- published: 21 Sep 2010
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- author: SuperDevanka
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- Ambon Island
- Archipelago
- Arya Tadah
- Assassination
- Bali
- Banggai
- Battle of Bubat
- Bhayangkara
- Bima
- Bintan
- Brunei
- Buru
- Buton
- Dompu
- Dutch empire
- East Java
- Epic poem
- Gajah Mada
- Hayam Wuruk
- Hegemony
- Ibn Battuta
- Indonesia
- Java island
- Javanese language
- Javanese script
- Jayanegara
- Kalimantan
- Kangean Island
- Kertarajasa
- Kidung Sunda
- Kingdom of Bedahulu
- Lombok
- Majapahit
- Majapahit Empire
- Malaysia
- Maluku Islands
- Melayu Kingdom
- Military campaign
- Minangkabau people
- Muslim
- Nagarakretagama
- Navy
- Nusantara
- Pahang
- Palapa
- Palembang
- Pararaton
- Pasai
- Patih
- Patriotism
- Philippines
- Portal Indonesia
- Prime Minister
- Probolinggo
- Queen consort
- Rakrian Kuti
- Rakrian Tanca
- Riau
- Saparua
- Sasak
- Satellite
- Selayar Island
- Seram
- Shuttlecock
- Singapore
- Solor
- Southeast Asia
- Sriwijaya
- Suicide
- Sultanate
- Sumatera
- Sumatra
- Sumba
- Sunda Kingdom
- Surgeon
- Surgery
- Symbol
- Talk Gajah Mada
- Telecommunication
- Thalassocracy
- Timor
- Trowulan
- West Java
- West Sumatra
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Yogyakarta (city)
-
Bali
Bali is an Indonesian island located in the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. It is one of the country's 33 provinces with the provincial capital at Denpasar towards the south of the island. The province covers a few small neighbouring islands as well as the isle of Bali.
With a population recorded as 3,891,428 in the 2010 census, the island is home to most of Indonesia's Hindu minority. In the 2000 census about 92.29% of Bali's population adhered to Balinese Hinduism while most of the remainder follow Islam. It is also the largest tourist destination in the country and is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. Bali, a tourist haven for decades, has seen a further surge in tourist numbers in recent years.
Bali was inhabited by around 2000 BC by Austronesian peoples who migrated originally from Taiwan through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are thus closely related to the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Oceania. Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.
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Banggai
Banggai Archipelago (Indonesian: Kepulauan Banggai) is a group of islands, which is located at the far eastern end of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It makes up a newly established regency (kabupaten) after splitting out of Luwuk. It is surrounded by the Banda Sea's Gulf of Tolo (Teluk Tolo), and the Molucca Sea. Peleng Straits (Selat Peleng) separates it from mainland Sulawesi.
Its islands consist of Peleng, Banggai Island, Bowokan, Labobo, Kebongan, Kotudan, Tropettenando, Timpau, Salue Besar, Salue Kecil, Masepe, and Bangkulu.
Merpati Nusantara Airlines services the islands from Palu (the capital of Central Sulawesi).[citation needed] There is also bus service via Luwuk and then by boat or ship get to Banggai.
Coordinates: 1°35′35″S 123°30′15″E / 1.59306°S 123.50417°E / -1.59306; 123.50417
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Bima
Bima is a city on the eastern coast of the island Sumbawa in central Indonesia's province West Nusa Tenggara, and the largest city on the island. In 2010 the municipality counted some 142,443 people, separate from (but surrounded by) the adjoining Regency of Bima with 407,636 population. The city is located on eastern shore of Bima bay, traditionally Bima was a port city that connected to other port cities in Eastern Indonesia such as Makassar and Ternate, as well as to ports in Lombok, Bali, and East Java. The people of Bima and the entire eastern side of Sumbawa speak what is known as Bahasa Bima Bima language or Nggahi Mbojo in native language. Modern day Bima is the largest regional and economic hub of Eastern Sumbawa with transmigrants from other parts of Indonesia, especially Java, Bali, and Lombok. It has a central downtown commercial zone. It is home to Sultan Salahuddin mosque and a Sultan Salahuddin museum (former Bima Sultanate palace). It is connected by provincial road to Dompu and Sape.
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Brunei
Brunei
i/bruːˈnaɪ/, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and it is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 401,890 in July 2011.
The official national history claims that Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state of the Srivijayan empire under the name P'o-li. It later became a vassal state of Majapahit empire before converting to Islam in the 15th century. At the peak of its empire, the sultanate had control that extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The thalassocracy was visited by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and fought the Castille War in 1578 against Spain. Its empire began to decline with the forced ceding of Sarawak to James Brooke and the ceding of Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. After the loss of Limbang, Brunei finally became a British protectorate in 1888, receiving a resident in 1906. In the years after the Japanese wartime occupation during World War II, it formalised a constitution and fought an armed rebellion. Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country.
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Buru
Buru (formally spelt Boeroe) is the third largest island within Maluku Islands of Indonesia. It lies between the Banda Sea to the south and Seram Sea to the north, west of Ambon and Seram islands. The island belongs to Maluku province (Indonesian: Provinsi Maluku) and includes the Buru (Indonesian: Kabupaten Buru) and South Buru (Indonesian: Kabupaten Buru Selatan) regencies. Their administrative centers, Namlea and Nampole, respectively, have ports and the largest towns of the island. There is a military airport at Namlea which supports civilian cargo transportation.
About a third of the population is indigenous, mostly Buru, but also Lisela, Ambelau and Kayeli people. The rest of population are immigrants from Java and nearby Maluku Islands. The religious affiliation is evenly split between Christianity and Sunni Islam, with some remnants of traditional beliefs. While local languages and dialects are spoken within individual communities, the national Indonesian language is used among the communities and by the administration. Most of the island is covered with forests rich in tropical flora and fauna. From the present 179 bird and 25 mammal species, about 14 are found either on Buru only or also on a few nearby islands, the most notable being the wild pig Buru babirusa. There is little industry on the island, and most population is engaged in growing rice, maize, sweet potato, beans, coconuts, cocoa, coffee, clove and nutmeg. Other significant activities are animal farming and fishing.
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Dutch empire
The Dutch Empire (Dutch: Nederlands-koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas territories controlled by the Dutch Republic and later, the modern Netherlands from the 17th to the 20th century. The Dutch followed Portugal and Spain in establishing an overseas colonial empire, but based on military conquest of already-existing Portuguese and Spanish settlements, and not on discovery and colonization. For this, they were aided by their skills in shipping and trade and the surge of nationalism accompanying the struggle for independence from Spain. Alongside the British, the Dutch initially built up colonial possessions on the basis of indirect state capitalist corporate colonialism, via the Dutch East and West India Companies. Dutch exploratory voyages such as those led by Willem Barents, Henry Hudson and Abel Tasman revealed to Europeans vast new territories.
With Dutch naval power rising rapidly as a major force from the late 16th century, the Netherlands dominated global commerce during the second half of the 17th century during a cultural flowering known as the Dutch Golden Age. The Netherlands lost many of its colonial possessions, as well as its global power status, to the British when the metropole fell to French armies during the Revolutionary Wars. The restored portions of the Dutch Empire, notably the Dutch East Indies and Suriname, remained under Dutch control until the decline of European imperialism following World War II.
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East Java
East Java (Indonesian: Jawa Timur, Javanese: Jawa Wétan) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and includes neighboring Madura and islands to its east (the Kangean and Sapudi groups) and to its north (Bawean and the Masalembu Islands. The provincial capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia and a major industrial center and port.
According to the 2000 census, East Java has 34 million inhabitants, estimated to increase to 37½ million in 2010, making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West Java. The inhabitants are predominantly ethnically Javanese. Native minorities include migrants from nearby Madura, and distinct Javanese ethnicities such as the Tengger people in Bromo, the Samin and the Osing people in Banyuwangi. East Java also hosts a significant population of other ethnic groups, such as Chinese, Indians, and Arabs. In addition to the national language, Indonesian, they also speak Javanese. Javanese as spoken in the western East Java is a similar dialect to the one spoken in nearby Central Java, with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern cities of Surabaya, Malang, and surrounding areas, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard for hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Maluku Islands
The Maluku Islands, also known as the Moluccas
/məˈlʌkəz/, are an archipelago within Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands outside Indonesia.
Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes, and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, encompassed by the sea, is very luxuriant; including rainforests, sago, rice and the famous spices - nutmeg, cloves and mace, among others. Though originally Melanesian, many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were killed off in the 17th century during the Spice wars. A second influx of Austronesian immigrants began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era.
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Pahang
Pahang is the third largest state in Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, occupying the huge Pahang River river basin. It is bordered to the north by Kelantan, to the west by Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, to the south by Johor and to the east by Terengganu and the South China Sea.
Its state capital is Kuantan, and the royal seat is at Pekan. Other important towns include Jerantut, Kuala Lipis, Temerloh and the hill resorts of Genting Highlands, Cameron Highlands, Bukit Tinggi and Fraser's Hill.
The Arabic honorific of Pahang is Darul Makmur ("Abode of Tranquility").
The ethnic composition is roughly 1,000,000 Malay and Bumiputra, 233,000 Chinese, 68,500 Indians, 13,700 others, and 68,000 non-citizens.
Based on Chinese records, Pahang was known to the Chinese as Phang or Pahangh. A Chinese writer named it Pang-Hang, Pang-Heng, Pong-Fong, Phe-Hang, and Pang-Kang and others. In 1225, Choa Ju-Kua wrote the book 'Chu-Fan-Chi'. He wrote that amongst the states invaded by San-Fo-Chi was one called Peng-Keng, supposedly modern day Pahang.
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Palembang
Palembang is the capital city of the South Sumatra province in Indonesia. Palembang is one of the oldest cities in Indonesia, and has a history of being a capital of a maritime empire. Located on the Musi River banks on the east coast of southern Sumatra island, it has an area of 400.61 square kilometres and a population of 1,441,500. Palembang is the second-largest city in Sumatra after Medan and the seventh-largest city in Indonesia. The city has hosted the 26th edition of Southeast Asian Games on 11 to 22 November 2011 along with Jakarta.
It was formerly the capital city of the Kingdom of Srivijaya, a powerful Malay kingdom, which influenced much of Southeast Asia. The earliest evidence of its existence dates from the 7th century; a Chinese monk, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in the year 671 for 6 months. The first inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century, namely the Kedukan Bukit Inscription around Palembang in Sumatra, dated 683.
Palembang landmarks include the Ampera bridge and the Musi River, the latter of which divides the city into two, Seberang Ilir to the north and Seberang Ulu to the south. The Seberang Ilir is Palembang's economic and cultural centre and the Seberang Ulu is its political centre.
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Philippines
The Philippines
i/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Probolinggo
Probolinggo is a city on the north coast of East Java, Indonesia in Probolinggo Regency.
Like most of northern East Java, the city has a large Madurese population in addition to many ethnically Javanese people. It is located on one of the major highways across Java, and has a harbor that is heavily used by fishing vessels.
Under the Dutch East Indies colonial administration, especially in the 19th century, Probolinggo was a lucrative regional center for refining and exporting sugar, and sugar remains an important product of the area.
The city is famous for its mangoes, locally called mangga manalagi. Strong dry-season winds from July to September, the angin gending, help the mango trees pollinate and are sometimes credited with being the source of the area's quality fruit. The city formerly produced grapes as well, but few grapes are grown in the area now.
The motto of the city is Bestari which is an abbreviation of bersih (cleanliness), sehat (healthy), tertib (orderly), aman (safe), rapi (neat), and indah (beautiful).
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Riau
Riau (Jawi: رياو ; Chinese: 廖内; pinyin: liàonèi) is a province of Indonesia, located in the center of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. Originally the province included the Riau Islands, a large group of small islands located east of Sumatra Island and south of Singapore, before they were split off as a separate province in July 2004. The biggest islands in the archipelago are Batam and Bintan Island. The provincial capital of Riau Province and its largest city is Pekanbaru. Other major cities include Dumai, Selat Panjang, Bagansiapiapi, Bengkalis, Bangkinang, Rengat and Siak Sri Indrapura.
Riau is currently one of the richest provinces in Indonesia and is rich with natural resources, particularly petroleum, natural gas, rubber, palm oil and fiber plantations. However extensive logging has led to a massive decline in forest cover from 78% in 1982 to only 33% in 2005.
Since the 1970s, much of Indonesia has experienced declining population growth rates. Riau has been a significant exception, with increasing rates every decade since 1970 to a 4.35 percent annual rise for the 1990s. The provincial population is 5,543,031 (as at the 2010 census).
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Saparua
Saparua is an island east of Ambon Island in the Indonesian province of Maluku. The main port is in the south at Kota Saparua. It is administered as a single eponymous kecamatan of Maluku Tengah Regency, and has a population of 32,312 as of the 2010 census.
Saparua was the location of Indonesian national hero, Pattimura's rebellion against Dutch forces.
Paperu is a village on the island.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 3°34′30″S 128°38′49″E / 3.57493°S 128.647°E / -3.57493; 128.647
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Selayar Island
Selayar Island is the main island of the Selayar Islands (Kepulauan Selayar). It lies off the coast of Cape Bira of South Sulawesi Province. The Selayar Straits separate it from the mainland of Sulawesi. Its main city is Benteng, towns Bonelohe, Padang, Barangbarang, over 50 miles long and very narrow; area, 248 mi². Benteng is the starting point for diving tours.
From Benteng, there is:
See Selayar Islands for dive sites not in the immediate region around the island.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Coordinates: 6°0′0″S 120°30′0″E / 6°S 120.5°E / -6; 120.5
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Solor
Solor is a volcanic island located off the eastern tip of Flores island in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, in the Solor Archipelago. The island supports a small population that has been whaling for hundreds of years. They speak the languages of Adonara and Lamaholot. There are at least five volcanos on this island which measures only 40 km (25 mi) by 6 km (3.7 mi). The island's area is 222 km2.
In 1520, the Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of the island as a transit harbor between Maluku and Malacca. In 1562, Dominican priests built a palm-trunk fortress which Javanese Muslims burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the Christianisation of the local population. By 1590 the Portuguese and Christian population numbered about 25,000. There were, however, repeated displays of resistance against both the Portuguese and their religion; in 1598-1599, for example, the Portuguese required an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising.
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Trowulan
Trowulan is a village in Mojokerto, in the Indonesian province of East Java. It is surrounded by an archaeological site covering approximately 100 square kilometres. It has been suggested it was the site of the eponymous capital city of the Majapahit Empire, which is described by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th-century poem Nagarakretagama and in a 15th-century Chinese source. It was razed due to the invasion of Girindrawardhana to defeat Kertabhumi in 1478. After this event Majapahit's capital moved to Daha.
The Nagarakretagama contains poetic descriptions of the palace of Majapahit and its surroundings, but is limited to the royal and religious sectors. Some of the details are vague, and scholars who have tried to compile a plan of the capital have come to different conclusions.
Older research at Trowulan has concentrated on monumental remains: temples, tombs, and a bathing place. Archaeological surveys and excavations have recently found the remains of industrial, commercial and religious activity, habitation areas and water supply systems, all of which are evidence of dense population during the 14th to 15th centuries. In October 2009 Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Indonesia submitted Trowulan as UNESCO World Heritage list.
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West Java
West Java (Indonesian: Jawa Barat; Sundanese: Jawa Kulon; acronym: Jabar), with a population of over 43 million, is the most populous and most densely populated province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, it is slightly smaller in area than densely populated Taiwan, but with nearly double the population. Its capital city is Bandung.
The oldest human inhabitant archaeological findings in the region were unearthed in Anyer (the western coast of Java) with evidence of bronze and iron metallurgical culture dating to the first millennium AD. The prehistoric Buni culture (near present-day Bekasi) clay pottery were later developed with evidence found in Anyer to Cirebon. Artefacts (dated from 400 BC — AD 100) such as food and drink containers were found mostly as burial gifts. There is also archeological evidence in Batujaya Archaeological Site dating from the 2nd century,[citation needed] and according to Dr Tony Djubiantono, the head of Bandung Archeology Agency, Jiwa Temple in Batujaya, Karawang, West Java was also built around this time.[citation needed]
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West Sumatra
West Sumatra (Indonesian: Sumatera Barat, abbreviated to Sumbar) is a province of Indonesia. It lies on the west coast of the island Sumatra. It borders the provinces of North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) to the north, Riau and Jambi to the east, and Bengkulu to the southeast. It includes the Mentawai Islands off the coast. The capital of the province is Padang.
West Sumatra is one of the earthquake prone areas in Indonesia, due to its location in the tectonic slab located between the confluence of two major continental plates (the Eurasian plate and Indo-Australian plate) and Great Sumatran fault, plus the activity of the active volcanoes. Large earthquakes that occurred recently in West Sumatra earthquake is 2009 Sumatra earthquake and the October 2010 Sumatra earthquake.
The history of West Sumatra is related to the history of the Minangkabau people. Archaeological evidence indicates that the area surrounding the Limapuluh Koto regency forms the first area inhabited by the Minangkabau. Limapuluh Koto regency covers a number of large rivers which meet at the eastern part of the Sumatran coastline and provided sailing transportation until the end of the last century. The Minangkabau ancestors were believed to have arrived via this route. They sailed from Asia (Indo-China) via the South China Sea, crossing the Malacca Strait and later settled along the Kampar, Siak and Indragiri (or Kuantan) rivers. Some lived and developed their culture and traits around the Limapuluh Koto regency.
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Adityawarman
Adityawarman (also Adityavarman), a nobleman born in East Java, from Pararaton poem, his mother's name was Dara Jingga from Dharmasraya princess; his father’s name was Adwayawarman from Kuburajo Inscription around Limo Kaum in West Sumatra. He may have gone to China on a diplomatic expedition in 1325 if, as some historians believe, he is the envoy whom a Chinese source calls Sengk'ia-lie-yu-lan.
Adityawarman was born on around 1294–1310 in Trowulan, the capital of the kingdom of Majapahit. He was the cousin of Jayanegara, king of Majapahit in 1309–1328, and the grandson of Tribhuwanaraja, king of Melayu Kingdom.
His name appears in Java as early as 1343 on an image of Bodhisattva Manjusri that was originally in Candi Jago, the sanctuary which was built by Kertanegara for his father Visnuvardhana.
In one of his inscriptions, he explicitly calls himself Lord of the Golden Earth (Kanakamedinindra). An inscription in localized Malay Sanskrit found on the back of the Amoghapasa statue found at Rambahan, West Sumatra, dated 1347, written (and perhaps composed) by Adityawarman, commemorates his role as protector and source of welfare to the people of the capital of Malaya (Malayapura) and his power as an embodiment of Amoghapasa. At Malayapura, Adityawarman bore the royal title of Srimat Sri Udayadityawarman Pratapaparakrama Rajendra Maulimali Warmadewa, a title which one scholar believes he can detect an attempt at synthesis of the royal title traditionally in use in Srivijaya and Malayu. His kingdom that still bore the name of Malayu but already corresponded to the future Minangkabau.
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Gajah Mada
Gajah Mada (translated as Elephant General) (circa 1290 – circa 1364) was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. He delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa, in which he vowed not to eat any food containing spices until he had conquered all of the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara for Majapahit. In modern Indonesia, he serves as an important national hero and a symbol of patriotism.
Not much is known about Gajah Mada's early life. Some of the first accounts mention his career as commander of the Bhayangkara, an elite guard for Majapahit kings and their family. When Rakrian Kuti, one of the officials in Majapahit, rebelled against the Majapahit king Jayanegara (ruled 1309–1328) in 1321, Gajah Mada and the then-mahapatih Arya Tadah helped the king and his family to escape the capital city of Trowulan. Later Gajah Mada aided the king to return to the capital and crush the rebellion. Seven years later, Jayanegara was murdered by Rakrian Tanca, the court physcian, one of Rakrian Kuti's aides.
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Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Wuruk, also called (after 1350) Rajasanagara, (1334–1389), was a Javanese King from Rajasa Dynasty and the fourth monarch of Majapahit empire. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and succeeded by his son in law Wikramawardhana. Most of the account of his life was taken from Nagarakretagama and Pararaton.
Hayam Wuruk born in 1334, the year that Gajah Mada declared his oath Sumpah Palapa. Hayam Wuruk means "scholar rooster". He was the son of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi and Sri Kertawardhana or Cakradhara. His mother was the daughter of Raden Wijaya founder of Majapahit, meanwhile his father was the son of Bhre Tumapel lesser king of Singhasari. Both Pararaton and Nagarakretagama praised Hayam Wuruk as a handsome, bright, talented, and exceptional student in courtly martial art of archery and fencing, also mastering politics scriptures, as well as arts and music. He was known as an accomplished ceremonial dancer in the court. Some accounts report about Hayam Wuruk performances in a traditional ceremonial Javanese mask dance. His mother, Queen Tribhuwana educate and groom him to become the next monarch of Majapahit.
wn.com/Hayam_Wuruk -
Ibn Battuta
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ţanjī ibn Baṭūṭah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة), or simply Ibn Battuta (ابن بطوطة), also known as Shams ad-Din (February 25, 1304–1368 or 1369), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time. He journeyed more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual explorer until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later.
All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels. Ibn Battuta was born into a Berber family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty. As a young man he would have studied at a Sunni Maliki madh'hab, (Islamic jurisprudence school), the dominant form of education in North Africa at that time. In June 1325, at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his hometown on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would take sixteen months. He would not see Morocco again for twenty-four years.
wn.com/Ibn_Battuta -
Jayanegara
Jayanegara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara also known as Kala Gemet), reigned from 1309 to 1328, was a Javanese King and the second monarch of Majapahit empire. Jayanegara was the heir, crown prince, the son of Raden Wijaya, the founder of Majapahit. The story of his life was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His reign saw the beginning of Gajah Mada's rise as an important figure in the empire.
Raden Wijaya took all of Kertanegara's four daughters in the hand of marriage. The siblings are Tribhuwana the oldest also the queen, Prajnaparamitha, Narendra Duhita, and Gayatri Rajapatni the youngest. The reasons of Raden Wijaya's practice of siblings polygamy was to ensure his claim of legitimacy, also to prevent the contest for Kertanegara's Singhasari legacy. Raden Wijaya also took Indreswari (also known as Dara Petak), the princess of Malayu Dharmasraya Kingdom whom brought to Majapahit court from Sumatra through Kertanegara's Pamalayu expedition.
wn.com/Jayanegara -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata
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Gajah Mada Musik
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
House Organ Lampung " Surat undangan ayam jago "
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada_Musik
House Organ Lampung " Surat undangan ayam jago "
Gajah mada musik
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:31
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Musik organ
http://wn.com/Gajah_mada_musik
Keris gajahmada.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Keris_gajahmadawmv
Gajah Mada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Film Gajah Mada Episode: Amukti Palapa Karya Sutradara: Renny Masmada PT. Tawi Nusantara
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada
Film Gajah Mada Episode: Amukti Palapa Karya Sutradara: Renny Masmada PT. Tawi Nusantara
- published: 01 May 2012
- views: 4183
- author: Renny Masmada
Tutur tinular episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat).flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Kunjungi untuk film lainnya di - spot-id.blogspot.com Di unggah dari hasil mengunduh pada youtube.com Pada episode ini, kami baru mendapatkan intro-nya maaf, dan terima kasih ... Episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat)
http://wn.com/Tutur_tinular_episode_27_gajah_mada_tamatflv
Kunjungi untuk film lainnya di - spot-id.blogspot.com Di unggah dari hasil mengunduh pada youtube.com Pada episode ini, kami baru mendapatkan intro-nya maaf, dan terima kasih ... Episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat)
- published: 13 Apr 2012
- views: 24183
- author: Anisa Indra
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:05
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
http://wn.com/Handry's_talk_at_Universitas_Gajah_Mada_UGM_Part_1_of_2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 835
- author: 1GEinASEAN
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:03
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
http://wn.com/Handry's_talk_at_Universitas_Gajah_Mada_UGM_Part_2_of_2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 470
- author: 1GEinASEAN
Driving in Kota to Bakmi Gajah Mada Resto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:15
- Updated: 19 Mar 2012
It's me driving in Kota area, on my way to Bakmi Gajah Mada Restaurant, the very first and original location in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was a Friday noon, traffic wasnt that bad coz it was a holiday, but still the traffic was congested here and there. It's not considered a traffic jam in Jakarta, Indonesia. It's for you guys living abroad who are longing for Bakmi Gajah Mada, I know how it feels, I've been there. Hehehhe. Descriptions are in Indonesian language.
http://wn.com/Driving_in_Kota_to_Bakmi_Gajah_Mada_Resto
It's me driving in Kota area, on my way to Bakmi Gajah Mada Restaurant, the very first and original location in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was a Friday noon, traffic wasnt that bad coz it was a holiday, but still the traffic was congested here and there. It's not considered a traffic jam in Jakarta, Indonesia. It's for you guys living abroad who are longing for Bakmi Gajah Mada, I know how it feels, I've been there. Hehehhe. Descriptions are in Indonesian language.
- published: 23 May 2007
- views: 9082
- author: Alexander Koenadi
Glow Dancers - Gajah Mada Plaza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 24 Jul 2011
http://wn.com/Glow_Dancers_Gajah_Mada_Plaza
Gajah Mada Plaza, Jakarta: Old Hitachi Main Scenic Elevator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
This is the substitution video for the cancelled meeting with amarvasandani on the "taken date" day. Enjoy! Building name: Gajah Mada Plaza Location: Gajah Mada Rd. Elevator Brand: Hitachi Capacity: 1400 KG / 2800 lbs / 20 person Serviced Floors: SG, G, 1 - 3, 3A, 5 - 7 Taken date: 20 October 2012
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada_Plaza,_Jakarta_Old_Hitachi_Main_Scenic_Elevator
This is the substitution video for the cancelled meeting with amarvasandani on the "taken date" day. Enjoy! Building name: Gajah Mada Plaza Location: Gajah Mada Rd. Elevator Brand: Hitachi Capacity: 1400 KG / 2800 lbs / 20 person Serviced Floors: SG, G, 1 - 3, 3A, 5 - 7 Taken date: 20 October 2012
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 185
- author: sumosoftinc
gajah mada pontianak 2012 khuntien
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
jalan gajahmada pontianak 2012
http://wn.com/gajah_mada_pontianak_2012_khuntien
Kitaro Song Played by Gadjah Mada University Marching Band, Indonesia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
The 1st movement of our marching band show Grand Prix Marching Band 2008. The field commander is my senior at the Faculty of Psychology, Mbak Rere.
http://wn.com/Kitaro_Song_Played_by_Gadjah_Mada_University_Marching_Band,_Indonesia
The 1st movement of our marching band show Grand Prix Marching Band 2008. The field commander is my senior at the Faculty of Psychology, Mbak Rere.
- published: 28 Aug 2009
- views: 24835
- author: Iwan Budi Santoso
![[For SchindlerLift1874] Gajah Mada Plaza, Jakarta: View of Old Hitachi Traction Freight Elevator](http://web.archive.org./web/20130203235605im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/aFvT_v-P3Ec/default.jpg "[For SchindlerLift1874] Gajah Mada Plaza, Jakarta: View of Old Hitachi Traction Freight Elevator")
[For SchindlerLift1874] Gajah Mada Plaza, Jakarta: View of Old Hitachi Traction Freight Elevator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:29
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
This is just a view of the old Hitachi freight elevator in Gajah Mada Plaza, which has a very old fixture line. I will ride this elevator when I get there again. Anyways, this is: 1. The first opening video in November 2. The first video after name change to NS Media 3. The requested video...
http://wn.com/_For_SchindlerLift1874_Gajah_Mada_Plaza,_Jakarta_View_of_Old_Hitachi_Traction_Freight_Elevator
This is just a view of the old Hitachi freight elevator in Gajah Mada Plaza, which has a very old fixture line. I will ride this elevator when I get there again. Anyways, this is: 1. The first opening video in November 2. The first video after name change to NS Media 3. The requested video...
- published: 03 Nov 2012
- views: 106
- author: sumosoftinc
gajah mada statue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:06
- Updated: 01 Apr 2011
gajah mada statue modified using After Effect and Video Copilot Twitch in a very amateur work!
http://wn.com/gajah_mada_statue
gajah mada statue modified using After Effect and Video Copilot Twitch in a very amateur work!
- published: 03 Feb 2011
- views: 352
- author: J S Nawati
in gajah mada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 23 Nov 2010
when we were ge together speaking about andy brother
http://wn.com/in_gajah_mada
when we were ge together speaking about andy brother
- published: 24 Apr 2007
- views: 3152
- author: Deasy Lau
DrumMania - Sandy - Vampire Killer (EXT) - Got "S" @Gajah Mada EMI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 24 Jan 2012
Song : Vampire Killer (Ext) S ranking Player : Sandy -------------------------------------- find us at "DrumMania GuitarFreaks Indonesia" at Facebook.com , we welcome all DrumMania Guitar Freaks Player from newbie to pros, dont be shy , lets improve together n have fun!
http://wn.com/DrumMania_Sandy_Vampire_Killer_EXT_Got_S_@Gajah_Mada_EMI
Song : Vampire Killer (Ext) S ranking Player : Sandy -------------------------------------- find us at "DrumMania GuitarFreaks Indonesia" at Facebook.com , we welcome all DrumMania Guitar Freaks Player from newbie to pros, dont be shy , lets improve together n have fun!
- published: 26 Apr 2011
- views: 796
- author: frankie liu
Gajah Mada Plaza: Old Hitachi Scenic Elevator (Retake I)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 23 May 2012
This is the Hitachi elevator in Gajah Mada Plaza which is in the bank of 2. It also needs to be modernized, and look at the buttons here. Enjoy! Building data: Building name: Gajah Mada Plaza Location: Sawah Besar Elevator data: Brand: Hitachi Capacity: 1400 KG / 2800 lbs / 20 person Serviced Floors: SG, G, 1, 2, 3, 3A, 5 Taken date: 21 May 2012
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada_Plaza_Old_Hitachi_Scenic_Elevator_Retake_I
This is the Hitachi elevator in Gajah Mada Plaza which is in the bank of 2. It also needs to be modernized, and look at the buttons here. Enjoy! Building data: Building name: Gajah Mada Plaza Location: Sawah Besar Elevator data: Brand: Hitachi Capacity: 1400 KG / 2800 lbs / 20 person Serviced Floors: SG, G, 1, 2, 3, 3A, 5 Taken date: 21 May 2012
- published: 23 May 2012
- views: 241
- author: sumosoftinc
OM.GAJAH MADA ~ RELA ~LILIN HERLINA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:40
- Updated: 25 Feb 2012
upzzzzzzzz..
http://wn.com/OMGAJAH_MADA_~_RELA_~LILIN_HERLINA
Citilofts Gajah Mada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:14
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Video animation of Mall and Apartment in Central Jakarta
http://wn.com/Citilofts_Gajah_Mada
Video animation of Mall and Apartment in Central Jakarta
- published: 25 Jun 2008
- views: 1136
- author: pointstarportfolio
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Gajah Mada Musik
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
House Organ Lampung " Surat undangan ayam jago "
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada_Musik
House Organ Lampung " Surat undangan ayam jago "
- published: 21 Sep 2010
- views: 64327
- author: SuperDevanka
Gajah mada musik
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:31
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Musik organ
http://wn.com/Gajah_mada_musik
Gajah Mada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Film Gajah Mada Episode: Amukti Palapa Karya Sutradara: Renny Masmada PT. Tawi Nusantara
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada
Film Gajah Mada Episode: Amukti Palapa Karya Sutradara: Renny Masmada PT. Tawi Nusantara
- published: 01 May 2012
- views: 3688
- author: Renny Masmada
Tutur tinular episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat).flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
Kunjungi untuk film lainnya di - spot-id.blogspot.com Di unggah dari hasil mengunduh pada youtube.com Pada episode ini, kami baru mendapatkan intro-nya maaf, dan terima kasih ... Episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat)
http://wn.com/Tutur_tinular_episode_27_gajah_mada_tamatflv
Kunjungi untuk film lainnya di - spot-id.blogspot.com Di unggah dari hasil mengunduh pada youtube.com Pada episode ini, kami baru mendapatkan intro-nya maaf, dan terima kasih ... Episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat)
- published: 13 Apr 2012
- views: 22765
- author: Anisa Indra
UGM (Universitas Gadjah Mada)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Profil dari UGM (Universitas Gadjah Mada)
http://wn.com/UGM_Universitas_Gadjah_Mada
Driving in Kota to Bakmi Gajah Mada Resto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:15
- Updated: 19 Mar 2012
It's me driving in Kota area, on my way to Bakmi Gajah Mada Restaurant, the very first and original location in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was a Friday noon, traffic wasnt that bad coz it was a holiday, but still the traffic was congested here and there. It's not considered a traffic jam in Jakarta, Indonesia. It's for you guys living abroad who are longing for Bakmi Gajah Mada, I know how it feels, I've been there. Hehehhe. Descriptions are in Indonesian language.
http://wn.com/Driving_in_Kota_to_Bakmi_Gajah_Mada_Resto
It's me driving in Kota area, on my way to Bakmi Gajah Mada Restaurant, the very first and original location in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was a Friday noon, traffic wasnt that bad coz it was a holiday, but still the traffic was congested here and there. It's not considered a traffic jam in Jakarta, Indonesia. It's for you guys living abroad who are longing for Bakmi Gajah Mada, I know how it feels, I've been there. Hehehhe. Descriptions are in Indonesian language.
- published: 23 May 2007
- views: 9049
- author: Alexander Koenadi
gajah mada pontianak 2012 khuntien
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
jalan gajahmada pontianak 2012
http://wn.com/gajah_mada_pontianak_2012_khuntien
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:05
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
http://wn.com/Handry's_talk_at_Universitas_Gajah_Mada_UGM_Part_1_of_2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 797
- author: 1GEinASEAN
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:03
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
http://wn.com/Handry's_talk_at_Universitas_Gajah_Mada_UGM_Part_2_of_2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 443
- author: 1GEinASEAN
Keris gajahmada.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Keris_gajahmadawmv
Glow Dancers - Gajah Mada Plaza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 24 Jul 2011
http://wn.com/Glow_Dancers_Gajah_Mada_Plaza
Kitaro Song Played by Gadjah Mada University Marching Band, Indonesia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
The 1st movement of our marching band show Grand Prix Marching Band 2008. The field commander is my senior at the Faculty of Psychology, Mbak Rere.
http://wn.com/Kitaro_Song_Played_by_Gadjah_Mada_University_Marching_Band,_Indonesia
The 1st movement of our marching band show Grand Prix Marching Band 2008. The field commander is my senior at the Faculty of Psychology, Mbak Rere.
- published: 28 Aug 2009
- views: 23898
- author: Iwan Budi Santoso
Gajah mada musik
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:12
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Organ Lampung timur
http://wn.com/Gajah_mada_musik
Gajah Mada Plaza, Jakarta: Old Hitachi Main Scenic Elevator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
This is the substitution video for the cancelled meeting with amarvasandani on the "taken date" day. Enjoy! Building name: Gajah Mada Plaza Location: Gajah Mada Rd. Elevator Brand: Hitachi Capacity: 1400 KG / 2800 lbs / 20 person Serviced Floors: SG, G, 1 - 3, 3A, 5 - 7 Taken date: 20 October 2012
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada_Plaza,_Jakarta_Old_Hitachi_Main_Scenic_Elevator
This is the substitution video for the cancelled meeting with amarvasandani on the "taken date" day. Enjoy! Building name: Gajah Mada Plaza Location: Gajah Mada Rd. Elevator Brand: Hitachi Capacity: 1400 KG / 2800 lbs / 20 person Serviced Floors: SG, G, 1 - 3, 3A, 5 - 7 Taken date: 20 October 2012
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 164
- author: sumosoftinc
DrumMania - Sandy - Vampire Killer (EXT) - Got "S" @Gajah Mada EMI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 24 Jan 2012
Song : Vampire Killer (Ext) S ranking Player : Sandy -------------------------------------- find us at "DrumMania GuitarFreaks Indonesia" at Facebook.com , we welcome all DrumMania Guitar Freaks Player from newbie to pros, dont be shy , lets improve together n have fun!
http://wn.com/DrumMania_Sandy_Vampire_Killer_EXT_Got_S_@Gajah_Mada_EMI
Song : Vampire Killer (Ext) S ranking Player : Sandy -------------------------------------- find us at "DrumMania GuitarFreaks Indonesia" at Facebook.com , we welcome all DrumMania Guitar Freaks Player from newbie to pros, dont be shy , lets improve together n have fun!
- published: 26 Apr 2011
- views: 784
- author: frankie liu
Penampakan hantu pocong di tempat parkir Gajah Mada Square Jember.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:28
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Video Penampakan hantu di tempat parkir Gajah Mada Square Jember ini tidak dapat dipertanggung jawabkan kebenarannya. Video ini telah menyebar dikalangan remaja pelajar dan Mahasiswa. Padahal, dari penelusuran yang dilakukan, komposisi gerakan dari bayangan putih hanyalah lipatan plastik. Pembaca bisa memperlambat gambar dan mengamati sendiri.
http://wn.com/Penampakan_hantu_pocong_di_tempat_parkir_Gajah_Mada_Square_Jember
Video Penampakan hantu di tempat parkir Gajah Mada Square Jember ini tidak dapat dipertanggung jawabkan kebenarannya. Video ini telah menyebar dikalangan remaja pelajar dan Mahasiswa. Padahal, dari penelusuran yang dilakukan, komposisi gerakan dari bayangan putih hanyalah lipatan plastik. Pembaca bisa memperlambat gambar dan mengamati sendiri.
- published: 15 Apr 2009
- views: 1270497
- author: ELHOBELA
FESCO by Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 27 Jun 2012
http://wn.com/FESCO_by_Universitas_Gadjah_Mada_Indonesia
Gajah Mada Plaza, Jakarta: Old Hitachi Scenic Elevator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
Taken date: 4 February 2012
http://wn.com/Gajah_Mada_Plaza,_Jakarta_Old_Hitachi_Scenic_Elevator
15:00
Gajah Mada Musik
House Organ Lampung " Surat undangan ayam jago "...
published: 21 Sep 2010
author: SuperDevanka
Gajah Mada Musik
House Organ Lampung " Surat undangan ayam jago "
- published: 21 Sep 2010
- views: 64327
- author: SuperDevanka
10:31
Gajah mada musik
Musik organ...
published: 21 Sep 2010
author: SuperDevanka
Gajah mada musik
Musik organ
- published: 21 Sep 2010
- views: 92650
- author: SuperDevanka
1:39
Gajah Mada
...
published: 22 Feb 2009
author: fairistjoker
Gajah Mada
- published: 22 Feb 2009
- views: 18871
- author: fairistjoker
2:41
Gajah Mada
Film Gajah Mada Episode: Amukti Palapa Karya Sutradara: Renny Masmada PT. Tawi Nusantara...
published: 01 May 2012
author: Renny Masmada
Gajah Mada
Film Gajah Mada Episode: Amukti Palapa Karya Sutradara: Renny Masmada PT. Tawi Nusantara
- published: 01 May 2012
- views: 3688
- author: Renny Masmada
4:01
Tutur tinular episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat).flv
Kunjungi untuk film lainnya di - spot-id.blogspot.com Di unggah dari hasil mengunduh pada ...
published: 13 Apr 2012
author: Anisa Indra
Tutur tinular episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat).flv
Kunjungi untuk film lainnya di - spot-id.blogspot.com Di unggah dari hasil mengunduh pada youtube.com Pada episode ini, kami baru mendapatkan intro-nya maaf, dan terima kasih ... Episode 27 - gajah mada (tamat)
- published: 13 Apr 2012
- views: 22765
- author: Anisa Indra
0:02
Gajah Mada 1
history...
published: 15 Oct 2008
author: dasalbantani
Gajah Mada 1
history
- published: 15 Oct 2008
- views: 15690
- author: dasalbantani
0:08
Gajah Mada 4
history...
published: 15 Oct 2008
author: dasalbantani
Gajah Mada 4
history
- published: 15 Oct 2008
- views: 10215
- author: dasalbantani
8:15
Driving in Kota to Bakmi Gajah Mada Resto
It's me driving in Kota area, on my way to Bakmi Gajah Mada Restaurant, the very first and...
published: 23 May 2007
author: Alexander Koenadi
Driving in Kota to Bakmi Gajah Mada Resto
It's me driving in Kota area, on my way to Bakmi Gajah Mada Restaurant, the very first and original location in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was a Friday noon, traffic wasnt that bad coz it was a holiday, but still the traffic was congested here and there. It's not considered a traffic jam in Jakarta, Indonesia. It's for you guys living abroad who are longing for Bakmi Gajah Mada, I know how it feels, I've been there. Hehehhe. Descriptions are in Indonesian language.
- published: 23 May 2007
- views: 9049
- author: Alexander Koenadi
22:05
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 1 of 2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of ...
published: 02 Mar 2012
author: 1GEinASEAN
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 1 of 2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 797
- author: 1GEinASEAN
18:03
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 2 of 2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of ...
published: 02 Mar 2012
author: 1GEinASEAN
Handry's talk at Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) - Part 2 of 2
"Take that first step!" The GE Indonesia CEO, Handry Satriago rallied the MBA students of UGM, Yogyakarta.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 443
- author: 1GEinASEAN
7:17
Keris gajahmada.wmv
...
published: 06 Nov 2011
author: kerisgajahmada
Keris gajahmada.wmv
- published: 06 Nov 2011
- views: 868
- author: kerisgajahmada
Youtube results:
0:03
Gajah Mada 2
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published: 15 Oct 2008
author: dasalbantani
Gajah Mada 2
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- published: 15 Oct 2008
- views: 8758
- author: dasalbantani
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Gajah Mada
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author: senibalicraft
Gajah Mada
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- published: 13 Dec 2009
- views: 8011
- author: senibalicraft
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Kitaro Song Played by Gadjah Mada University Marching Band, Indonesia
The 1st movement of our marching band show Grand Prix Marching Band 2008. The field comman...
published: 28 Aug 2009
author: Iwan Budi Santoso
Kitaro Song Played by Gadjah Mada University Marching Band, Indonesia
The 1st movement of our marching band show Grand Prix Marching Band 2008. The field commander is my senior at the Faculty of Psychology, Mbak Rere.
- published: 28 Aug 2009
- views: 23898
- author: Iwan Budi Santoso
11:12
Gajah mada musik
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published: 21 Sep 2010
author: SuperDevanka
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- published: 21 Sep 2010
- views: 73160
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photo: AP / Manish
02 Feb 2013
NEW DELHI — A crowd of Tibetans came here to India’s capital last week, bearing flags and political banners and a bittersweet admixture of hope and despair. A grim countdown was under way. The number of Tibetans who have set themselves on fire to protest Chinese rule in Tibet had reached 99, one short of an anguished milestone. Enlarge This Image. Freetibet.org, via Associated Press ... Related ... Connect With Us on Twitter ... (Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 10.7Kb)
photo: AP / ESPN Images, Eric Lards Bakke
31 Jan 2013
A freestyle snowmobile rider hurt in a crash at last week's Winter X Games in Colorado has died at the age of 25. Caleb Moore was attempting a backflip when his snowmobile caught the edge of a landing area, sending him over the handlebars. The 450-lb (204-kg) snowmobile rolled over him ... 'Deeply saddened' ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Elise Amendola
02 Feb 2013
BOSTON. Harvard University said Friday it issued academic sanctions against about 60 students who were forced to withdraw from school for a period of time in a cheating scandal that involved the final exam in a class on Congress, drawing criticism from a high-profile alumnus. The school implicated as many as 125 students in the scandal when officials first addressed the issue last year. . ... . ... . ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Matthew D. Leistikow
03 Feb 2013
At least 33 people were killed on Sunday after a suicide bomber and two gunmen attacked a police headquarters in Kirkuk, northern Iraq, official sources said, the third major attack in the region in several weeks. By News Wires (text). . A suicide bomber driving a car and gunmen disguised in police uniforms killed at least 33 people in the Iraqi city Kirkuk on Sunday when they tried to storm the police headquarters ... (REUTERS). IRAQ....(size: 8.5Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
01 Feb 2013
Hillary Clinton, the outgoing US secretary of state, has warned that Iran is stepping up its support for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad while Russia is continuing to send money and arms to the regime. Clinton on Thursday accused Tehran of sending into Syria "more personnel" to support and advise military security forces in their fight against the armed opposition ... "The Iranians have been actively involved from the very beginning ... ....(size: 19.0Kb)
noodls
28 Jan 2013
(Source. PT Bank Danamon Indonesia Tbk). **We would like to inform that, in regards to the recent floods in Jakarta, all Danamon branches that were impacted by the floods are now open and have resumed normal operations** ... DASAR BEKASI MITRA 10 KALIMALANG JL. K.H ... IR. H ... GAJAH MADA NO.126 JKT STASIUN KERETA API KOTA BEOS JL ... LET. JEND....(size: 4.0Kb)
Jakarta Post
23 Jan 2013
Paper Edition . Page. 27. Making a globally recognized Indonesian herbal medicine brand has been a dream long pursued by HM Maryono, a recipient of various national awards relating to medicinal herb cultivation ... To achieve this, Maryono resigned from his job as a civil servant in 2007 ... I wish to see the number reach 4 percent so the country will prosper,” said the 2009 postgraduate alumnus of Gajah Mada University (UGM), Yogyakarta ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
Berita Jakarta
22 Jan 2013
. The ranks of Central Jakarta Transportation Sub-Department padlocked 13 cars parking haphazardly in front of Central Jakarta State Court on Jl. Gajah Mada. Due to running out of padlock stock, the officers had to tow two other cars to Central Jakarta Transportation Sub-Department office on Jl. Pasar Senen, Central Jakarta, Tuesday (1/22) ... Gajah Mada is conducted because vehicles are prohibited to park on-street there ... Translator....(size: 4.1Kb)
Jakarta Post
11 Jan 2013
Paper Edition . Page. 21. To work. Women walk along rice fields in scenic Vietnam. Forgiveness made me free from hatred. I still have many scars on my body and severe pain most days but my heart is cleansed. Napalm is very powerful but faith, forgiveness and love are much more powerful ... Ho Mathaly, 34, a Vietnamese student who studied at Gajah Mada University in Yogyakarta, took The Jakarta Post for a sightseeing tour of Ho Chi Minh City....(size: 5.3Kb)
Jakarta Post
11 Jan 2013
Paper Edition . Page. 28. (JP/Linawati Sidarto)Piazza San Domenico Maggiore is one of Naples’ most beautiful squares, flocked to by tourists who want to see its magnificent historical buildings ... “Until last year, Indonesian was the only SEA language taught here ... Seven PhD candidates from Indonesian institutions such as UI, Gajah Mada University and the National Institute for the Sciences (LIPI) are currently at Orientale ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
Jakarta Globe
09 Jan 2013
Every leader has his own style in meeting with the people, whether planned or impromptu ... All impromptu visits are good and should not be regarded as competing with others ... If translated to English, it means simply impromptu ... Together with his prime minister, Patih Gajah Mada, King Hayam Wuruk extended his power throughout the Indonesian archipelago with his mighty sea power and enjoyed an effective monopoly of trade in the region ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Berita Jakarta
03 Jan 2013
. To provide sense of safety to public transportation passengers, West Jakarta Transportation Sub Department helped by the police and Indonesian Army conducted raid to public transportation again. This time, the raid was held on Jl Gajah Mada, Tamansari, Thursday (1/3) ... "The vehicles of the drivers who did not have both credentials and uniforms had to be detained at Rawabuaya Terminal ... Translator ... No ... Jl ... Telp....(size: 3.5Kb)
Jakarta Post
02 Jan 2013
Paper Edition . Page. 1. The son of Coordinating Economic Minister Hatta Rajasa was behind the wheel when his car crashed and killed two people on the Jagorawi toll road south of Jakarta on New Year’s Day, police have said. Rasyid Rajasa, 22, was driving a BMW X5 when he rear ended a Daihatsu Luxio around 5.45 a.m ... Gajah Mada in Central Jakarta, while in October, racy magazine photo model Novi Amalia was arrested after running over on Jl....(size: 4.0Kb)
Berita Jakarta
30 Dec 2012
- Traffic from Jl Suryo Pranoto heading towards Jl Jend Sudirman-Jl MH Thamrin will be diverted straight to Jl Juanda or Jl Gajah Mada or Jl KH Hasyim Ashari ... - Traffic from Jl Veteran heading towards Jl Jend Sudirman-Jl MH Thamrin will be diverted to Jl Suryo Pranoto or Jl Tomang or Jl Gajah Mada- Jl Hasyim Ashari- Jl S Parman....(size: 7.6Kb)
Jakarta Post
30 Dec 2012
Paper Edition . Page. 4. Authorities in regions across the archipelago are busy putting their final touches on preparations for the upcoming New Year’s Eve celebrations. In Bandung, West Java, the local authority has planned to completely close the 3-kilometer Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda, popularly known as Dago, for nine hours, beginning on Monday at 6 p.m.–3 a.m. the following morning ... Comr ... for their convenience ... Gajah Mada from 9 p.m ... on Tuesday ... Gen....(size: 3.3Kb)
Jakarta Post
28 Dec 2012
Paper Edition . Page. 5. A few hours after another fatal traffic incident in the capital on Thursday, the Jakarta Police claimed success in reducing the number of accidents and deaths on the city’s busy roads. The police released their annual end-of-year report on Thursday, which announced that traffic accidents in Greater Jakarta had fallen by 3.66 percent ... Gen. Putut Eko Bayuseno said ... Comr ... Gajah Mada in Central Jakarta ... (nad) ....(size: 3.5Kb)
Berita Jakarta
27 Dec 2012
. New Year`s Eve is always identified with the sound of trumpets. In utilizing the imminent event, a number of seasonal trumpet peddlers pun flocked the corners of the capital city such as Gajah Mada, Monas until Kemayoran ... Adi (45), one of the seasonal peddlers in Gajah Mada area, admitted that he has become trumpet seasonal peddlers since the last 7 years. However, prior to the 2013 New Year`s Eve sales were scarce ... Translator ... No....(size: 4.1Kb)
Berita Jakarta
26 Dec 2012
... - Jl Suryo Pranoto will be diverted to Jl Jend Sudirman-Jl MH Thamrin and straightened to Jl Juanda or Jl Gajah Mada or Jl KH Hasyim Ashari ... - Jl Veteran to Jl Jend Sudirman-Jl MH Thamrin will be diverted to Jl Suryo Pranoto and then Jl Tomang or Jl Gajah Mada- Jl Hasyim Ashari- Jl S Parman ... - Jl Medan Merdeka Utara to Jl Jend Sudirman-Jl MH Thamrin will be diverted to Jl Majapahit-Jl Gajah Mada-Jl KH Hasyim Asyari-Jl Kyai Tapa....(size: 6.7Kb)
| Gajah Mada | |
|---|---|
| Prime Minister of the Majapahit Empire | |
 Terracotta of Gajah Mada |
Gajah Mada (translated as Elephant General) (circa 1290 – circa 1364) was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, poems and mythology, a powerful military leader and mahapatih or prime minister of the Majapahit Empire, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. He delivered an oath called Sumpah Palapa, in which he vowed not to eat any food containing spices until he had conquered all of the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara for Majapahit.[1] In modern Indonesia, he serves as an important national hero[2] and a symbol of patriotism.
Contents |
[edit] Rise to Mahapatih
Not much is known about Gajah Mada's early life. Some of the first accounts mention his career as commander of the Bhayangkara, an elite guard for Majapahit kings and their family. When Rakrian Kuti, one of the officials in Majapahit, rebelled against the Majapahit king Jayanegara (ruled 1309–1328) in 1321, Gajah Mada and the then-mahapatih Arya Tadah helped the king and his family to escape the capital city of Trowulan. Later Gajah Mada aided the king to return to the capital and crush the rebellion. Seven years later, Jayanegara was murdered by Rakrian Tanca, the court physcian, one of Rakrian Kuti's aides.
In another version, according to the Nagarakretagama (a Javanese language epic poem dating from the 14th century), and supported by inscriptions dating from the late 13th and early 14th century, Jayanagara was assassinated by Gajah Mada in 1328. It is said[who?] that Jayanagara was overprotective towards his two half sisters, born from Kertarajasa's youngest queen, Dyah Dewi Gayatri. Complaints by the two young princesses led to the intervention of Gajah Mada. His drastic solution was to arrange for a surgeon to murder the king while pretending to perform an operation.
Jayanegara was immediately succeeded by his sister Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (ruled 1328–1350). It was under her leadership that Gajah Mada was appointed mahapatih in 1329, after the retirement of Arya Tadah.
As mahapatih under Thribuwana Tunggadewi Gajah Mada went on to crush another rebellion by Sadeng and Keta in 1331.
It was during Gajah Mada's reign as mahapatih, around the year 1345, that the famous Muslim traveller, Ibn Battuta visited Sumatera.
[edit] Sumpah Palapa
It is said that it was during his appointment as mahapatih under queen Tribhuwanatunggadewi that Gajah Mada took his famous oath, Sumpah Palapa. The telling of the oath is described in the Pararaton (Book of Kings), an account on Javanese history that dates from the 15th or 16th century:
“Sira Gajah Mada pepatih amungkubumi tan ayun amukita palapa, sira Gajah Mada : Lamun huwus kalah nusantara Ingsun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seram, Tanjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana ingsun amukti palapa “
"Gajah Mada, the prime minister, said he will not taste any spice. Said Gajah Mada : If Nusantara (Nusantara= Nusa antara= external territories) are lost, I will not taste "palapa" ("fruits and or spices"). I will not if the domain of Gurun, domain of Seram, domain of Tanjungpura, domain of Haru, Pahang, Dompo, domain of Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, in which case I will never taste any spice."
While often interpreted literally to mean that Gajah Mada would not allow his food to be spiced (palapa is the prose combination of pala apa= any fruits/spices) the oath is sometimes interpreted to mean that Gajah Mada would abstain from all earthly pleasures (fruits and spices) until he conquered the entire known archipelago for Majapahit.
Even his closest friends were at first doubtful of his oath, but Gajah Mada kept pursuing his dream to unify Nusantara under the glory of Majapahit. Soon he conquered the surrounding territory of Bedahulu (Bali) and Lombok (1343). He then sent the navy westward to attack the remnants of the thallassocrathic kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang. There he installed Adityawarman, a Majapahit prince as vassal ruler[dubious – discuss] of the Minangkabau in West Sumatra.
He then conquered the first Islamic sultanate in Southeast Asia, Samudra Pasai, and another state in Svarnadvipa (Sumatra). Gajah Mada also conquered Bintan, Tumasik (Singapore), Melayu (now known as Jambi), and Kalimantan.
At the resignation of the queen, Tribuwanatunggadewi, her son, Hayam Wuruk (ruled 1350–1389) became king. Gajah Mada retained his position as mahapatih under the new king and continued his military campaign by expanding eastward into Logajah, Gurun, Seram, Hutankadali, Sasak, Buton, Banggai, Kunir, Galiyan, Salayar, Sumba, Muar (Saparua), Solor, Bima, Wandan (Banda), Ambon, Timor, and Dompo.
He thus effectively brought the modern Indonesian archipelago under Majapahits's control, which spanned not only the territory of today's Indonesia, but also that of Tumasik (old name of Singapore), the states comprising modern-day Malaysia, Brunei and the southern Philippines.
[edit] The Bubat Incident
In 1357, the only remaining state refusing to acknowledge Majapahit's hegemony was Sunda, in West Java, bordering the Majapahit Empire. King Hayam Wuruk intended to marry Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, a princess of Sunda and the daughter of Sunda's king. Gajah Mada was given the task to go to the Bubat square on northern part of Trowulan to welcome the princess as she arrived with her father and escort to Majapahit palace.
Gajah Mada took this opportunity to demand Sunda submission under Majapahit rule. While Sunda King thought that the royal marriage was a sign of a new alliance between Sunda and Majapahit, Gajah Mada thought otherwise. He stated that the Princess of Sunda is not to be hailed as the new queen consort of Majapahit, but merely as a concubine, as a sign of submission of Sunda to Majapahit. This misunderstanding led to embarrassment and hostility, which quickly rose into skirmish and full scale battle. The ensuing bloodshed saw the Sunda King with all of his guards and royal party were overwhelmed by Majapahit troops and later killed in the field of Bubat. Tradition mentioned that the heartbroken princess, Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, committed suicide.
Hayam Wuruk was deeply shocked about the tragedy. Majapahit courtiers, ministers and nobles blamed Gajah Mada for his recklesness, and all this brutalities is not to the taste of Majapahit royal family. Gajah Mada was promptly demoted and spent the rest of his days in the estate of Madakaripura in Probolinggo in East Java.
Gajah Mada died in obscurity in 1364. King Hayam Wuruk considered that the power Gajah Mada had accumulated during his time as mahapatih was too much to handle for a single person. Therefore the king split the responsibilities that had been Gajah Mada's, between four separate new mahamantri (equal to ministries), thereby probably increasing his own power. King Hayam Wuruk, who is said to have been a wise leader, was able to maintain the hegemony of Majapahit in the region, gained during Gajah Mada's service. However Majapahit slowly fell into decline after the death of Hayam Wuruk.
Legacy[link]
Gajah Mada's legacy is important for Indonesian Nationalism, and invoked by Indonesian Nationalist movement in early 20th century. The Nationalists prior to the Japanese invasion, notably Sukarno, often cited Gajah Mada and his oath as an inspiration and a historical proof of Indonesian past greatness. That Indonesians could unite, despite vast territory and various cultures. Thus, Gajah Mada was a great inspiration during the Indonesian National Revolution for independence from Dutch colonization.
In 1942, only 230 Indonesian natives held a tertiary education. The Republicans sought to mend the Dutch apathy and established the first state university, which freely admitted native pribumi Indonesians Universitas Gadjah Mada, in Yogyakarta is named in honour of Gajah Mada and completed in 1945, and had the honour of the first Medicine Faculty freely open to natives.[3][4][5] Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite was called Satelit Palapa signifying its role in uniting the country. Many cities in Indonesia but West Java have streets named after Gajah Mada. There is a brand of badminton shuttlecock named after him as well.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ http://digilib.pnri.go.id/uploaded_files/k003/normal/Sumpah_Palapa.pdf
- ^ Majapahit Story : The History of Gajah Mada
- ^ Stephen Lock, John M. Last, George Dunea. The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine Oxford Companions Series-Oxford reference online. Oxford University Press US: 2001. ISBN 0-19-262950-6. 891 pages: pp. 765
- ^ James J. F. Forest, Philip G. Altbach. Volume 18 of Springer international handbooks of education: International handbook of higher education, Volume 1. Springer: 2006. ISBN 1-4020-4011-3. 1102 pages. pp772
- ^ R. B. Cribb, Audrey Kahin. Volume 51 of Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East: Historical dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press: 2004. ISBN 978-0-8108-4935-8. 583 pages. 133
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mada, Gajah |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | 1364 |
| Place of death | |
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