclassify the beech as native in Cumbria.^[15] The campaign is backed by Tim Farron MP who tabled a motion on 3 December 2007 regarding the status of beech in Cumbria.^[16]

Today, beech is widely planted for hedging and in deciduous woodlands, and mature, regenerating stands occur throughout mainland Britain below about 650 m.^[17] The tallest and longest hedge in the world (according to the Guinness World Records) is the Meikleour Beech Hedge in Meikleour, Perth and Kinross, Scotland.

Scandinavia and northern border[link]

The common European beech (Fagus sylvatica) grows naturally in Denmark and southern Sweden up to about the 57:th - 59:th northern latitude. The most northern known naturally growing (not planted) beech trees are found in a few very small forests around the city of Bergen on the southern west coast of Norway with the North Sea nearby. Near the city of Larvik is the largest naturally occurring beech forest in Norway. Planted beeches are grown much further north along the Norwegian coast.

As a naturally growing forest tree, it marks the important border between the European deciduous forest zone and the northern pine forest zone. This border is important for both wildlife and fauna and is a sharp line along the Swedish western coast, which gets broader toward the south. In Denmark and the most southern Swedish county, Skåne, it is the most populous of all forest trees. In Norway, the beech migration very recent, and the species has not reached its distribution potential. Thus, the occurrence of oak in Norway is used as an indicator of the border between the temperate deciduous forest and the boreal spruce - pine forest.

See also[link]

• Beech bark disease
• Beech blight aphid
• English Lowlands beech forests

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fagus

Look up beech in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• "WCSP". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families – Fagus. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/. 
• Beech Tree Collection – Photo Gallery of Beech Trees in The Hamptons, NY
• Flora of China – Fagus
• Flora of North America – Fagus
• Beech Hedging
• Panorama of Beech forest

Rati Agnihotri
Rati Agnihotri at son Tanuj Virwani's Luv U Soniyo Event
Born	Rati Agnihotri (1960-12-10) December 10, 1960 (age 51) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Other names	Rati Virwani
Occupation	Model, Actress
Years active	1979–1981 1983–1985 1988–1990 2001–present
Spouse	Anil Virwani (1985–present)

Rati Agnihotri (Hindi: रति अग्निहोत्रि, Urdu: رتِ اَگنِہوترِ, born 10 December 1960) is a veteran Indian actress. Her portfolio mainly includes films in Hindi-Urdu, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. She was born to a Sikh family.

Film career[link]

Although she came from a traditional, conservative Punjabi family, she was allowed to model at age 10.^[1] When she was a teenager, her father relocated the family to Madras, Tamil Nadu because of his job. There, she attended Good Shepherd's Convent School and acted in a school play. Bharathiraja, one of Tamil film's famous directors, was in the audience and was searching for a heroine to star in his new film. He met with Rati's father and promised the film would wrap in a month. Her father reluctantly agreed, and a sixteen-year-old Rati was very excited to star in her first film, Pudhiya Varpukal (1979).

It was also her hero Bhagyaraj's first film, and he coached her with her lines by teaching her Tamil. The film became a blockbuster, with Rati an overnight sensation. Bharathiraja soon directed her in her second film, Niram Marada Pookkal (1979).^[2] Even though she was Punjabi, South Indian audiences embraced her as one of their own. She reciprocated by calling herself "Tamilian at heart" and calling Madras her home.^[3] She also starred in Telugu and Kannada films and made 32 films in just three years.

She worked with big banners and top stars, such as Kamal Hassan and Rajinikanth. Ironically, her entry into Hindi films came from her strong connection to South Indian cinema. She had worked with director K. Balachander once before and had been Kamal Hassan's leading lady in many South Indian films, so she wasn't surprised when they approached her for the Hindi remake of their Telugu blockbuster Maro Charithra (1979). Now re-titled Ek Duje Ke Liye (1981), the film was about passionate lovers who are torn apart by their parents in the storytelling tradition of Romeo and Juliet. It became the top grossing hit of 1981 and marked the debut into Hindi films of five stars of the South Indian film industry: director K. Balachander, hero Kamal Hassan, heroine Rati Agnihotri, supporting actress Madhavi, and playback singer S.P. Balasubramaniam. Although all received Filmfare nominations, only Rati and S.P. Balasubramaniam became top stars in their field. The unforgettable musical score by Laxmikant-Pyarelal rose the film to soaring heights, and there were rumors about how the film's content of tragic lovers inspired real life lovers to take their own lives. Rati's father, who was managing her career, shielded her from the hysteria as she was young.^[4] He effectively kept her starring in only Hindi films after Ek Duje Ke Liye, and she ended the decade starring in over 43 Hindi films. Her biggest hits were Farz Aur Kanoon (1982), Coolie (1983) opposite megastar Amitabh Bachchan, Tawaif (1985) for which she received her second Filmfare nomination as Best Actress, and Hukumat (1987) opposite the Bollywood icon Dharmendra.

End of career[link]

Rati's marriage to businessman and architect Anil Virwani on 9 February 1985,^[5] coupled with her father's death,^[6] convinced Rati to leave Hindi films when she was at the top.^[7] In 1987, she gave birth to her only child, Tanuj Virwani, and she concentrated on raising him and focusing on other creative interests like architectural creations for her husband. She received a degree in Reiki, where she distantly heals people. Even though she retired she would appear at film events looking beautiful and glamorous with continued film offers.

Return[link]

After 16 years of saying no to films, Rati finally said yes realizing that her son is growing up and she had more time for herself. Her family supported her decision. Her comeback started with playing Kajol's glamorous mother in Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001). More film offers came in, and she took them, such as Yaadein (2001) and Dev (2004). After a 20-year absence from South Indian films, she returned in the Tamil film Majunu (2001). She made her Malayalam debut in Anyar (2003), English debut in An Ode to Lost Love (2003), and Bengali debut in Aaina-te (2008).^[8] She has acted on stage in plays such as Please Divorce Me Darling (2005) and television serials, such as Sixer (2005). Besides acting, she devotes time to social causes like cancer and AIDS.^[9]

Awards and nominations[link]

• Filmfare Nomination as Best Actress for Ek Duje Ke Liye (1981)
• Filmfare Nomination as Best Actress for Tawaif (1985)^[10]

Trivia[link]

She has acted in ten languages, including, but not limited to Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Punjabi^[11] and English.^[12]

Her cousin is actor-writer-director Atul Agnihotri, and she played a part of a cardiac surgeon in his film Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (2004).

In 2006, Rati and her husband opened a shopping mall called Virwani Plaza in Pune, where one of the stores, Om to Home – Candles and More in the Mall, houses artefacts, exclusive fashion accessories, and candles all personally designed by the actress.

Rati played Nayantara Pratap Singh in a serial named Kaajjal on SET Asia. She recently quit the show because of problems with the production company.

Her sister Anita Agnihotri (Miss India) lives in Szczecin, Poland and owns an Indian restaurant, "Bombay".

Filmography[link]

• Diary Of A Butterfly (2012) .... Shobha
• Chatur Singh Two Star (2011) .... Gulshan Grover's wife
• Bin Bulaye Baraati (2011) .... Koki (commissioner's wife)
• Jaanleva (2010) .... Kiran Jaitley (Post-Production)
• Vardi - The Uniform (2010) (Post-Production)
• Admissions Open (2010) .... Radhika
• Aao Wish Karein (2009)
• Blue Oranges (2009) .... Uma Dixit
• Chal Chalein (2009) .... Navneet Mother
• Luck (2009) .... Ram's Mother
• Hum Phirr Mileinge... (2009) .... Rahul Mother
• Karma Aur Holi (2009) .... Vani
• Phir Kabhi (2009) .... Lakshmi H. Singh
• Love Has No Language (2008) .... Mrs. Roy
• Ru Ba Ru (2008) .... Meera
• Aaina Te (2008) [BENGALI]
• Jimmy (2008) .... Mrs. Pushpa
• Rama Rama Kya Hai Dramaaa (2008) .... Shraddha
• My Wife's Husband (2007)
• Mai Baap (2007)
• Hot Money (2006) .... Sunita Sanyal
• Kaajjal - Sabbki Aankhon Mein Basi (2006/07) [TV Series] .... Nayantara Pratap Singh
• Aisa Kyon Hota Hain (2006) .... Kiran
• Pehchaan: The Face of Truth (2005) .... Uttara D. Khanna
• Socha Na Tha (2005) .... Aditi's aunt
• Ho Jaata Hai Pyaar (2005) .... Asha B. Roy
• Kis Kis Ki Kismat (2004) .... Mrs. Kokila Hasmukh Mehta
• Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart (2004) .... Sandhya K. Jindal
• Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa (2004) .... Dr. Shashi Rawat
• Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na (2004) .... Meenakshi, Arjun's mum
• Dev (2004) .... Dr. Bharati Singh
• Hum Tum (2004) .... Anju Kapoor, Karan's mother
• Dukaan: Pila House (2004) .... Wahidanbai
• Krishna Cottage (2004) .... Sunita Menon
• Anyar (2003) [MALAYALAM]
• Chupke Se (2003) .... Almera Kochar
• Kaante (2002) .... Major's wife
• Yeh Hai Jalwa (2002) .... Smita Mittal
• Na Tum Jaano Na Hum (2002) .... Maya Esha's Bua/aunt
• Tumse Achcha Kaun Hai (2002) .... Naina's mother
• Kranti (2002) .... Sushma Singh
• Majunu (2001) [TAMIL]
• Yaadein (2001) .... Shalini Singh Puri (Special Appearance)
• Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001) .... Archana Khanna
• Jaan-E-Wafa (1990)
• Albela (1989)
• Zalzala (1988) .... Radha Shiv Kumar
• Hukumat (1987)
• Itihaas (1987) .... Shobha
• Dadagiri (1987) .... Deepa (Special Appearance)
• Dil Tujhko Diya (1987) .... Rati
• Mera Suhag (1987)
• Ek Aur Sikander (1986) .... Doctor
• Zindagani (1986) .... Anuradha 'Annu'
• Aap Ke Saath (1986) .... Deepa/Salma
• Babu (1985) .... Pinky
• Bepanaah (1985) .... Bhavna Bhardwaj
• Tawaif (film) (1985) .... Sultana
• Bhawani Junction (1985) .... Shakun
• Dekha Pyar Tumhara (1985) .... Anu
• Ek Se Bhale Do (1985) .... Jenny
• Jaanoo (1985) .... Kanchan
• Karishma Kudrat Kaa (1985) .... Radha (Vijay's sister)
• Triveni (1985)
• Ulta Seedha (1985) .... Shobha Roy
• Zabardast (1985) .... Sunita
• John Jani Janardhan (1984) .... Madhu
• Mashaal (1984) .... Geeta
• All Rounder (1984) .... Ritu
• Boxer (1984) .... Rajni Khatau
• Mera Faisla (1984) .... Rati Verma
• Paapi Pet Ka Sawaal Hai (1984)
• Rakta Bandhan (1984) .... Roopa
• Shrimad Virat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra (1984)
• Coolie (1983) .... Julie D'Costa
• Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye (1983) .... Malati
• Main Awara Hoon (1983) .... Archana G. Prasad
• Mazdoor (1983) .... Smita Batra/Smita Ramesh Saxena
• Pasand Apni Apni (1983) .... Geeta
• Rishta Kagaz Ka (1983) .... Aarti A. Sharma
• Shubh Kaamna (1983) .... Sujata
• Star (1982) .... Maya
• Waqt Ke Shehzade (1982)
• Ayaash (1982) .... Mrs. Jaswant Singh
• Farz Aur Kanoon (1982)
• Johny I Love You (1982) .... Seema
• Kaliyuga Ramudu (1982) .... Sandhya
• Sumbandh (1982) .... Kiran H. Mathur
• Swami Dada (1982) .... Seema
• Shaukeen (1982) .... Anita
• Sahhas (1981) .... Radha V. Singh
• Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981) .... Sapna
• Tirugu Leni Manishi (1981)
• Do Dil Diwane (1981)
• Jeene Ki Arzoo (1981)
• Satyam Shivam (1981) .... Rekha
• Bhogimanthulu (1981)
• Jagamondi (1981)
• Jeevitha Ratham (1981)
• Kazhugu (1981) [TAMIL]
• Prema Pichchi (1981)
• Murattu Kaalai (1980) [TAMIL]
• Maayadhaari Krishnudu (1980)
• Kalinga (1980) [KANNADA]
• Punnami Naagu (1980)
• Anbukku Naan Adimai (1980)
• Murattu Kaalai (1980) .... Kannamma
• Ullasa Paravaigal (1980)
• Andala Raasi (1980)
• Niram Maaratha Pookkal (1979)
• Puthiya Vaarpugal (1979) .... Jyothi

References[link]

External links[link]

• Rati Agnihotri at the Internet Movie Database
• Rati Agnihotri's Profile

Kamal Haasan
Kamal Haasan at an event organised by FICCI
Born	Kamal Haasan (1954-11-07) 7 November 1954 (age 57)[1] Paramakudi, Madras State, India
Residence	Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Occupation	Film actor, producer, director, screenwriter, dialogues, playback singer, lyricist
Years active	1959–present
Spouse	Vani Ganapathy (1978–1985—divorced) Sarika Thakur (1985–2004—divorced)
Children	Shruti Haasan (born 1986) Akshara Haasan (born 1991)
Awards	Padmashri, Kalaimamani

Kamal Haasan (born 7 November 1954) is an Indian film actor, screenwriter, producer and director, considered to be one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema.^[2][3][4] He is widely acclaimed as an actor and is well known for his versatility in acting.^[5][6][7] Kamal Haasan has won several Indian film awards, including four National Film Awards and numerous Filmfare Awards, and is known for having starred in the largest number of films submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.^[8] In addition to acting, screenwriting and directing, he has also featured in films as a songwriter, playback singer and choreographer.^[9] His film production company, Rajkamal International, has produced several of his films. In 1990, he was awarded the Padma Shri for his contributions to Indian cinema.^[10] Kamal Haasan is also a recipient of an Honorary doctorate by Sathyabama University.^[11] In 2009, he became one of very few Indian actors to have completed 50 years in cinema.^[12]

After several projects as a child artist, Kamal Haasan's breakthrough into lead acting came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an older woman. He secured his second Indian National Film Award for his portrayal of a guileless school teacher who tends a child-like amnesiac in 1982's Moondram Pirai. He was particularly noted for his performance in Mani Ratnam's Godfatheresque Tamil film Nayagan (1987), which was ranked by Time magazine as one of the best films of all time.^[13] Since then he has gone on to appear in other notable films such as Anbe Sivam and his own productions, Hey Ram and Virumaandi, as well as Dasavathaaram, in which he appeared in ten distinct roles.

Career[link]

Debut as child artiste: 1959–1963[link]

Kamal Haasan's family shifted from Paramakudi to Chennai for his mother's medical treatment. He went to Holy Angels Convent school in T. Nagar. He was interested in girls even as a young child. ^[14] There are two versions regarding his entry into films. One version has it that, as a little boy, he accompanied a doctor who went to treat an ill woman at the home of movie mogul A V Meyyappa Chettiar (father of AVM Saravanan). On hearing loud shouting from a first-floor tenant of the bungalow, the doctor became uneasy. Young Kamal Haasan strode up the stairway to ask the noisemaker not to shout over the phone as someone was ill, leaving the person astonished. An impressed Meyyappa Chettiar later provided him an entry into films.^[15] The other version is that when young boy Kamal Haasan accompanied a family doctor of Meyyappa Chettiar to his house, producer AVM Saravanan noticed Kamal as a hyperactive child. He took him over and introduced to AV Meyyappa Chettiar who was looking for a young boy to play a role in the movie Kalathur Kannamma.^[16]

Kamal Haasan was five-years-old when he faced the camera for the first time in Kalathur Kannamma, which was directed by A. Bhimsingh. The film was released on August 12, 1960. The film starred veteran actor Gemini Ganesan and won the President's Gold Medal.^[17] Following his successful debut, he starred in five more films as a child actor sharing screen space with Sivaji Ganesan and M. G. Ramachandran. Kamal Haasan's family was very supportive of his interest in the performing arts. He joined a theatre repertory, TKS Nataka Sabha, that was helmed by T.K.Shanmugam. He continued his school education at the Hindu High School in Triplicane. The time spent as part of the theatre company shaped Kamal Haasan's craft and was instrumental in his interest in make-up. ^[14][18]

Breakthrough and Experimentation: 1970–1975[link]

Following a seven-year hiatus from films, Haasan returned to the industry to be a part of the technical crew of films. However, he played a few supporting roles instead. As an adult, his first film role was in the 1970 film Maanavan, in which he appeared in a dance sequence. He also did a supporting role in the film Annai Velankani in which he was the assistant director. His role in K.Balachander's 1973 film Arangetram was the beginning of many noteworthy performances. He played the antagonist in Sollathaan Ninaikkiren and Gumasthavin Magal both co-starring Sivakumar. His first serious role was in K. Balachander's Aval Oru Thodar Kathai (1974). His last role as a supporting actor was in 1974, in the film Naan Avan Illai.

He debuted in the Malayalam film industry with the 1974 film Kanyakumari. He won his first regional Filmfare award for this film.^[19] His first break as a lead actor in Tamil films came with Apoorva Raagangal, directed by K.Balachander, for which he also won his first Filmfare award in Tamil.^[20] The plot of the film revolved around a young man in love with an older woman and won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Kamal Haasan learned to play the mridangam for this role. Another noteworthy fact is that this film introduced audiences to Rajnikanth, who played several supporting roles in films starring Kamal Haasan before becoming one of the most successful actors in the Tamil film industry.

Success in the south: 1976–1980[link]

The late 1970s was a period that saw Haasan's continued collaboration with K. Balachander, who cast him in many of his social-themed films. In 1976, Balachander cast him as a womaniser trying to woo many women in Manmadha Leelai which was followed by Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu, which won him his second consecutive Regional Filmfare (Tamil) Best Actor Award. Later, Kamal Haasan appeared in the drama Moondru Mudichu with Rajinikanth and Sridevi, another Balachander film. Avargal (1977) was one of the most sensitive movies on woman liberation, for which he learnt the art of ventriloquism.^[21] The film was also remade in Telugu as Idi Katha Kaadu (1979) with Haasan repeating his role. 16 Vayathinile won him his third consecutive best actor award, where he appeared as a village bumpkin, along with Rajinikanth and Sridevi. In 1977, he starred in his first Kannada film, Kokila, which was the directorial debut of another friend and mentor, Balu Mahendra. The same year, he acted in a Bengali film, Kabita. In 1978, he debuted in the Telugu film industry as a lead actor with the cross-cultural romantic film, Maro Charithra directed by K. Balachander. The film was regarded a cult-classic and was also Haasan's first major hit. His fourth consecutive Filmfare award came with Sigappu Rojakkal, an anti-hero thriller in which he played a psychopathic sexual killer.

Few of the other famous films in this period were the Telugu film Sommokadidhi Sokkadidhi, where he played dual roles, the musical entertainer Ninaithale Inikkum, the snake horror film Neeya and Kalyanaraman.

At the end of this period, he had won six regional Best Actor Filmfare Awards, including four consecutive Best Tamil Actor Awards and became a famous actor in South India by having starred in all languages.

Bollywood foray: 1980s[link]

Kamal Haasan's pairing with the actress Sridevi continued with Tamil classic Varumayin Niram Sigappu in 1980, where he played an unemployed youth. Kamal Haasan also made a guest–cameo appearance in the Rajnikanth's Thillu Mullu. He made his Bollywood debut with Ek Duuje Ke Liye, the remake of his Telugu-language film, Maro Charithra, also by K. Balachander which earned him his first Filmfare nomination. He made his 100th film appearance in 1981 with Raja Paarvai, which also marked his debut in film production. Despite this film's relatively poor reception at the cinemas, his portrayal of a blind session violinist earned him a Filmfare Award.^[22] Following a year of starring in commercially-oriented films, he won his first of three National Awards for Best Actor with his portrayal of a school teacher who looks after an amnesia patient in Balu Mahendra's Moondram Pirai, later reprising the role in the Hindi version, Sadma.^[19] During this time he concentrated more in Bollywood acting in remakes of his Tamil films, most famously Yeh To Kamaal Ho Gaya and Zara Si Zindagi. In 1983, he appeared in Sagara Sangamam, directed by Kasinadhuni Viswanath. His portrayal as a drunkard classical dancer fetched him his first Nandi Award for Best Actor and second Filmfare Best Telugu Actor Award.

After the successful multi starrer Raaj Tilak in 1984, he acted in Saagar, released in 1985, for which he was awarded both the Filmfare Best Actor Award and was nominated for a Best Supporting Actor Award at the same ceremony for this role. The film was India's representative for the Academy Award for the Best Foreign Language Film in 1985.^[19] Saagar portrayed him alongside Rishi Kapoor. The same year, he appeared in Geraftaar alongside Amitabh Bachchan. He featured in Tamil cinema's first sequel Japanil Kalyanaraman, which followed up his previous Kalyanaraman.

In 1986, he again collaborated with K. Vishwanath in Swathi Muthyam which portrayed him as an autistic person attempting to change society. The film was India's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards in 1986.^[19] The enormous response to these films in Tollywood helped him capture a strong audience in Andhra Pradesh, and many of his later Tamil films were regularly dubbed in Telugu.^[23]

Following Punnagai Mannan, in which he portrayed dual roles including a satire of Charlie Chaplin as Chaplin Chellappa and Vetri Vizha as an amnesiac, Kamal Haasan appeared in Mani Ratnam's 1987 film Nayagan. Nayagan portrays the life of an underworld don in Bombay. The story revolved around the life of a real-life underworld don called Varadarajan Mudaliar, while sympathetically depicting the struggle of South Indians living in Mumbai.^[19] He received his second Indian National Award for his performance and Nayagan was nominated by India as its entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards in 1987. It was included in the Time's All-TIME 100 Movies list. In 1988, Kamal Haasan appeared in his only silent film to date, Pushpak, a black comedy.^[19] In 1989, he appeared in three roles (one of which was that of a dwarf) in Apoorva Sagodharargal.^[19] He then performed dual roles in Indrudu Chandrudu, winning the Filmfare Best Actor Award and Nandi Awards for his performance. In 1989, Kamal Haasan starred in his last original Malayalam film as hero to date, titled Chanakyan. The multi-starrer film was critically acclaimed and was a hit.^[24]

The 1980s saw the transformation of Kamal Haasan from a young heartthrob performer in Tamil films to a nationally acclaimed star appreciated for his method acting. By the end of 1980s, he had entered and tasted success in the Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi film industries, had received Filmfare awards at each industry, three national awards and had his performances recognized at international film festivals.^[23][25]

Tryst with comedy: 1990s[link]

In 1990, Michael Madhana Kamarajan saw Kamal Haasan go one step further from Apoorva Sagodharargal, acting in four different roles as quadruplets. It started an ongoing collaboration with Crazy Mohan, a dialogue writer, for future comedy films.^[26] The film became a blockbuster, and his portrayals were all critically praised; one cook role where he spoke in Palakkad Tamil formed the crux for a future venture by his production house.^[27] Kamal Haasan won successive Best Actor awards for his portrayal of the deranged, obsessive protagonist in Guna and Thevar Magan, where he played the son of actor Sivaji Ganesan. Guna met with critical acclaim but failed commercially, while the latter became a big success and was remade into Hindi as Virasat. Kamal Haasan was credited for the story and became India's submission for the Academy Awards that year. After a series of films such as Singaravelan, Maharasan and Kalaignan, he played a cheated villager in the emotionally draining and underrated classic Mahanadi. Six years after it released, it was premiered at the Rotterdam festival.^[28] He then began to appear in comedies such as Sathi Leelavathi, based on the English film She-Devil. The film, his home production, featured him opposite comedienne Kovai Sarala and its success led to further regional remakes. He also renewed his collobaration with Kasinadhuni Viswanath in Telugu film, Subha Sankalpam. In 1995, Kamal Haasan starred in the police story Kuruthipunal. His success in Kuruthipunal was followed by his third National Film Award for Best Actor, for the film Indian.^[29] Playing dual roles of a freedom fighter and his untrustful son, the film also won Kamal Haasan regional awards and plaudits for his portrayal.^[30] Moreover, both films were also selected as India's submissions for the Academy Awards in their respective release years.

Kamal Haasan appeared as a woman in Avvai Shanmughi, inspired by the Hollywood production Mrs. Doubtfire.^[31] He initially chose noted adfilm maker Shantanu Sheorey to direct the Hindi remake of Avvai Shanmughi, titled Chachi 420.^[32] But unhappy with the complaints after five days of shoot and after checking the actual result, he took over as director.^[33][34] In 1997, Kamal Haasan began his first directorial venture, the biopic of Mohammed Yusuf Khan, Marudhanayagam, which failed to complete its schedules with only half an hour and a trailer being recorded during its shoot.^[35] Marudhanayagam had been speculated to be the biggest and most expensive film in Indian cinema with a number of high profile actors technicians signing up for roles. Moreover, the film was launched in a highly publicized ceremony by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom during her visit to India in 1997.^[36] Due to budget constraints, the film failed to materialize into a feature film, but he has since stated his interest in building up funds for the project.^[37]

[edit] Hey Ram and onwards: 2000–present

Following a two-year hiatus in Indian cinema, he opted against reviving his magnum opus, Marudhanayagam, and filmed his second directorial venture, Hey Ram,^[38] a period drama told in flashback with a semi-fictional plot centering around India's Partition and the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. Kamal Haasan also took on roles as the writer, the lyricist and the choreographer as well as producing the film under his home banner. The film, also featured Shahrukh Khan and was India's submission for the Academy Awards that year.^[39] His following film was Aalavandhan, where he portrayed two distinct roles, for one of which he had his head shaved bald and gained ten kilograms. To play the other army major in Alavandaan (Abhay, in Hindi), he went to the NDA for a crash course.^[40] The Hindi version Abhay was distributed by reputed Shringar Films.^[41][42] Despite much publicity prior to release, the film failed commercially, and he opted to repay distributors who had suffered losses with the film.^[43]

Following a series of successful comedies^[44] in Thenali, Panchathantiram and Pammal K. Sambandam and a couple of guest appearances, Kamal Haasan directed his third feature film in Virumaandi, a film about the death penalty which won the Best Asian Film award at Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival.^[45] Kamal Haasan also appeared in Anbe Sivam alongside Madhavan. Priyadarshan, who started the film, departed allowing commercial director Sundar C to complete the film. Anbe Sivam told the story of Nallasivam, enacted by Kamal Haasan as a communist. Kamal Haasan's performance was highly lauded by critics with The Hindu stating that he "has once again done Tamil cinema proud".^[46]

Kamal Haasan then appeared in the remake film Vasool Raja alongside Sneha. In 2006, Haasan's long delayed project, Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu emerged as a blockbuster.^[47] In 2008, he appeared in Dasavathaaram portraying ten distinct roles in the venture which was released in multiple languages including Tamil, Telugu, Hindi throughout India and overseas. Dasavathaaram is known to be one of the first modern sci-fi films made in India which Kamal Haasan co-wrote along with the film's director K. S. Ravikumar, it also remains one of the most expensive Indian films ever made.^[48] Featuring him opposite Asin Thottumkal, the film as of 2008 became the first highest grossing film ever in Tamil cinema, and won him critical praise for his performance.^[49] In Canada, the film was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures, the first Tamil film to be done so. The film ultimately grossed more than 250 crores worldwide.^[49][50] He had written the story and screenplay for the project.

Following the completion of Dasavathaaram, Kamal Haasan opted to direct his fourth directorial venture, with a film tentatively titled Marmayogi, which after a year of pre-production became stalled.^[51] He then opted to produce and star in a venture, Unnaipol Oruvan,^{[52] [53]} co-starring him with Mohanlal. The film, which had Shruti Haasan appear as the music director, became a successful venture for him at the box office.^[54] Kamal Haasan worked on his fifth collaboration with Ravikumar, in Manmadan Ambu, for which he also wrote the dialogues and screenplay. The film also featured Madhavan and Trisha Krishnan and was released in December 2010. The story revolves around a man who hires a detective to find out if he is being cheated by his fiancée. This film completed one month successfully but was officially declared an average film. He is currently working on his fourth directorial venture Vishwaroopam ,^{[55][56][57][58]} a spy thriller on the lines of the Mission Impossible series, which will be released in two parts.^[59][60][61]

Off-screen contributions[link]

In addition to acting, Kamal Haasan has also played various roles behind the camera and is known for his involvement in several aspects of film-making.^[14][33] He wrote the story and/or screen-play for many of his films including Raja Paarvai, Apoorva Sagodharargal, Guna, Thevar Magan, Mahanadhi, Hey Ram, Aalavandhan, Anbe Sivam, Nala Damayanthi, Virumaandi, Dasavathaaram and Manmadhan Ambu. His film production company, Rajkamal International, has produced several of his films. He also directed the films Chachi 420, Hey Ram and Virumaandi. He considered taking up film direction full time, if Hey Ram was a success, but did not do so as the film was a box office failure.^[62] In 2010, he stated his intention to direct more films as many young actors had wished to work under him and gain his direct guidance.^[63] He wanted to turn a technician after his comeback into adult roles. Speaking about it in a lighter vein, he once said, "Film makers like K. Balachander told me that I won’t be able make much money by being a technician. So the end result is that the star Kamal funds the technician Kamal in pursuing his dreams".^[64] Kamal has attended workshops for make-up techniques in US for several years and once trained as a make-up man under Michael Westmore.^[65]

Kamal Haasan is also well known as a song-writer. He first penned lyrics for Hey Ram and followed it with films like Virumaandi, Unnai Pol Oruvan and Manmadhan Ambu. They were well received by his peers in the Tamil film industry.^[66] Kamal Haasan is also a playback singer. He has sung close to 70 songs in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and English.

Personal life[link]

Family[link]

Kamal Haasan filmed with M. G. Ramachandran

Kamal Haasan was born in the town of Paramakudi in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu, to a criminal lawyer named D. Srinivasan and his wife Rajalakshmi.^[67] One source says that his parents originally named him Parthasarathy.^[68] Another says that one of the four given names in his house was Parthasarathy (As revealed to Surya Sivakumar in the Shruti Haasan episode of Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi). He is an Iyengar Brahmin.^[69] Kamal Haasan was the youngest of four children, the others being Charuhasan, Chandrahasan and Nalini Raghu. His father was a martinet. He wanted all his sons (Chandrahasan, Charuhasan, Kamalahaasan) to study and do well. The two elder brothers followed their father’s example and studied law. Kamal spent his childhood learning everything except staying focussed on his studies.

Kamal Haasan had referred to his parents in couple of his films, with references being made in Unnaipol Oruvan as well as in the song Kallai Mattum from Dasavathaaram.^[70] His eldest brother Charuhasan, like Kamal Haasan, is a National Film Award-winning actor, who appeared in the Kannada film Tabarana Kathe, among others. Kamal's niece (Charuhasan's daughter), Suhasini is also a National Film Award winner and is married to director and fellow Award winner Mani Ratnam, who collaborated with Kamal Haasan on 1987's Nayagan.^[71] Chandra Haasan has appeared as the producer for several of Kamal Haasan's films as well as being an executive of Kamal Haasan's home production company, Rajkamal International. His brother's daughter Anu Hasan has appeared in several films in supporting roles, most notably in Suhasini's Indira.^[72] His sister Nalini Raghu is a dance teacher. Kamal Haasan later named an auditorium after his sister as Nalini Mahal.^[73] Her son, Gautham, played Kamal Haasan's grandson in his directorial venture, Hey Ram.

Relationships[link]

Despite his celebrated film career, his personal life had some setbacks which have been exploited by the media. In his early career, he co-starred in several films with actress Srividya. The pair were reported to have been a part of a notorious affair in the 1970s, with their relationship being explored in the 2008-released Malayalam film, Thirakkatha by Renjith, with Anoop Menon portraying Kamal Haasan and Priyamani playing Srividya. Srividya, who died in 2006, was visited by Kamal Haasan at her bedside during her final days.^[74] In 1978, at the age of 24, Kamal Haasan married danseuse Vani Ganapathy in a low-key affair.^[75] Vani put on the mantle of costume designer for her husband's movies and was publicized for walking along with Haasan into the Filmfare Awards South ceremony of 1980 immediately after their wedding. However, the couple split after ten years together, after Kamal Haasan began dating fellow actress Sarika, confirming in a later interview that he and Vani have never been in touch since their divorce. Kamal Haasan is a good friend of Rajinikanth and Vijayakanth.^[76]

Subsequently, Kamal Haasan and Sarika lived together from 1988, opting to marry only after having their second child. Of the two children: Shruti Haasan (born 1986) and Akshara Haasan (born 1991), the former is a singer as well as a Tollywood / Kollywood actress, while the latter is pursuing higher studies in Bangalore. Sarika took a break from acting soon after her marriage to Kamal Haasan. However, she replaced his ex-wife, Vani Ganapathy, as Haasan's costume designer, with acclaimed work in Hey Ram. The couple filed for divorce in 2002, with Sarika estranging herself from Kamal Haasan by the end of the procedure in 2004.^[77] His intimate relationship with co-star Simran Bagga, who is twenty-two years younger, became the reason for the split.^[78] However, Haasan's relationship with Simran, who appeared opposite him in two consecutive ventures – Pammal K. Sambandam and Panchathantiram, was short-lived as Simran went on to marry her childhood friend in late 2003.^[78] Haasan now lives with former actress Gouthami Tadimalla, who starred with him in several films in the late 80s and early 90s. He had helped her during her traumatic breast cancer experience and the pair have been in a domestic relationship since 2005. Along with Shruti and Akshara, Gouthami's daughter, Subbalakshmi, from an annulled marriage also lives with them.^[79]

Religious views[link]

Kamal Haasan, despite being born into a Hindu Brahmin family, has declared himself as an atheist; many of his films, notably Anbe Sivam and Dasavathaaram, both co-written by himself have featured anti-theistic views.^[80] Kamal Haasan, has also been mistaken for a Muslim due to the Arabic surname, and was famously stopped for his name at Toronto Pearson International Airport in 2002.^[81] The name originated from a friend of his father, Yaakob Hassan, a Muslim freedom fighter who spent time in prison with Kamal Haasan's father while imprisoned by the British. Yaakob Hassan had protected Srinivasan from other prisoners who hated the Brahmins. Later, he paid tribute to his friend by incorporating part of his name into his sons’ names.^[82] Kamal Haasan clarified in an interview with Karan Thapar in BBC that his last name 'Haasan' is, in fact, of Sanskrit origin from the word 'Hasya', which was his father's wish and thinks the Yaakob Hassan connection was highly publicized by media.^[82]

Political views[link]

Kamal Hassan has refrained from politics inspite of several people from the film Industry taking the plunge in Politics. He once said, the kind of politics he would indulge would get him killed in 365 days.^[83]

Humanitarian work[link]

Kamal Haasan is the first Tamil actor to convert fan clubs into welfare organisation,^[84] and is actively involved in several social service activities through the clubs under the banner Kamal Narpani Iyakkam. (Kamal Welfare Association)^[85][86] His fan clubs are involved in organising blood and eye donation drives and donating education materials to school students.^[87][88][89] He received the first Abraham Kovoor National Award for his Humanist Activities and Secular Life in 2004.^[10] He has turned his fan associations into social service organisations. He was also the project ambassador of Hridayaragam 2010, a fundraiser to set up an orphanage for HIV/AIDS-affected children.^[90] In September 2010, Kamal Haasan launched a children’s cancer relief fund and presented roses to children with cancer at Sri Ramachandra University in Porur in the suburbs of Chennai.^[91] He has also pledged to endorse consumer products, social causes and use the money for social service.^[92][93]

Literary contributions[link]

Kamal Haasan was involved in running the magazine Mayyam, which was run by the Kamal Haasan Welfare Association (Narpani Iyakkam). His views on a wide range of issues including cinema, child and drug abuse and the Kashmir conflict, have been collected and published as a book titled Thedi Theerpom Va (Come, Let's Solve Together), by his fan association.^[94] His interest in Tamil literature and his own writing skills are well known.^[95]

Awards and honours[link]

Kamal Haasan, a Padma Shri holder, is the most decorated actor in terms of awards in the history of Indian cinema.^[10] At the age of seven, he won the President's Gold Medal for his debut film Kalathur Kannamma.^[96] Haasan holds the record for the most number of National Film Awards—three Best Actor awards and one award for producing the Best Regional Film—for an actor. The 1992 Tamil film Thevar Magan which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil was produced by Kamal Haasan. Moreover, Haasan holds a record nineteen Filmfare Awards, ranging across five languages. After his latest award in 2000, he wrote to the organization requesting exemption from further awards.^[10] In 2003, his films Hey Ram, Pushpak, Nayagan and Kuruthipunal were showcased under the "Director in Focus" category at the Rotterdam Film Festival.^[97] In 2004, Virumaandi won the very first "Best Asian film" award at Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival (PiFan).^[45][97]

In 2005, Sathyabama Deemed University awarded Kamal Haasan an honorary doctorate.^[98] He received the Chevalier Sivaji Ganesan Award for Excellence in Indian Cinema at the 2006 ceremony of the inaugural Vijay Awards.^[99] He received the Living Legend Award in 2007 from FICCI, which recognizes outstanding personalities from the entertainment arena and honors them with awards at their annual global convention, FRAMES.^[100] In 2010, the United Progressive Alliance government organised a retrospective of Kamal Haasan's films. During that event, Union Information and Broadcasting Minister Ambika Soni said the actor fell under a special category, as his cinema broke barriers of language and region.^[101] The same year, the Government of Kerala honoured him for completing 50 years in Indian cinema during the inauguration of statewide Onam celebrations in Thiruvananthapuram.^[102]

Kamal Haasan is also a recipient of the Kalaimamani Award from the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1979. Other recognitions includes a string of Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, Nandi Awards, Screen Awards and Vijay Awards, including four separate awards for his performance in Dasavathaaram. In 2009, Kamal Haasan was appointed as the chairman of FICCI Media and Entertainment Business Conclave, organised by the entertainment division of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI).^[103] He has recently been roped in to be part of academic advisory council for ISFM (International school of Film+Media).^[104] Kamal Hassan was also recently invited on board an American ship as a special friend of the US Government.^[105]

Acclaim and criticism[link]

Kamal Haasan, widely respected and admired in the Indian film industry, is often praised as someone who would have won many Oscars, if he had been born outside India. His mentor K. Balachandar, while agreeing with such sentiment, says in that case Kamal would not have been able to have a diverse acting career and the adulation he has now.^[106][107] Mani Ratnam, who directed Kamal in Nayagan, has claimed he has missed working with Kamal.^[108] Veteran Tamil actor Nagesh rated Kamal Haasan as the best actor he had seen.^[109] Kamal Haasan's contributions to films have been lavishly praised by his peers in the Indian film industry like Sridevi^[110], Shah Rukh Khan, Amitabh Bachan and Aamir Khan.^{[111][111][112]} Younger actors Surya,^[113][114] Madhavan,^[115] and Ace film makers Bala,^[116] Ameer^[117] and Gautham Menon^[118][119] consider Kamal Haasan as their inspiration. His list of admirers go beyond cinema. M. F. Husain has claimed, he found Kamal Haasan as the most exciting Indian film-maker/actor.^[120]

Kamal Haasan has been accused of reusing story lines, plot elements from Western films without crediting them and also for using sexually explicit scenes and themes. He has also been accused of elitism, of offending religious sentiments and of being superficial about the social issues he depicts in his films.^{[121][122][123]} He has also been dubbed as an actor who consciously overshadows his co-artists.^[115][124] Other criticisms of Kamal Haasan include complaints about his obsession with needless perfection, which has caused some of his films to overshoot their budgets.^[125][126]

Notable filmography[link]

References[link]