Pomerania

Monday, 11 February 2013

A Pyromania Parody. Everytime I hear this song I think of Pomeranians. Made when I had spare time throghout the week. I used some pictures I found on Google.

#2 Boo The Cutest Pomeranian - Soul Seekin Woman

2007 White Pomeranian Dog VS Himalayan Cat

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Argentina
Argentina ⁱ/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.

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Bay of Greifswald
The Bay of Greifswald or Greifswald Bodden (German: Greifswalder Bodden) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Germany in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. With an area of 514 km², it is the largest Bodden of the German Baltic coast.
To the west is the island of Rügen; to the southeast, the island of Usedom; to the east, the Bay of Pomerania, and to the south, the German mainland. The bay is also joined to the Baltic Sea through the Strelasund, a narrow sound separating Rügen from the mainland. The bay's northern end is sometimes called the Rügischer Bodden.
The bay itself has a heavily indented coastline, making it a bay of bays. The headlands of Mönchgut (in east Rügen) and Zudar (in south Rügen) – the former actually being made up of several peninsulae – subdivide the bay into many smaller ones. The bay's main port is Greifswald. Amongst the islands in the east of the bodden are Vilm, Koos, Riems and the former island of Stubber, now a sandbank.
The Bay of Greifswald is quite shallow, with an average depth of 5.6 m, and a maximum depth of 13.5 m. Its water is brackish rather than briny owing to inflow from rivers, and the Baltic Sea's complex hydrography (saltier water is generally found only at greater depths there). The average salinity is at 7 to 8 psu, ranging from 5.3 and 12.2 psu.

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Bay of Pomerania
The Bay of Pomerania or Pomeranian Bay (Polish: Zatoka Pomorska; German: Pommersche Bucht; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô Hôwinga) is a basin in the southwestern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Poland and Germany.
In the south it is separated from the Oder Lagoon in the mouth of the Oder River by the islands of Usedom/Uznam and Wolin, connected by three straits or branches of the Oder: Dziwna, Świna and Peene. North border is a line from Cape Arkona on the German island of Rügen to the Gąski Lighthouse in the east of Kołobrzeg in Poland.
Maximum depth is 20 metres and salinity is about 8‰. The bay of Pomerania is crossed by a deepened waterway from the Szczecin seaport, via the river Oder, the Szczecin Lagoon, and Świna allowing large ships to enter the ports of Świnoujście and Szczecin.
Main ports are:
Coordinates: 54°04′01″N 14°04′59″E / 54.067°N 14.083°E / 54.067; 14.083

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Bay of Puck
The Bay of Puck or Puck Bay (Polish: Zatoka Pucka; Kashubian: Pùckô Hôwinga), historically also known as the Bay of Putzig (German: Putziger Wiek), is a shallow western branch of the Bay of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania, Poland. It is separated from the open sea by the Hel Peninsula.
The bay has an average depth of 2–6 metres. There is a shallow sand-bank from Rewa Cape to Kuźnica in the middle of Hel Peninsula. The bay is available only for small fishing boats and yachts, which have to stick to the strict deeper routes. There are deposits of potassium salt below the Bay of Puck.
The main ports are Puck, Jastarnia, and Hel.
Coordinates: 54°40′00″N 18°35′00″E / 54.6667°N 18.5833°E / 54.6667; 18.5833

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Brandenburg
Brandenburg ( listen (help·info); Low German: Brannenborg, Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen federal-states of Germany. It lies in the east of the country and is one of the new federal states that were re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former West Germany and East Germany. The capital is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the national capital and city-state of Berlin.
Originating in the medieval Northern March, the Margraviate of Brandenburg grew to become the core of the Kingdom of Prussia, which would later become the Free State of Prussia. The eastern third of historic Brandenburg (Ostbrandenburg/Neumark) was ceded to Poland in 1945.
In late medieval and early modern times, Brandenburg was one of seven electoral states of the Holy Roman Empire, and, along with Prussia, formed the original core of the German Empire, the first unified German state. Governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty from 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin. After 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were combined to form Brandenburg-Prussia, which was ruled by the same branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1701 the state was elevated as the Kingdom of Prussia. Franconian Nuremberg and Ansbach, Swabian Hohenzollern, the eastern European connections of Berlin, and the status of Brandenburg's ruler as prince-elector together were instrumental in the rise of that state.

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Brazil
Brazil ⁱ/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.

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Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz [ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ] ( listen) (German: Bromberg ( listen), Latin: Bydgostia) is a city located in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers. With a city population of 358,029 (June 2009), and an urban agglomeration with more than 460,000 inhabitants, Bydgoszcz is the 8th-largest city in Poland. It has been the seat of Bydgoszcz County and the co-capital, with Toruń, of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Prior to this, between 1947 and 1998, it was the capital of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, and before that, of the Pomeranian Voivodeship between 1945 and 1947.
Bydgoszcz is part of the metroplex Bydgoszcz-Toruń, which totals over 850,000 inhabitants. Bydgoszcz is the seat of Casimir the Great University, University of Technology and Life Sciences and a conservatory, as well as a Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Bydgoszcz hosts the Filharmonia Pomorska concert hall, the Opera Nova opera house, and the Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport. Due to its location between the Vistula and Odra rivers, and the water course of the Bydgoszcz Canal, the city forms part of a water system connected via the Noteć, Warta, Odra, and Elbe with the Rhine and Rotterdam. Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.

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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km² (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.

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Chile
Chile (ⁱ/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] ( listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.

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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which Austria, Britain, France and Russia brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, and served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations and United Nations.

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Darß
The Darß is the middle part of the peninsula of Fischland-Darß-Zingst on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The peninsula's name comes from the names of the three regions making up the peninsula. There is a large forest in the Darß. In recent times, the name "Darß" has also been used to refer to the entire peninsula.
The Darß is famous for being a resting place for tens of thousands of migrating cranes and geese. Tourism has long been a source of income and has increased since German reunification, but the Darß is still far from being a crowded tourist place.
The Darß lies northeast of Fischland and west of the peninsula of Zingst, its boundary with the latter being formed by the inlet of the Prerower Strom. To the north lies the Baltic Sea; to the south the lagoons of Saaler Bodden and Bodstedter Bodden, which belong to the Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain. The Darß measures between ten and twelve kilometres from north to south and from east to west and is home to the villages of Born a. Darß, Prerow and Wieck. The village of Ahrenshoop in the municipality of Ahrenshoop belongs to Vordarß, whilst the southern villages in Ahrenshoop, Althagen and Niehagen, are part of Fischland.

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Darłowo
Darłowo [darˈwɔvɔ] (in full The Royal City of Darłowo; Polish: Królewskie Miasto Darłowo, German: Rügenwalde), is a town at the south coast of the Baltic Sea in Middle Pomerania, north-western Poland, with 14,931 inhabitants (2006). Located in Sławno County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999, it was previously in the Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998).
After the last Ice-age had ended at about 8.000 B.C., settlers of the Stone Age first populated the region. Celtic and Germanic culture artefacts have been found in the region including a number of Roman coins found around Darłowo.^{[citation needed]}
On Ptolemy's chart of Germania Magna a settlement of the Rugians called Rugium is listed in the vicinity of a river which probably is identical with the Grabowa River flowing into the Wieprza river.
By the the 11th century a fortress named Dirlow, (or Dirlovo) existed where the River Wieprza entered the Baltic. From this fortress, the district of Dirlow was administered, which belonged to the castelany of Schlawe. The town of Rügenwalde was later founded in the district of Dirlow, but not at the location of the fortress itself.

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Dziwna
The Dziwna (German: Dievenow) is an eastern strait, river or a branch of the Oder River out of three straits connecting the Oder Lagoon with the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea, between the island of Wolin and the Polish mainland.
Major towns on the Dziwna include:
Coordinates: 53°55′29″N 14°41′13″E / 53.92472°N 14.68694°E / 53.92472; 14.68694

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Free City of Danzig
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (today Gdańsk) and surrounding areas.
The Free City was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Part III, Section XI of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 without a referendum. The Free City included the city of Danzig and over two hundred nearby towns, villages, and settlements. As the League of Nations decreed, the region was to remain separated from the nation of Germany, and from the newly resurrected nation of Poland. The Free City was not an independent state; it was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland. Poland also had special utilization rights towards the city. The Free City was created in order to give Poland sufficient access to the sea, while at the same time recognizing that its population was mainly German.
In 1933, the City's government was taken over by the local Nazi Party and the democratic opposition was suppressed. After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Free City was abolished and incorporated into the newly formed Reichsgau of Danzig-West Prussia. Widespread anti-Semitic and anti-Polish discrimination and organized murder followed.

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Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/; Polish: [ˈɡdaɲsk]; German: Danzig, pronounced [ˈdantsɪç]) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the center of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over 800,000. Gdańsk itself has a population of 455,830 (June 2010), making it the largest city in the Pomerania region of Northern Poland.
Gdańsk is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former late medieval/modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city. It has been part of modern Poland since 1945.

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Gdańsk Bay
Coordinates: 54°28′59″N 18°57′31″E / 54.48306°N 18.95861°E / 54.48306; 18.95861
Gdańsk Bay or the Bay of Gdańsk or Danzig Bay (Polish: Zatoka Gdańska; Kashubian: Gduńskô Hôwinga; Russian: Гданьская бухта, Gdan'skaja bukhta, and German: Danziger Bucht) is a southeastern bay of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the adjacent port city of Gdańsk in Poland and is sometimes referred to as a gulf.
The western part of Gdańsk Bay is formed by the shallow waters of the Bay of Puck. The southeastern part is the Vistula Lagoon, separated by the Vistula Spit and connected to the open sea by the Strait of Baltiysk.
The bay is enclosed by a large curve of the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania in Poland (Cape Rozewie, Hel Peninsula) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia (Sambian Peninsula). The coast of the bay features two very long sandspits, the Hel peninsula and the Vistula Spit. The first one defines the Bay of Puck, the latter one defines the Vistula Lagoon.
The maximum depth is 120 meters, and it has a salinity 0.7%.

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Gdańsk Shipyard
Gdańsk Shipyard (Stocznia Gdańskа) is a large Polish shipyard, located in the city of Gdańsk (Danzig). The yard gained international fame when Solidarity (Solidarność) was founded there in September 1980. It is situated on the left side of Martwa Wisła and on Ostrów Island.
Gdańsk Shipyard was founded in 1945 as a state-owned company, on sites of the former German shipyards, Schichau-Werft and Danziger Werft, both considerably damaged in the Second World War. On 1 July 1952 a state-owned enterprise called Baza Remontowa – Ostrow was established on Ostrow Island. The name changed to Gdanska Stocznia Remontowa later in the year. During the time of the People's Republic of Poland, the complex was known as the Gdansk Shipyard and Vladimir Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk (1967-89).
The Northern Shipyard (Stocznia Północna) was also formed in June 1945, when it was known as Shipyard No. 3. Its activities were mainly production and repairs of trains, trams and small floating units. In December 1945 Shipyard No. 3 had a workforce of 694, including 8 engineers and 28 technicians. Launches began in 1948 – smacks for the Gdańsk Institute of Sea Fishing were delivered and 53 rescue boats were built. In 1949 the shipyard started to produce fishing lugo-trawlers. In February 1950 Shipyard No3 changed its name to Northern Shipyard and in 1951 it ended production of trains, specializing instead in small cargo ships, fishing vessels and scientific ships. In 1952 the shipyard delivered 14 vessels. After 1955, the shipyard built vessels for the navies of Poland, USSR, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and East Germany – mainly for troop landing craft, hydrographic, rescue, training and torpedo boats. In 1975 the shipyard was named "Westerplatte Heroes".

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Gdynia
Gdynia [ˈɡdɨɲa] ( listen) (Kashubian: Gdiniô, German: Gdingen) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and an important seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea.
Located in Kashubia in Eastern Pomerania, Gdynia is part of a conurbation with the spa town of Sopot, the city of Gdańsk and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over a million people.
The area of the later city of Gdynia shared its history with Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania); in prehistoric times it was the center of Oksywie culture; it was later populated by Slavs with some Baltic Prussian influences.
The decision to build a major seaport at the Gdynia village was made by the Polish government in the winter of 1920, in the midst of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1920). The authorities and seaport workers of the Free City of Danzig felt Poland's economic rights in the city were being misappropriated to help fight the war.^{[citation needed]} German dock workers went on strike, refusing to unload shipments of military supplies send from the West to aid the Polish army, and Poland realized the need for a port city it was in complete control of, economically and politically.

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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.

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Germany
Germany (ⁱ/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km² and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.

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Greifswalder Oie
Greifswalder Oie (literally "Greifswald's isle") is a small island in the Baltic Sea, located east of Rügen on the German coast. The island covers an area of about 54 hectares.
Around 1929 Johannas Winkler experimented with small LOX methane rockets off the Island of Greifawalder. (ref. "Reaching for the Stars", Erik Bergaust, Doubleday). The island was a restricted military space from 1936 to 1991, first under control of Nazi Germany and then the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Between 1937 and 1945 numerous rockets were launched from Greifswalder Oie. In an operation designated Lighthouse, Wernher von Braun oversaw attempts to launch A3 rockets in December 1937, each of which failed. Between 1938 and 1942 the island was the scene for the nearly successful launches of the A5 rockets. Also twenty-eight A4/V2 rockets were launched vertically from Greifswalder Oie between 1943 and 1945. These launches were made in order to observe the reentrance of the rockets into the atmosphere. A successful launch of an A4 on October 3, 1942 penetrated earth's atmosphere and became the first man made object to go into space. The island was known as Peenemunde during WWII and after.

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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.
The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., 'Air Hansa'), F.C. Hansa Rostock, the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, in the Netherlands, and the Hansa Brewery in Bergen.

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Hel Peninsula
Hel Peninsula ( listen (help·info); Polish: Mierzeja Helska, Półwysep Helski; Kashubian: Hélskô Sztremlëzna; German: Halbinsel Hela or Putziger Nehrung) is a 35-km-long sand bar peninsula in northern Poland separating the Bay of Puck from the open Baltic Sea. It is located in Puck County of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
The width of the peninsula varies from approximately 300 m. near Jurata, through 100 m in the most narrow part to over 3 km at the tip. Since the peninsula was formed entirely of sand, it is frequently turned into an island by winter storms. Until the 17th century the peninsula was a chain of islands that formed a strip of land only during the summer.
A road and a railroad run along the peninsula from the mainland to the town located at the furthest point, Hel, a popular tourist destination. Other towns, ports, and tourist resorts are Jurata, Jastarnia, Kuźnica, Chałupy, and Władysławowo.
After the peninsula became part of the Second Polish Republic after World War I, it acquired considerable military significance, and was turned into a fortified region, with a garrison of about 3,000. In the course of the Battle of Hel in 1939, Polish forces dynamited the peninsula at one point, turning it into an island.

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Hel peninsula
Hel Peninsula ( listen (help·info); Polish: Mierzeja Helska, Półwysep Helski; Kashubian: Hélskô Sztremlëzna; German: Halbinsel Hela or Putziger Nehrung) is a 35-km-long sand bar peninsula in northern Poland separating the Bay of Puck from the open Baltic Sea. It is located in Puck County of the Pomeranian Voivodeship.
The width of the peninsula varies from approximately 300 m. near Jurata, through 100 m in the most narrow part to over 3 km at the tip. Since the peninsula was formed entirely of sand, it is frequently turned into an island by winter storms. Until the 17th century the peninsula was a chain of islands that formed a strip of land only during the summer.
A road and a railroad run along the peninsula from the mainland to the town located at the furthest point, Hel, a popular tourist destination. Other towns, ports, and tourist resorts are Jurata, Jastarnia, Kuźnica, Chałupy, and Władysławowo.
After the peninsula became part of the Second Polish Republic after World War I, it acquired considerable military significance, and was turned into a fortified region, with a garrison of about 3,000. In the course of the Battle of Hel in 1939, Polish forces dynamited the peninsula at one point, turning it into an island.

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Jasmund
Jasmund is a peninsula of the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is connected to the Wittow peninsula and to the Muttland main section of Rügen by the narrow land bridges Schaabe and Schmale Heide, respectively. Sassnitz, Sagard and the Mukran international ferry terminal are on Jasmund. Jasmund is also famous for the Stubbenkammer chalk cliffs within the Jasmund National Park, a nature reserve in the northeast of Rügen island.
Coordinates: 54°32′N 13°35′E / 54.533°N 13.583°E / 54.533; 13.583

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Koszalin
Koszalin [kɔˈʂalʲin] ( listen) Kashubian: Kòszalëno; (German: Köslin [kœsˈliːn]; Latin: Cussalin) is the largest city of Middle Pomerania in north-western Poland. It is located 12 km south of the Baltic Sea coast. Koszalin is also a county-status city and capital of Koszalin County of West Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Previously, it was a capital of Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1998).
Koszalin is first mentioned in 1108 in the Chronicle of Greater Poland (Kronika Wielkopolska) describing that duke Boleslaw Krzywousty has captured and subjugated multiple Pomeranian cities including Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Wolin and Koszalin Colibregensium, quam Caminensium, Veolinensium, Cosoniensium et munitissimarum alliarum. Although the name Cosoniensium seams to be corrupt and questioned by some researchers, the city is identified with Koszalin by top historians including Józef Spors, W.Kowalenko, B.Kurbisówna and Martin Wehrmann.
In 1214 Bogislaw II, Duke of Pomerania, made a donation of a village known as Koszalice/Cossalitz by Chełmska Hill in Kołobrzeg Land (una villa ... Cussalitz iuxta Cholin in terra Cholbergensis) to the Premonstratensian (Norbertine) monastery in Białoboki (Belbuck) near Trzebiatów (Treptow an der Rega). New, mostly German, settlers from outside of Pomerania were invited to settle the territory. In 1248 the eastern part of Kołobrzeg Land, including the village, was transferred by Duke Barnim I to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin.

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Mönchgut
Mönchgut is a peninsula of 29.44 square kilometers with 6600 inhabitants in the southeast of Rügen island in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It lies just between the Greifswalder Bodden and the rest of the Baltic Sea. Mönchgut contains the districts of Göhren and Thiessow; the peninsula is part of the Mönchgut-Granitz administration area. It is also a part of the Biosphere Reserve of Südost-Rügen.
The name translates the monks' estates. In 1252, Jaromar II, Prince of Rügen sold the area to the Cistercian monks of Eldena Abbey, which was founded by one of his predecessors, Jaromar I, Prince of Rügen in 1199 and by that time also belonged to the Danish Principality of Rügen. To separate the monks' possessions from the rest of the island, a ditch was dug between Baabe and Sellin, known as Mönchsgraben ("monks' ditch"). Today, a large wooden gate built upoun the bridge over the Mönchsgraben marks the entrance to the Mönchgut peninsula.
The peninsula is composed of several headlands such as Reddevitzer Höft, the Kleiner Zicker and the Großer Zicker. The bay between the headlands is called Having. Off-shore to the east of the peninsula lies the island Greifswalder Oie.

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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.

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North European Plain
The North European Plain (German: Norddeutsches Tiefland or German: Norddeutsches Tiefebene, Polish: Nizina Środkowoeuropejska, i.e. Central European Plain) is a geomorphological region in Europe. It consists of the low plains between the Central European Highlands to the south and the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the north. These two seas are separated by the Jutland peninsula. The North European Plain is connected to East European Plain, together they form the European Plain.
Elevation is between 0 and 200 m (about 0 and 650 ft). While mostly used as farmland, the region also contains bogs, heath, and lakes.
On the North Sea coast, one finds the Wadden Sea, a large tidal area.
On the Baltic Sea coast, one finds the Szczecin Lagoon, the Vistula Lagoon and the Curonian Lagoon, a number of large freshwater lagoons.
North European Plain covers the territories of Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Poland; it touches the Czech Republic and southwestern part of Sweden as well. Parts of eastern England can also be considered part of the same plain; as they share its low-lying character and were connected by land to the continent during the last ice age.

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Noteć
Noteć (German: Netze, Latin: Natissis) is a river in central Poland with a length of 388 km (7th longest) and a basin area of 17,330 km². It is a tributary of the Warta river and lies completely within Poland.
It flows out of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, through the voivodeships of Greater Poland and Lubusz Land, and empties near Gorzów Wielkopolski into the Warta.
The Netze District was a territory created by the Prussian administration along the river in the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1793, after the First Partition of Poland.
Coordinates: 52°44′08″N 15°24′23″E / 52.7355°N 15.4065°E / 52.7355; 15.4065

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Peenestrom
The Peenestrom is a strait or river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is 20 Kilometers long and is the westernmost connection of the Szczecin Lagoon (together with the Świna and the Dziwna) with the Baltic Sea. It is therefore also one of the three distributaries of the Oder.
Coordinates: 54°4′11″N 13°47′37″E / 54.06972°N 13.79361°E / 54.06972; 13.79361

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Poland
Poland ⁱ/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.

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Polish Corridor
The Polish Corridor (German: Polnischer Korridor; Polish: Pomorze, Korytarz polski), also known as Danzig Corridor, Corridor to the Sea or Gdańsk Corridor, was a territory located in the region of Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship, eastern Pomerania, formerly part of West Prussia), which provided the Second Republic of Poland (1920–1939) with access to the Baltic Sea, thus dividing the bulk of Germany from the province of East Prussia. The Free City of Danzig (now the Polish city of Gdańsk) was separate from both Poland and Germany. A similar territory, also occasionally referred to as a corridor, had been connected to the Polish Crown as part of Royal Prussia during the period 1466–1772.
According to German historian Hartmut Boockmann the term "Corridor" was first used by Polish politicians, while Polish historian Grzegorz Lukomski writes that the word was coined by German nationalist propaganda of the 1920s. Internationally the term was used in the English language already as early as March 1919 and whatever its origins, it became a widespread term in English language usage.

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Pomerania
Pomerania - Polish: Pomorze, Kashubian: Pòmòrze or Pòmòrskô, (German: Pommern, Latin: Pomerania or Pomorania) is a historical region on the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the East. Pomerania was strongly affected by 20th century, post-World War I and II border and population shifts.
Pomerania belongs to the lowlands of the North European Plain. Outside its few urban centers − most notably the Szczecin and Tricity metropolitan areas − the poor soil is mostly used as farmland, dotted with numerous lakes, forests, and small towns. Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Since the late 19th century, tourism has become an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast. Of the limited industrial zones, the most important products are ships, metal products, refined sugar, and paper.

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Randow
Randow is a river in the Uckermark region of Brandenburg and the Vorpommern region of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in part constituting these regions' frontier. An ancient name is Lochnitza, the town of Löcknitz derived its name from it. Since 1700, Randow is exclusively used.
The source is near Penkun, from which the river flows both to the North and to the South. The southern fork ends with its confluence to the Welse river, the northern fork ends with the confluence with the Uecker only a few kilometers before reaching the Oder Lagoon. The swampy Randow valley is known as Randowbruch, the historical crossing of the Randowbruch swamps are at its narrowest point in Löcknitz. The river lent its name to the former district of Uecker-Randow in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also to the historical Landkreis Randow of the Province of Pomerania.
Coordinates: 53°41′N 14°04′E / 53.683°N 14.067°E / 53.683; 14.067

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Rega
The Rega is a river in north-western Poland, flowing into the Baltic Sea. It is the country's 24th longest river, with a total length of 168 km and a catchment area of 2,725 km².
Towns on the Rega:
Coordinates: 54°08′46″N 15°17′07″E / 54.1462°N 15.2854°E / 54.1462; 15.2854

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Ryck
The Ryck is a river in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
From its source near Bartmannshagen, part of the Süderholz community northeast of Grimmen, the Ryck flows for about 28 km to the east, reaching Greifswald shortly before its mouth. The larger part of the river outside Greifswald is also referred to as Ryckgraben. In Greifswald, the Ryck provided both the medieval Hanseatic port and natural salt evaporation ponds, as due to the low elevation, hypersaline water of the Baltic Sea is driven into the river by the wind, flooding the lower meadows on the Ryck's northern bank.
In the High Middle Ages, the Ryck marked the southern border of the Principality of Rügen and the northern border of the County of Gützkow. West of Greifswald, the Ryck fed the Boltenhägener Teich, a medieval lake.
The old Hanseatic port in Greifswald is now an open-air ship museum.
"Meadows near Greifswald" Caspar David Friedrich, 1820 (depicting the area used for salt evaporation)
Old port, downtown Greifswald, view from Steinbecker bridge

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Rügen
Rügen (German pronunciation: [ˈʁyːɡən]) is Germany's largest island by area. It is located off the Pomeranian coast in the Baltic Sea and belongs to the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
The "gateway" to the island of Rügen is the Hanseatic town of Stralsund. The island, which is linked to the mainland by road and railway over the Rügen Causeway and Rügen Bridge over the two-kilometre-wide Strelasund, has a maximum length of 51.4 km (from north to south), a maximum width of 42.8 km in the south and an area of 926 km². The coast is characterized by numerous bays (both lagoons known as bodden and open bays known as Wieken), as well as projecting peninsulas and headlands. In June 2011, UNESCO awarded the status of a World Heritage Site. to the Jasmund National Park, famous for its vast stands of beeches.
The island of Rügen is part of the district of Vorpommern-Rügen with its county seat in Stralsund. The towns on Rügen are: Bergen auf Rügen, Sassnitz, Putbus and Garz/Rügen. In addition, there are the Baltic seaside resorts of Binz, Sellin, Göhren, Baabe and Thiessow. Rügen is very popular with tourists because of its diverse landscape and its long, sandy beaches of many tourists.

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Scania
Scania ( Skåne (help·info) in Swedish) is the southernmost of the 25 traditional non-administrative provinces (landskap) of Sweden, constituting a peninsula on the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, and some adjacent islands. The modern administrative subdivision (län) Skåne County is almost, but not totally, congruent with the province. The largest city is Malmö, which is also the third largest in Sweden and the administrative centre of Skåne County.
To the north, Scania borders the provinces of Halland and Småland, to the north-east Blekinge, to the east and south the Baltic Sea, and to the west the Öresund strait. Since 2000 a road and railway bridge, the Øresund Bridge constitutes a fixed link to the Danish island of Zealand. It is part of the transnational Öresund Region.
The province, up until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, formed part of the kingdom of Denmark. The transition to Sweden was later confirmed by the Treaty of Copenhagen 1660, the Peace of Lund 1679, the Peace of Travendal 1700. The last serious Danish attempt to retake the province failed in 1710, after the Battle of Helsingborg. The period 1658–1720 saw widespread violence by the Swedish military against the population. The region did not form part of Sweden proper until 1720, but had the status of conquered "foreign land" until that year. Until the early 19th century, a policy of forced assimilation was employed by the Swedish government in what until then had been a linguistically Danish region.

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Sopot
Sopot [ˈsɔpɔt] ( listen) (German: Zoppot ( listen); Kashubian: Sopòt) is a seaside town in Eastern Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland, with a population of approximately 40,000.
Sopot is a city with powiat (county) status, in Pomeranian Voivodeship. Until 1999 it was in Gdańsk Voivodeship. It lies between the larger cities of Gdańsk (Danzig) (to the south-east) and Gdynia (to the north), the three towns together making up the metropolitan agglomeration called Trójmiasto (Tri-City).
Sopot is a major health-spa and tourist resort destination. It has the longest wooden pier in Europe, at 515.5 metres, stretching out into the Bay of Gdańsk. The city is also famous for its Sopot International Song Festival, the largest such event in Europe after the Eurovision Song Contest. Among its other attractions is a fountain of bromide spring water, known as the "inhalation mushroom".
The name is thought to derive from an old Slavic word sopot meaning "stream" or "spring". The same root occurs in a number of other Slavic toponyms; it is probably onomatopeic, imitating the sound of running water. (Today several streams run into the sea in the area of the town.)

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Stargard Szczeciński
Stargard Szczeciński [ˈstarɡart ʂt͡ʂɛˈt͡ɕiɲskʲi] ( listen) (German: Stargard in Pommern; Kashubian: Stôrgard) is a city in northwestern Poland, with a population of 71,017 (2005). Situated on the Ina River it is the capital of Stargard County and since 1999 has been in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship; prior to that it was in the Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998). Stargard is a major railroad junction, where the southwards connection from Szczecin splits into two directions - one towards Poznań and the other towards Gdańsk. There is also another minor line to Pyrzyce from the town.
Stargard, which was first mentioned in around 1140, received Magdeburg city rights in 1243 from Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania.
In 1363 the city joined the Hanseatic League and was then strongly fortified. During the 15th century the Pomeranian dukes chose it as their residence.
During the Thirty Years' War the city burnt down and in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia it was incorporated, together with the rest of Further Pomerania, into Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1701 Stargard became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and in 1818, after the Napoleonic Wars, Stargard became part of the new district Saatzig within the Province of Pomerania.

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Swedish Pomerania
Swedish Pomerania (Swedish: Svenska Pommern; German: Schwedisch-Pommern) was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from 1630 to 1815, situated on what is now the Baltic coast of Germany and Poland. Following the Polish War and the Thirty Years' War, Sweden held extensive control over the lands on the southern Baltic coast, including Pomerania and parts of Livonia and Prussia (dominium maris baltici).
Sweden, present in Pomerania with a garrison at Stralsund since 1628, had gained effective control of the Duchy of Pomerania with the Treaty of Stettin in 1630. At the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and the Treaty of Stettin in 1653, Sweden received Western Pomerania, or Vorpommern with the islands of Rügen, Usedom, and Wolin, and a strip of Eastern Pomerania, or Hinterpommern. The peace treaties were negotiated while the Swedish queen Christina was a minor, and the Swedish Empire was governed by members of the high aristocracy. As a consequence, Pomerania was not annexed to Sweden like the French war gains, which would have meant abolition of serfdom which since the Pomeranian peasant laws of 1616 was practiced there in its most severe form. Instead, it remained part of the Holy Roman Empire, making the Swedish rulers Reichsfürsten (imperial princes) and leaving the nobility in full charge of the rural areas and its inhabitants. While the Swedish Pomeranian nobles were subjected to reduction when the late 17th century kings regained political power, the provisions of the peace of Westphalia continued to prevent the pursuit of the uniformity policy in Pomerania until the Holy Roman empire was dissolved in 1806.

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Szczecin
Szczecin ([ˈʂt͡ʂɛt͡ɕin] ( listen); German: Stettin [ʃtɛˈtiːn] ( listen)}), is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. In the vicinity of the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland. As of June 2011 the population was 407,811.
Szczecin is located on the Oder River, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin borders with the town of Police.
The city's beginnings were as an 8th century Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of today's castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the Griffin dynasty established themselves as local rulers, the population was converted to Christianity, and German settlers arrived. The native Slavic population was assimilated and sometimes discriminated against in the following centuries. In 1237/43, the town was built anew and granted vast autonomy rights, and it joined the Hanseatic League.

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Szczecin Lagoon
Szczecin Lagoon or Bay of Szczecin (German: Stettiner Haff, Polish: Zalew Szczeciński), also Oder lagoon (German: Oderhaff), is a lagoon in the Oder estuary, shared by Germany and Poland. It is separated from the Pomeranian Bay of the Baltic Sea by the islands of Usedom and Wolin. The lagoon is subdivided into the Kleines Haff ("small lagoon") in the West and the Wielki Zalew (German: Großes Haff, "great lagoon") in the East. An ambiguous historical German name was Frisches Haff, which later exclusively referred to the Vistula Lagoon.
From the South, the lagoon is fed by several arms of the Oder river (Polish: Odra) and smaller rivers like Ziese, Peene, Zarow, Uecker, and Ina (German: Ihna). In the North, the lagoon is connected to the Baltic Sea's Bay of Pomerania with the three straits Peenestrom, Świna (German: Swine) and Dziwna (German: Dievenow), which divide the mainland and the islands of Usedom (Polish: Uznam) and Wolin (German: Wollin).
The lagoon covers an area of 687 km², its natural depth is in average 3.8 meters, and 8.5 meters at maximum. The depth of shipping channels however can exceed 10.5 meters. Thus, the lagoon holds about 2.58 km³ of water. The annual average water temperature is 11°C.

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Słupia
Słupia (German: Stolpe) is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Towns:
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of rivers of Europe.
Coordinates: 54°35′20″N 16°51′10″E / 54.5889°N 16.8528°E / 54.5889; 16.8528

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Słupsk
Słupsk [swupsk] ( listen) (German: Stolp, Kashubian: Stôłpsk or Słëpsk, Latin: Stolpa) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, in the northern part of Poland. Before 1 January 1999, it was the capital of the separate Słupsk Voivodeship. It is also a part of the historic region of Pomerania.
The city is located in the northwestern part of the country, on the Slovincian Coast, 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the Baltic Sea on the Słupia River. It is the administrative seat of Słupsk County, although it is not part of that county (the city has county status in its own right). It has a population of 98,757 and occupies 43.15 square kilometres (16.66 sq mi), being one of the most densely populated cities in the country according to the Central Statistical Office. The neighbouring administrative districts (gminas) are Gmina Kobylnica and Gmina Słupsk. There is ongoing discussion regarding extension of the city boundaries to include some territory belonging to those two gminas.
Słupsk had its origins as a Slavic Pomeranian settlement on the Słupia river in early Middle Ages, which later became part of Piast Poland. In 1265 it was given city rights. By the 14th century, the town had become a centre of local administration and trade and a Hanseatic League associate. Between 1368 and 1478, it was the residence of the Dukes of Pomerania. In 1648, according to the peace treaty of Osnabrück, Słupsk became part of Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1815 it was incorporated into the newly formed Province of Pomerania. The city became part of the People's Republic of Poland in 1945.

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Toruń
Toruń [ˈtɔruɲ] ( listen) (German: Thorn ( listen), Kashubian: Torń, Latin: Thorunium, see also: other names) is an ancient city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River. Its population is 205,934 as of June 2009. Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland. The medieval old town of Toruń is the birthplace of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2007 the Old Town in Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland. National Geographic Polska rated the old town market and the Gothic town hall as one of the "30 Most Beautiful Places in the World." In 2010 Forbes magazine ranked Toruń as number one of the "Polish Cities Attractive for Business".^{[citation needed]} In 2009 it was listed as one of the "Best Cities to Live in Poland", in a ranking published by Przekrój.^{[citation needed]}
Previously it was the capital of the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–98) and the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921–45). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the self-government of the Kujawy-Pomerania Province and, as such, is one of its two capitals (together with Bydgoszcz). The cities and neighboring counties form the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bi-polar metropolitan area. In September 2004, Bydgoszcz Medical School joined Toruń's Nicolaus Copernicus University as its Collegium Medicum.

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Ummanz
Ummanz (German pronunciation: [ˈʊmants]) is a small island situated off the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Germany.
Its area is 20 km². Together with the neighboring islands Rügen and Hiddensee it is administrated as the district Rügen.
It is a part of the national park Nationalpark Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft.
Coordinates: 54°28′N 13°11′E / 54.467°N 13.183°E / 54.467; 13.183

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Usedom
Usedom (German: Usedom [ˈuːzədɔm], Polish: Uznam [ˈuznam]) is a Baltic Sea island on the border between Germany and Poland. It is situated north of the Szczecin Lagoon (German: Stettiner Haff) estuary of the River Oder in Pomerania. Most of the island belongs to the German district of Vorpommern-Greifswald in the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, with the exception of the eastern part and the city of Świnoujście (German: Swinemünde) which is in Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Its area is 445 km² (the German part 373 km²; the Polish part 72 km²).
Its population is 76,500 (the German part 31,500; the Polish part 45,000).
The island is separated to the east from the neighbouring island of Wolin by the Świna (German: Swine) strait (or river), which is the main route connecting Szczecin Bay with the Pomeranian Bay, a part of the Baltic Sea. The strait between the island and the mainland is called the Peenestrom; it is a downstream extension of the valley of the Peene river, which flows into the westernmost part of the Stettin Lagoon. The island is mostly flat, partly covered by marshes.

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Vilm
The Baltic Sea island of Vilm lies in the bay south of the much larger island of Rügen, it is one of Germany's most remote and tranquil spots. Covering less than 1 km², Vilm is the remnant of a moraine left as the glaciers retreated about 6000 years ago. Since its formation the shape of the island has gradually changed, with sandbars and beaches forming and eroding continuously. Today the island is shaped like a 2.5 kilometre-long tadpole, consisting of two distinct parts. Great Vilm, the “head” to the north-east, rises to almost 40 m. The low-lying isthmus of Middle Vilm forms a long “tail” to the south-west, which culminates in Little Vilm, a rocky mound about 20 m above sea level. The chalky cliffs to the southern side of Great Vilm are rapidly eroding, while sandbanks are building to add a snail-like curl to the tail.
Vestiges on the island suggest that humans used it in the early Stone Age, not long after its formation. Slavic peoples built a temple there, and its use for spiritual purposes persisted into Christian times, when in the Middle Ages it became a place of pilgrimage. In the early 19th century a law was passed to prevent trees from being felled on the island, and it became a summer residence for aristocrats. In 1936 the fauna and flora of the island were placed under protection to preserve its ancient oak and beech woodlands. After the second world war, Vilm became a favourite destination for tourists from German cities. By 1957 the island's public restaurant was used by some 700 visitors a day. In 1959 the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic closed the island to the public and constructed 11 guesthouses, administrative and farm buildings. From then until the dissolution of the GDR, they used it as a private retreat for high functionaries, including the GDR heads of state Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker.

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Vistula
The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstʃələ/; Polish: Wisła [ˈvʲiswa], German: Weichsel) is the longest and the most important^{[citation needed]} river in Poland, at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. The watershed area of the Vistula is 194,424 km² (75,068 sq mi), of which 168,699 km² (65,135 sq mi) lies within Poland (splitting the country in half).
The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1220 meters above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).
The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea. The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European ultimately from proto-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, including Latin (see Ursula).

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Warta
The Warta (German: Warthe; Latin: Varta) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river. With a length of approximately 808 kilometres (502 mi) it is the country's third longest river. The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers. It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski) near Bydgoszcz.
It rises in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie, Silesian Voivodeship, flows through Łódź Land, Greater Poland and Lubusz Land, where it empties into the Oder near Kostrzyn at the border with Germany.
The Greater Polish Warta river basin was the original Poland —it is said that the Polans (Polish: Polanie), a West Slavic tribe, inhabited the Warta river basin from the 8th century. The river is also mentioned in the second stanza of the Mazurek Dąbrowskiego Polish national anthem.
Coordinates: 52°35′55″N 14°36′37″E / 52.5986°N 14.6103°E / 52.5986; 14.6103

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Wielbark culture
The Wielbark culture (German: Wielbark-Willenberg-Kultur, Polish: Kultura wielbarska, Ukrainian: Вельбарська культура (Vel’bars’ka kul’tura)) or East Pomeranian-Mazovian was a culture that appeared during the first half of the 1st century CE. It replaced the Oksywie culture, in the area of modern-day Eastern Pomerania around the lower Vistula river, which was related to the Przeworsk culture.
The Wielbark culture has been associated with Jordanes' account of the Goths leaving Scandza (Scandinavia) and their settlement in Gothiscandza.^{[citation needed]}
The Wielbark culture was named after a village where a burial place with over 3000 tombs, attributed to the Goths, and Gepids was discovered back in 1873.^{[by whom?]} Many of the cemetery stones were moved, and many graves were damaged by the early German discoverers. The report of the original excavation, lost during World War II was rediscovered only in 2004 and is about to be^[when?] analysed in a cooperation of Polish scientists from Gdańsk, Warszawa, Kraków, and Lublin.

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Wieprza
Wieprza (German: Wipper), a river in north-western Poland, is a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 112 kilometers and a basin area of 2,170km². Its German name is Wipper (Farther Pomerania, where the river flows, belonged prior to 1945 to the German province of Pomerania).
Towns:
See also: rivers of Poland, list of rivers of Europe.
Coordinates: 54°26′25″N 16°22′38″E / 54.44028°N 16.37722°E / 54.44028; 16.37722

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Wittow
Wittow is the northernmost peninsula of the island of Rügen. Wittow was a separate isle until the High Middle Ages, since then it is connected to the Jasmund peninsula of Rügen by the Schaabe spit. Wittow is most famous for Cape Arkona hosting the remnants of a former Rani temple burgh.
Coordinates: 54°38′N 13°20′E / 54.633°N 13.333°E / 54.633; 13.333

wn.com/Wittow
Wolin
Wolin (Pomeranian Wòlin, German: Wollin) is the name both of an island in the Baltic Sea, just off the Polish coast, and a town on that island. It is separated from the island of Usedom by the Świna river, and from mainland Pomerania by the Dziwna river. The origins of the name are unknown, although it is likely of Slavic origin. In the old Slavic language the word "wolyn" meant a wetland, and over time, it was Germanised.
Water from the river Oder (Polish: Odra) flows into the Szczecin Lagoon and from there through the Peene west of Usedom, Świna and Dziwna into the Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.
Most of the island consists of forests and postglacial hills. In the middle is the Wolin National Park. The island is a main tourist attraction of northwestern Poland, and it is crossed by several specially marked tourist trails, such as 73-kilometer long trail from Międzyzdroje to Dziwnówek. There is a main, electrified rail line, which connects Szczecin and Świnoujście, also across the island goes an international road E65 (national road 3 / S3 expressway), which crosses Europe from north to south.

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Zingst
Zingst Peninsula is the easternmost portion of the three-part Fischland-Darß-Zingst Peninsula, located in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany between the city of Rostock and town of Stralsund on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. The area is part of the Pomeranian coast. The Zingst Peninsula forms an eastward-running spit, nearly 20 kilometres length, and has a width of just 2 to 4 kilometres.
Zingst separates the Baltic Sea from the lagoon of Barther Bodden, which is part of the Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain, a large estuary [1]. The shallow waters of the inlet are a major stopover for the migratory European Crane. In spring and autumn, up to 3,000 birds gather here on their migration route to and from Spain [2] [3]. Most of the estuary and the eastern end of the peninsula are part of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park.
Until the early 1870s, Zingst was an island, separated from Darß by the Prerowstrom, a narrow inlet. A storm tide in 1874 closed the inlet, which had connected the bodden with the Baltic Sea. A road now connects Zingst and Darß, running along a 100-metre wide isthmus.

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Złotów County
Złotów County (Polish: powiat złotowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Złotów, which lies 107 kilometres (66 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Jastrowie, 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Złotów, Okonek, 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Złotów, and Krajenka, 7 km (4 mi) southwest of Złotów.
The county covers an area of 1,661 square kilometres (641.3 sq mi). As of 2011, its total population is 68,791, out of which the population of Złotów is 18,303, that of Jastrowie is 8,485, that of Okonek is 3,855, that of Krajenka is 3,659, and the rural population is 34,489.
Before 1772, the area was part of the Kingdom of Poland. From 1772 to 1945, it was part of Prussia and Germany, contained mainly in the district called Kreis Flatow (Złotów), although parts were in Kreis Deutsch Krone (Jastrowie). For more information, see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II.

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Adam of Bremen
Adam of Bremen (also: Adamus Bremensis) was a German medieval chronicler. He lived and worked in the second half of the eleventh century. He is most famous for his chronicle Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church).
Little is known of his life other than hints from his own chronicles. He is believed to have come from Meissen (Latin Misnia) in Saxony.^{[citation needed]} The dates of his birth and death are uncertain, but he was probably born before 1050 and died on 12 October of an unknown year (Possibly 1081, latest 1085). From his chronicles it is apparent that he was familiar with a number of authors. The honorary name of Magister Adam shows that he had passed through all the stages of a higher education. It is probable that he was taught at the Magdeburger Domschule.
In 1066 or 1067 he was invited by archbishop Adalbert of Hamburg to join the Church of Bremen^{[citation needed]}, since Adalbert believed he would improve the literary reputation of the diocese. Adam was accepted among the capitulars of Bremen, and by 1069 he appeared as director of the cathedral's school.^{[citation needed]} Soon thereafter he began to write the history of Bremen/Hamburg and of the northern lands in his Gesta.

wn.com/Adam_of_Bremen
Gallus Anonymus
Gallus Anonymus (Polonized variant: Gall Anonim) is the name traditionally given to the anonymous author (fl. 11th–12th centuries) of Gesta principum Polonorum (Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in Latin about 1115.
Gallus is generally regarded as the first historian to have described Poland. His Chronicles are an obligatory text for university courses in Poland's history. Very little is known of the author himself.
The only source for Gallus' existence is a note made by Prince-Bishop of Warmia Marcin Kromer (1512–89) in the margin of folio 119 of the "Heilsberg manuscript." It reads: Gallus hanc historiam scripsit, monachus, opinor, aliquis, ut ex proemiis coniicere licet qui Boleslai tertii tempore vixit (Gallus wrote this history, some monk, in my opinion, who lived in the time of Bolesław III, as can be conjectured from the preface.') It is not known whether Kromer intended the word "Gallus" as a proper name or as a reference to the author's nationality (Gallus in this period normally means, "a Frenchman"), nor what he based his identification on.

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Gepids
The Gepids (Latin: Gepidae; Old English: Gifð; possibly Proto-Germanic: *Gibiðaz, "giver" or gepanta) were an East Germanic tribe who were closely related to the Goths. The Gepids were recorded in the area along the southern Baltic coast in the 1st century AD, having migrated there from southern Sweden some years earlier. Subsequently, the Gepids migrated further south during the 2nd century and were reported in the mountains north of Transylvania by the end of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, they were incorporated into the Hunnic State.
Under their leader Ardaric, the Gepids united with other Germanic tribes and defeated the Huns at Battle of Nedao in 454. The Gepids then founded a kingdom centered in Sirmium, commonly known as Gepidia or Kingdom of the Gepids.
In the 3rd century (around 260 AD), the Gepids participated with the Goths in an invasion of Dacia. Their early origins are reported in Jordanes' Origins and Deeds of the Goths, where he claims that their name derives from their later and slower migration from Scandinavia:

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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.

wn.com/Germans
Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.

wn.com/Goths
Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים‎‎ ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.

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Kashubians
Kashubians/Kaszubians (Kashubian: Kaszëbi, Polish: Kaszubi/ Kaszuby, German: Kaschuben), also called Kashubs, Kashubes, Kaszubians, Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to as Kashubia (Kashubian: Kaszëbë, Polish: Kaszuby, German: Kaschubei, Kaschubien).
They speak Kashubian, classified either as a language or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group.
Slovincians are grouped with the Kashubians as Pomeranians. Similarly the Slovincian and Kashubian languages are grouped as the Pomeranian language, with Slovincian being either a closely related language or a Kashubian dialect.
Among larger cities, Gdynia (Gdiniô) contains the largest proportion of people declaring Kashubian origin. However, the biggest city of the Kashubia region is Gdańsk (Gduńsk), the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the traditional capital of Kashubia. Between 80.3% and 93.9% people of the people in Linia, Sierakowice, Szemud, Kartuzy, Chmielno, Żukowo, etc. are of Kashubian descent.

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Lemovii
The Lemovii (German: Lemovier) were a Germanic tribe, only once named by Tacitus in the late 1st century. He noted that they lived near the Rugii and Goths and that they had short swords and round shields.
The Oxhöft culture is associated with parts of the Rugii and Lemovii. Also, the Plöwen group (German: Plöwener Gruppe) of the Uecker-Randow region is associated with the Lemovii.
The archaeological Dębczyn group might comprise the remnants of the Lemovii, probably identical with Widsith's Glommas, who are believed to have been the neighbors of the Rugii, a tribe dwelling at the Baltic Sea coast in today's Pomerania region before the migration period. Both "Lemovii" and "Glommas" translate "the barking". Germanic sagas report a battle on the isle of Hiddensee between king Hetel (Hethin, Heodin of the Glommas) and Rugian king Hagen, following the abduction of Hagen's daughter Hilde by Hetel. Yet, there are also other hypotheses about the location of the Lemovii, and that their identification as Glommas, though probable, is not certain.

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Nordic Bronze Age
The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, c. 1700-500 BC, with sites that reached as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It is followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
Even though Scandinavians joined the European Bronze Age cultures fairly late through trade, Scandinavian sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold.
Many rock carvings depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships, most probably representing sewn plank built canoes for warfare, fishing and trade. These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue in to the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as shown by the Hjortspring boat.
There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period. Numerous artifacts of bronze and gold are found. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artifacts, for example bronze axes and swords. (There are also numerous Nordic Stone Age rock carvings in the north of Scandinavia, mostly portraying elk.)

wn.com/Nordic_Bronze_Age
Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.

wn.com/Poles
Rugii
"Rugi" redirects here. For the Romanian villages by this name, see Păltiniş, Caraş-Severin and Turcineşti.
The Rugii, also Rugians, Rygir, Ulmerugi, or Holmrygir (Norwegian: Rugiere, German: Rugier) were an East Germanic tribe who migrated from southwest Norway to Pomerania around 100 AD, and from there to the Danube River valley. They were allies of Attila until his death in 453, and settled in what is now Austria after the defeat of the Huns at Nedao in 453.
The Rugians helped Odoacer establish the Kingdom of Italy, and converted to Arianism by 482. In 487 they suffered a crushing defeat in Vienna at the hands of Odoacer and his Herulian and Scirian followers. They then joined with the Ostrogothic army of Theodoric in its campaign to take over Italy in 488–493. Within the Ostrogothic Kingdom, they kept their own administrators and avoided intermarriage with the Goths. They disappeared after Totila's defeat in the Gothic war.
The tribal name "Rugii" or "Rygir" is a derivate of the Old Norse term for rye, rugr, and is thus translated "rye eaters" or "rye farmers".Holmrygir and Ulmerugi are both translated as "island Rugii".

wn.com/Rugii
Ukrainians
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus', reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.

wn.com/Ukrainians
Vidivarii
The Vidivarii are described by Jordanes in his Getica as a melting pot of tribes who in the mid-6th century lived at the lower Vistula:
Ad litus oceani, ubi tribus faucibus fluenta Vistulae fluminibus ebibuntur, Vidivarii resident ex diversis nationibus aggregati.
Though differing from the earlier Willenberg culture, some traditions were continued, thus the corresponding archaeological culture is sometimes described as the Vidivarian or widiwar stage of the Willenberg culture. The bearers of the Willenberg culture have been associated with a heterogeneous people comprising Vistula Veneti, Goths, Rugii, and Gepids. One hypothesis, based on the sudden appearance of large amounts of Roman solidi and migrations of other groups after the breakdown of the Hun empire in 453, suggest a partial re-migration of earlier emigrants to their former northern homelands.

wn.com/Vidivarii
Wends
Wends (Old English: Winedas, Old Norse: Vindr, German: Wenden, Winden, Danish: Vendere, Swedish: Vender, Polish: Wendowie) is a historic name for West Slavs living near Germanic settlement areas. It does not refer to a homogeneous people, but to various peoples, tribes or groups depending on where and when it is used. Today, it is used either in historical contexts or as a catch-all term for Lusatian Sorbs, and their descendants, like the Texas Wends.
In the Middle Ages the term "Wends" often referred to Western Slavs living within the Holy Roman Empire, though not always. Mieszko I, the first historical legitimate ruler of Poland, also appeared as "Dagome, King of the Wends" (Old Norse: Vindakonungr) - which was an apparent misinterpretation as during those times emerging Polish state had no true control over Sorbian territories (which were gained for a short period of time by Bolesław I Chrobry after Mieszko's death). The name has also survived in Finnic languages (Finnish: Venäjä, Estonian: Vene, Karelian: Veneä) denoting Russia.

wn.com/Wends

"Pomerania"

A Pyromania Parody. Everytime I hear this song I think of Pomeranians. Made when I had spa...

published: 21 Jun 2010

author: Gloom Midori Hikkuko

8 week old Pomeranian puppies!

8 week old puppy! 1.3 lbs....

published: 07 Apr 2009

author: Erin Miller

#2 Boo The Cutest Pomeranian - Soul Seekin Woman

goodbuygirlsnashville.com Soul Seekin Woman - Featuring Boo We love Boo and music and vint...

published: 04 Nov 2010

author: goodbuygirls

2007 White Pomeranian Dog VS Himalayan Cat

They fight everyday!...

published: 30 Apr 2007

author: JackLiu

Grooming a Pomeranian

This is how I groom a Pomeranian. I brushed out the undercoat and gave him a bath and blow...

published: 11 Aug 2012

author: loveofeathers

Dogs 101 - Pomeranian

...

published: 29 Jan 2012

author: AlotOfDogs101

The 2011 Pomeranian National Specialty

Celebrating their 100th anniversary, the American Pomeranian Club's National Specialty fea...

published: 31 Mar 2011

author: purebredstudios

Diva, evolucion de mi pomerania

Evolucion de mi pomerania...

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30. Pomerania - Part 1

30ste Pomerania. Oktober 2010, Recz / Drawsko Pomorski. Tag 1...

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XXIX Pomerania April 2010

XXIX Edition der Pommerischen Orientierungswanderungen "Off Road" POMERANIA. chronologisch...

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30. Pomerania - Part 2

30ste Pomerania. Oktober 2010, Recz / Drawsko Pomorski. Tag 2...

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Pure breed Pomeranian (Toy) puppies

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maumaumascotas.com - La raza de perros Pomerania

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Visit Pomerania!

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published: 16 Oct 2011

author: Mikołaj Duh-Imbor

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photo: AP / Ugarit News via AP video

This image taken from video obtained from Ugarit News on Thursday, Feb. 7, 2013, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, purports to show Syrian soldiers dancing to Usher's hit song "Yeah!"

Amid a Bloody War, Syrian Videos Show a Glimpse of Fun

The New York Times

09 Feb 2013

BEIRUT, Lebanon — The video has gone viral in recent days. Syrian government soldiers, in camouflage gear, carrying rocket-propelled grenades and brandishing rifles, mugging for the camera while dancing in a circle to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Enlarge This Image. Ugarit News, via Associated Press. In a video posted online, Syrian soldiers chant and dance to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Related. U.N ... Twitter List ... Raw ... ....(size: 8.2Kb)

photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb

File - Palestinian Salafis "al-Qaeda" burning U.S. and Israeli flags as they burn an image of U.S. President Barack Obama during a protest against what they said was a film being produced in the U.S. that was insulting to the Prophet Mohammad in Rafah in southern Gaza Strip on September 14, 2012.

Tide of Salafism threatens the Arab spring

Mail Guardian South Africa

10 Feb 2013

A protester holds a banner reading "Be careful Mr President Hollande, Tunisia is not Mali" at a demonstration in Tunis on February 9. (AP). More Coverage. Late last year, largely unnoticed in the West, Tunisia's president, Moncef Marzouki, gave an interview to Chatham House's The World Today ... "We didn't realise how dangerous and violent these Salafists could be ... They are a tiny minority within a tiny minority ... Threats ... ....(size: 13.5Kb)

photo: AP / Jerome Delay

A Malian soldier takes cover behind a truck during exchanges of fire with jihadists in Gao, northern Mali, Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013.

Militants Battle Malian and French Troops in Liberated Town

The New York Times

10 Feb 2013

DAKAR, Senegal — Gunfire rang out in the streets of the strategic city of Gao in northern Mali on Sunday, two weeks after French troops appeared to have chased radical Islamists out of the city, which is at the edge of the desert and is the largest population center in the north. Multimedia. Interactive Feature. Turmoil in the Sahara. Related. Mali War Shifts as Rebels Hide in High Sahara (February 10, 2013) ... Twitter List ... Mr ...   ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)

photo: AP / Elaine Thompson

A Boeing 777-367 (ER) Cathay Pacific jet is guided to a parking spot by a marshaller at Paine Field Tuesday, Feb. 5, 2013, in Everett, Wash.

Boeing 787 on test flight, 1st since grounding

Jakarta Post

10 Feb 2013

Boeing sent a 787 up on a test flight Saturday, the first since the new airliner was grounded three weeks ago because of a battery fire ... The plan was to spend two and a half hours in the air ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez

Nigeria supporters root for their team as it plays Costa Rica during the FIFA U20 World Cup soccer tournament in Victoria, Canada, Sunday, July 1, 2007. Decked out in green-and-white striped toques and matching T-shirts, 90 members of the Nigeria Football Supporters' Club followed their men's youth team all the way from western Africa to Victoria for the tournament.

Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams

FourFourTwo

10 Feb 2013

Top scorer Emenike fails to make final for Nigeria. Africa Cup of Nations 7 minutes ago. Burkina Faso v Nigeria - African Nations Cup final teams. Africa Cup of Nations 21 minutes ago. Blatter angry with UEFA over declaration on FIFA reforms. Rest of Europe 1 hours ago. Mali bank on Keita to deliver first World Cup place. Africa Cup of Nations 1 hours ago. Nigeria start favourites in African Nations Cup final ... Rest of Europe Yesterday, 22.28....(size: 6.8Kb)

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Fracking Boom Delayed by Kites as Poland Seeks Gas Independence

Bloomberg

08 Feb 2013

“People in the region have emotional ties to their land, which they’ve owned for generations,” Malgorzata Klawiter, plenipotentiary for shale gas of the marshal of Pomerania, the official charged with promoting the development of the fuel and linking the communities and the industry, said in an interview ... In Gdansk, the capital of the Pomerania ......(size: 11.0Kb)

Should Germany ban the NPD?

Deutsche Welle

01 Feb 2013

Few dispute that right-wing extremist parties are undemocratic ... Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony, both in eastern Germany, but nothing in the national parliament ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)

Shock images for road safety

News24

24 Jan 2013

2013-01-24 12.28. > >. Pin It ... SCARED STRAIGHT ... kalahari.com.  . Police in the northern German state of Mecklenburg West Pomerania have begun a campaign using "disturbing" images of road accidents and their bloodstained victims in a bid to promote road safety ... SOMBRE IMAGES ... The state of Mecklenburg West Pomerania registered 12 deaths in the age group last year alone (A big number for them it seems) ... Read more on ... > > ... >. > ... >. > ... >. >. >. >. >. >....(size: 9.3Kb)

New year meeting with diplomatic corps (Chancellery of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland)

noodls

18 Jan 2013

(Source. Chancellery of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland). Yesterday, Minister Stanisław Kalemba extended new year wishes to representatives of the diplomatic corps during an annual meeting organised at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development ... The European Union faces more challenges related to the reform of the agricultural policy ... This time, the Minister invited foreign guests for a culinary trip to Pomerania....(size: 3.3Kb)

Itron Awarded Gas Meter Contract in Poland

Business Wire

16 Jan 2013

ITRI) announced today that it signed a contract with Pomerania Gas Company for the supply of nearly 200,000 residential and commercial gas meters ... Situated in north Poland, Pomerania Gas Company serves approximately 764,000 customers. “We’re proud to work with Pomerania Gas Company to upgrade the gas infrastructure in Poland”....(size: 3.5Kb)

Itron Awarded Gas Meter Contract in Poland (Itron Inc)

noodls

16 Jan 2013

ITRI) announced today that it signed a contract with Pomerania Gas Company for the supply of nearly 200,000 residential and commercial gas meters ... Situated in north Poland, Pomerania Gas Company serves approximately 764,000 customers ... "We're proud to work with Pomerania Gas Company to upgrade the gas ......(size: 1.9Kb)

Central Council of Jews awards the Paul Spiegel Prize

Deutsche Welle

16 Jan 2013

The Spiegel Prize has been awarded to two civil initiatives that battle against anti-Semitism and intolerance. One of the programs is a citizens' initiative that fights against a right-wing political paty in their city ... After the World War II, his family returned to Germany ... The other winner was a group campaigning under the slogan "Wir für Lübtheen," which loosely translates as "We are (for) Lübtheen," in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania....(size: 2.3Kb)

Living History: Jewish immigrant survives World War I and Nazi persecution

The Salt Lake Tribune

11 Jan 2013

Photos. At a glance. —. Editor’s note. This is the first in a two-part series. Join the Discussion. There’s something about heroic tales of courage that embody our country’s past — especially when bolstered by Yiddishkeit — immigrant stories of determination and verve ... Following in his brother’s footsteps, Linden apprenticed at a department store in Cammin, Pomerania, and in early 1914 found work in Stettin, near the Baltic Sea ... 38 ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)

Germany’s $123 Million Power Line Aids Nuclear Exit, Merkel Says

Bloomberg

18 Dec 2012

The line, stretching 88 kilometers (55 miles) across two states from Kruemmel near Hamburg to Schwerin, will ensure more efficient distribution of power from wind farms in the north, Erwin Sellering, governor of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania state, said today at the line’s opening in Schwerin. “On windy days, turbines won’t have to be shut off any more,” he said ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

German Government Panel Seeks to Ban Far-Right Party

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

14 Dec 2012

Ms. Merkel cannot afford to be viewed as weak in fighting against far-right extremists ... A leading member of the N.P.D ... "Out of far-right extremism grew far-right terror." ... Fifteen of the 16 backed the petition to ban the party. Ms ... Lieberknecht said ... It is not represented at the national level, but remains a force in the east, especially Saxony and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, where its representatives sit in regional legislatures ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)

German far-right party to pay million euro fine

Deutsche Welle

12 Dec 2012

A German court has ruled that the far-right National Democratic Party (NPD) must pay a penalty of 1.27 million euros for submitting a faulty financial returns report in 2007. The decision was the third and final ruling ... The decision by the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig was the third and final ruling. DW.DE ... (08.12.2012) ... Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Saxony, both in eastern Germany ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)

Festivals & events

Stars and Stripes

12 Dec 2012

Austria. www.austria.info. SALZBURG. Advent concerts at the Grand Festival Hall, tickets necessary, through Dec. 16.Advertisement. VIENNA. Indoor marathon, Wiener Messe, Dec. 16. VIENNA. Le Grand Bal, greeting the New Year in the imperial residence, tickets necessary, Dec. 31. NASSFELD ... 11-12. Belgium. www.visitbelgium.com and www.be. BRUGGE ... 16. BRUGGE ... 6. MODAVE CASTLE ... 6. LIÈGE ... 7. BASTOGNE ... Dec ... Dec. 16. ESSEN ... 15-16 ... 6 ... Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ... ....(size: 12.4Kb)

Christmas markets in Europe

Stars and Stripes

12 Dec 2012

Austria. Bregenz. Through Dec. 23; bregenz.travel/events/maerkte/weihnachtsmarkt. Graz. Through Dec. 23; graztourismus.at.Advertisement. Innsbruck. Hungerburgbahn; Dec. 14-16, Dec. 21-23; christkindlmarkt.cc. Innsbruck. Modern Christmas market, Maria-Theresien-Strasse, through Jan. 6; christkindlmarkt.cc. Linz. main square, through Dec. 23; linz.at/english/tourism/519 .asp. Rattenberg. Weekends through Dec. 22, admission ... 6 ... Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania....(size: 15.3Kb)

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"Pommern" and "Pomorze" redirect here. For other uses, see Pommern (disambiguation) and Pomorze (disambiguation).

The historical urban center of Western Pomerania - Szczecin (Stettin) at the mouth of the Oder river.
The Pomeranian Griffin
The historical urban center of Pomerelia - Gdańsk (Danzig) at the mouth of the Vistula river.

Pomerania - Polish: Pomorze, Kashubian: Pòmòrze or Pòmòrskô, (German: Pommern, Latin: Pomerania or Pomorania) is a historical region on the south shore of the Baltic Sea. Divided between Germany and Poland, it stretches roughly from the Recknitz River near Stralsund in the West, via the Oder River delta near Szczecin, to the mouth of the Vistula River near Gdańsk in the East.^[1] Pomerania was strongly affected by 20th century, post-World War I and II border and population shifts.

Pomerania belongs to the lowlands of the North European Plain. Outside its few urban centers − most notably the Szczecin and Tricity metropolitan areas − the poor soil is mostly used as farmland, dotted with numerous lakes, forests, and small towns. Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Since the late 19th century, tourism has become an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast. Of the limited industrial zones, the most important products are ships, metal products, refined sugar, and paper.^[1]

1 Geography
2 Etymology
3 Subdivisions
- 3.1 Terminology
4 History
5 Demographics
- 5.1 Cities and towns with more than 50,000 inhabitants
6 Languages and dialects
7 Museums
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 External links

Geography [link]

Historical fishing boat ("Zeesenboot") in a Bodden.

Typical landing bridge and Baltic beach (Ahlbeck (Usedom))

Pomerania is the area along the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea between the rivers Recknitz in the west and Vistula in the east.^[1]^[2] It formerly reached as far south as the Noteć (Netze) and Warta (Warthe) rivers, but since 1250 its southern boundary has been placed further north. Most of the region is coastal lowland of the North European Plain; its southern, hilly parts belong to the Baltic Ridge, a belt of terminal moraines formed during the Pleistocene. Within this ridge, a chain of moraine-dammed lakes constitutes the Pomeranian Lake District. The soil is generally poor, often sandy or marshy.^[1] The western coastline is jagged, with lots of peninsulae (e.g., Darß–Zingst) and islands (Rügen, Usedom, Wolin and other, small isles) enclosing numerous bays (Bodden) and lagoons (e.g., the Lagoon of Szczecin).

The eastern coastline is smooth. The lakes Łebsko, Jamno and Gardno were formerly bays but have been cut off from the sea. The easternmost coastline along the Gdańsk Bay (with Bay of Puck) and Vistula Bay has the Hel peninsula and the Vistula peninsula jutting out into the Baltic.

Etymology [link]

Pomerania in all languages is derived from Old Slavic po, meaning "by/next to/along", and more, meaning "sea", thus "Pomerania" is literally "seacoast", referring to its proximity to the Baltic Sea.^[3]

Pomerania was first mentioned in an imperial document of 1046, referring to a Zemuzil dux Bomeranorum (Zemuzil, Duke of the Pomeranians).^[4] Pomerania is mentioned repeatedly in the chronicles of Adam of Bremen (ca. 1070) and Gallus Anonymous (ca. 1113).

Subdivisions [link]

Pomerania

Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park (Vorpommern)

Jasmund National Park (Vorpommern)

Lower Oder Valley National Park (shared by Germany and Poland)

Wolin National Park (West Pomeranian Voivodeship)

Słowiński National Park (Pomeranian Voivodeship)

Historical Pomerania is currently sub-divided into the following contemporary political regions:

Vorpommern ("Western" or "Hither Pomerania") in northeastern Germany, stretching from the Recknitz River to the Oder–Neisse line. This region is part of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The southernmost parts of historical Vorpommern (Gartz area) are now in Brandenburg, Germany, while its historical easternmost parts (Oder estuary, "Stettiner Zipfel") are in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. Vorpommern comprises the historical regions inhabited by Slavic tribes Rugians and Volinians, alter Principality of Rugia/Rügen and County of Gützkow.
Zachodniopomorskie ("West Pomeranian Voivodeship") in Poland, stretching from the Oder–Neisse line to the Słupia River.
Pomerelia (most of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and northernmost parts of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship), stretching from the Słupia River to the Vistula delta in the vicinity of Gdańsk.

The bulk of historical Farther Pomerania is included within the modern West Pomeranian Voivodeship, its easternmost parts (Słupsk (Stolp) area) now constitute the northwestern Pomeranian Voivodeship. Farther Pomerania in turn comprised several other historical regions itself, most notably the Lands of Schlawe and Słupsk/Stolp, the Lębork/Lauenburg and Bytów/Bütow Land, the County of Nowogard/Naugard and the principality of the Cammin bishops under the Polish Gniezno Archbishop's rule. In the South, Farther Pomerania comprised historical Ziemie LubuskaNeumark regions, and former Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia was attached during World War II.

Parts of Pomerania and surrounding regions have constituted a euroregion since 1995. The Pomerania euroregion comprises Germany's Vorpommern and Uckermark, Poland's Zachodniopomorskie, and Scania in Sweden.

Terminology [link]

The term "West(ern) Pomerania" is potentially ambiguous, since it may refer to either Vorpommern (in historical^[5] and German usage), to the Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship (in common Polish usage), or both (in Polish historical usage).

The term Eastern Pomerania may similarly carry different meanings, referring either to historical Farther Pomerania (in historical^[5] and German usage), or the Pomeranian Voivodeship (in Polish usage).

	West	Pomerania								East
	Stralsund		Anklam	Szczecin (Stettin)		Kolobrzeg (Kolberg)	Słupsk (Stolp)		Gdynia (Gdingen)	Gdańsk (Danzig)
Current regions	Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)			Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomeranian Voivodeship)			Pomerelia (Pomeranian Voivodeship)
German terminology (corresponding English term)	Pommern^[1] (Pomerania)							Pomerellen, Pommerellen^[1] (Pomerelia)^[1] Kaschubei (Kashubia)
	Vorpommern in modern usage excluding Szczecin (Western Pomerania) (Hither/Upper Pomerania)				Hinterpommern (Farther/Further Pomerania) Ostpommern (Eastern Pomerania)
Polish terminology (corresponding English term)	Meklemburgia-Pomorze Przednie (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)			Pomorze Zachodnie in historical usage including Słupsk (Western Pomerania) Pomorze Nadodrzańskie (Oder Pomerania)			Pomorze Wschodnie (Eastern Pomerania) Pomorze Gdańskie (Pomerelia, Gdańsk Pomerania) before World War II Pomorze^[1] in historical usage, excluding Słupsk (Pomerelia,^[1] literally Pomerania)
	Pomorze Przednie (Hither/Upper Pomerania)				Pomorze Tylne (Farther/Further Pomerania)
Kashubian terminology (corresponding English term)	Zôpadnô Pòmòrskô (Western Pomerania)						Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô (Eastern Pomerania)

History [link]

Main article: History of Pomerania

History of Pomerania
This article is part of a series
Early history
Early Middle Ages
High Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages
Early Modern Age
1806–1933
1933–1945
1945–present
Pomerania Portal v t e

Prehistory and Early Middle Ages [link]

Pomeranian culture - Pomerelian faced urns.

Main articles: Early history of Pomerania and Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages

Settlement in Pomerania started by the end of the Vistula Glacial Stage, some 13,000 years ago.^[6] Archeological traces have been found of various cultures during the Stone and Bronze Age, Baltic peoples, Germanic peoples and Veneti during the Iron Age and, in the Middle Ages, Slavic tribes and Vikings.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[6]^[10]^[11]^[12] The Pomeranian (Western) Balts who lived between the Jutland peninsula in the west and the Vistula river in the east were partly assimilated by Germanic tribes advancing to the east from 1500 BC to the 1st century AD. Starting in the 10th century, early Polish dukes on several occasions subdued parts of the region from the southeast, while the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark augmented their territory from the west and north.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

High Middle Ages to Early Modern Age [link]

Stralsund, one of several Hanseatic cities built in typical Brick Gothic style.

Castle of the Pomeranian dukes in Szczecin (Stettin).

Fragment of ruin of Augustinians' cloister in Jasienica, Police (14th century)

Main articles: Pomerania during the High Middle Ages, Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages, and Pomerania during the Early Modern Age

In the High Middle Ages, the area became Christian and was ruled by local dukes of the House of Pomerania (Griffins) and the Samborides, at various times vassals of Poland, Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire. ^[20]^[21]^[22] From the late 12th century, the Griffin Duchy of Pomerania stayed with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Rugia with Denmark, while Pomerelia, part of the rebuilt Ladislaus's Polish Kingdom was invaded by Brandenburg and the Teutonic Knights.^[22]^[23]^[24] The Teutonic Knights succeeded in integrating Pomerelia into their monastic state in the early 14th century. Meanwhile the Ostsiedlung started to turn Slavic-Polish Pomerania into an increasingly German-settled area; the remaining Wends and Poles, often known as Slovincians and Kashubians, continued to settle within the rural East.^[25]^[26] In 1325 the line of the princes of Rugia (Rügen) died out, and the principality was inherited by the Griffins.^[27] In 1466, with the Teutonic Order's defeat, Pomerelia became again subject to the Polish Crown as a part of Royal Prussia.^[28] While the German population in the Duchy of Pomerania adopted the Protestant reformation in 1534,^[29]^[30]^[31] the Polish and Kashubian populations remained with the Roman Catholic Church. The Thirty Years' and subsequent wars severely ravaged and depopulated most of Pomerania.^[32] With the extinction of the Griffin house during the same period, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648, while Pomorze gdanskie/Pomerelia remained in with the Polish Crown.

Modern Age [link]

Main articles: History of Pomerania (1806-1933), History of Pomerania (1933-1945), and History of Pomerania (1945-present)

1980 strike at Gdańsk Shipyard, birthplace of Solidarnosc. This marked the beginning of the collapse of Communist rule in Pomerania.

Prussia gained the southern parts of Swedish Pomerania in 1720,^[33] Pomerelia in 1772, and the remainder of Swedish Pomerania in 1815, when French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars was lifted.^[34] The former Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania and the former Swedish parts were reorganized into the Prussian Province of Pomerania,^[35] while Pomerelia was made part of the Province of West Prussia. With Prussia, both provinces joined the newly constituted German Empire in 1871. Following the empire's defeat in World War I, Pomorze Gdańskie Pomerelia returned again to the rebuilt Polish state (now the region called by the Germans as the Polish Corridor, while Gdansk/Danzig was transformed into the Free City of Danzig. Germany's Province of Pomerania was expanded in 1938 to include northern parts of the former Province of Posen–West Prussia, and in 1939 the annexed Pomorze Gdańskie/Polish Corridor became part of the wartime Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis deported the Pomeranian Jews to a reservation near Lublin^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]^[46] and, in Pomerelia, mass murdered Jews, as well as Poles to some extent, through Nazi Germany's anti-semitic and untermensch pogroms. The Polish population also suffered heavily from the German Nazi oppression, primarily the educated elite - more than 40 000 people died in executions, death camps, prisons and forced labour, primarily teachers, businessmen, priests, politicians, former army officers, civil servants. Thousands of Poles and Kashubians suffered deportation, their homes taken by German military (including Erika Steinbach's parents) and civil servants, as well as some East Germans resettled between 1940-1943.

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the German–Polish border was shifted west to the Oder–Neisse line and all of Pomerania was under Soviet military control.^[47]^[48] The German population of the areas east of the line was expelled, and the area was resettled primarily with Poles (some themselves expellees from former eastern Poland) and some Ukrainians (resettled under Operation Vistula) and Jews.^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57] Most of Western Pomerania (Vorpommern) remained in Germany and today forms the eastern part of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, while the Polish part of the region is divided between the West Pomeranian and Pomeranian voivodeships, with their capitals in Szczecin (Stettin) and Gdańsk (Danzig), respectively. During the 1980s, the Solidarity and Die Wende ('the change') movements overthrew the Communist regimes implemented during the post-war era; since then, Pomerania is democratically governed.

Demographics [link]

Western Pomerania is inhabited by German Pomeranians. In the eastern parts, Poles are the dominating ethnic group since World War II. Kashubians, descendants of the medieval Slavic Pomeranians, are numerous in rural Pomerelia.

Polish Voivodeship/ German Landschaft	Capital	Registration plates	Area (km²)	Population Polish 31 December 1999 German December 2010	Territorial code
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (northernmost parts)	Bydgoszcz (Voivod office) Toruń (Voivod council)	C	17,969.72	2,100,771	04
Pomeranian Voivodeship	Gdańsk	G	18,292.88	2,192,268	22
West Pomeranian Voivodeship	Szczecin	Z	22,901.48	1,732,838	32
Polish Pomerania and Kuyavia total			59,164.08	6,025,877
Vorpommern-Greifswald	Greifswald		3,927	245,733
Vorpommern-Rügen	Stralsund		3,188	230,743
German Pomerania total			7,115	476,476

Cities and towns with more than 50,000 inhabitants [link]

Kashubians in regional dress

(with population figures for 1999):

Tricity metropolitan area (Pomeranian Voivodeship) (population (2001): 1,035,000; area 1,332,51 km²), including:
- Gdańsk (458,988)
- Gdynia (253,521)
- Sopot (46,000)
Szczecin (West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 416,988)
Koszalin (West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 112,375)
Słupsk (Pomeranian Voivodeship, 102,370)
Stargard Szczeciński (Stargard i.P., West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 72,000)
Stralsund (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 57,613)
Greifswald (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 52,984)

Languages and dialects [link]

File:Pommern 1892.jpg

Section of a detailed map from Meyers Kleiner Hand-Atlas published by Julius Meyer in Leipzig and Vienna in 1892.

In the German part of Pomerania, Standard German and the East Low German Pomeranian dialects Vorpommersch and Mittelpommersch are spoken, though Standard German dominates. Polish is the dominating language in the Polish part; Kashubian dialects are also spoken by the Kashubians in Pomerelia.

East Pomeranian, the East Low German dialect of Farther Pomerania and western Pomerelia, Low Prussian, the East Low German dialect of eastern Pomerelia, and Standard German were dominating in Pomerania east of the Oder-Neisse line before most of its speakers were expelled after World War II. Slovincian was spoken at the Farther Pomeranian-Pomerelian frontier, but is now extinct.

Kashubian and Low German Pomeranian dialects are also spoken by the descendants of émigrées, most notably in the Americas (e.g. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Canada).

Museums [link]

National Museum in Szczecin, Pałac Sejmu Stanów Pomorskich (Landeshaus)

The Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald, dedicated to the history of Pomerania, has a variety of archeological findings and artefacts from the different periods covered in this article. At least 50 museums in Poland cover history of Pomerania, the most important of them The National Museum in Gdańsk, Central Pomerania Museum in Słupsk,^[58] Darłowo Museum,^[59] Koszalin Museum,^[60] National Museum in Szczecin.^[61]

Footnotes [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-07
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000, Pomerania [1]
^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000, Pomerania [2]: "Pomerania is the medieval Latin form of German Pommern, itself a loanword in German from Slavic. The Polish word for Pomerania is Pomorze, composed of the preposition po, "along, by," and morze, "sea." The Slavic word for sea, more, which becomes morze in Polish, comes from the Indo-European noun *mori–, "sea," the source of Latin mare, "sea," and the mer- of English mermaid."
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.23,24, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ ^a ^b e.g. here (Sheperd Atlas), or in old Enc Britannica
^ ^a ^b Johannes Hoops, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Walter de Gruyter, p.422, ISBN 3-11-017733-1
^ From the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands, Current Results and Trends - THOMAS TERBERGER. From: Across the western Baltic, edited by: Keld Møller Hansen & Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, 2006, ISBN 87-983097-5-7, Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer Vol. 1 [3]
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp.18ff, ISBN 83-906184-8-6
^ Horst Wernicke, Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt, Helms, 2000, pp.16ff, ISBN 3-931185-56-7
^ A. W. R. Whittle, Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.198, ISBN 0-521-44920-0
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.22,23, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.pp.237ff,244ff
^ Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.261,345ff
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.32, ISBN 839061848:pagan reaction of 1005
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.25, ISBN 3-88680-272-8: pagan uprising that also ended the Polish suzerainity in 1005
^ A. P. Vlasto, Entry of Slavs Christendom, CUP Archive, 1970, p.129, ISBN 0-521-07459-2: abandoned 1004 - 1005 in face of violent opposition
^ Nora Berend, Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900-1200, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, ISBN 0-521-87616-8, ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2
^ David Warner, Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, ISBN 0-7190-4926-1, ISBN 978-0-7190-4926-2
^ Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen", Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, ISBN 3-05-003749-0, ISBN 978-3-05-003749-3
^ James Thayer Addison, Medieval Missionary: A Study of the Conversion of Northern Europe Ad 500 to 1300, Kessinger Publishing, 2003, pp.57ff, ISBN 0-7661-7567-7
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp.35ff, ISBN 839061848
^ ^a ^b Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.40ff, ISBN 3-11-015435-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.34ff,87,103, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.43, ISBN 839061848
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp.77ff, ISBN 839061848
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.45ff, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.115,116, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.186, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.205–212, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Richard du Moulin Eckart, Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten, Georg Olms Verlag, 1976, pp.111,112, ISBN 3-487-06078-7
^ Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.43ff, ISBN 3-11-015435-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.263,332,341–343,352–354, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.341-343, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.363,364, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.366, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Lucie Adelsberger, Arthur Joseph Slavin, Susan H. Ray, Deborah E. Lipstadt, Auschwitz: A Doctor's Story, Northeastern University Press, 1995, ISBN 1-55553-233-0, p.138: February 12/13, 1940
^ Isaiah Trunk, Jacob Robinson, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation, University of Nebraska Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8032-9428-X, p. 133: February 14, 1940; unheated wagons, elderly and sick suffered most, inhumane treatment
^ Leni Yahil, Ina Friedman, Haya Galai, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945, Oxford University Press US, 1991, ISBN 0-19-504523-8, p.138: February 12/13, 1940, 1,300 Jews of all sexes and ages, extreme cruelty, no food allowed to be taken along, cold, some died during deportation, cold and snow during resettlement, 230 dead by March 12, Lublin reservation chosen in winter, 30,000 Germans resettled before to make room [4]
^ Martin Gilbert, Eilert Herms, Alexandra Riebe, Geistliche als Retter - auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust: Auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust, Mohr Siebeck, 2003, ISBN 3-16-148229-8, pp. 14 (English) and 15 (German): February 15, 1940, 1000 Jews deported
^ Jean-Claude Favez, John Fletcher, Beryl Fletcher, The Red Cross and the Holocaust, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-41587-X, p.33: February 12/13, 1,100 Jews deported, 300 died en route [5]
^ Yad Vashem Studies, Yad ṿa-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Shoʼah ṿela-gevurah, Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1996 Notizen: v.12, p. 69: 1,200 deported, 250 died during deportation
^ Nathan Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany, Rutgers University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8135-2909-3, p. 130: February 11/12 from Stettin, soon thereafter from Schneidemühl, total of 1,260 Jews deported, among the deportees were intermarried non-Jewish women who had refused to divorce, eager Nazi Gauleiter Schwede-Coburg was the first to have his Gau "judenfrei", Eichmann's "RSHA" (Reich Security Main Office) ensured this was an isolated local incident to worried Eppstein of the Central Organization of Jews in Germany (Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland)
^ John Mendelsohn, Legalizing the Holocaust, the Later Phase, 1939-1943, Garland Pub., 1982, ISBN 0-8240-4876-8, p.131: Stettin Jews' houses were sealed, belongings liquidated, funds to be held in blocked accounts
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, ISBN 3-88680-272-8, p. 506: Only very few [of the Pomeranian Jews] survived the Nazi era. p.510: Nearly all Jews from Stettin and all the province, about a thousand
^ Alicia Nitecki, Jack Terry, Jakub's World: A Boy's Story of Loss and Survival in the Holocaust, SUNY Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7914-6407-5, p. 13ff: Stettin and all the province, about a thousand
^ Alicia Nitecki, Jack Terry, Jakub's World: A Boy's Story of Loss and Survival in the Holocaust, SUNY Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7914-6407-5, p. 13ff: Stettin Jews to Bełżyce in Lublin area, reservation purpose decline of Jews, terror command of Kurt Engels, shocking insights in life circumstances
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.512-515, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, pp.373ff, ISBN 839061848
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, pp.381ff, ISBN 839061848
^ Tomasz Kamusella in Prauser and Reeds (eds), The Expulsion of the German communities from Eastern Europe, p.28, EUI HEC 2004/1 [6]
^ Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948, 2001, p.114, ISBN 0-7425-1094-8, ISBN 978-0-7425-1094-4
^ Gregor Thum, Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945", 2006, pp.363, ISBN 3-570-55017-6, ISBN 978-3-570-55017-5
^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.515, ISBN 3-88680-272-8
^ Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, Geglückte Integration?, p142
^ Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, Poland and the European Union, 2000, p.168, ISBN 0-415-23885-4
^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, p.406, ISBN 839061848
^ Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period, pp.283-284, 1992, ISBN 0-7146-3413-1, ISBN 978-0-7146-3413-5
^ "Muzeum Pomorza Środkowego - Strona główna". Muzeum.slupsk.pl. http://www.muzeum.slupsk.pl/. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
^ "Muzeum w Darłowie - Zamek Książąt Pomorskich zaprasza". Muzeumdarlowo.pl. http://www.muzeumdarlowo.pl/. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
^ "Muzeum w Koszalinie". Muzeum.koszalin.pl. http://www.muzeum.koszalin.pl/. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
^ "Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie - Aktualności". Muzeum.szczecin.pl. http://www.muzeum.szczecin.pl/. Retrieved 2010-07-30.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pomerania

Internet directories [link]

Western Pomerania at the Open Directory Project
Pomerania at the Open Directory Project
Kuyavia and Pomerania at the Open Directory Project
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania at the Open Directory Project

Culture and history [link]

Pomeranian dukes castle in Szczecin (Polish, German, English)
Pomeranian (German)
"Pomerania". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
Collection of historical eBooks about Pomerania (German)
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pomerania". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Maps of Pomerania [link]

Geography of Pomerania

Regions

Current	Vorpommern (Western or Hither Pomerania) · Zachodniopomorskie · Pomerelia (Kashubia) · Pomerania euroregion

Former	Farther Pomerania · Circipania · Lauenburg and Bütow Land · Lands of Schlawe and Stolp

Administration

Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany) · West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Poland) · Pomeranian Voivodeship (Poland) · Złotów County (Greater Poland Voivodeship) (Poland)

Towns

Lists

List of towns in Vorpommern · List of towns in Farther Pomerania · Pomeranian cities, towns and villages · List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania (A-H · I-P · Q-Z)

Largest

>100,000	Tricity (Gdańsk · Gdynia · Sopot) · Szczecin · Koszalin

>50,000	Słupsk · Stargard Szczeciński · Stralsund · Greifswald

Islands

Greifswalder Oie · Hiddensee · Rügen · Ummanz · Usedom · Vilm · Wolin

Peninsulae

Fischland-Darß-Zingst · Jasmund · Hela · Mönchgut · Wittow

Rivers

Dziwna · Grabowa · Ina · Łeba · Oder · Parsęta · Peene · Peenestrom · Randow · Recknitz · Rega · Ryck · Słupia · Świna · Tollense · Trebel · Uecker · Vistula · Wieprza

Lakes

Lake Dąbie · Lake Gardno · Kummerower See · Łebsko Lake · Lake Miedwie

Bays, lagoons

Bay of Gdańsk · Bay of Greifswald · Bay of Pomerania · Szczecin Lagoon

National parks

Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park · Jasmund National Park · Lower Oder Valley National Park · Wolin National Park · Słowiński National Park

History of Pomerania

Administrative

Western Pomerania and Farther Pomerania ^{(before 1945)}	Billung March Northern March Principality of Rügen Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania List of Dukes Cammin Gützkow Schlawe-Stolp Lauenburg-Bütow Partitions P.-Stolp Swedish Pomerania Brandenburgian Pomerania (Draheim) Province of Pomerania (1815–1945) (Neumark, Posen-West Prussia, List of placenames) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Zachodniopomorskie ^{(after 1945)}	Szczecin Voivodeship Koszalin Voivodeship Słupsk Voivodeship West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Pomerelia Kashubia	Medieval duchies (Samborides) State of the Teutonic Order Royal Prussia (Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)) Free City of Danzig (1807–14) West Prussia Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–39) (Polish Corridor) Free City of Danzig (1920–39) Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia Pomeranian Voivodeship (Kashubian placenames)

Ecclesiastical

Roman Catholic	Conversion of Pomerania Diocese of Kolberg (hist.) (Congress of Gniezno) Diocese of Cammin (hist.) Diocese of Culm (hist.) Diocese of Roskilde (hist.) Diocese of Włocławek (Leslau) (hist.) Prelature of Schneidemühl (hist.) Archdiocese of Berlin Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg Diocese of Pelplin

Protestant	Protestant Reformation Evangelical State Church in Prussia (hist.) Pomeranian Evangelical Church

Demography

Archaeological
cultures

Peoples

Major demographic
events

Languages
and dialects

West Germanic	Low German: Low Prussian and Pomeranian (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch, East Pomeranian) Standard German

West Slavic	Polabian† Polish Pomeranian (Kashubian, Slovincian†)

Treaties

Coordinates: 54°17′40″N 18°09′11″E / 54.29443°N 18.15312°E / 54.29443; 18.15312

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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Contents

Geography [link]

Etymology [link]

Subdivisions [link]

Terminology [link]

History [link]

Prehistory and Early Middle Ages [link]

High Middle Ages to Early Modern Age [link]

Modern Age [link]

Demographics [link]

Cities and towns with more than 50,000 inhabitants [link]

Languages and dialects [link]

Museums [link]

See also [link]

Footnotes [link]

External links [link]

Internet directories [link]

Culture and history [link]

Maps of Pomerania [link]

http://wn.com/Pomerania

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Pomerania

http://cs.wn.com/Pomořansko

http://id.wn.com/Pomerania

http://es.wn.com/Pomerania

http://ru.wn.com/Померания

http://nl.wn.com/Pommeren (streek)

http://pl.wn.com/Pomorze

http://fr.wn.com/Poméranie

http://de.wn.com/Pommern

http://pt.wn.com/Pomerânia