Lviv Oblast

Tuesday, 27 November 2012

Pidgirci - Podgorce Ukraine Castle of Lviv region

Lviv Oblast State TV and Radio Company 12th Channel news on Bibliomist Lviv

Pikuy (1400m),the highest mountain of Lviv Region,Ukraine

SUNFLOWER FESTIVAL (Khodoriv city, Lviv region, Ukraine)

Pushkin's monument in Zabolotivtsi, ZHidachiv District, Lviv Region, Ukraine. 06 June, 2010

MAHOL BEMAZA HAI TERE PYAR KE BAGAIR.wmv

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Alberta
Alberta /ælˈbɜrtə/ is a province of Canada. It had a population of 3,645,257 in 2011, making it the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Alberta and its neighbour, Saskatchewan, were established as provinces on September 1, 1905.
Alberta is located in western Canada, bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the US state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and is also one of only two provinces that are landlocked.
Edmonton, the capital city of Alberta, is located near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada's oil sands and other northern resource industries. Approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) south of the capital is Calgary, Alberta's largest city and a major distribution and transportation hub. Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta's two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding 1 million.Census agglomerations in the province include Lethbridge, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, Wood Buffalo (includes Fort McMurray), Grande Prairie, Lloydminster, Okotoks, Brooks, Camrose, Cold Lake, High River, Sylvan Lake, Wetaskiwin, Strathmore, Canmore, and Lacombe. Notable tourist destinations in the province include Canmore, Sylvan Lake, Drumheller, Banff, and Jasper.

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Belz
Belz (Ukrainian: Белз, Polish: Bełz, Yiddish/Hebrew: בעלז translit. Belz), a small city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of Western Ukraine, near the border with Poland, is located between the Solokiya river (a tributary of the Bug River) and the Rzeczyca stream.
The current estimated population is 2408 (as of 2004), making it the smallest city in Ukraine.
There are a few versions of the origin of the name:
The name occurs only in two other places, both Celtic areas in antiquity:
Belz is situated in a fertile plain which tribes of Indo-European origin settled in ancient times: Celtic Lugii, next (2nd-5th century) German Goths, slavized Sarmatians (White Croats), and at last Slavic Lendians.
The town has existed since at least the 10th century, as one of the Burgs of Czerwień (Red Ruthenia) strongholds under Bohemian and Polish rule. In 981, Belz was incorporated into the Kievan Rus', except 1018–1030 when it belonged to Poland. In 1170 the town became a seat of the Duchy of Belz. In 1234 it was incorporated into the Duchy of Galicia–Volhynia, which would control Belz till 1340, when it came under Lithuanian rule. In 1366 it became a fief of Poland, since 1462 a permanent part of the Kingdom of Poland, until the First Partition of Poland in 1772. Then, it was incorporated into the Austrian Empire, later the Austro-Hungarian Empire, where it was a part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

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Bibrka
Bibrka (Polish: Bóbrka, Ukrainian: Бібрка) is a town in western Ukraine, located in the Lviv Oblast (province) about 29 km southeast of Lviv on PI29.
The town has been ruled at various points by the Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Austrian empire, the Austro-Hungarian empire, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and is now part of the Lviv Oblast in Ukraine; as a result Bibrka has several official and native names, including: Bóbrka (Polish/Russian), Prachnik (German), and Boiberke/Boyberke (Yiddish). The city has a population of 3,980.
Bibrka was the site of a Soviet prison and detention centre that detained Poles and others in the mid-20th century.
Coordinates: 49°37′N 24°14′E / 49.617°N 24.233°E / 49.617; 24.233

wn.com/Bibrka
Brody
Brody (Ukrainian: Броди, Polish: Brody, Russian: Броды, Yiddish: בראָד, translit. Brod) is a city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Brody Raion (district), and is located in the valley of the upper Styr River, approximately 90 kilometres northeast of the oblast capital, Lviv. As of 2004, its population is 23,239.
Brody is the junction of the Druzhba and Odessa-Brody oil pipelines.
The first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated 1084 (Instructions by Volodymyr Monomach). It is believed to have been destroyed by Batu Khan in 1241.
From 1441 Brody was the property of different feudal families (Jan Sieniński, from 1511 - Kamieniecki).
Brody was granted Magdeburg rights and city status in 1546. At this time it was known under the name Lubicz (Любич, Polish: Lubicz) that gave name to the Lubicz Coat of Arms of the owner, Stanisław Żółkiewski (not to be confused with Lubech, Lubecz).
Since the 17th century, the city has been populated not only by Ukrainians and Poles, but also a significant number of Jews (70% of the town's population), Armenians, and Greeks .^{[citation needed]} From 1629, the city became the property of Stanisław Koniecpolski, who ordered the construction of Brody Castle (1630–1635). The castle, or rather the fortress, was designed by the French military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. In 1648, the castle took 8 weeks for Bohdan Khmelnytsky to capture it. Notably Jewish population was spared after the sack. The Jews of Brody were judged and "deemed as not engaged in maltreatment of the Ruthenians" and were only required to pay a tribute in "textiles and furs".

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Busk, Ukraine
Busk (Ukrainian: Буськ; Polish: Busk) is a city located in Busk Raion in Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. The city's population was 8,896 as of the 2006 Ukrainian Census.
It is administrative center of the Busk Raion.
Busk was the birthplace of Yevhen Petrushevych, the president of the West Ukrainian National Republic.
Busk had a very active Jewish community before World War II. The first synagogue was built in 1502. The old Jewish cemetery was renowned.
On July 1, 1941, German forces occupied Busk. The Jewish population was transferred to a ghetto then eliminated on May 21, 1943. 1500 Jews perished during this operation.
Busk is twinned with
Coordinates: 49°58′N 24°38′E / 49.967°N 24.633°E / 49.967; 24.633

wn.com/Busk,_Ukraine
Carpathian Mountains
Coordinates: 47°00′N 25°30′E / 47°N 25.5°E / 47; 25.5
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains, 1,700 km (1,056 mi)). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species. The Carpathians and their piedmont also concentrate many thermal and mineral waters, with Romania home to over one-third of the European total. Romania is likewise home to the largest surface of virgin forests in Europe (except Russia), totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians, with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europe’s largest unfragmented forested area.
The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic (3%) in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%) and Ukraine (11%) to Romania (53%) in the east and on to the Iron Gates on the River Danube between Romania and Serbia (2%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is the Tatras, on the border of Poland and Slovakia, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600 m (8,530 ft). The second-highest range is the Eastern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed 2,500 m (8,202 ft).

wn.com/Carpathian_Mountains
Carpathians
Coordinates: 47°00′N 25°30′E / 47°N 25.5°E / 47; 25.5
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly 1,500 km (932 mi) long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains, 1,700 km (1,056 mi)). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species. The Carpathians and their piedmont also concentrate many thermal and mineral waters, with Romania home to over one-third of the European total. Romania is likewise home to the largest surface of virgin forests in Europe (except Russia), totaling 250,000 hectares (65%), most of them in the Carpathians, with the Southern Carpathians constituting Europe’s largest unfragmented forested area.
The Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic (3%) in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%) and Ukraine (11%) to Romania (53%) in the east and on to the Iron Gates on the River Danube between Romania and Serbia (2%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is the Tatras, on the border of Poland and Slovakia, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600 m (8,530 ft). The second-highest range is the Eastern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed 2,500 m (8,202 ft).

wn.com/Carpathians
Cherkasy
Cherkasy (Ukrainian: Черкаси, transliterated: Čerkasy, pronounced [tʃerˈkɑsɪ]) or Cherkassy (Russian: Черкасcы), is a city in central Ukraine. It is the capital of the Cherkasy Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Cherkasky Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast.
The city is the cultural, educational and industrial center of Cherkasy Oblast and Central Economical Region of Ukraine. Cherkasy has been known since the 13th century and played a great role in the history of Ukraine. Cherkasy was the center of Cossacks, citizens took part in Khmelnychchyna and Koliyivschyna (cossacks and peasants rebellions).
The city is located on the right bank of Dnieper River (specifically at the Kremenchuk Reservoir), about 200 km (124 mi) south of the nation's capital, Kiev. The city is divided into 2 boroughs (raions): Sosnivskiy (with Orshanets village) and Pridniprovskiy. The current population of Cherkasy is 287,583 (as of 2011). In June 2011, the city celebrated its 725th anniversary.

wn.com/Cherkasy
Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi (Ukrainian: Чернівці́, Ukrainian pronunciation: [t͡ʃerniu̯ˈt͡sʲi]; Romanian: Cernăuți, Romanian pronunciation: [t͡ʃernəˈut͡sʲ]; Russian: Черновцы́ Chernovtsy; Polish: Czerniowce; German and Yiddish: Czernowitz, טשערנאוויץ; see also other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine, situated on the upper course of the River Prut. Chernivtsi is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast (province) - the northern, Ukrainian part of the European historic region of Bukovina. At the time of the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of the city was 240,600.
Together with the city of Lviv, Chernivtsi is viewed at present to be a cultural center of western Ukraine. The city is also considered one of modern Ukraine's greatest cultural, educational and architectural centers. Historically in that role, Chernivtsi was even dubbed "Little Vienna," "Jerusalem upon the Prut", or the "European Alexandria."^{[citation needed]} Chernivtsi is currently twinned with seven other cities around the world. The city is also a major point of railway and highway crossings in the region, and houses an international airport.

wn.com/Chernivtsi
Chervonohrad
Chervonohrad (Ukrainian: Червоноград) is a city located in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. The city is designated as a separate raion (district) within the oblast. It about 62 km north of Lviv and 7 km from Sokal. The population numbers 68,300 inhabitants.
Prior to 1953, the city was known as Krystynopol (Ukrainian: Кристинопіль, translit. Krystynopil’). The German name for it was Krisnipolye. The city is known for mining that started in the 1950s. It passed from Poland to USSR after the territory exchange in 1951.
Municipality of Chervonohrad also includes the town of Sosnivka and the settlement of urban type Hirnyk.
Increase in the number of inhabitants:
Since 1951 the city became the center of newly emerged coal mining basin. Other enterprises, besides the mining works, include:
80100-80110
In May 1685 the royal hetman, Kraków Voivode Feliks Kazimierz Potocki, bought himself a new piece of land - on the Bug River. In 1692, he founded a city on the lands of the village Novyi Dvir (literally New Garden, Polish Nowy Dwór), which he named after the wife of the magnate, Krystyna (maiden last name Lubomirski, 1661–1699). Potocki made Krystonopil his family centre. He died here on September 22, 1702. His grandson Franz Salezy Potocki built a palace and founded (1763) a monastery of Basilians (barocco church of Saint George; prior to 1946 р. - mircale place with wonder icon of Mother of God).

wn.com/Chervonohrad
Crimea
Crimea ( /kraɪˈmiːə/), or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym; Crimean Tatar: Qırım Muhtar Cumhuriyeti, Къырым Мухтар Джумхуриети), is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name. It was often referred to with the definite article, as the Crimea, until well into the 20th century.
The territory of Crimea was conquered and controlled many times throughout its history. The Cimmerians, Greeks, Scythians, Goths, Huns, Bulgars, Khazars, the state of Kievan Rus', Byzantine Greeks, Kipchaks, Ottoman Turks, Golden Horde Tatars and the Mongols all controlled Crimea in its early history. In the 13th century, it was partly controlled by the Venetians and by the Genovese; they were followed by the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire in the 15th to 18th centuries, the Russian Empire in the 18th to 20th centuries, Germany during World War II and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, within the Soviet Union during most of the rest of the 20th century.

wn.com/Crimea
Dniester
The Dniester ( /ˈniːstər/ NEES-tər;Romanian: Nistru, Ukrainian: Дністе́р translit. Dnister; Russian: Днестр) is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway territory of Transnistria.
The name Dniester derives from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu nazdya "the close river." The Dnieper River also derives from the same Sarmatian Iranic meaning, "the river on the far side.") The older name, Tyras, is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid." The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Proto Indo-European word *dānu - river.

In Russian, it is known as Днестр, translit. Dnestr, in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla and during antiquity, it was called Tyras in Latin and Danastris in Greek. Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster.
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for 398 kilometres (247 mi), separating the bulk of Moldova's territory from Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.

wn.com/Dniester
Dnipropetrovsk
Dnipropetrovsk (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровськ [ˌdɲiprope̝ˈtrɔu̯sʲk]) or Dnepropetrovsk (Russian: Днепропетровск) formerly Yekaterinoslav (Russian: Екатеринослав, Ukrainian: Катеринослав, translit. Katerynoslav, also Catharinoslav on old maps) is Ukraine's fourth largest city with one million inhabitants. It is located southeast of Ukraine's capital Kiev on the Dnieper River, in the south-central part of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative centre of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province).
Within the Dnipropetrovsk Metropolitan area the population is about 1,004,000 to 1,360,000 people.
A vital industrial centre of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was one of the key centres of the nuclear, arms, and space industries of the former Soviet Union. In particular, it is home to Yuzhmash, a major space and ballistic missile design bureau and manufacturer. Because of its military industry, Dnipropetrovsk was a closed city until the 1990s.
In 1917 Yekaterinoslav was renamed Sicheslav by the Ukrainian People's Republic; this name lapsed in 1919.

wn.com/Dnipropetrovsk
Drohobych
Drohobych (Ukrainian: Дрогóбич; Polish: Drohobycz; Cities' alternative names) is a city located at the confluence of the Tysmenytsia River and Seret, a tributary of the former, in the Lviv Oblast (province), in western Ukraine. The current estimated population is around 78 368 (as of 2010).
Serving as the administrative center of the Drohobych Raion (district), Drohobych itself is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.
While there are only legendary accounts of it, Drohobych probably existed in the Kievan Rus' period. According to one legend there was a settlement, called Bych, of the salt-traders. When Bych was destroyed in the Cumans raid, the survivors rebuilt the settlement at the nearby location under the current name which means the Second or Another Bych. In the time of the Kievan Rus' the Tustan fortress was built near Drohobych. However, scholars view this legend with skepticism, pointing out that Drohobych is a Polish pronunciation of Dorogobuzh, a common East Slavic toponym applied to three different towns of Kievan Rus'.

wn.com/Drohobych
Drohobych Oblast
Drohobych Oblast (Ukrainian: Дрогобицька область, Drohobyts'ka oblast’), (December 4, 1939 – June 21, 1959) was an oblast in the Ukrainian SSR. It had a territory of 9.6 thousands of km³, and population of 853 thousand (as of 1956).
Drohobych Oblast was one of six oblasts (the other five are Lviv Oblast, Rivne Oblast, Stanislav (Ivano-Frankivsk) Oblast, Tarnopil (Ternopil) Oblast, and Volyn Oblast) established on the territory of West Ukraine following the 1939 invasion of Poland.
On November 27, 1939 eight powiats of Lwow voivodeship and two powiats of Stanislawow voivodeship were designated for the creation of Drohobych Oblast, establishment of which was confirmed on December 4, 1939.
On January 17, 1940 the oblast was split into 30 raions and five municipalities: Bircha (village), Boryslav (city), Vysotsko-Vyzhnye (village), Dobromyl (city), Drohobych (city), Dublyany (village), Zhydechuv (city), Zhuravno (village), Komarno (city), Krukenych (village), Lavochne (village), Lysko (city), Medenytsia (town), Medyka (village), Mostyska (city), Mykolaiv (city), Streliski Novi (town), Peremyshl (city), Pidbuzh (village), Rudky (city), Sambor (city), Skole (city), Stary Sambor (city), Strilky (village), Stryi (city), Sudova Vyshnya (city), Turka (city), Ustryki Dolni (town), Khodoriv (city), Khyriv (town). Municipalities were Boryslav, Drohobych, Peremyshl, Sambor, Stryi. On August 15, 1940 Boryslav Raion was liquidated. On November 11, 1940 couple of raions were re-designated: Vysotsko-Vyzhnye to Borynya (village) and Lavochne-Slavsko (village).

wn.com/Drohobych_Oblast
Dubliany
Dubliany ({Ukrainian: Дубляни; Polish: Dublany) is a town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 8,469 (2001). In the early 20th century, it was famous as the seat of the Agricultural Academy.
Coordinates: 49°53′46″N 24°5′33″E / 49.89611°N 24.0925°E / 49.89611; 24.0925

wn.com/Dubliany
Hlyniany
Hlyniany (Ukrainian: Глиняни, Polish: Gliniany) is a small city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 3,378 (2001).
The Jewish population was 2,418 in 1910.
Coordinates: 49°49′24″N 24°31′00″E / 49.82333°N 24.5166667°E / 49.82333; 24.5166667

wn.com/Hlyniany
Horodok, Lviv Oblast
Horodok (Ukrainian: Городок, Polish: Gródek Jagielloński) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Horodok Raion. Population is 16,082 (2001).
This is the place where King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila died on 1 June 1434.
A battle took place there in 1655 (see battle of Horodok).
Horodok is twinned with:
Coordinates: 49°46′56″N 23°38′37″E / 49.78222°N 23.64361°E / 49.78222; 23.64361

wn.com/Horodok,_Lviv_Oblast
Ivano-Frankivsk
Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківськ; formerly Stanyslaviv,Stanislau, or Stanisławów see below) is a historic city located in the western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district)^{[clarification needed]} within the oblast, municipality.
Built in the mid 17th century as a private fortress of the Potocki family, with the partition of Poland in 1772 it was passed to the Habsburg Empire, after which it became a property of the State authorities of the Austrian Empire. It was during that time that the fortress was transformed into one of the most prominent cities at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. After World War I for a short stint it served a temporary capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, after the fall of which Stanisławów became part of the Second Polish Republic. At the dawn of World War II the city was "liberated" by the Soviet forces which were soon overran by Nazi Germany. With the liberation of Ukraine in 1944, Soviet regime was established in the city for the next 45 years. A few years before the fall of the Soviet Union the blue-yellow flag was raised in the city as the symbol of independent Ukraine.

wn.com/Ivano-Frankivsk
Kamianka-Buzka
Kamianka-Buzka (Ukrainian: Кам'янка-Бузька, translit. Kam'ianka-Buz'ka, Polish: Kamionka Bużańska) is a city in the Lviv Oblast, of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Kamianka-Buzkyi Raion (district). The city was previously known as Kamianka Strumilowa, and was a district city in Galicia. From 1918 to 1939 it was part of Poland, and called Kamionka Strumilowa, was the capital of a county of the Tarnopol Voivodship.
The current estimated population is around 11,700 (as of 2001).
40 km (25 mi) to the north-east of Lviv and 26 km (16 mi) to the north of the nearest Karol Ludwik Railway station in Zadworze; between the latitude of 50.5° and 50.8° North and the longitude of 41.58° and 42.4° East.
There are two villages to the north of the city: Lapajowka and Jazienica Polska; Jazienica Polska and Tadanie to the east; Tadanie, Krzywolanka and Derniow to the south; Batiatycze to the west.
The whole area is situated in the Vistula river basin, on the Bug River. The latter flows along the south-eastern border; from the east to the west; it turns to the north-west later and, then, it flows across the middle part of the area in the northern direction forming arms to fall into the village of Lapajowka. The Kamianka river (or Sosnowiec) is one of the tributaries; it falls into the Bug River on the left bank-side. The Kamianka river flows on the small area along the border, then, it crosses the city centre flowing from the south to the north where it falls into the Bug River. There are city and suburban buildings in the Bug River valley. They are in the Kamianka river valley, too. The city takes up the valley space and there are brick houses in the market square but the wooden houses prevail; the suburbs on the left bank of the Kamianka river are called: Belzkie, Podzamcze and Lwowskie; there is the Zabuzanskie suburb on the right river bank.

wn.com/Kamianka-Buzka
Kharkiv
Kharkiv (Ukrainian: Харків, pronounced [ˈxɑrkiw]) or Kharkov (Russian: Ха́рьков) is the second-largest city in Ukraine.
The city was founded in 1654 and was a major centre of Ukrainian culture in the Russian Empire. Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine where the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in December 1917 and Soviet government was formed. Kharkiv became and remained the capital of the Ukrainian SSR until 1934, when the administrative capital was moved to Kiev. Currently, it is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv oblast (province), as well as the administrative centre of the surrounding Kharkivskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is located in the northeast of the country. As of 2006, its population was 1,461,300.
Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 60 scientific institutes, 30 establishments of higher education, 6 museums, 7 theatres and 80 libraries. Its industry specializes primarily in machinery. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the city. Among them are world renown giants like the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory, leaders in tank production since the 1930s; Khartron (aerospace and nuclear electronics); and the Turboatom turbines producer.

wn.com/Kharkiv
Kherson
Kherson (Ukrainian and Russian: Херсо́н) is a city in southern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Kherson Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (district) within the oblast. Kherson is an important port on the Black Sea and Dnieper River, and the home of a major ship-building industry. The current estimated population is 329,000 (as of 2007).
Until 1774, the region belonged to the Crimean Khanate. Kherson was founded in 1778 by Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin, on the orders of Catherine the Great. The city was built under the supervision of General Ivan Gannibal on the site of a small fortress called Aleksanderschanz. The name Kherson is a contraction of Chersonesos, an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2500 years ago in the southwestern part of Crimea. One of the first buildings in the Kherson Fort was the Church of St. Catherine where Potemkin was eventually buried. The last tarpan was caught near Kherson in 1866.^{[citation needed]}
As of Ukrainian National Census (2001), the ethnic groups living within Kherson are:

wn.com/Kherson
Kherson Oblast
Kherson Oblast (Ukrainian: Херсонська область, translit. Khersons’ka oblast’; also referred to as Khersonshchyna – Ukrainian: Херсонщина) is an oblast (province) in southern Ukraine, just north of Crimea. Its administrative center is Kherson. The area of the region is 29000 km², its population (as of 1 May 2004) is 1.12 million.
Important cities in the oblast include:
The Kherson Oblast is bordered by the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast on the north, the Black Sea and the Crimea on the south, the Mykolayiv Oblast on the west, and the Azov Sea and the Zaporizhzhia Oblast on the east.
The Dnieper River runs through the oblast which includes the Kakhovka Reservoir.
The following data incorporates the number of each type of administrative divisions of the Kherson Oblast:
The local administration of the oblast' is controlled by the Kherson Oblast Rada. The governor of the oblast' is the Kherson Oblast Rada speaker, appointed by the President of Ukraine.
The population of the oblast is 1,367,685 (2004), which is 2.4% of the total population of Ukraine. It is also ranked 21st by its population. The population density is 43 p/km²

wn.com/Kherson_Oblast
Khodoriv
Coordinates: 49°24′16″N 24°18′44″E / 49.40444°N 24.31222°E / 49.40444; 24.31222
Khodoriv (Ukrainian: Ходорів; Polish: Chodorów) is a city in the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine. It has a population of 10,080.
The city was first mentioned in 1394. In many historic documents it is referred to as Khodoriv-stav. In many documents it is named Khodoriv-stav. It is connected with a male name Fedir and the situation of the town above a big lake. In the 15th century, Khodoriv was granted city status and a coat of arms.
Khodoriv was one of the major industrial hubs in Zhydachiv Raion and Lviv Oblast, with more than 10 manufacturing and other plants including the Sugar Plant and the Plant of Manufacturing Polygraph Machines. Within the city, there are three secondary education schools and two colleges. The city also has some monuments of architecture, including the St. Michael's Church. In addition, new church will rise in early 2000s, designed by Oleksandr Matviiv. Khodoriv has always been a big railroad hub in the region.

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Khyriv
Khyriv (Ukrainian: Хирів, Polish: Chyrów) is a small town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine.
It housed a Jesuit college, Zakład Naukowo-Wychowawczy Ojców Jezuitów w Chyrowie, then in Poland.
Population is 4,590 (2001).
Coordinates: 49°32′N 22°51′E / 49.533°N 22.85°E / 49.533; 22.85

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Kiev Oblast
Kyiv Oblast, sometimes written as Kiev Oblast (Ukrainian: Київська область, translit. Kyivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as Kyivshchyna – Ukrainian: Київщина) is an oblast (province) in central Ukraine.
The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ, Kyiv), also being the capital of Ukraine. Despite being located in the center of the Kyiv Oblast, and hosting the governing bodies of the oblast, Kyiv itself is a self-governing city with special status and not under oblast jurisdiction.
Kyiv Oblast has a total area of 28,100 km² (10,849 sq mi) (approximately 35 times the area of Kyiv city) and is located in north-central Ukraine. On the west it borders the Zhytomyr Oblast, on the Southwest – Vinnytsia Oblast, on the South – Cherkasy Oblast, on the Southeast – Poltava Oblast, on the East and Northeast – Chernihiv Oblast, and on the North – Homyel Voblasts of Belarus.
The oblast is equally split between the both banks of Dnieper River (Dnipro) north and south of Kyiv. Other significant rivers in the oblast are the Dnieper's tributaries: Pripyat (Prypiat) (R), Desna (L), Teteriv (R), Irpin' (R), Ros' (R) and Trubizh (L).

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Kirovohrad
Kirovohrad (Ukrainian: Кіровогра́д, [kirowoˈɦrɑd̪]; Russian: Кировогра́д, Kirovograd), formerly Yelisavetgrad, is a city in central Ukraine. It is located on the Inhul River. It is a motorway junction. Pop. 239,400 (2004 est.).
Developed around a military settlement the city got to prominence in the 19th century when it became an important trade centre enjoying the rights of the Ukrainian culture promoter with the first professional theatrical company both in Central and Eastern Ukraine being established here in 1882.
In Soviet times the city rose to the status of an agricultural and light industry centre whose fame was due to such enterprises as Chervona Zirka Agricultural Machinery Plant (which once provided more than 50% of the USSR need in tractor seeders), Hydrosila Hydraulic Units Plant, Radiy Radio Component Plant, Pishmash Typewriter Plant (de facto defunct nowadays) etc.
The recent history of Kirovohrad saw the imminent decline of the city's industrial potential and general socioeconomic value. The latter plus the poor reputation of local authorities with the city's population led to the widespread settled opinions that Kirovohrad belongs to the group of the low-developed regional capitals of Ukraine. Since 2002 the economics of Kirovohrad has been slowly reviving.

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Komarno, Ukraine
Komarno (Polish: Komarno, Ukrainian: Комарно, Yiddish: קאָמאַרנע) is a city located in the Horodok Raion (district) of the Lviv Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It has 4,000 inhabitants. It was founded in 1324. In the center of town is an old Polish Kostel (Catholic Church), as well as an old wooden Orthodox church complete with ancient icons. The river Vereshytsia flows through the town.
The Hasidic dynasty of Komarno originates from this town.
Coordinates: 49°38′N 23°42′E / 49.633°N 23.7°E / 49.633; 23.7

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Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship, or Lublin Province (in Polish, województwo lubelskie [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ luˈbɛlskʲɛ]), is a voivodeship, or province, located in southeastern Poland. It was created on January 1, 1999, out of the former Lublin, Chełm, Zamość, Biała Podlaska and (partially) Tarnobrzeg and Siedlce Voivodeships, pursuant to Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province is named after its largest city and regional capital, Lublin, and its territory is made of three historical lands: the western part of the voivodeship, with Lublin itself, belongs to Lesser Poland, the eastern part belongs to Red Ruthenia, and the northeast belongs to Polesie.
Lublin Voivodeship is bordered by Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the south, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship to the south-west, Masovian Voivodeship to the west and north, Podlaskie Voivodeship along a short boundary to the north, and Belarus and Ukraine to the east. The province's population as of 2006 was 2,175,251. It covers an area of 25,155 square kilometres (9,712 sq mi).

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Luhansk
Coordinates: 48°34′N 39°18′E / 48.567°N 39.3°E / 48.567; 39.3
Luhansk (Ukrainian: Луга́нськ, pronounced [luˈɦɑɲsʲk]) (formerly Voroshilovgrad) also known as Lugansk (Russian: Луга́нск; pronounced [luˈɡansk]) is a city in southeastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Luhansk Oblast (province). The city itself is also designated as its own separate municipality within the oblast. The current estimated population is around 445,900 (as of 2004).
The city traces its history to 1795, when the British industrialist Charles Gascoigne founded a metal factory there. It was the beginning of an industry that still thrives there today. Lugansk achieved the status of city in 1882. Located in the Donets Basin, Lugansk was developed into an important industrial center of Eastern Europe, particularly a home to the major locomotive-building company. On November 5, 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilovgrad (Russian and Ukrainian: Ворошиловград) in honour of Soviet military commander and politician Kliment Voroshilov. On March 5, 1958, with the call of Khrushchev not to give names of living people to cities, the old name was reinstated. On January 5, 1970, after Voroshilov died, the name was changed again to Voroshilovgrad. Finally, on May 4, 1990, a decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR gave the city back its original name.

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Lutsk
Lutsk (Ukrainian: Луцьк, translit. Luts'k, Polish: Łuck, Belarusian: Луцак or Луцк, transliterated Lutchak or Lutsk) is a city located by the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Volyn Oblast (province) and the administrative center of the surrounding Lutskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is also designated as a separate raion of its own within the oblast.
The estimated population was around 206,000 (as of 2007^[update]).
Lutsk is an ancient Slavic town, mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle as Luchesk in the records of 1085. The etymology of the name is unclear. There are three hypotheses:
Its historical name in Ukrainian is Луцьк; in Bielarusian, Луцак or Луцк; in Russian, Луцк; and in Polish, Łuck.
According to legends Luchesk was founded in the 7th century. The first known documental reference is from the year 1085. The town was the capital of Halych-Volynia until the foundation of Volodymyr-Volynsky.
The town was founded around a wooden castle built by a local branch of the Rurik Dynasty. At certain times the stronghold was the capital of the duchy, but since there was no need for a fixed capital in medieval Europe, the town did not become an important centre of commerce or culture. In 1240 the nearby town was seized and looted by the Tatars, but the castle was not harmed. In 1321 George son of Lev, the last of the line, died in a battle with the forces of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and the castle was seized by the Lithuanian forces. In 1349 the town was captured by the forces of Casimir III, but it was soon retaken by Lithuania.

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Lviv
Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів L’viv, IPA: [lʲwiu̯] ( listen); Polish: Lwów, pronounced [lvuf]; Russian: Львов, L'vov; German: Lemberg and Yiddish Lemberg, לעמבערג; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically had also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center; as Poles and Jews comprised a demographic majority of the city for a period leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and Polish population transfers (1944–1946) that followed. The historical heart of Lviv with its old buildings and cobblestone roads has survived World War II and ensuing Soviet presence largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also a home to many world-class cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the famous Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006.

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Lviv High Castle
The Lviv High Castle or Lviv Castle Hill (Ukrainian: Високий замок / Замкова гора, Vysokyi zamok / Zamkova hora; Polish: Wysoki Zamek) is a historic castle located on the top of the Castle Hill of the city of Lviv. It is currently the highest point in the city, 413 metres (1,355 ft) above sea level. The castle currently stands in ruins.
The High Castle is located in close proximity of the historic centre of Lviv (see picture), formerly being surrounded by a fortification wall. The Castle Hill took its name from the High Castle (as opposite to the other, Low Castle), which used to be located on the hill from the 13th century to the late 19th century. The castle was a main defensive fort of the city during its existence.
As it follows from Rus' Chronicles, the first fortifying structures appeared on the Castle Hill in the time Halych-Volhynia, and were built by Leo I of Halych from wood. It was originally a wood and soil construction, as most others at that time. In 1259 by a request of Burunday Khan they were destroyed, but in 1270 were rebuilt. In 1340, when Lviv was captured by Casimir III of Poland the wooden castle was put under fire. In 1353 it was destroyed again by Lithuanians. A new brick castle appeared on the hill in 1362 by the king Casmimir III. It became the residence of Polish nobles.

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Lviv Oblast
Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, translit. L’vivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as L’vivshchyna – Ukrainian: Львівщина) is an oblast (province) in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv.
The oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on December 4, 1939. The territory of the former Drohobych Oblast was incorporated into the Lviv Oblast in 1959.
The oblast's strategic position at the heart of central Europe and as the gateway to the Carpathians has caused it to change hands many times over the centuries. It was ruled variously by Great Moravia, Kievan Rus', Poland and by one of Kievan Rus' successors, the state of Galicia-Volhynia (circa 1200 to 1340), then by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1340 to 1772), the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1772 to 1918), and Poland (1918 to 1939), when it was part of the Lwów Voivodship of the Second Republic of Poland. The region's historically dominant Ukrainian population declared the area to be a part of an independent West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918, but this endured only briefly. Local autonomy was provided in international treaties but later on those were not honoured by the Polish government and the area experienced much ethnic tension between the Polish and Ukrainian population.

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Morshyn
Morshyn (Ukrainian: Моршин) is a city in Ukraine's Lviv Oblast (province). Population is 6,482 (2001).
In 1918-1939 Morshyn was in Polish territory and, as "Morszyn-Zdrój," was a popular spa. The spa belonged to the Medical Association (Towarzystwo Lekarskie) from Lwow, in late 1920s almost 1000 guests came there yearly. During the times when western Ukraine was under Polish authority, the city was part of the Ivano-Frankivsk regional administration, Stanisławów Voivodeship back then. Currently the town is located in the close proximity to Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast and Carpathian Mountains. Currently the city is one of the major national tourist resort as well as health resorts. The city continues to carry on its legacy of one of the best health resorts in Europe.
Coordinates: 49°09′N 23°52′E / 49.15°N 23.867°E / 49.15; 23.867

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Mostyska
Mostyska (Ukrainian: Мостиська, Polish: Mościska) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Mostyska Raion. Population is 9,150 (2001). There is a break of gauge where the railway systems of the two countries meet. To speed up though traffic, a track gauge changing facility of the SUW 2000 variable gauge axle system has been installed to allow fitted trains to pass through the break of gauge at walking pace.
Coordinates: 49°47′39″N 23°09′09″E / 49.79417°N 23.1525°E / 49.79417; 23.1525

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Mykolaiv
Coordinates: 46°58′N 32°0′E / 46.967°N 32°E / 46.967; 32
Mykolaiv (Ukrainian: Миколаїв Ukrainian pronunciation: [mɪkoˈlɑjiu̯]), also known as Nikolayev (from Russian Николаев), is a city in southern Ukraine, administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast. Mykolaiv is the main ship building center of the Black Sea, and, arguably, the whole Eastern Europe; also a riverport.
Mykolaiv's orderly layout reflects the fact that its development has been well planned from the founding of the city. Its main streets, including the three main East-West Avenues, (including Lenin Prospect shown in the photo to the right) are very wide and tree lined. A significant part of Mykolaiv's land area is beautiful parks. Park Pobedy (Victory) is a large park on the peninsula just north of the city center of Mykolaiv, on the North side of the Inhul river.
Mykolaiv has a population of about 500,000.
There are several variations of the city's name. In Ukrainian, the city is named Микола́їв, for which the transliteration is Mykolaiv, or, more rarely, Mykolayiv. The Russian name is Никола́ев, which transliterates as Nikolaev or Nikolayev.

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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.

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Novyi Kalyniv
Novyi Kalyniv (Ukrainian: Новий Калинів) is a small city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 3,582 (2001).
Coordinates: 49°32′36.7″N 23°1′20.5″E / 49.543528°N 23.022361°E / 49.543528; 23.022361

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Odessa
Odessa (Russian: Одесса, pronounced [ɐˈdʲesːə]) or Odesa (Ukrainian: Одеса, pronounced [ɔˈdɛsɑ]) is the third largest city in Ukraine, with a population of 1,003,705. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast.
The predecessor of Odessa, a small Tatar settlement, was founded by Hacı I Giray, the Khan of Crimea, in 1240 and originally named after him as "Hacıbey"^{[citation needed]}. After a period of Lithuanian control, it passed into the domain of the Ottoman Sultan in 1529 and remained in Ottoman hands until the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1792. The city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Empress Catherine the Great in 1794. From 1819 to 1858 Odessa was a free port. During the Soviet period it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base. On 1 January 2000 the Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port was declared a free port and free economic zone for a term of 25 years.

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Odessa Oblast
Odesa Oblast, also written as Odessa Oblast (Ukrainian: Одеська область, translit. Odes’ka oblast’; also referred to as Odeshchyna—Ukrainian: Одещина), (Greek: Οδησσός) is the southernmost and largest^{[clarification needed]}oblast (province) of south-western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Odessa.
The evidence of the earliest inhabitants in this area comes from the settlements and burial grounds of the Neolithic Gumelniţa, Cucuteni-Trypillian and Usatovo cultures, as well as tumuli and hoards of the Bronze Age Proto-Indo-Europeans. In the 1st millennium B.C. the Milesian Greeks built colonies along the North Black Sea Coast, including the towns of Olbia, Tyras, Niconium, Panticapaeum, and Chersonesus. The Greeks left behind painted vessels, ceramics, sculptures, inscriptions, arts and crafts that indicate the prosperity of their ancient civilisation.
The culture of Scythian tribes inhabiting the Black Sea littoral steppes is represented by finds from settlements and burial grounds. There are weapon items, bronze cauldrons, other utensils, adornments. By the beginning of the 1st millennium A.D. the Sarmatians displaced the Scythians. In the 3rd–4th centuries A.D. the tribal alliance, represented by the items of Chernyakhov culture, was created. Since the middle of the first millennium the formation of Slavic people began. In the 9th century they were united into a state with Kiev as a centre. The Khazars, Polovtsy, Pechenegs were the Slavs' neighbours during the different times. The period of the 9th–14th centuries is reflected by the materials from the settlements and cities of Kievan Rus', Belgorod, Caffa-Theodosia, Berezan Island.

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Olesko Castle
The Olesko Castle (Ukrainian: Олеський замок) is currently located within the borders of the present-day Busk Raion in Ukraine. The first historical records of the castle are in a document dated 1390, when Pope Boniface IX gave Halych, a Catholic bishop, this castle as a gift. It is located about seventy-five kilometers from Lviv, the largest city in western Ukraine.
The Olesko Castle, oval in shape, stands on top of a small hill, about fifty meters in height. A moat and a wall surrounds it, which serves as a defence for the castle. The castle is also surrounded by a dense swamp. The land that the castle sat on changed ownership many times. It was originally on the border of land of Volhynia and land of Lviv.
The castle was, at different times, owned by Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary. It became a political landmark in the 14th century when movable borders between the three aforementioned countries ran through its territory. Battles for ownership of the castle were constant. A deep well in the basement of the castle was used as an escape route for besieged prisoners.

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Peremyshliany
Peremyshliany (Ukrainian: Перемишляни, Polish: Przemyślany) is a town in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Peremyshliany Raion. Population is 7,565 (2001).
It had a Jewish population of 2,934 in 1900.
Coordinates: 49°40′12″N 24°33′34″E / 49.67°N 24.55944°E / 49.67; 24.55944

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Pidhirtsi Castle
Pidhirtsi Castle (Polish: zamek w Podhorcach, Ukrainian: Підгорецький замок) is a residential castle-fortress located in the village of Pidhirtsi (Polish: Podhorce) in Lviv Oblast (province) western Ukraine, located eighty kilometers east of Lviv. It was constructed by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan between 1635–1640 by order of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, on the place of the older fortress. The castle was then part of the Kingdom of Poland and it is regarded as the most valuable of palace-garden complexes in the eastern borderlands (Kresy Wschodnie) of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The structure, built with brick and stone, was designed in the characteristic palazzo in fortezza style. It is located on the northern side of the Woroniaki hills, standing at 399 meters above sea level, overlooking the Styr River valley, in a prominent location where it can be seen from great distances. The palace itself is built into the slope of the hill. In the 17th century, it was surrounded by vineyards and Italian-style paterre gardens, its wine celebrated by the poetry of Jakub Sobieski and Andrzej Morsztyn. Guarded by a moat and drawbridge, fortified walls with bastions and a set of iron cannons (some of which have been preserved to this day). The castle takes the form of an open square nearly 100 meters on a side, with three floors.

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Poland
Poland ⁱ/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.

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Poltava
Poltava (Ukrainian: Полта́ва) is a city located on the Vorskla River in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Poltava Oblast (province), as well as the surrounding Poltava Raion (district) of the oblast. Poltava's estimated population is 298,652 (as of 2011).
It is still unknown when Poltava was founded, although the town was not attested before 1174. However, for reasons unknown, municipal authorities chose to celebrate the town's 1100th anniversary in 1999. The settlement is indeed an old one, as archeologists unearthed a Paleolithic dwelling as well as Scythian remains within the city limits.
The present name of the city is traditionally connected to the settlement Ltava which is mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle in 1174. The region belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 14th century. The Polish administration took over in 1569. In 1648, Poltava was captured by the Ruthenian-Polish magnate Jeremi Wiśniowiecki (1612–51). Poltava was the base of a distinguished regiment of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and served as a Cossack stronghold during the Khmelnytsky Uprising. After the pro-Polish hetman Ivan Vyhovsky came to power and a civil war broke out, In 1658 Poltava, under polkovnyk Martyn Pushkar, was the leading town of the rebels. However, it was ultimately burned down and pillaged by the troops of Vyhovsky, while many of its women and children were enslaved by the Crimean Tatars. In 1667 the town passed to the Russian Empire.

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Poltava Oblast
Poltava Oblast (Ukrainian: Полтавська область, translit. Poltavs’ka oblast’; also referred to as Poltavshchyna – Ukrainian: Полтавщина) is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Poltava.
Other important cities within the oblast include: Komsomolsk, Kremenchuk, Lubny and Myrhorod.
Poltava Oblast is situated in the central part of Ukraine. It has an area of 28,800 km². The oblast’ borders upon Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkiv, Dnipropetrovs’k, Kirovohrad, Cherkasy and Kiev regions.
The following historic-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.
At 2005-05-01, its population was 1,584,446, and population density was 59 people per 1 km².
The oblast’ is a center of Ukraine's oil and natural gas industry, with many wells and pipelines situated here. There is a major oil refinery plant in the city of Kremenchuk. Important iron ore processing facilities also present. In general there are 374 large industrial organization and 618 small industrial organizations.

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Pustomyty
Pustomyty (Ukrainian: Пустомити) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Pustomyty Raion. Population is 9,798 (2001).
Coordinates: 49°42′50″N 23°54′39″E / 49.71389°N 23.91083°E / 49.71389; 23.91083

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Radekhiv
Radekhiv (Ukrainian: Радехів, Polish: Radziechów) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Radekhiv Raion. Population is 9,230 (2001).
Ed Stelmach, the premier of the Canadian province of Alberta from 2006 to 2011, is descended from immigrants who arrived in Canada from Radekhiv.[1]
Coordinates: 50°16′58″N 24°38′15″E / 50.28278°N 24.6375°E / 50.28278; 24.6375

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Rivne
Rivne (Ukrainian: Рівне) or Rovno (Polish: Równe; Russian: Ровно; Yiddish: ראָוונע) is a historic city in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Rivne Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Rivne Raion (district) within the oblast.
Rivne is an important transportation hub, with the international Rivne Airport, and rail links to Zdolbuniv, Sarny and Kovel, as well as highways linking it with Brest, Kiev and Lviv.
The estimated population was around 247,750 as of 2010.
Rivne was first mentioned in 1283 as one of the inhabited places of Halych-Volhynia. From the second half of the 14th century it was under the Great Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1492 the city was granted Magdeburg rights. Following the partition of Poland, in 1793 Rivne became a part of Russian Empire, and in 1797 it was declared as a regional town of the Volhynian Governorate.
During World War I and the period of chaos shortly after, it was briefly under German, Ukrainian, Bolshevik, and Polish forces. In April–May 1919 Rivne served as the temporary capital of Ukrainian People's Republic. At the conclusion of the conflict, in accordance with the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 it became a part of Polish Volhynian Voivodeship for the period between the two World Wars.

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Rudky
Rudky (Ukrainian: Рудки, Polish: Rudki) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 4,942 (as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census).
Coordinates: 49°39′11″N 23°29′17″E / 49.65306°N 23.48806°E / 49.65306; 23.48806

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Russia
Russia ⁱ/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

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Sambir
Sambir (Ukrainian: Самбір, Polish: Sambor) is a city in the Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Sambir Raion (district), the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast. It is located at around 49°31′0″N 23°12′10″E / 49.516667°N 23.20278°E / 49.516667; 23.20278, close to the border with Poland.
The settlement called Pohonych was first mentioned in the 13th century, when it was destroyed by the Tatars. The inhabitants founded a new village, called New Sambir, about two kilometres from the old place. On 13 December 1390, the village was granted the Magdeburg rights, and was then owned by voivode Spytek of Melsztyn. On 5 June 1419 Polish King Władysław Jagiełło built there a wooden castle. In 1498, the city was destroyed by the Tatars, and because of that, King Jan I Olbracht released it from taxes. In 1637, the city partly burnt down, together with a local church. Famous Ukrainian cossacks - hetman Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny and Yuriy Kulchytsky were born 7 km (4.35 mi) away from the city - in the village of Kulchytsi. Petro Sagaydachnyi played a major role in helping the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth win battle of Khotyn (1621), and led a large Cossack regiment in the war with Moscow.

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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan (ⁱ/səˈskætʃɨwən/ or /səˈskætʃɨwɑːn/) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588,276 square kilometres (227,100 sq mi). Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota.
As of April 2011, the population of Saskatchewan was estimated at 1,053,960. Residents primarily live in the southern half of the province. Of the total population, 257,300 live in the province's largest city, Saskatoon, while 210,000 live in the provincial capital, Regina. Other major cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current and North Battleford.
Saskatchewan was first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774, having also been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups. It became a province in 1905. Saskatchewan's current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. Its major industries are agriculture, mining, and energy. "In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a historic land claim agreement with Saskatchewan First Nations. Under the Agreement, the First Nations received money to buy land on the open market. As a result, about 761,000 acres have been turned into reserve land and many First Nations continue to invest their settlement dollars in urban areas", including Saskatoon.

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Sevastopol
Sevastopol ( /ˌsɛvəˈstoʊpəl/ or /səˈvæstəpoʊl/; previously Sebastopol; Ukrainian and Russian: Севасто́поль; Crimean Tatar: Aqyar) is one of two cities with special status in Ukraine (the other being the capital, Kiev), located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimean peninsula. It has a population of 342,451 (2001). Sevastopol is the second largest port in Ukraine, after the Port of Odessa.
The unique geographic location and navigation conditions of the city's harbours make Sevastopol a strategically important naval point. It is also a popular seaside resort and tourist destination, mainly for visitors from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. The city, formerly the home of the Russian then Soviet Black Sea Fleet, is now home to a Ukrainian naval base and a Russian naval base in facilities leased by the Russian Navy. The headquarters of both the Ukrainian Naval Forces and Russia's Black Sea Fleet are located in the city. In 1993, the city was the subject of a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

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Simferopol
Simferopol (English pronunciation: /ˌsɪmfəˈroʊpəl/; Ukrainian: Сімферополь; Russian: Симферополь; Greek: Συμφερόπολις, Sympheropolis, meaning city of common good; Crimean Tatar: Aqmescit, literally: The white mosque) is the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in southern Ukraine. As the capital of Crimea, Simferopol is an important political, economic, and transport center of the peninsula. As of 2006, the city's population is 340,600.
Archaeological evidence in Simferopol indicates the existence of an ancient Scythian city, collectively known as the Scythian Neapol. The location was also home to a Crimean Tatar town, Aqmescit. After the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire, the city's name was changed to its present Simferopol.
Archaeological evidence in the Chokurcha cave shows the presence of ancient people living in the territory of modern Simferopol. The Scythian Neapol, known by its Greek name, is also located in the city, which is the remnants of an ancient capital of the Crimean Scythians who lived on the territory from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD.

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Skole
Skole (Ukrainian: Сколе) is a city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Skole Raion. As of 2001, the population is 6,742.^{[citation needed]}
The first official date recorded for Skole was in the year 1397. A very important route from Kiev to Hungary ran through Skole; as a result, it was frequently fought over by other nations. When the Skole region was under Polish rule, the Polish king parceled out the land among the Polish nobility. German colonists, particularly craftspeople, who settled in the Skole region promoted the development of it economy. A great influence on the economy and cultural development of the region was Baron Groedl and his family. In Skole, the coins of Baron Groedl were used. They were minted at Vien, a mint which continued to be in use until 1930.
Modern Skole is a small town at the center of Skole district, with favorable conditions for the tourist trade.
There are many notable places in the Skole region. The village of Grebeniv, for example, was once renowned for its sanitarium where Metropolit Sheptytskyy and prime minister Cherchel were treated. Verchne Synevydne is the first remembrance in the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle (1240). This history is concerned with the person of Danylo Galytskyy.

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Sokal
Sokal (Ukrainian: Сокаль, translit. Sokal’, Polish: Sokal) is a city located on the banks of the Bug River in the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Sokal Raion (district), the city itself also ranks as a separate raion within the oblast. As of 2001^[update] Sokal had an estimated population of 21,700.
Sokal lay in Polish territory from 1918 to 1944. Its western part (the village of Zhvirka) remained in Poland between 1944 and 1951. Before the Holocaust, Sokal had a Jewish population of 6,000, of whom only 30 survived. The town was liberated by the Soviet army in July 1944.
Coordinates: 50°29′0″N 24°17′0″E / 50.483333°N 24.283333°E / 50.483333; 24.283333

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Sosnivka
Sosnivka (Ukrainian: Соснівка, Polish: Sosnówka) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 11,889 (2001).
Coordinates: 50°17′41″N 24°53′02″E / 50.29472°N 24.88389°E / 50.29472; 24.88389

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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Sudova Vyshnia
Sudova Vyshnia (Ukrainian: Судова Вишня, Polish: Sądowa Wisznia) is a small city of Mostyska Raion in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. The population was 6,668 in 2001.
Sudova Vyshnia is located about 50 km west of Lvov (Lviv), on an asphalt highway and railroad to Przemyśl in Poland. The Vishnya river flows through the town in a westerly direction, eventually joining San in Poland. The town is a center of raion (district) in West Ukraine, has a number of Catholic cathedrals, a secondary school, is a market centre for surrounding agricultural area. The town contains a horse farm, providing horse stud service for the area, some of the horse studs being very expensive. The railway line (twin track) leads to Krakow and Silesia in Poland, being a main route carrying coal to the former USSR.
When captured by the USSR in the Second World War, the town had a large main square, cobbled and with a podium - suitable for public meetings. Under Communism, the square was planted over by trees and bushes - no more public meetings. When under German administration during the Second World War, being in the area called Galicia since ancient times, it was not considered occupied but a part of the German Reich. The currency at that time was the Reichsmark, whereas in occupied territories German administration was using Ostmark. German armed forces included a number of SS divisions, considered to be elite units. And there was a division SS Galicia.

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Sumy Oblast
Sumy Oblast (Ukrainian: Сумська область, translit. Sums’ka oblast’; also referred to as Sumshchyna – Ukrainian: Сумщина) is an oblast (province) in the northeastern part of Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Sumy.
Other important cities within the oblast include Konotop, Okhtyrka, Romny, and Shostka.
As of 1 May 2004, the population is 1,255,866, which includes 886,100 city/town-dwellers, and 483,700 villagers.
The Sumy Oblast is situated in the northeastern part of Ukraine. The area of the oblast' (23,800 km²), comprises about 3,95% of the total area of the country.
The obalst' borders the Bryansk Oblast (Russia) on the northeast, the Kursk Oblast (Russia) on the east, the Poltava on the southwest, the Kharkiv Oblasts on the south, and the Chernihiv Oblast on the west.
The following historic-cultural sited were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.
The Sumy Oblast was established on 10 December 1939. Today it comprises 18 raions (districts), 15 cities, 7 city municipalities, 20 Urban-type settlements, 384 village councils, and 1500 villages.

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Ternopil
Ternopil (Ukrainian: Тернопіль, translit. Ternopil’, Polish: Tarnopol, German: Tarnopol Russian: Тернополь, translit. Ternopol’), is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical region of Galicia. It is served by Ternopil Airport.
In 2010, the population was 218,641.
The city is the administrative center of the Ternopil Oblast (province), as well of the surrounding Ternopil Raion (district) within the oblast. However, Ternopil is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.
The city was founded in 1540 by Jan Amor Tarnowski as a Polish military stronghold and a castle. In 1544 the Ternopil Castle was constructed and repelled its first Tatar attacks. In 1548 Ternopil was granted city rights by king Sigismund I of Poland. In 1567 the city passed to the Ostrogski family. In 1575 it was plundered by Tatars. In 1623 the city passed to the Zamoyski family.

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Ternopil Oblast
Ternopil Oblast' (Ukrainian: Тернопільська область, translit. Ternopil’s’ka oblast’; also referred to as Ternopilshchyna - Ukrainian: Тернопільщина) is an oblast' (province) of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret River, a tributary of the Dnister.
The area of the oblast is 13,800 km². The Dnister forms the southern border with the Chernivtsi Oblast. Some of its tributaries flowing through the oblast are the Zbruch, the Seret and the Strypa Rivers. The Seret River, not to be confused with the Siret River nor the smaller Seret in Lviv Oblast, is a left tributary of the Dnister flowing through the oblast capital, i.e. Ternopil.
Before World War I, most of the current Ternopil oblast was part of Austro-Hungarian province Galicia. Only the northern-most section was within the borders of Russia. From 1918 until World War II, the area formed the Tarnopol Voivodeship in the newly independent country of Poland. As was common throughout the western Ukraine, the non-Ukrainian population was concentrated in the cities. Before World War II, the population of Ternopil was 40% Polish, 20% Ukrainian, and 40% Jewish. The oblast is sometimes associated with the Ukrainian nationalist movement, as during the Polish-Ukrainian War, Ukrainian nationalist forces launched the Chortkiv offensive to stop Polish attempts to topple the newly established West Ukrainian People's Republic. Later the local ethnically Ukrainian population was loyal to the revolutionary UPA.

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Truskavets
Truskavets (Ukrainian: Трускавець, translit. Truskavets’; Polish: Truskawiec) is a city in western Ukraine's Lviv Oblast (province), near the border with Poland. The city is designated as a separate raion (district) within the oblast.
Truskavets is famous for its mineral springs, which have made it one of Ukraine's great resorts. For most visitors the primary goal is consuming the various 'local waters.' The most famous is the sulfur-scented, slightly saline 'Naftusia.' The town lies in an attractive little valley in the Carpathian foothills and is easily reached from L'viv by bus or train. The vast majority of tourists who come to Truskavets are either Ukrainian or Russian.
In 2000 a special economic zone (SEZ) was established in Truskavets for the period of 20 years. Known as "Kurortopolis Truskavets", the SEZ offers various tax privileges for businesses and investors. Some 13 investment projects have been approved under its framework, with the majority focusing on health and medical treatment.

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Turka Raion
Turka Raion (Ukrainian: Турківський район) is a raion in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Turka. It has a population of 54 906.
It was established in 1939.
Coordinates: 49°05′24″N 22°59′20″E / 49.09°N 22.9888°E / 49.09; 22.9888

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Turka, Ukraine
Turka (Ukrainian: Турка, Турка над Стрийом (old), Polish: Turka, Turka nad Stryjem(old), German: Turka, French: Tourka, Yiddish — טורקא) — is a city located at the confluence of the Stryi River and Jablun'ka River (Ukrainian: Яблунька) in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine (in the Carpathian Mountains).
The name Turka originates from Ukrainian word, тур (English: тur, meaning aurochs or urus (Latin: Bos primigenius), the ancestor of domestic cattle — a type of huge wild cattle which inhabited in the surrounding forests (it survived in Europe until 1627). In another version the city's name derives from the Ukrainian name of the gate-towers,"Turia" (Ukrainian: Tурія), "Turja" (Ukrainian: Тур'я), "Turnia"(Ukrainian: Турня), which stood at the entrance to an ancient settlement. Origin of name in no way is linked to the Turks.
The city is located in the south Lviv Oblast, in the Carpathian Mountains, on the left bank of the Stryi River, with its tributaries, the Yablunka River (Ukrainian: Яблунька) and Litmyr River (Ukrainian: Літмир), and between the mountains Shymenka (Ukrainian: Шименка), Kychera (Ukrainian: Кичера), Vinets' (Ukrainian: Вінець) and Osovnya (Ukrainian: Осовня).
City is located 137 km from Lviv, 107 km from Uzhhorod, 75 km from Drohobych, at an altitude of 557 meters above sea level.
The location of initial settlement outpost, from which arose Turka, was determined by the so-called "Path of Rus" - Neolithic trade route that connected through the Turka Western Europe to Hungary, Moldova and the Balkan countries.

wn.com/Turka,_Ukraine
Turkivskyi Raion
Turka Raion (Ukrainian: Турківський район) is a raion in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Turka. It has a population of 54 906.
It was established in 1939.
Coordinates: 49°05′24″N 22°59′20″E / 49.09°N 22.9888°E / 49.09; 22.9888

wn.com/Turkivskyi_Raion
Uhniv
Uhniv (Ukrainian: Угнів, Polish: Uhnów, Yiddish: הובנוב) is a city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. Population is 1,021 (2001).
Uhniv (or Uhnow, Uchnów or Hivniv) is the smallest city of Ukraine aside couple of cities in the Zone of alienation in the northern Ukraine. It is part of Sokal Raion and is located 22 km from Belz and 21 km from Rava Ruska. The capital of the district is Lviv (Lwów). It is located almost on the Ukrainian-Polish border.
At the end of 2nd century AD the Goths invaded Galicia. They conquered the Hivniv area and settled there. At the end of the 4th century the Huns conquered and replaced the Goths. In the middle of the 5th century the Slovenes took control of the area. In 1019 the area was conquered by Polish Crown; until 1462 the area was under ducal control. In that year Belz was established as a capital of voivodeship (pol. województwo) under Polish rule - this district included the town that was later called Hivniv. The settlements in the Belz area belonged to various owners; some to the kingdom (these were called crown cities) and some individuals calles squires. In that year (1462) King Casimir IV Jagiellon gave town privileges and the name Uhnów (Hivniv) to the place, so the village became an independent town, free of wider supervision. The inhabitants were not under the squires control but under the king's rule.

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Ukraine
Ukraine (ⁱ/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.

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Uzhhorod
Uzhhorod or Uzhgorod (Ukrainian: Ужгород pronounced [ˈuʒɦoˌrɔd]; Hungarian: Ungvár; Slovak: Užhorod; Russian: Ужгород, German: Ungwar, Ungarisch Burg; Polish: Użhorod; Romanian: Ujhorod) is a city located in western Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. It is the administrative center of the Zakarpattia Oblast (region), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Uzhhorodskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast.
The city gets its name from the Uzh River, which divides the city into two halves (the old and new sections). Uzh (Уж) means ringed snake (Natrix natrix), and horod (город) is Rusyn for city, coming from Old Slavonic grad (градъ). However, this name is a recent construct, and has been used only since the beginning of the 20th century. Before then, the city was known as Ungvar, also spelled Ongvar, Hungvar, and Unguyvar.
The city's name is spelled Ужгород in Rusyn, Ukrainian and Russian, transliterated "Uzhhorod" from Rusyn and Ukrainian, "Uzhgorod" from Russian. Until the end of the 20th century, the city was known in English as Uzhgorod.

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Velyki Mosty
Velyki Mosty (Ukrainian: Великі Мо́сти; Polish: Mosty Wielkie; Hebrew: מוסט רבתי‎) is a city in the Sokalskyi Raion of the Lviv Oblast (province) of Western Ukraine. Population is 5,925 (2001).
Coordinates: 50°14′24″N 24°08′22″E / 50.24°N 24.13944°E / 50.24; 24.13944

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Vinnytsia
Vinnytsia (Ukrainian: Ві́нниця, pronounced [ˈwinːɪt͡sʲɑ]; also known by other names) is a city located on the banks of the Southern Bug, in central Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Vinnytsia Oblast.
Vinnytsia is also known by a variety of other names, such as Vinnytsya, Vinnitsa (Russian: Ви́нница), Vinnica (Polish: Winnica), German: Winniza, and Romanian: Vinniţa. All of the variations of the city's name originate with the Slavic word for Vineyards, ultimately derived from Latin vīnea for the word vine. Some of these reflect names in foreign languages that have had historical influences on the city.
Vinnytsia is located about 260 km (160 mi) from the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, 429 km (267 mi) from the port city Odesa, and 369 km (229 mi) from L’viv.
It is the administrative center of the Vinnytsia Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Vinnytskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city itself is also designated as its own separate raion within the oblast, and rests in the historic region of Podillia.

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Vynnyky
Vynnyky (Ukrainian: Ви́нники) is a city in Lviv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Population is 13,654 (2001).
The city is part of Lviv-city municipality and is part of Lychakiv Raion of Lviv city.
In 1925 population of the city accounted for 5000 residents out which 3300 were Polish, 2150 - Ruthenians, 350 - Jewish, and 200 - Germans.

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Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamed the Argonaut Conference, held February 4–11, 1945 , was the wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Secretary Joseph Stalin, respectively, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. The conference convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta, in the Crimea.
The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy. To some extent, it has remained controversial.
Yalta was the second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin). It had been preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943, and it was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Harry S Truman, who replaced the late Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, who was replaced mid-point by the newly elected British Prime Minister Clement Attlee.

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Yavoriv
Yavoriv (Ukrainian: Яворів; Polish: Jaworów) is a city located in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Yavoriv Raion and rests approximately 50 km west of the oblast capital, Lviv.
The current estimated population is around 13,500 (as of 2001).
Not far from it is the watering-place of Shklo with sulphur springs. The town was first mentioned in written documents in 1376 and received Magdeburg rights in 1569. It was a favorite residence of king John III Sobieski, who there received the congratulations from the Pope on his success against the Turks at Vienna (1683).
Yavoriv is twinned with:
Coordinates: 49°56′49″N 23°23′35″E / 49.94694°N 23.39306°E / 49.94694; 23.39306

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Zaporizhia Oblast
Zaporizhia Oblast (Ukrainian: Запорізька область, translit. Zaporiz'ka oblast’; also referred to as Zaporizhzhya – Ukrainian: Запоріжжя) is an oblast (province) of southern Ukraine. Its capital is Zaporizhia.
This oblast is an important part of Ukraine's industry and agriculture.
The area of the province is 27,200 km²; its population (as of 2004-05-01) is 1.9 million.
Important cities include:
The Zaporizhia Oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on January 10, 1939.
The territory of the oblast came under the dominion of the Golden Horde after the fall of Kievan Rus'. The steppes off of the Dnieper River were subsequently ruled by the Crimean Khanate, beginning in 1445.
From the 15th century to the 18th century, the northern parts of the province belonged to the Zaporizhian Sich – a self-governed military republic of the Ukrainian Kozaks.
The following sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.
The Zaporizhia Oblast is administratively subdivided into 20 raions (districts) as well as 5 cities (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Berdiansk, Enerhodar, Melitopol, Tokmak, and the administrative center of the oblast, Zaporizhia.

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Zhovkva
Zhovkva (Ukrainian: Жовква, Ukrainian pronunciation: [ˈʒɔu̯kwɑ]; Polish: Żółkiew; Yiddish: Zholkva) is a city in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, north of Lviv. It is the administrative center of the Zhovkivskyi Raion (district). The current estimated population is 13,500.
The site of Zhovkva has been inhabited since the 14th century. In 1594, the Polish military commander Stanisław Żółkiewski fortified the settlement and built Żółkiew Castle. Due to its strategic location at the intersection of important trade routes, the town prospered.
In the 17th century, it became the royal residence for King John III Sobieski of Poland, and a hub of religious life, arts and commerce. From its earliest days, the population was a mix of Poles, Ukrainians and Jews. Landmark buildings include a fortress-like synagogue, churches and monasteries.
Before World War II, the town's 4,500 Jews accounted for nearly half the population, but few survived the Holocaust. The synagogue was blown up by the Nazis in 1941, leaving only the outside walls. In 2000, the building was declared one of the world's most endangered sites by the World Monuments Fund.

wn.com/Zhovkva
Zhytomyr
Zhytomyr (Ukrainian: Жито́мир pronounced [ʒɪˈtɔmɪr], Russian: Жито́мир, Zhitomir, Polish: Żytomierz, Yiddish: זשיטאָמיר) is a city in the North of the western half of Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Zhytomyr Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr Raion (district). Note that the city of Zhytomyr is not a part of the Zhytomyr raion: the city itself is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast; moreover Zhytomyr consists of two so-called "raions in a city": the Bohunskyi raion and the Koroliovskyi raion (named in honour of Sergey Korolyov). Zhytomyr is located at around 50°16′N 28°40′E / 50.267°N 28.667°E / 50.267; 28.667, occupying an area of 65 km² (25 sq mi).
The current estimated population is 277,900 (as of 2005).
Zhytomyr is a major transportation hub. The city lies on a historic route linking the city of Kiev with the west through Brest. Today it links Warsaw with Kiev, Minsk with Izmail, and several major cities of Ukraine. Zhytomyr was also the location of Ozerne, a key Cold War strategic aircraft base located 11 km (6.8 mi) southeast of the city.

wn.com/Zhytomyr
Zolochiv
Zolochiv (Ukrainian: Зо́лочів, Polish: Złoczów) is a town located in the Lviv Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Zolochiv Raion (district).
Zolochiv was incorporated as a town on 15 September 1523 by the Polish king Sigismund I the Old. Located in the Ruthenian Voivodship of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it belonged to several noble families. In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, it was annexed by Austria, and in 1918, following the World War I, it passed to Poland. Zolochiv, known then as Złoczów, belonged to the Tarnopol Voivodship until the Polish September Campaign, when it was occupied by the Soviet Union. Now, it is part of independent Ukraine.
Coordinates: 49°48′30″N 24°54′04″E / 49.80833°N 24.90111°E / 49.80833; 24.90111

wn.com/Zolochiv

Daniel of Galicia
Daniel I of Galicia or Daniel Romanovych or Danylo Halytskyi (Ukrainian: Данило I Галицький) was a King of Galicia (Halych) (1205–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr (1212–1231). He was crowned by a papal archbishop in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of Rus' (1253–1264).
In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman II Mstyslavich, the ruler of Galicia–Volhynia, the boyars of Galicia forced the four-year-old Daniel into exile with his mother Anna of Byzantium and brother Vasylko Romanovich. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Daniel and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219 he renounced his claims to Galicia in favor of his father-in-law Mstislav the Bold.
In 1221 Daniel re-established his rule over Volhynia, where the boyars and populace had remained loyal to his dynasty. In 1234 he defeated Alexander Vsevolodovich, taking the Duchy of Belz. By 1238, he had defeated the Dobrzyń Knights, and regained most of Galicia, including the capital at Galicia. While the Prussians were under pressure from the Teutonic Order, Daniel attempted to conquer the related Yatvingians.

wn.com/Daniel_of_Galicia
Kmit Mykola
Mykola Ivanovich Kmit (Ukrainian: Микола Іванович Кміть; born March 24, 1966) is a Ukrainian politician and the former head of the Lviv Oblast State Administration.
A graduate of the Lviv Polytechnic Institute, during 1992-1995 under Mr. Kmit's management the Invest-Center JSC became a large wholesale supplier of the Ukrainian china and ceramic ware to Russia.
From 1996 till 2004 Mykola Kmit led Nova company specializing in mineral water production and bottling in Morshyn. His leadership resulted in the establishing of the biggest distribution network in Ukraine.
Since 2005 till February 2008, Mykola Kmit is a top-manager, co-owner and strategist of the Industrial and Distribution Systems (IDS). Under his management several new factories were launched and IDS Group became the leader in the Ukrainian mineral water market.
In February, 2008 Mykola Kmit became an acting Head of Lviv Oblast State Administration. By a Decree of President Viktor Yushchenko of September 1, 2008, Mykola Kmit was appointed the Head of Lviv Oblast State Administration. Today Mr. Kmit focuses his efforts on developing the investment potential of Lviv Region and implementation of vital projects, including those related to Euro 2012, for the region’s growth and well-being. Kmit was dismissed in April 2010 by President Viktor Yanukovych.

wn.com/Kmit_Mykola
Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.

wn.com/Poles
Romani people
The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to the Indian Subcontinent. Romani are widely known in the English-speaking world by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies).
They are known collectively in the Romani language as Romane or Rromane (depending on the dialect concerned) and also as Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms.
Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Kale of Iberia and Southern France.
The Americas are also home to large numbers of Romani. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; 800,000 in Brazil, to which Kale were deported by the government of Portugal during the colonial era; and in more recent migrations, Romani have also moved to other parts of the New World.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.

wn.com/Romani_people
Stepan Senchuk
Stepan Romanovich Senchuk (Ukrainian: Степан Романович Сенчук, March 23, 1955 - November 29, 2005) was born in the city of Prokofevsk in the Kemerovo area of Ukraine. He was part of a family that was subjected to repression. Senchuk studied at the Lviv agricultural institute (1972 - 1977), specializing in engineering and mechanics. From 1977 to 1993, Senchuk was on engineering and supervising posts at different agricultural enterprises. Since 1993, he was general director of Lviv's regional state enterprise, Lvivagroremmashpostach.
He was the deputy of the Lviv regional council from 1994 to 1998, where he headed the Agrarian Party. From March 1997 to April 1998, Senchuk was the vice president of the Lviv-region state administration for agriculture and foodstuffs. On April 14, 1998, he was selected to be the chairman of the Lviv-region council.
On January 15, 1999, Senchuk was appointed as governor of the Lviv region; for some time he combined two posts. On March 19, 2001 he was dismissed from the post of chairman of the state administration. On July 5, 2001 he also retired from the post of regional council chairman.

wn.com/Stepan_Senchuk
Ukrainian Canadian
A Ukrainian Canadian (Ukrainian: Український канадець, Українці Канади; translit. Ukrayins'kyi kanadets, Ukrayintsi Kanady) is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or emigrated to Canada. In 2006, there were an estimated 1,209,085 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) making them Canada's ninth largest ethnic group; and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western Canada.
Over the last thirty years,^[when?] a debate has been ongoing whether a tiny number of Ukrainians settled in Canada before 1891. Most controversial is the claim that Ukrainians may have been infantrymen alongside Poles in the Swiss French "De Meurons" and "De Watteville" regiments who fought for the British on the Niagara Peninsula during the War of 1812 – and that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in Upper Canada (southern Ontario). Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups: claims that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in southern Manitoba in the 1870s alongside blocks of Mennonites and other Germans from the Russian Empire; or that single male Ukrainians were participants in the Russian Empire's exploration parties and fur trade along the western coast of North America (including British Columbia). Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.

wn.com/Ukrainian_Canadian
Ukrainians
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus', reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.

wn.com/Ukrainians
Vyacheslav Chornovil
Viacheslav Chornovil (Ukrainian: В'ячесла́в Макси́мович Чорнові́л) (born December 24, 1937 in Yerky, Katerynopil Raion, Kiev Oblast - died March 25, 1999, near Boryspil, Kiev Oblast) was a Ukrainian politician. A prominent Ukrainian dissident to the Soviet policies, he was arrested multiple times in the 1960s and 1970s for his political views. A long-time advocate of Ukrainian independence, he was one of the most prominent political figures of the late 1980s and early 1990s who paved the path of the contemporary Ukraine to its independence.
Chornovil enrolled into the University of Kiev initially at the College of Philology (faculty), but after the first semester transferred to the College of Journalism. In 1958 due to conflict in the university he took a break from studying and went for construction project in Zhdanov of a blast furnace and later worked for the "Kiev Komsomolets". Chornovil was a member of the Komsomol of Ukraine. He graduated in 1960 with honors and defended his diploma with a thesis "Publicistic work of Borys Hrinchenko".

wn.com/Vyacheslav_Chornovil

Pidgirci - Podgorce Ukraine Castle of Lviv region

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Olesk Castle in Lviv Region

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author: GlobalSuperstorm

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Monumento Stepan Bandera

Monumento Stepan Bandera 49°50'9.29"N 24° 0'21.37"L Mytropolyta Angelovycha St, 38 L'...

published: 17 Oct 2010

author: Rafael J

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photo: AP / Jerome Delay

An internally displaced Congolese child heats water at the Mugunga camp outside the eastern Congolese town of Goma, Saturday Nov. 24, 2012.

DR Congo president holds talks with rebels

Al Jazeera

25 Nov 2012

Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial meeting with Kabila after the summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, ended on Saturday....(size: 20.0Kb)

photo: AP / Henry Griffin

File - John Kerry, 27, testifies about the war in Vietnam before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in Washington, April 22, 1971. Sen. Kerry, D-Mass., 63, became a prominent critic of the war after he came home as a decorated veteran.

Will Kerry Preserve U.S. Freedom and an Authentic Defense?

WorldNews.com

26 Nov 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "In our opinion and from our experience," declared John Kerry in 1971, "there is nothing in South Vietnam which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia or Laos by linking such loss to the preservation of freedom..is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy..." ... The U.S....(size: 6.4Kb)

photo: AP / Polash Khan

Bangladeshis and firefighters battle a fire at a garment factory in the Savar neighborhood in Dhaka, Bangladesh, late Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012.

Bangladesh clothes factory fire kills 'at least 120'

BBC News

25 Nov 2012

The death toll from a fire in a clothes factory in Bangladesh has leapt to at least 120, officials say. The fire broke out late on Saturday in the nine-floor Tazreen Fashion factory in the Ashulia district on the outskirts of the capital Dhaka . ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)

photo: AP

Thousands of Turks demonstrate to condemn terrorism and Kurdish rebels in Ankara, Turkey, Sunday, Sept. 2, 2012. Mostly nationalist Turks shouted: "We don't want The PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party) at the parliament."

Turkey confronts a resurgent Kurdish threat

The Independent

26 Nov 2012

This town of 19,000 nestled in an idyllic mountain pass of impossibly green pastures and golden autumn trees is on the front lines of Turkey's rapidly escalating guerrilla war. In a struggle for autonomy as well as independent language and education rights, the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has waged a low-grade conflict in Turkey for decades. ... 4 just as a Turkish army tank rolled by. ... "The violence is getting worse....(size: 8.8Kb)

photo: AP / Mohammed Asad

Egyptian protesters opposed to president Mohammed Morsi chant slogans in Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt, Friday, Nov. 23, 2012.

Egypt’s Morsi Promises Democracy as Protests Rage

Jakarta Globe

24 Nov 2012

Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a gathering of fellow Islamists outside the presidential palace. ... “We need stability....(size: 4.8Kb)

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Vira Popil

The Times of India

25 Nov 2012

Smart and confident, Vira Popil may be a new face in the Indian fashion industry but otherwise, she carries a good five years experience in modelling. Says she, "The ramp is not new to me. ... Here's your chance to know her more... Vital stats: 34-24-36 Campaigns/endorsements: At present I am associated with 'chic model management' and have participated in the Lviv Fashion week too. ... Style statement: Simplicity rules my dressing style. ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

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This day in Jewish History / Anti-Jewish pogroms end in Poland

Ha'aretz

23 Nov 2012

On November 23, 1918, three days of anti-Jewish pogroms came to an end in Lemberg, in eastern Galicia (today Lviv, Poland). ......(size: 0.8Kb)

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Metalurh D vs Shakhtar: match report (JSC FC Shakhtar Donetsk)

noodls

11 Nov 2012

... (Teixeira, 46), Mkhitaryan, Willian, Ilsinho (Costa, 46), Eduardo Unused subs: Pyatov, Devic, Dentinho, Adriano Head coach: Mircea Lucescu Booked: Willian (90+4), Makridis (90+4) Referee: Yuriy Mozharovskyy (Lviv) FC Shakhtar Press Office distributed by This noodl was issued by JSC FC Shakhtar Donetsk and was initially posted at shakhtar.com....(size: 1.9Kb)

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noodls

11 Nov 2012

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Ukraine's Ultranationalists Show Surprising Strength at Polls

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

09 Nov 2012

KIEV, Ukraine -- The last time Oleg Tyagnibok was a member of Ukraine's Parliament, his colleagues kicked him out over a fiery speech in which he described how Ukrainians, during World War II, bravely fought Muscovites, Germans, Jews "and other scum," and then used slurs to refer to the "Jewish-Russian mafia, which rules in Ukraine." ... Mr. ... Born in Lviv, sometimes called the capital of the western, Europe-oriented Ukraine, Mr. ... Ms. ... Mr....(size: 7.5Kb)

Letter from Ukraine: cafe culture

The Guardian

06 Nov 2012

The themed cafe in Lviv celebrates second world war Ukrainian partisans. Photograph: Yuriy Dyachyshyn/AFP/Getty With its cobblestone streets and 18th-century architecture, Lviv is a living museum of imperial Europe . ... Far from the capital of Kyiv, or any other major regional centre, Lviv possesses an atmosphere of utter provinciality and slowness. ... But Lviv takes its cafe culture seriously....(size: 4.0Kb)

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Lviv Oblast
Львівська область
L’vivs’ka oblast’

— Oblast —

Flag

Coat of arms

Nickname(s): Львівщина (Lvivshchyna)

Location of Lviv Oblast (red) within Ukraine (blue)

Country

Ukraine

Admin. center

Lviv

Government

• Governor

Mykhailo Kostiuk^[1]

• Oblast council

• Chairperson

Oleg Pankevych^[2] (OU)

Area

• Total

21,833 km² (8,430 sq mi)

Area rank

Ranked 17th

Population (2009^[3])

• Total

2,552,900

• Density

120/km² (300/sq mi)

Time zone

EET (UTC+2)

• Summer (DST)

EEST (UTC+3)

Cities of oblast subordinance

Cities (total)

Towns

Villages

1849

FIPS 10-4

UP15

Website

www.loda.gov.ua

Lviv Oblast (Ukrainian: Львівська область, translit. L’vivs’ka oblast’; also referred to as L’vivshchyna – Ukrainian: Львівщина) is an oblast (province) in western Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv.

1 History
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Politics
- 4.1 Governors
5 Subdivisions
6 Demographics
7 Religion
8 Historical and Cultural Sites
9 Nomenclature
10 See also
11 References
12 External links

History [link]

The oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on December 4, 1939. The territory of the former Drohobych Oblast was incorporated into the Lviv Oblast in 1959.

The oblast's strategic position at the heart of central Europe and as the gateway to the Carpathians has caused it to change hands many times over the centuries. It was ruled variously by Great Moravia, Kievan Rus', Poland and by one of Kievan Rus' successors, the state of Galicia-Volhynia (circa 1200 to 1340), then by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1340 to 1772), the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1772 to 1918), and Poland (1918 to 1939), when it was part of the Lwów Voivodship of the Second Republic of Poland. The region's historically dominant Ukrainian population declared the area to be a part of an independent West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918, but this endured only briefly. Local autonomy was provided in international treaties but later on those were not honoured by the Polish government and the area experienced much ethnic tension between the Polish and Ukrainian population.

The region and its capital city take their name from the time of Galicia-Volhynia, when Daniel of Galicia, the King of Rus' founded Lviv, naming the city after his son, Leo. During this time, the general region around Lviv was known as Red Ruthenia (Cherven' Rus').

The region only became part of the Soviet Union under the terms of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, when it was annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. It was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 and remained in Soviet hands after World War II as was arranged during the Teheran and Yalta conferences. Given its historical development, Lviv Oblast is one of the least Russified and Sovietized parts of Ukraine, with much of its Habsburg heritage still visible today.

Geography [link]

Grassy flatlands with rolling hills in Drohobych Raion

The terrain of Lviv Oblast is highly varied. The southern part is occupied by the low Beskyd (ukr: Бескиди) mountain chains running parallel to each other from northwest to southeast and covered with secondary coniferous forests as part of the Eastern Carpathians; the highest point is Pikuy (1408 m). North from there are the wide upper Dniester river valley and much smaller upper San River valley. These rivers have flat bottoms covered with alluvial deposits, and are susceptible to floods. Between these valleys and Beskyd lies the Precarpathian upland covered with deciduous forests, with well-known mineral spa resorts (see Truskavets, Morshyn). It's also the area of one of the earliest industrial petroleum and gas extraction. These deposits are all but depleted by now.

In the central part of the region lie Roztocze, Opillia, and part of the Podolia uplands. Rich sulphur deposits were mined here during the Soviet era. Roztocze is densely forested, while Opillia and Podolia (being covered with loess on which fertile soils develop) are densely populated and mostly covered by arable land. In the central-north part of the region lies the Small Polesia lowland, geographically isolated from the rest of Polesia but with similar terrain and landscapes (flat plains with sandy fluvioglacial deposits and pine forests). The far North of the region lies on the Volhynia upland, which is also covered with loess; coal is mined in this area.

Climate [link]

The climate of Lviv Oblast is moderately cool and humid. The average January temperatures range from −7 °C (19 °F) in the Carpathians to −3 °C (27 °F) in the Dniester and San River valleys while in July the average temperatures are from 14–15 °C (57–59 °F) in the Carpathians to 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) in Roztocze and 19 °C (66 °F) in the lower part of the Dniester valley.^[4] The average annual precipitation is 600–650 mm (23.62–25.59 in) in the lowlands, 650–750 mm (25.59–29.53 in) in the highlands and up to 1,000 mm (39.37 in) in the Carpathians, with the majority of precipitation occurring in summer. Prolonged droughts are uncommon, while strong rainfalls can cause floods in river valleys. Severe winds during storms can also cause damage, especially in the highlands. The climate is favourable for the cultivation of sugar beets, winter wheat, flax, rye, cabbage, apples, and for dairy farming. It is still too cold to successfully cultivate maize, sunflower, grapes, melon, watermelon or peaches in Lviv Oblast. In the Carpathians conditions are favourable for Alpine skiing 3–4 months a year.

Politics [link]

Government House, Lviv

Governors [link]

Chairmen of the Executive Committee

Term start	Term end	Name	Year of birth	Year of death
March 1991	6 April 1992	Vyacheslav Chornovil	b. 1937	d. 1999
June 1994	July 1995	Mykola Horyn	b. 1945

Representative of the President

Term start	Term end	Name	Year of birth
20 March 1992	June 1994	Stepan Davymuka	(s.a.)

Heads of the Administration^[5]

Term start	Term end	Name	Year of birth	Year of death
7 July 1995	6 Feb. 1997	Mykola Horyn	(s.a.)
6 Feb. 1997	14 Jan. 1999	Mykhailo Hladiy	b. 1952
15 Jan. 1999	19 March 2001	Stepan Senchuk	b. 1955	d. 2005
26 March 2001	26 April 2002	Mykhailo Hladiy	b. 1952
26 April 2002	4 June 2003	Myron Yankiv	b. 1951
9 June 2003	20 Dec. 2004	Oleksandr Sendeha	b. 1953
20 Dec. 2004	4 Feb. 2005	Bohdan Matolych (acting)	b. 1955
4 Feb. 2005	20 Feb. 2008	Petro Oliynyk	b. 1957
20 Feb. 2008	27 Feb. 2008	Valery Pyatak (acting)	b. 1959
27 Feb. 2008	20 April 2010?	Kmit Mykola (acting to 1 Sep 2008)	b. 1966
20 April 2010	21 December 2010^[1]	Vasyl Horbal^[6]	(s.a.)
21 December 2010	2 November 2011^[1]	Mykhailo Tsymbaliuk^[1]	(s.a.)
2 November 2011^[1]	Current	Mykhailo Kostiuk^[1]	(s.a.)

Subdivisions [link]

Raions of Lviv Oblast.

The Lviv Oblast is administratively subdivided into 20 raions (districts), as well as 9 city (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Boryslav, Chervonohrad, Drohobych, Morshyn, Novyi Rozdil, Sambir, Stryi, Truskavets, and the administrative center of the oblast, Lviv.

Raions of the Lviv Oblast
In English	In Ukrainian	Administrative Center
Brody Raion	Бродівський район Brodivs'kyi raion	Brody (City)
Busk Raion	Буський район Bus'kyi raion	Busk (City)
Drohobych Raion	Дрогобицький район Drohobyts'kyi raion	Drohobych (City)
Horodok Raion	Городоцький район Horodots'kyi raion	Horodok (City)
Kamianka-Buzka Raion	Кам'янка-Бузький район Kamyanka-Buz'kyi raion	Kamianka-Buzka (City)
Mostyska Raion	Мостиський район Mostys'kyi raion	Mostyska (City)
Mykolaiv Raion	Миколаївський район Mykolayivs'kyi raion	Mykolaiv (City)
Peremyshliany Raion	Перемишлянський район Peremyshlians'kyi raion	Peremyshliany (City)
Pustomyty Raion	Пустомитівський район Pustomytivs'kyi raion	Pustomyty (City)
Radekhiv Raion	Радехівський район Radekhivs'kyi raion	Radekhiv (City)
Sambir Raion	Самбірський район Sambirs'kyi raion	Sambir (City)
Skole Raion	Сколівський район Skolivs'kyi raion	Skole (City)
Sokal Raion	Сокальський район Sokal's'kyi raion	Sokal (City)
Starosambirskyi Raion	Старосамбірський район Starosambirs'kyi raion	Staryi Sambir (City)
Stryiskyi Raion	Стрийський район Stryis'kyi raion	Stryi (City)
Turkivskyi Raion	Турківський район Turkivs'kyi raion	Turka (City)
Yavorivskyi Raion	Яворівський район Yavorivs'kyi raion	Yavoriv (City)
Zhovkivskyi Raion	Жовківський район Zhovkivs'kyi raion	Zhovkva (City)
Zhydachivskyi Raion	Жидачівський район Zhydachivs'kyi raion	Zhydachiv (City)
Zolochivskyi Raion	Золочівський район Zolochivs'kyi raion	Zolochiv (City)

Demographics [link]

Male/female ratio: 48%/52%
Nationalities: 94.8% of region's population are Ukrainians; 92,600 people are Russians (3.6%); Poles account for 0.7%; there are also smaller German, Jewish, and Gypsy minorities.[1]

Religion [link]

Fifty-six percent of the religious organisations active in the Lviv Oblast adhere to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church is the second largest religious body. The followers of the Roman Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) are mostly from the Polish, and Russian or non-Galician Ukrainian minorities respectively.

Historical and Cultural Sites [link]

Detailed map of Lviv Oblast.

The city of Lviv contains a well-preserved main square (Rynok) and numerous historical and beautiful churches. Other sites of interest are the historic Lychakivskiy Cemetery, the local museum of folklore, and the ruins of the famous Vysokyi Zamok. The name of the castle is tightly tied with the name of the city. There is also a museum of military artifacts, the "Arsenal".

Well-preserved local wooden churches, castles, and monasteries can be found throughout the Oblast. One of them is the Olesko Castle which is first remembered in 1327. Another castle that was built at the end of the 15th century is Svirzh Castle in the village of Svirzh, Peremeshliany Raion. One more and no less famous castle is the Pidhirtsi Castle. Its architectural complex consists of the three-story palace, Kostel, and small park. In Roztochia is also located the Krekhivsky monastery in the buch-pine grove at the foot of the Pobiyna mount. The whole complex consists of the Saint Nikola Church, the bell tower, numerous service structures, and defensive walls with towers. Another site worth of mentioning is the Tustan city-fortress which is built in the rock. The site was nominated as the historical and as the natural wonder of Ukraine. There also a nature complex in the valley of the Kamianka river in Skoliv Raion. Another natural wonder of the region is the Kamin-Veleten (Rock-Giant in English) which is located near city of Pidkamin in Brodivskyi Raion. The name of the local city means Under the Rock. A local museum of Ukrainian art and an institution of higher learning (Ivan Franko State University) are also present.

Nomenclature [link]

Most of Ukraine's oblasts are named after their capital cities, officially referred to as "oblast centers" (Ukrainian: обласний центр, translit. oblasnyi tsentr). The name of each oblast is a relative adjective, formed by adding a feminine suffix to the name of respective center city: L'viv is the center of the L'vivs'ka oblast' (Lviv Oblast). Most oblasts are also sometimes referred to in a feminine noun form, following the convention of traditional regional place names, ending with the suffix "-shchyna", as is the case with the Lviv Oblast, Lvivshchyna.

References [link]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Yanukovych appoints ex-Ukrzaliznytsia head Kostiuk governor of Lviv region, Kyiv Post (2 November 2011)
^ Oblast Council website
^ "Ukraine Census, Population as of 1st January 2009". State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/news/article;891/. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
^ WorldClimate.com (Data for L'viv)
^ Lviv, worldstatesmen.org
^ Horbal appointed Lviv regional governor, Kyiv Post (April 20, 2010)

Source for statistics used: L'viv Regional State Administration Web Site – accessed February 29, 2004.

External links [link]

Media related to Lviv Oblast at Wikimedia Commons

Poland Lublin Voivodeship	Volyn Oblast	Rivne Oblast
Poland Podkarpackie Voivodeship		Ternopil Oblast
	Lviv East

Zakarpattia Oblast	Zakarpattia Oblast / Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast	Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast

Administrative divisions of Lviv Oblast

Administrative center: Lviv

Districts

Cities

Major cities	Boryslav Chervonohrad Drohobych Lviv Morshyn Novyi Rozdil Sambir Stryi Truskavets

Other cities	Belz Bibrka Brody Busk Dobromyl Dubliany Hlyniany Horodok Kamianka-Buzka Khodoriv Khyriv Komarno Mostyska Mykolaiv Novoiavorivsk Novyi Kalyniv Peremyshliany Pustomyty Radekhiv Rava-Ruska Rudky Skole Sokal Sosnivka Staryi Sambir Stebnyk Sudova Vyshnia Turka Uhniv Velyki Mosty Vynnyky Yavoriv Zhovkva Zhydachiv Zolochiv

List of: urban-type settlements — villages

v t e Administrative divisions of Ukraine

Capital: Kiev

Oblasts	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sumy Ternopil Vinnytsia Volyn Zakarpattia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

Cities with special status	Kiev Sevastopol

Autonomous republic	Crimea

Administrative centers	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lutsk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sevastopol Simferopol Sumy Ternopil Uzhhorod Vinnytsia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

Coordinates: 49°43′03″N 23°57′01″E / 49.7175°N 23.95028°E / 49.7175; 23.95028

http://wn.com/Lviv_Oblast

http://it.wn.com/Oblast' di Leopoli

http://cs.wn.com/Lvovská oblast

http://id.wn.com/Oblast Lviv

http://es.wn.com/Óblast de Leópolis

http://ru.wn.com/Львовская область

http://nl.wn.com/Oblast Lviv

http://pl.wn.com/Obwód lwowski

http://fr.wn.com/Oblast de Lviv

http://de.wn.com/Oblast Lwiw

http://pt.wn.com/Oblast de Lviv

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"Lwów", "Lvov", and "Lemberg" redirect here. For other uses, see Lwów (ship), Lvov (disambiguation), and Lemberg (disambiguation).

Lviv
Львів

View of the historic Old Town of Lviv.

Flag
Coat of arms	Logo

Motto: "Semper fidelis"

Map of Ukraine (blue) with Lviv (red) highlighted.

Coordinates: 49°51′0″N 24°01′0″E / 49.85°N 24.016667°ECoordinates: 49°51′0″N 24°01′0″E / 49.85°N 24.016667°E

Country

Ukraine

Oblast

Lviv Oblast

Raion

Lviv City Municipality

Founded

1256

Magdeburg law

1353

Government

• City Chairman

Andriy Sadovyi

Area

• City

182.01 km² (70.27 sq mi)

Elevation

296 m (971 ft)

Population (2010)

• City

760,000

• Density

4,298/km² (11,130/sq mi)

• Metro

1,498,000

Time zone

EET (UTC+2)

• Summer (DST)

EEST (UTC+3)

Postal code

79000

Area code(s)

+380 32(2)

Licence plate

BC (before 2004: ТА,ТВ,ТН,ТС)

Sister cities

Corning, Freiburg, Grozny, Kraków, Novi Sad, Przemyśl, Saint Petersburg, Whitstable, Winnipeg, Rochdale

Website

http://lviv.travel/en/index ^(English)
http://www.city-adm.lviv.ua ^(Ukrainian)

Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів L’viv, IPA: [lʲwiu̯] ( listen); Polish: Lwów, pronounced [lvuf]; Russian: Львов, L'vov; German: Lemberg and Yiddish Lemberg, לעמבערג; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically had also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center; as Poles and Jews comprised a demographic majority of the city for a period leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and Polish population transfers (1944–1946) that followed. The historical heart of Lviv with its old buildings and cobblestone roads has survived World War II and ensuing Soviet presence largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also a home to many world-class cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the famous Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006.

As a medieval city in Red Ruthenia, Lviv was founded on the existent settlement most probably in 1247 by King Danylo Halytskyi of the Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia, and named in honour of his son, Lev. The first record belongs to the cronicles mentioning the events of 1256, when the fire in the city of Cholm was seen from Lviv. Together with the rest of Red Ruthenia, Lviv was captured by the Kingdom of Poland in 1349 during the reign of Polish king Casimir III the Great. Lviv belonged to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1349–1772, the Austrian Empire 1772–1918 and the Second Polish Republic 1918–1939. With the joint German-Soviet Invasion of Poland at the outbreak of the second World War, the city of Lviv with adjacent land were annexed and incorporated into the Soviet Union, becoming part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1939 to 1941. Between July 1941 and July 1944 Lviv was under German occupation and was located in the General Government. In July 1944 it was captured by the Soviet Red Army and the Polish Home Army. According to the agreements of the Yalta Conference, Lviv was again integrated into the Ukrainian SSR. Most of the Poles living in Lviv were resettled into Polish territories annexed from Germany.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city remained a part of the now independent Ukraine, for which it currently serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast, and is designated as its own raion (district) within that oblast.

On 12 June 2009 the Ukrainian magazine Focus assessed Lviv as the best Ukrainian city to live in.^[1] Its more Western European flavor lends it the nickname the "Little Paris of Ukraine". The city is expecting a sharp increase in the number of foreign visitors for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, and as a result a major new airport terminal is being built. Lviv is one of 8 Polish and Ukrainian cities that is co-hosting the group stages of the tournament.

1 Geography
- 1.1 Location
- 1.2 Climate
2 History
3 Demographics
- 3.1 Poles
- 3.2 Jews
4 Government
- 4.1 Administrative division
5 Culture
6 Notable people
7 International relations
- 7.1 Twin towns and sister cities
8 Economy
9 Education
- 9.1 Universities
10 Tourism
- 10.1 Tourist attractions
11 Popular culture
12 Transportation
13 See also
14 References
15 External links

Geography [link]

Location [link]

Lviv satellite view (Landsat 5, 2010-11-14)

The city of Lviv is crossed by one of the longest integer land meridians 24° of East longitude in the Eastern Hemisphere (East of Greenwich). According to calculations conducted in April-May 2012 by Dr. Hirnyj, this meridian crosses 3235 km of European, 7346 km of African and 2235 km of Antarctic ice-covered land including islands, which sums up to 12816 km. This is only 341 km shorter than the extent of land crossed by the meridian 22° of East longitude.

Lviv is located on the edge of the Roztochia Upland, approximately 70 km from the Polish border and 160 km (99 mi) from the eastern Carpathian Mountains. The average altitude of Lviv is 296 m (971.13 ft) above sea level. Its highest point is the Vysokyi Zamok (High Castle), 409 m (1,341.86 ft) above sea level. This castle has a commanding view of the historic city centre with its distinctive green-domed churches and intricate architecture.

The old walled city was at the foothills of the High Castle on the banks of the river Poltva. In the 13th century, the river was used to transport goods. In the early 20th century, the Poltva was covered over in areas where it flows through the city; the river flows directly beneath the central street of Lviv, Freedom Avenue (Prospect Svobody) and the renowned Lviv Opera House.

Climate [link]

Lviv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with cold winters and mild summers. The average temperatures are −3.1 °C (26 °F) in January and 18.3 °C (65 °F) in July.^[2] The average annual rainfall is 745 mm (29 in) with the maximum being in summer.^[2] Lviv approximately receives 1809 hours of sunshine annually.^[3]

Climate data for Lviv
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	13.8 (56.8)	17.7 (63.9)	22.4 (72.3)	28.2 (82.8)	32.2 (90.0)	33.4 (92.1)	36.3 (97.3)	35.1 (95.2)	31.0 (87.8)	25.3 (77.5)	21.6 (70.9)	16.5 (61.7)	36.3 (97.3)
Average high °C (°F)	−0.1 (31.8)	1.3 (34.3)	6.3 (43.3)	13.6 (56.5)	19.4 (66.9)	22.0 (71.6)	23.9 (75.0)	23.5 (74.3)	18.3 (64.9)	12.9 (55.2)	6.0 (42.8)	0.9 (33.6)	12.3 (54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−3.1 (26.4)	−2.2 (28.0)	1.9 (35.4)	8.3 (46.9)	13.8 (56.8)	16.4 (61.5)	18.3 (64.9)	17.7 (63.9)	13.0 (55.4)	8.1 (46.6)	2.6 (36.7)	−1.8 (28.8)	7.8 (46.0)
Average low °C (°F)	−6.1 (21.0)	−5.5 (22.1)	−1.7 (28.9)	3.6 (38.5)	8.4 (47.1)	11.3 (52.3)	13.2 (55.8)	12.5 (54.5)	8.4 (47.1)	4.1 (39.4)	−0.3 (31.5)	−4.6 (23.7)	3.6 (38.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−28.5 (−19.3)	−29.5 (−21.1)	−24.8 (−12.6)	−12.1 (10.2)	−5 (23.0)	0.5 (32.9)	4.5 (40.1)	2.6 (36.7)	−3 (26.6)	−13.2 (8.2)	−17.6 (0.3)	−25.6 (−14.1)	−29.5 (−21.1)
Precipitation mm (inches)	40 (1.57)	44 (1.73)	45 (1.77)	52 (2.05)	89 (3.5)	89 (3.5)	96 (3.78)	76 (2.99)	67 (2.64)	51 (2.01)	49 (1.93)	47 (1.85)	745 (29.33)
Avg. rainy days	9	9	11	14	16	17	16	14	14	14	13	11	158
Mean monthly sunshine hours	65.1	79.1	111.6	189.0	226.3	237.0	254.2	223.2	180.0	148.8	57.0	37.2	1,808.5
Source no. 1: Pogoda.ru.net^[2]
Source no. 2: HKO (sun only 1961-1990).^[3]

History [link]

Main article: History of Lviv

Market Square (Ukrainian: Ploshcha Rynok) of Lviv. The Lviv City Hall (Ukrainian: Ratusha) is situated there.

Pre-history [link]

Archeologists have demonstrated that the Lviv area was settled by the 5th century.^[4] This fact places this settlement within the territory of once powerful state of White Chroatia. From the ninth century in the area of present-day Lviv, between Castle Hill and the river Poltva, there existed a Lendian settlement – in the tenth century the Lendians established a fortified settlement on Castle Hill.^[5] In 1977 it was discovered that the Orthodox church of St. Nicholas had been built on a previously functioning cemetery.^[6] In 981, the Cherven Towns area was captured by Vladimir I and fell under the rule of Kievan Rus.

Halych-Volyn Principality [link]

Lviv was founded by King Daniel of Galicia in the Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia and named in honour of his son Lev.^[7]

In 1261 the town was invaded by the Tatars.^[8] Various sources relate the events which range from destruction of the castle through to a complete razing of the town. All the sources agree that it was on the orders of the Mongol general Burundai. The Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka of the Shevchenko Scientific Society say that the order to raze the city was reduced by Burundai; the Galician-Volhynian chronicle states that in 1261 "Said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'".^[9] Basil Dmytryshyn states that the order was implied to be the fortifications as a whole "If you wish to have peace with me, then destroy [all fortifications of] your towns".^[10] According to the Universal-Lexicon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit the town's founder was ordered to destroy the town himself.^[11]

After King Daniel's death, King Lev rebuilt the town around the year 1270 at its present location, choosing Lviv as his residence,^[8] and made Lviv the capital of Galicia-Volhynia.^[12] The city is first mentioned in the Halych-Volhynian Chronicle regarding the events that were dated 1256. The town grew quickly due to an influx of Polish people from Kraków, Poland, after they had suffered a widespread famine there.^[11] Around 1280 many Armenians lived in Galicia and were mainly based in Lviv where they had their own Archbishop.^[13] The town was inherited by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1340 and ruled by voivode Dmitri Detko, the favourite of the Lithuanian prince Lubart, until 1349.^[14]

Galicia–Volhynia Wars [link]

During the wars over the succession of Galicia-Volhynia Principality in 1339 King Casimir III of Poland undertook an expedition and conquered Lviv in 1340, burning down the old princely castle.^[8] Poland ultimately gained control over Lviv and the adjacent region in 1349. From then on the population was subjected to attempts to both Polonize and Catholicize the population.^[15]

Casimir built two new castles.^[8] In 1356 he brought in German colonists and within 7 years granted the Magdeburg rights which implied that all city matters were to be resolved by a council elected by the wealthy citizens. The city council seal of the 14th century stated: S(igillum): Civitatis Lembvrgensis.

After Casimir had died in 1370, he was succeeded as king of Poland by his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, who in 1372 put Lviv together with the region of Galicia-Volhynia under the administration of his relative Władysław, Duke of Opole.^[8] When in 1387 Władysław retreated from the post of its governor, Galicia-Volhynia became occupied by the Hungarians, but soon Jadwiga, the youngest daughter of Louis, but also ruler of Poland and wife of King of Poland Władysław II Jagiełło, unified it directly with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.^[8]

Kingdom of Poland [link]

Fedorovych's autograph from 23 July 1583

A painting by Jan Matejko of King Jan Kazimierz of Poland pledging his famous oath in L'viv's Latin Cathedral.

Lwów (Lviv), Racławice Panorama opened in 1894

Lemberg (Lviv) in 1915

File:Sejm Galicyjski.jpg

The Galician Sejm (till 1918), since 1920 Polish Jan Kazimierz University

As part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland Lwów (Lviv) became the capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship founded in 1389. The city's prosperity during the following centuries is owed to the trade privileges granted to it by Casimir, Jadwiga and the subsequent Polish kings.^[8]

In 1412 the city became the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese, which since 1375 had been in Halych.^[8] In 1444 Lviv was granted with the staple right, which resulted in city's growing prosperity and wealth, as it became one of major trading centres on the merchant routes between Central Europe and Black Sea region. It was also transformed into a one of main fortresses in the kingdom.

As Lviv prospered it became religiously and ethnically diverse with Germans, Poles, Ruthenians, Armenians and Jews being the most important ethnicities living within the city. With passing time many had assimilated into the dominant Polish culture and became polonized.

In 1572 the first publisher of books in Ukraine, Ivan Fedorovych, a graduate of the University of Kraków, settled in Lviv for a brief period. The city became a significant centre for Eastern orthodoxy with the establishment of an orthodox brotherhood, a Greek-Slavonic school and a printery which published the first full versions of the Bible in Church Slavonic in 1580.

The 17th century brought invading armies of Swedes, Hungarians,^[16]^[17] Turks,^[18]^[19] Russians and Cossacks^[17] to its gates. In 1648 an army of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars besieged Lviv. The city was not sacked due to its beauty and the fact that the leader of the revolution Bohdan Khmelnytsky studied there and did not want to see it ruined. As a result a ransom of 250 000 ducat was paid and the Cossacks marched west towards Zamość. Lviv was the only major city in Poland which was not captured. In 1672 it was surrounded by the Ottomans who failed to conquer it. Lviv was captured for the first time by a foreign army in 1704 when Swedish troops under King Charles XII entered the city after a short siege.

Habsburg Empire [link]

In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, the region was annexed by Austria. Known in German as Lemberg, the city became the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. The city grew dramatically under Austrian rule, increasing in population from approximately 30,000 at the time of Austrian annexation in 1772^[20] to 206,100 by 1910.^[21]

In 1773, the first newspaper in Lviv, Gazette de Leopoli, began to be published. In 1784, a German language University was opened; after closing again in 1805, it was re-opened in 1817.

In the 19th century, the Austrian administration attempted to Germanise the city's educational and governmental functioning. Many cultural organizations which did not have a pro-German orientation were closed. After the revolution of 1848, the language of instruction at the University shifted from German to include Ukrainian and Polish. Around that time, a certain sociolect developed in the city known as the Lwów dialect. Considered to be a type of Polish dialect, it draws its roots from numerous other languages besides Polish.

In 1853, it was the first European city to have street lights due to innovations discovered by Lviv inhabitants Ignacy Łukasiewicz and Jan Zeh. In that year kerosene lamps were introduced as street lights which in 1858 were updated to gas and in 1900 to electricity.

After the so-called Ausgleich of February 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into a dualist Austria-Hungary and a slow yet steady process of liberalisation of Austrian rule in Galicia started. From 1873, Galicia was de facto an autonomous province of Austria-Hungary with Polish and Ukrainian or Ruthenian, as official languages. Germanisation was halted and the censorship lifted as well. Galicia was subject to the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy, but the Galician Sejm and provincial administration, both established in Lviv, had extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education, culture, and local affairs. The city started to grow rapidly, becoming the 4th largest in Austria-Hungary, according to the census of 1910. Many Belle Époque public edifices and tenement houses were erected, the buildings from the Austrian period, such as the opera theater built in the Viennese neo-Renaissance style, still dominate and characterize much of the centre of the city.

During Habsburg rule, Lviv became one of the most important Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish cultural centres. In Lviv, according to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 51% of the city's population were Roman Catholics, 28% Jews, and 19% belonged to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population used the Polish language and 11% preferred the Ukrainian language.^[21] Lviv was home to the Polish Ossolineum, with the second largest collection of Polish books in the world, the Polish Academy of Arts, the Polish Historical Society, the Polish Theatre and Polish Archdiocese. At the same time, the city also housed the largest and most influential Ukrainian institutions in the world, including the Prosvita society dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language, the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the Dniester Insurance Company and base of the Ukrainian cooperative movement, and it served as the seat of the Ukrainian Catholic Church. Lviv was also a major centre of Jewish culture, in particular as a centre of the Yiddish language, and was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the Lemberger Togblat, established in 1904.^[22]

In the early stage of World War I, Lviv was captured by the Russian army in September 1914 but retaken by Austria–Hungary in June the following year.

Polish-Ukrainian War [link]

Further information: Polish-Ukrainian War

File:Orleta.jpg

The Lwów Eaglets, teenage soldiers who fought on Polish side during the Battle of Lwów (1918)

After the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of World War I Lviv became an arena of battle between the local Polish population and the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. Both nations perceived the city as integral part of their new statehoods which at that time were forming in the former Austrian territories. On the night of 31 October – 1 November 1918 the Western Ukrainian National Republic was proclaimed with Lviv as its capital. 2,300 Ukrainian soldiers from the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Sichovi Striltsi), which had previously been a corps in the Austrian Army, took control over Lviv. The city's Polish majority opposed the Ukrainian declaration and began to fight against the Ukrainian troops.^[23] During this combat an important role was taken by young Polish city defenders called Lwów Eaglets. For the courage of its inhabitants Lviv was awarded the Virtuti Militari cross by Józef Piłsudski on 22 November 1920.

The Ukrainian forces withdrew outside Lviv's confines by 21 November 1918, after which elements of Polish soldiery begun to loot and burn much of the Jewish and Ukrainian quarters of the city, killing approximately 340 civilians (see: Lwów pogrom (1918)).^[24] The retreating Ukrainian forces besieged the city. The Sich riflemen reformed into the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA). The Polish forces aided from central Poland, including general Haller's Blue Army, equipped by the French, relieved the besieged city in May 1919 forcing the UHA to the east. Despite Entente mediation attempts to cease hostilities and reach a compromise between belligerents the Polish–Ukrainian War continued until July 1919 when the last UHA forces withdrew east of the river Zbruch. The border on the river Zbruch was confirmed at the Treaty of Warsaw, when in April 1920 Polish government signed an agreement with Symon Petlura where it was agreed that for military support against the Bolsheviks the Ukrainian People's Republic renounced its claims to the territories of Eastern Galicia.

In August 1920 Lviv was attacked by the Red Army under the command of Aleksandr Yegorov and Stalin during Polish-Soviet War but the city repelled the attack.^[25]

Polish sovereignty over Lviv was internationally recognised when the Council of Ambassadors ultimately approved it in March 1923.

Interbellum period [link]

Main languages of Lviv
from the census of 1931^[26]

Polish	198,212	(63.5%)
Yiddish	75,316	(24.1%)
Ukrainian	24,245	(7.8%)
Ruthenian	10,892	(3.5%)
Other	3,566	(1.1%)
Total	312,231

^{Note: In the table above Ruthenian nationality stands

for Ruthenians who did not adopt the Ukrainian

ethnic identity in the early 20th century

and Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls and Rusyns.}

In the interbellum period Lviv held the rank of Poland's third most populous city (after Warsaw and Łódź) and became the seat of the Lwów Voivodeship. Right after Warsaw, it was the second most important cultural and academic centre of interwar Poland. In the academic year 1937–38 there were 9,100 students attending 5 higher education facilities including the renowned university and institute of technology.^[27] In 1920 professor Rudolf Weigl of the Lwów University discovered the vaccine against typhus. The major trade fair called Targi Wschodnie was established 1921. Its geographic location gave it an important role in stimulating international trade and fostering city's and Poland's economic development.

While the eastern part of the Lwów Voivodeship had a relative Ukrainian majority in most of the rural areas the city itself did not (see table to the right). Prewar Lviv had also a large and thriving Jewish population. The Polish inhabitants of the city spoke the characteristic Lwów dialect.

Although Polish authorities obliged themselves internationally to provide Eastern Galicia with an autonomy (including a creation of a separate Ukrainian university in Lviv) and even though in September 1922 adequate Polish Sejm's Bill^[28] was enacted, it was not fulfilled. Instead, the Polish government closed down many Ukrainian schools that had previously flourished during Austrian rule^[29] and closed down every Ukrainian university department at the University of Lviv with the exception of one.^[30] Unlike in Austrian times, when the size and amount of public parades or other cultural expressions corresponded to each cultural group's relative population, the Polish government emphasized the Polish nature of the city and limited public displays of Jewish and Ukrainian culture. Military parades and commemorations of battles at particular streets within the city, all celebrating the Polish forces who fought against the Ukrainians in 1918, became frequent, and in the 1930s a vast memorial monument and burial ground of Polish soldiers from that conflict was built in the city's Lychakiv Cemetery. The Polish government fostered the idea of Lviv as an eastern Polish outpost standing strong against eastern "hordes."^[31]

World War II and Soviet occupation [link]

Further information: Battle of Lwów (1939)

Following the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and by 14 September Lviv was completely encircled by German units.^[32] Subsequently the Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The Soviet Union annexed the eastern part of Second Polish Republic including the city of Lviv which capitulated to the Red Army on 22 September 1939.

The city (named Lvov in Russian) became the capital of the newly formed Lviv Oblast. The Soviets opened many Ukrainian-language schools that had been closed by the Polish government^[33] and Ukrainian was reintroduced in the University of Lviv (where the Polish government had banished it during the interwar years), which became thoroughly Ukrainized and renamed after Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.^[34]

The Soviets also started repressions against local Poles and Ukrainians deporting many of the citizens. Waves of deportations started with the Poles followed by the Jews who had refused Soviet passports and then the Ukrainian nationalists.

German occupation [link]

On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany and several of its allies invaded the USSR.

Lviv Holocaust memorial in Israel

In the initial stage of Operation Barbarossa (late June 1941) Lviv was taken by the Germans. The evacuating Soviets killed most of the prison population. Wehrmacht forces arriving in the city discovered evidence of the Soviet mass murders^[35] committed by the NKVD and NKGB. Ukrainian nationalists, organized as a militia, and the civilian population were allowed to take revenge on the "Jews and the Bolsheviks" and indulged in several mass killings in Lviv and the surrounding region, which resulted in the deaths estimated at between 4,000 and 10,000 Jews (see: Lviv pogroms). The Germans during the occupation of the city committed numerous other atrocities including the killing of Polish university professors.

On 30 June 1941 Yaroslav Stetsko proclaimed in Lviv the Government of an independent Ukrainian state allied with Nazi Germany. This was done without pre-approval from the Germans and after 15 September 1941 the organisers were arrested.^[36]^[37]^[38]

The Sikorski–Mayski Agreement signed in London on 30 July 1941 between Polish government-in-exile and USSR's government invalidated the September 1939 Soviet-German partition of Poland, as the Soviets declared it null and void.^[39]

Meanwhile German-occupied Eastern Galicia at the beginning of August 1941 was incorporated into the General Government as Distrikt Galizien with Lviv as district's capital.

Germany viewed Galicia, formerly Austrian crown land, as already aryanised and civilised. As a result the Ukrainian Galicians escaped the full extent of German acts in comparison to Ukrainians who lived in Reichskommissariat Ukraine and other parts of German occupied Ukraine.^[40] German policy towards the Polish population in this area was more harsh and comparable to the situation in the rest of the General Government. According to the Third Reich's racial policies Galician Jews became the main target of German repressions. Almost all of the Jewish Galicians were deported to concentration camps or killed. In 1941 there were approximately 200,000 Jews in Lviv.^[41] By the end of the war the Jewish population was virtually wiped out with only 200 to 300 Jews left alive.^[42]

Soviet re-occupation [link]

The Soviet 3rd Tank Army entered Lviv again after the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive of 22–24 July 1944. After the city was taken by cooperating Soviet forces and local resistance soldiers of Armia Krajowa (see: Lwów Uprising), the local commanders of the Polish AK were invited to a meeting with the commanders of the Red Army where they were arrested by the NKVD.

In January 1945 the local NKVD arrested many Poles in Lviv where, according to Soviet sources, on 1 October 1944 Poles still made a clear majority – 66.7% of the population, to encourage their emigration from their city. Those arrested were released after they signed papers agreeing to emigrate to Poland which postwar borders were moved westwards with Lviv left within the borders of the Soviet Union, according to the Yalta conference settlements.

It is estimated that from 100,000 to 140,000 Poles were resettled from the city into the so called Recovered Territories as a part of postwar population transfers, many of them to the area of newly acquired Wrocław, formerly the German city of Breslau. Little remains of Polish culture in Lviv except for the Italian-influenced architecture.^[43] The Polish history of Lviv is still well remembered in Poland and those Poles who stayed in Lviv have formed their own organisation the Association of Polish Culture of the Lviv Land.

Lviv and its population suffered greatly during the two world wars as many of the offensives were fought across the local geography causing significant collateral damage and disruption.

On 16 August 1945, a border agreement^[44] between the government of the Soviet Union and the Provisional Government of National Unity, installed by the Soviets, was signed in Moscow. In that treaty, Poland formally ceded its prewar eastern part to the Soviet Union agreeing to the Polish-Soviet border drawn according to the so called Curzon Line. Consequently, the agreement was ratified on 5 February 1946. Thus, in February 1946, Lviv became a part of the Soviet Union.

Soviet Union [link]

Expulsion of the Polish population together with migration from Ukrainian-speaking rural areas around the city and from other parts of the Soviet Union altered the ethnic composition of the city which became mostly Ukrainian.

In the 1950s and 1960s the city significantly expanded both in population and size mostly due to the city's rapidly growing industrial base. Due to the fight of SMERSH with the guerrilla formations of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army the city obtained a nickname with a negative connotation of Banderstadt as the City of Stepan Bandera. The word stadt was added instead of the common Slavic grad to imply alienation. Over the years the residents of the city found this so ridiculous that even people not familiar with Bandera accepted it as a sarcasm in reference to the Soviet perception of western Ukraine. By the time of the fall of the Soviet Union the name became a proud mark for the Lviv natives culminating in the creation of a local rock band under the name Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu (Boys from Banderstadt).^[45]

In the period of liberalisation from the Soviet system in the 1980s the city became the centre of political movements advocating Ukrainian independence from the USSR.

Independent Ukraine [link]

This section requires expansion.

Citizens of Lviv strongly supported Viktor Yushchenko during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election and played a key role in the Orange Revolution. Hundreds of thousands of people would gather in freezing temperatures to demonstrate for the Orange camp. Acts of civil disobedience forced the head of the local police to resign and the local assembly issued a resolution refusing to accept the fraudulent first official results.^[46]

Lviv remains today one of the main centres of Ukrainian culture and the origin of much of the nation's political class.

Demographics [link]

Population makeup by ethnicity of Lviv 1900-2001, in thousands^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]

Ethnicity	1900	%	1931	%	Oct 1944	%	1950	%	1959	%	1979	%	1989	%	2001	%
Ukrainians	33.9	19.9%	49.7	15.9%	40.6	26.4%	144.6	49.9%	246.4	60.0%	492.2	74.0%	622.7	79.1%	639.0	88.1%
Russians			~0.5	0.2%	8.5	5.5%	90.4	31.2%	110.9	27.0%	128.3	19.3%	126.5	16.1%	64.6	8.9%
Jews	45.1	26.5%	99.6	31.9%	1.7	1.1%	18.6	6.4%	24.6	6.0%	17.6	2.7%	12.8	1.6%	1.9	0.3%
Poles	84.1	49.4%	157.5	50.4%	103.4	66.7%	30.0	10.3%	16.4	4.0%	11.9	1.8%	9.7	1.2%	6.4	0.9%
Total	170.2	100.0%	311.5	100.0%	154.0	100.0%	~290.0	100.0%	410.7	100.0%	665.1	100.0%	786.9	100.0%	725.2	100.0%

Language use 1931-1989

Language	1931	1970	1979	1989
Ukrainian	11.3%	65.2%	71.3%	77.2%
Russian		31.1%	25.7%	19.9%
Yiddish	24.1%
Polish	63.5%
Other	1.1%	3.7%	3.0%	2.9%

Ethnic population
of Lviv (2001)^[52]

Ukrainians	88.1%
Russians	8.9%
Poles	0.9%
Belarusians	0.4%
Jews	0.3%
Armenians	0.1%

Ethnicity in Lviv
according to the census of 1989

Ukrainians	622,800	(79.1%)
Russians	126,418	(16.1%)
Jews	12,837	(1.6%)
Poles	9,697	(1.2%)
Belarusians	5,800	(0.7%)
Armenians	1,000	(0.1%)
Total	778,557

^{Numbers do not include regions

and surrounding towns}

1405: approx. 4,500 inhabitants in the old town, and additionally approx. 600 in the two suburbs.^[53]
1544: approx. 3,000 inhabitants in the old town (number had decreased by about 30 % due to the fire of 1527), and additionally approx. 2,700 in the suburbs.^[53]
1840: approx. 67,000 inhabitants, including 20,000 Jews.^[54]
1850: nearly 80,000 inhabitants (together with the four suburbs), including more than 25,000 Jews.^[55]
1890: 127,943 inhabitants (64,102 male, 63,481 female), predominantly Polish (12,162 Germans, 9,067 Ruthenians), among them 67,280 Catholics, 21,876 members of the Greek Uniate Churches, 2,061 Protestants and 36,130 Jews.^[56]
1900: 159,877 inhabitants, including the military (10,326 men). Of these inhabitants, 82,597 were members of the Roman Catholic Church, 29,327 members of the Greek Uniate Churches, and 44,258 were Jews. As their language of communication, 120,634 used Polish, 20,409 German or Yiddish, and 15,159 Ukrainian.^[57]

1921: 219,400 inhabitants, including 112,000 Poles, 76,000 Jews and 28,000 Ukrainians.^[58]

1939: 340.000 inhabitants.^[59]

2001: 725,000 inhabitants, of whom 88 percent were Ukrainians, 9 percent Russians and 1 percent Poles.^[60] A further 200,000 people commuted daily from suburbs.

2007:735,000 inhabitants.

By gender:^[52]

51.5% women

48.5% men

By place of birth:^[52]

56% born in Lviv

19% born in Lviv oblast

11% born in Ukraine, but in the East

07% born in the former republics of the USSR (Russia 4%)

04% born in Poland

03% born in Western Ukraine, but not in Lviv oblast

Religious adherence:^[52]

45% Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

31% Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate

05% Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

03% Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

03% Other faiths

1999: 77.6 percent of Lviv's inhabitants were primarily Ukrainian-speaking.^[61]

Poles [link]

Year	Poles	%	Total
1921 ^[58]	112,000	51	219,400

1989	9,500^[62]	1.2^[60]	790,908^[63]
2001^[60]	6,400	0.9	725,200

Many Poles moved to Lviv after the city was conquered by King Casimir in 1349. It became a major Polish cultural centre and this continued after the partitions of Poland.

Lviv was depolonised mainly through Soviet-arranged population exchange from 1944–46. ^[64] Those that remained found themselves having lost their state status and becoming an ethnic minority. By 1959 Poles made up only 4% of the population after Ukrainians, Russians and Jews.^[64] The Polish population underwent significant assimilation; in 1989 40% considered Ukrainian as their mother tongue, 15% Russian.^[64] During Soviet times two Polish schools continued to function: № 10 (with 8 grades) and № 24 (with 10 grades).^[64]

In the 1980s the process of uniting groups into ethnic associations was allowed. In 1988 a Polish language newspaper was allowed («Gazeta Lwowska»).^[65] The Polish population of the city continues to use the dialect of the Polish language known as Lwów dialect (Polish: gwara lwowska).^[65] The word ment (see militsiya) used in the Soviet Union is derived from that dialect.

Jews [link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010)

Holocaust Memorial in Lviv

The first known Jewish settlers in Lviv date back to 1256 and became an important part of this city cultural life, making significant contributions in trade, science and culture.^[66] Apart from the Rabbinate Jews there were many Karaite Jews who had settle in the city after coming from the East and from Byzantium. After Casimir III conquered Lviv in 1349 the Jewish citizens received many privileges equal to that of other citizens of Poland. Lviv had two separate Jewish quarters, one within the city walls and one outside on the outskirts of the city. Each had their separate synagogues, although they both shared a cemetery which was also used by the Karaite community. Before 1939 there were 97 synagogues.

Before the Holocaust about one third of the city's population was made up of Jews (more than 140,000 on the eve of World War II). This number swelled to about 240,000 by the end of 1940 as tens of thousands of Jews fled from the Nazi-occupied parts of Poland into the relative (and temporary) sanctuary of Soviet-occupied Poland (including Lviv) following the Molotov-Rippentrop pact that divided Poland into Nazi and Soviet zones in 1939. Almost all these Jews were killed in The Holocaust. After the war, a new Jewish population was formed from among the hundreds of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians that migrated to the city, then called Lvov. The post-war Jewish population peaked at 30,000 in the 1970s. Currently the Jewish population has shrunk considerably as a result of emigration (mainly to Israel and the United States) and, to a lesser degree assimilation, and is estimated at 1,100. A number of organizations continue to be active.

Government [link]

Lviv city hall.

Administrative division [link]

Lviv is divided into six raions (districts), each with its own administrative bodies:

Halych district (ukr. Галицький район – Halytskyi raion)
Zaliznytsia district (ukr. Залізничний район – Zaliznychnyi raion)
Lychakiv district (ukr. Личаківський район – Lychakivs'kyi raion)
Sykhiv district (ukr. Сихівський район – Sykhivs'kyi raion)
Franko district (ukr. Франківський район – Frankivs'kyi raion)
Shevchenko district (ukr. Шевченківський район – Shevchenkivs'kyi raion)

Notable suburbs include:

Vynnyky (ukr. місто Винники)
Briukhovychi (ukr. селище Брюховичі)
Rudne (ukr. селище Рудне)
Derevach (ukr. село Деревач)

Culture [link]

Lviv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre *
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Country	Ukraine
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, v
Reference	865
Region **	Europe
Inscription history
Inscription	1998 (22nd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

Lviv's historic centre has been on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list since 1998. UNESCO gave the following reasons^[67] for its selection:

Criterion II: In its urban fabric and its architecture, Lviv is an outstanding example of the fusion of the architectural and artistic traditions of eastern Europe with those of Italy and Germany.

Criterion V: The political and commercial role of Lviv attracted to it a number of ethnic groups with different cultural and religious traditions, who established separate yet interdependent communities within the city, evidence for which is still discernible in the modern town's landscape.

Architecture [link]

Lviv's historic churches, buildings and relics date from the 13th century. In recent centuries it was spared some of the invasions and wars that destroyed other Ukrainian cities. Its architecture reflects various European styles and periods. After the fires of 1527 and 1556 Lviv lost most of its gothic-style buildings but it retains many buildings in renaissance, baroque and the classic styles. There are works by artists of the Vienna Secession, Art Nouveau and Art Deco.

The buildings have many stone sculptures and carvings, particularly on large doors,which are hundreds of years old. The remains of old churches dot the central cityscape. Some three- to five-storey buildings have hidden inner courtyards and grottoes in various states of repair. Some cemeteries are of interest: for example the Lychakivskiy Cemetery where the Polish elite were buried for centuries. Leaving the central area the architectural style changes radically as Soviet-era high-rise blocks dominate. In the centre of the city the Soviet era is reflected mainly in a few modern-style national monuments and sculptures.

Monuments in Lviv [link]

Bronze sculpture dedicated to Nikifor, the famed folk and naïve painter of Lemko descent.

Inside the Church of the Transfiguration.

St. George's Cathedral, former seat of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

The Church of the Assumption.

Chapel of the Boim family

The Lviv Opera and Ballet Theatre, an important cultural centre for residents and visitors.

Renaissance yard of King Jan III Sobieski House

Dominican Church

Palace of Potocki family

Kryvka Church

City sculptures commemorate many people and topics reflecting the rich history of Lviv. There are monuments to:

During the interbellum period there were monuments commemorated to important figures of the history of Poland. Some of these were moved to the Polish Recovered Territories, like the monument of Aleksander Fredro which now is in Wrocław, the monument of King Jan III Sobieski which after 1945 was moved to Gdańsk, and the monument of Kornel Ujejski which now is in Szczecin.

Books [link]

Every day a book market takes place around the monument to Ivan Fеdorovych. He was a typographer in the 16th century who fled Moscow and found a new home in Lviv. New ideas came to Lviv during the Austro–Hungarian Empire. In the 19th century many publishing houses, newspapers and magazines were established. Among these was the Ossolineum which was one of the most important Polish scientific libraries. Most Polish-language books and publications of the Ossolineum library are still kept in a local Jesuit church. In 1997 the Polish government asked the Ukrainian government to hand over these documents and in 2003 Ukraine allowed access to the publications. In 2006 an office of the Ossolineum (which now is located in Wrocław) was opened in Lviv and began a process to scan all its documents.

Literature written in Lviv contributed to Austrian, Ukrainian, Yiddish and Polish literature. Translation work took place between these cultures.

Religion [link]

Lviv is a city of religious variety and there have been conflicts between different faiths. At one point over 60 churches existed in the city. The largest Christian churches have existed in the city since the 13th century. There are three major Christian groups: The Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv, the Roman Catholics, and the Armenian Church. Each have had a diocesan seat in Lviv since the 16th century. The Golden Rose Synagogue was built in Lviv in 1582. At the end of the 16th century the Orthodox community in Ukraine transferred their allegiance to the Pope in Rome and became the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. This bond was forcibly dissolved in 1946 by the Soviet authorities and the Roman Catholic community was forced out by the expulsion of the Polish population. Since 1989, religious life in Lviv has experienced a revival.

Lviv is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lviv, the centre of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine and until 21 August 2005 was the centre of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. About 35 per cent of religious buildings belong to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 11.5 per cent to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 9 per cent to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kiev Patriarchate and 6 per cent to the Roman Catholic Church.

Until 2005 Lviv was the only city with two Catholic Cardinals: Lubomyr Husar (Byzantine Rite) and Marian Jaworski (Latin Rite).

In June 2001 Pope John Paul II visited the Latin Cathedral, St. George's Cathedral and the Armenian Cathedral.

Lviv historically had a large and active Jewish community and until 1941 at least 45 synagogues and prayer houses existed. Even in the 16th century two separate communities existed. One lived in today's old town with the other in the Krakowskie Przedmieście. In the 19th century a more differentiated community started to spread out. Liberal Jews sought more cultural assimilation and spoke German and Polish. On the other hand Orthodox and Hasidic Jews tried to retain the old traditions. Between 1941 and 1944 the Germans in effect completely destroyed the centuries-old Jewish tradition of Lviv. Most synagogues were destroyed and the Jewish population forced first into a ghetto before being forcibly transported to concentration camps where they were murdered.^[68]

Under the Soviet Union, synagogues remained closed and were used as storage facilities or movie houses. Only since the fall of the Iron Curtain has the remainder of the Jewish community experienced a faint revival.

Arts [link]

The "Group Artes" was a young movement founded in 1929. Many of the artists studied in Paris and travelled throughout Europe. They worked and experimented in different areas of modern art: Futurism, Cubism, New Objectivity and Surrealism. Co–operation took place between avant-garde musicians and authors. Altogether thirteen exhibitions by "Artes" took place in Warsaw, Kraków, Łódz and Lviv. The German occupation put an end to this group. Otto Hahn was executed in 1942 in Lviv and Aleksander Riemer was murdered in 1943 in Auschwitz. Henryk Streng and Margit Reich-Sielska were able to escape the Holocaust (or Shoah). Most of the surviving members of Artes lived in Poland after 1945. Only Margit Reich-Sielska (1900–1980) and Roman Sielski (1903–1990) stayed in Soviet Lviv.

For years the city was one of the most important cultural centers of Poland with such writers as Aleksander Fredro, Leopold Staff, Maria Konopnicka and Jan Kasprowicz living in Lviv. It also is home to one of the largest museums in Ukraine the National Museum of Lviv.

Theatre and opera [link]

In 1842 the Skarbek Theatre was opened making it the third largest theatre in Central Europe. In 1903 the Lviv National Opera house, which at that time was called the City-Theatre, was opened emulating the Vienna State Opera house. The house initially offered a changing repertoire such as classical dramas in German and Polish language, opera, operetta, comedy and theatre. The opera house is named after the diva Salomea Krushelnytska who worked here.

Museums and art galleries [link]

The first museum of Lviv was the Lubomirscy Museum opened in 1827. It displayed a wide collection of art and historical objects connected with history of Poland. In 1857 the Baworowski Library was founded whose most precious books are now kept in Kraków.

The most notable of the museums and art galleries are Lviv National Art Gallery, the Lviv National Museum which houses the National Gallery, the Museum of Religion (formerly the Museum of Atheism) and the National Museum (formerly the Museum of Industry).

Music [link]

Lviv has an active musical and cultural life. Apart from the Lviv Opera it has symphony orchestras, chamber orchestras and the Trembita Chorus. Lviv has one of the most prominent music academy and music colleges in Ukraine the Lviv Conservatory and also has a factory for the manufacture of stringed musical instruments.

Lviv has been the home of numerous composers such as Mozart's son Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Stanislav Liudkevych and Mykola Kolessa.

Lviv is the hometown of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 winner Ruslana who has since become well known in Europe and the rest of the world.

The classical pianist Mieczysław Horszowski (1892–1993) was born here. The opera diva Salomea Kruszelnicka called Lviv her home in the 1920s to 1930s. Adam Han Gorski (1940– ) an internationally renowned concert violinist was born here. "Polish Radio Lwów" was a Polish radio station that went on-air on 15 January 1930. The programme proved very popular in Poland. Classical music and entertainment was aired as well as lectures, readings, youth-programmes, news and liturgical services on Sunday.

Popular throughout Poland was the Comic Lwów Wave a cabaret-revue with musical pieces. Jewish artists contributed a great part to this artistic activity. Composers such as Henryk Wars, songwriter Emanuel Szlechter, the actor Mieczysław Monderer and Adolf Fleischer ("Aprikosenkranz und Untenbaum") worked in Lviv. The most notable stars of the shows were Henryk Vogelfänger and Kazimierz Wajda who appeared together as the comic duo "Szczepko and Tońko" and were similar to Laurel and Hardy.

After World War II many of the Jewish artists and entertainers were either killed or fled and Polish artists had to leave for Poland as a result of the Yalta Conference.

Universities and academia [link]

Lviv University is one of the oldest in Central Europe and was founded as a Society of Jesus(Jesuit) school in 1608. Its prestige greatly increased through the work of philosopher Kazimierz Twardowski (1866–1938) who was one of the founders of the Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic. This school of thought set benchmarks for academic research and education in Poland. The Polish politician of the interbellum period Stanisław Głąbiński had served as dean of the law department (1889–1890) and as the University rector (1908–1909). In 1901 the city was the seat of the Lwów Scientific Society among whose members were major scientific figures. The most well-known were the mathematicians Stefan Banach, Juliusz Schauder and Stanisław Ulam who were founders of the Lwów School of Mathematics turning Lviv in the 1930s into the "World Centre of Functional Analysis" and who's share in Lviv academia was substantial.

In 1852 in Dublany (eight kilometers from the outskirts of Lviv) the Agricultural Academy was opened and was one of the first Polish agricultural colleges. The Academy was merged with the Lviv Polytechnic in 1919. Another important college of the interbellum period was the Academy of Foreign Trade in Lwów.

Mathematics [link]

Lviv was the home of the Scottish Café where in the 1930s and the early 1940s Polish mathematicians from the Lwów School of Mathematics met and spent their afternoons discussing mathematical problems. Stanisław Ulam who was later a participant in the Manhattan Project and the proposer of the Teller-Ulam design of thermonuclear weapons, Stefan Banach one of the founders of functional analysis, Hugo Steinhaus, Karol Borsuk, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Mark Kac and many other notable mathematicians would gather there.^[69] The café building now houses the Universalny bank at 27 Taras Shevchenko Prospekt (prewar Polish street name: ulica Akademicka).^[70] Mathematician Zygmunt Janiszewski died in Lviv on January 3, 1920.

Print and media [link]

The most popular newspapers in Lviv are "Vysokiy Zamok", "Ekspres", "Lvivska hazeta", "Ratusha", Subotna poshta", "Hazeta po-lvivsky", "Postup" and others. Popular magazines include "Chetver" and "Ї". The Polish community continues to publish the oldest continually published newspaper in eastern Europe known as «Gazeta Lwowska».

The Lviv oblast television company transmits on channel 12. There are 3 private television channels operating from Lviv: "Liuks", "NTA" and "ZIK".

There are 17 regional and all-Ukrainian radio stations operating in the city.

A number of information agencies exist in the city such as "ZIK", «Zaxid.net», «Гал-info», «Львівський портал» and others.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011)

This article is missing information about Ukrainian aspects of Print and Media in this section. Pre Polish takeover and post Soviet fall would be nice. This concern has been noted on the talk page where whether or not to include such information may be discussed. (June 2010)

Lviv is home to one of the oldest Polish-language newspapers Gazeta Lwowska which was first published in 1811 and still exists in a bi–weekly form. Lviv is the center of promotion of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet(Latynka).

Among other publications were such titles as

Kurier Lwowski: associated with people's movement which existed from 1883 to 1935. Among the writers who cooperated with it were such renowned names as Eliza Orzeszkowa, Jan Kasprowicz, Bolesław Limanowski, Władysław Orkan as well as Ivan Franko,
Słowo Lwowskie (1895–1939): A right-wing daily which cooperated with Władysław Reymont, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Kazimierz Tetmajer, Leopold Staff, Jerzy Żuławski and Gabriela Zapolska. Among its editors-in-chief was Stanisław Grabski. In the early 20th century Słowo's circulation was 20,000 and it was the first Polish newspaper to publish a serialisation of Reymont's novel Chłopi.^[71] After World War II Słowo was moved to Wrocław with first postwar issue published on 1 November 1946.
Czerwony Sztandar: A Soviet daily published between 1939 and 1941.

Starting in the 20th century a new movement started with authors from Central Europe. In Lviv a small neo-romantic group of authors formed around the lyricist Schmuel Jankev Imber.^[who?]^{[citation needed]} Small print offices produced collections of modern poems and short stories and through emigration a large networkwas established. A second smaller group^[who?] in the 1930s tried to create a connection between avantgarde art and Yiddish culture. Members of this group were Debora Vogel, Rachel Auerbach and Rachel Korn. The Holocaust destroyed this movement with Debora Vogel amongst many other Yiddish authors murdered by the Germans in the 1940s.^{[citation needed]}

In cinema and literature [link]

The 2011 film In Darkness, Poland's entry in the 84th Academy Awards category for Best Foreign Film, is based on a true incident in Nazi-occupied Lviv
Portions of the film Schindler's List were shot in the city centre as this was less expensive than filming in Kraków.
Some of the Austrian road-movie Blue Moon was shot in Lviv.
Parts of the film and novel Everything Is Illuminated take place in Lviv.
Brian R. Banks' Muse & Messiah: The Life, Imagination & Legacy of Bruno Schulz (1892–1942) has several pages which discuss the history and cultural-social life of the Lviv region. The book includes a CD-ROM with many old and new photographs and the first English map of nearby Drohobych.
The book The Girl in the Green Sweater: A Life in Holocaust's Shadow by Krystyna Chiger takes place in Lviv.
Large parts of 1997 film The Truce depicting Primo Levi's war experiences were shot in Lviv.
Large portions of the film d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers were shot in downtown Lviv.
The book The Lemberg Mosaic (2011) by Jakob Weiss describes Jewish L'viv (Lemberg/Lwow/Lvov) during the period 1910–1943, focusing primarily on the Holocaust and related events.
In the book and film The Shoes of the Fisherman the Metropolitan Archbishop of Lviv is released from a Soviet labor camp and later elected Pope.

Sport [link]

Lviv was an important centre for sport in Central Europe and is regarded as the birth–place of Polish football. The first known official goal in a Polish football match was scored there on 14 July 1894 during the Lwów-Kraków game. The goal was scored by Włodzimierz Chomicki who represented the team of Lviv. In 1904 Kazimierz Hemerling from Lviv published the first translation of the rules of football into Polish and another native of Lviv, Stanisław Polakiewicz, became the first officially recognised Polish referee in 1911 the year in which the first Polish Football Federation was founded in Lviv.

The first Polish professional football club, Czarni Lwów opened here in 1903 and the first stadium, which belonged to Pogoń, in 1913. Another club, Pogoń Lwów, was four times football champion of Poland (1922, 1923, 1925 and 1926). In the late 1920s as many as four teams from the city played in the Polish Football League (Pogoń, Czarni, Hasmonea and Lechia). Hasmonea was the first Jewish football club in Poland. Several notable figures of Polish football came from the city including Kazimierz Górski, Ryszard Koncewicz, Michał Matyas and Wacław Kuchar.

Lviv is also the Polish birth-place of other sports. In January 1905 the first Polish ice-hockey match took place there and two years later the first ski-jumping competition was organized in nearby Sławsko. In the same year the first Polish basketball games were organized in Lviv's gymnasiums. In autumn 1887 a gymnasium by Lychakiv Street (pol. ulica Łyczakowska) held the first Polish track and field competition with such sports as the long jump and high jump. Lviv's athlete Władysław Ponurski represented Austria in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. On 9 July 1922 the first official rugby game in Poland took place at the stadium of Pogoń Lwów in which the rugby team of Orzeł Biały Lwów divided itself into two teams – "The Reds" and "The Blacks". The referee of this game was a Frenchman by the name of Robineau.

Lviv now has several major professional football clubs and some smaller clubs. FC Karpaty Lviv, founded in 1963, plays in the first division of the Ukrainian Premier League. Sometimes citizens of Lviv assemble on the central street (Freedom Avenue) to watch and cheer during outdoor broadcasts of games.

Lviv is building a new separate stadium from its now already established Ukraina Stadium to host three group matches during EURO 2012.

Lviv's chess school enjoys a good reputation; such notable grandmasters as Vassily Ivanchuk, Leonid Stein, Alexander Beliavsky, Andrei Volokitin used to live in Lviv.^[72]

Notable people [link]

Sholem Aleichem

Monument to King Jan Sobieski, moved from Lviv to Gdańsk after World War II.

Sholem Aleichem, Yiddish author and playwright
Bohdan-Ihor Antonych, poet
Muhammad Asad, writer
Emanuel Ax, pianist
Stefan Banach, mathematician
Yuri Bashmet, viola player
Alexander Beliavsky, chess grandmaster
Anatoly Belilovsky, science fiction writer
Wojciech Bobowski, dragoman and musician in the Ottoman Empire, first translated the Bible into Ottoman Turkish
Michał Piotr Boym, preacher, sinologist, traveler, cartographer, translator, diplomat, philosopher, philologist, botanist, biologist, doctor
Solomon Buber (1827–1906), banker, writer, philosopher
Tadeusz Brzeziński, Polish consular official and the father of President Jimmy Carter's national security adviser, Zbigniew Brzeziński
Martin Buber, Austrian-Israelian philosopher
Ludwik Fleck, Polish medical doctor and biologist
Ivan Franko, writer, philosopher
Aleksander Fredro, poet, playwright
Leo Fuchs, actor
Eugeniusz Geppert, painter
Jakob-Ber Gimpel, founder of the Lemberg Yiddish Theater
Maurice Goldhaber, physicist
Zbigniew Herbert, poet, writer
Volodymyr Ivasiuk, composer
Danylo “Dendi” Ishutin, Dota 2 player for Natus Vincere
Faina Kirschenbaum, Israeli politician ^[73]
Filaret Kolessa, ethnographer, composer
Maria Konopnicka, poet, writer
Bohodar Korotovych, violinist
Solomiya Krushelnytska, opera singer
Les Kurbas, actor, director
Stanisław Lem, Polish writer
Oleh Luzhny, former professional footballer, current assistant manager of FC Dynamo Kyiv
Stanislav Liudkevych, composer
Karol Mikuli (1819–1897), pianist, Chopin's student
Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-US American economist
Richard von Mises, Austrian-US American mathematician
Gabriela Moyseowicz, composer, pianist
Franz Xavier Mozart, composer
Paul Muni, actor
Aleksander Myszuga, opera singer
Karl Radek (1885–1939), political activist
Moriz Rosenthal (1862–1946), pianist, composer.
Joseph Roth, Austrian writer
Tadeusz Rychter, painter
Ruslana (1973), pop singer
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, Austrian writer
Pinchas Sadeh (born Pinchas Feldman, 1929–94), Polish-born Israeli novelist and poet
Markiyan Shashkevych, writer
Myroslav Skoryk, composer
Leopold Staff, Polish modernist poet
Vasyl Stefanyk, writer
Adam Ulam, historian
Stanisław Ulam, mathematician
Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, rock musician
Elena Vesnina, Tennis Player
Debora Vogel (1902–1942), writer, poet
Adam Zagajewski, poet
Gabriela Zapolska, playwright, actress
Casimir Zeglen, Inventor of the Bulletproof vest

International relations [link]

Twin towns and sister cities [link]

Aleksander Fredro monument, moved from Lviv to Wrocław, its sister city, after World War II.

City	State	Year
Winnipeg	Canada	1973
Freiburg im Breisgau	Germany	1989
Rzeszów	Poland	1992^[74]
Rochdale	United Kingdom	1992
Budapest	Hungary	1993
Rishon LeZion	Israel	1993
Przemyśl	Poland	1995
Kraków^[75]	Poland	1995
Grozny	Russia	1998
Novi Sad	Serbia	1999
Samarkand	Uzbekistan	2000
Kutaisi	Georgia	2002
Wrocław^[76]	Poland	2003
Łódź	Poland	2003
Banja Luka	Bosnia and Herzegovina	2004
Lublin	Poland	2004
Saint Petersburg	Russia	2006

Economy [link]

Lviv is one of the largest cities in Ukraine and is growing rapidly. According to the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine the average salary in the Lviv Oblast is a little less than the average for Ukraine which in December 2007 was about 1616 UAH. In 2006 Ukraine's economic freedom was rated at 3.24 (where a rating 1.0 is "freer" than a rating 5.0). According to the World Bank classification Lviv is a lower middle-income city. There are many restaurants and shops as well as street vendors of food, books, clothes, traditional cultural items and tourist gifts. Banking and money trading are an important part of the economy of Lviv with many banks and exchange offices throughout the city.

Lviv Airlines has its head office on the grounds of Lviv Airport.^[77]

Education [link]

The front façade of the Lviv University, the oldest university in Ukraine.

Lviv Polytechnic National University

Main article: List of universities in Ukraine

Lviv is an important education centre of Ukraine. It is home to three major universities and a number of smaller schools of higher education. There are eight institutes of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, more than forty research institutes, three academies and eleven state-owned colleges.

A considerable scientific potential is concentrated in the city: by the number of doctors of sciences, candidates of sciences, scientific organizations Lviv is the fourth city in Ukraine. Lviv is known for ancient academic traditions, founded by the Assumption Brotherhood School and the Jesuit Collegium. Over 100 thousand students annually study in more than 20 higher educational establishments.

Universities [link]

Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (ukr. Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)
Lviv Polytechnic (ukr. Національний університет "Львівська політехніка")
Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (ukr. Львiвський національний медичний унiверситет iм. Данила Галицького)
Lviv Stepan Gzhytsky national university of veterinary medicine and biotechnologies (ukr. Львівський національний університет ветеринарної медицини та біотехнологій імені Степана Гжицького)
National Forestry Engineering University of Ukraine (ukr. Український національний лісотехнічний університет)
Ukrainian Catholic University (ukr. Український католицький університет)
Lviv National Agrarian University (ukr. Львівський національний аграрний університет)
Lviv State University of Physical Training (ukr. Львівський державний університет фізичної культури)
Lviv State University of Life Safety (ukr. Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності)
Lviv State University of Interior (ukr. Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ)

Tourism [link]

Lviv is considered one of Ukraine's major tourist destinations.^[78] Lviv had a 40% increase in tourists in the early 2010s; the highest rate in Europe.^[78]

Tourist attractions [link]

Rynok square.

The Old Town is an ancient historical part of the city.
- Market Square (Ukrainian: Ploshcha Rynok) 18,300 square metre square in the historical center of the city where Lviv City Hall is situated
- Black House (Ukrainian: Chorna Kamyanytsia)
- Armenian Cathedral
- Orthodox Cathedral
- Korniakt Palace
- Latin Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary
- St. George's Cathedral of the Greek-Catholic Church
- Dominican Church of Corpus Christi
- Chapel of the Boim family
Lviv High Castle (Ukrainian: Vysokyi Zamok), hill overlooking the historical center of the city
- Union of Lublin Mound
Lychakivskiy Cemetery, cemetery where the notable people were buried
Svobody Prospekt, Lviv's central street.
- Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet
Potocki Palace

Popular culture [link]

The native residents of the city jokingly known as the Lvivian batiary (someone who's mischievous). Lvivians also well known for their way of speaking that was greatly influenced by the Lvivian gwara (talk).^[79] The Shoes of the Fisherman, both Morris L. West's novel and its 1968 film adaptation had the titular pope as having been its former archbishop.

Transportation [link]

Buses [link]

File:Marshrutka bogdan.jpg

The so-called marshrutka, a typical Lviv city transport.

The public bus network is mainly represented by mini-buses. Large buses are inconvenient due to the traffic conditions of the narrow streets in the central historical part of the city. People call these mini-buses marshrutka (route taxi) and they operate over the whole city. Marshrutkas have no fixed stops and stop not only at bus stops but in other places where it is allowed. The marshrutkas are cheap, fast and mostly reliable. This kind of transport is so popular and convenient that mini-buses are often overcrowded during rush hour. Marshrutkas also run on suburban lines to most suburbs and nearby towns, e.g. to Shehyni at the Polish border. There are also two bus routes in Lviv.

The price (as of August 2011^[update]) of a one-way single ride in a marshrutka within the city of Lviv is 2.00 UAH regardless of the distance traveled. No tickets are provided – and the money is paid to the driver. The price (February 2010) of a ride on a city-bus is 1.00 UAH.

Trams [link]

Main article: Trams in Lviv

A Lviv tram on a small sett sidestreet in the Old Town.

LAZ E183 of the Lviv Bus Factory on the city street.

The first tramway lines were horse–drawn opening on 5 May 1880 and the electric tram was opened on 31 May 1894. The last horse-drawn line was transferred to electric traction in 1908. In 1922 the tramways were switched to driving on the right-hand side. After World War II and the annexation of the city by the Soviet Union several lines were closed but most of infrastructure was preserved. The tracks are narrow-gauge, unusual for the Soviet Union, but explained by the fact that the system was built while the city was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and needed to run in narrow medieval streets in the centre of town.

The Lviv tramway now runs about 220 cars on 75 km of track. Previously in bad shape many tracks were reconstructed in 2006 and even more are due to be reconstructed.

The price (as of February 2011^[update]) of a tram/trolleybus ticket is 1.25 UAH (reduced fare ticket is 0.60 UAH, e.g. for students). The ticket may be purchased form the driver.

Trolleybuses [link]

After the war the city grew rapidly due to evacuees returning from Russia and the Soviet Government's vigorous development of heavy industry. This included the transfer of entire factories from the Urals and others to the newly "liberated" territories of the USSR.

The city centre tramway lines were replaced with trolleybuses on 27 November 1952. New lines were opened to the blocks of flats at the city outskirts. The network now runs about 100 trolleybuses–mostly of the 1980s Skoda 14Tr and LAZ 52522. In 2006–2008 11 modern low-floor trolleybuses (LAZ E183) built by the Lviv Bus Factory were purchased.

The price (as of February 2010^[update]) of a tram/trolleybus ticket is 1 UAH (reduced fare ticket is 0.50 UAH, e.g. for students). It is claimed as of April 2012^[update] that these priced have gone up to 1.25 UAH and 0.60 UAH respectively.^{[citation needed]} The ticket may be purchased from the driver.

Bicycle transport [link]

Cycling is a new but growing mode of transport in Lviv. In 2011 the City of Lviv ratified an ambitious 9-year program^[80] for the set-up of cycling infrastructure - until the year 2019 an overall length of 270 km (168 mi) cycle lanes and tracks shall be realized. A working group formally organised within the City Council, bringing together representatives of the city administration, members of planning and design institutes, local NGOs and other stakeholders. Events like the All-Ukrainian Bikeday^[81] or the European Mobility Week^[82] show the popularity of cycling among Lviv’s citizens.

As of September 2011, 8 km (5 mi) of new infrastructure have been built. It can be expected that until the end of the year 50 km (31 mi) will be ready for use. The cycling advisor in Lviv - the first such position in Ukraine - is supervizing and pushing forward the execution of the cycling plan and coordinates with various actors in the city. The development of cycling in Ukraine is currently hampered by outdated planning norms and the fact, that most planners didn’t yet plan and experience cycling infrastructure. The update of national legislation and training for planners is therefore necessary.

Rail bus [link]

Lviv "rail bus", a motor-rail car

Lviv used to have a "rail bus". This was a motor-rail car that ran from the largest district of Lviv to one of the largest industrial zones going through the central railway station. It made 7 trips a day and was meant to provide a faster and more comfortable connection between the remote urban districts. The price (as of February 2010^[update]) of a one-way single ride in the rail bus was 1.50 UAH. On 15 June 2010 the route was cancelled as unprofitable.

Railways [link]

Main article: Lviv Railways

Lviv's Main Railway Terminal, an Art Nouveau style construction built in 1903 by Władysław Sadłowski.

Modern Lviv remains a hub on which nine railways converge providing local and international services. Lviv railway is one of the oldest in Ukraine. The first train arrived to Lviv on 4 November 1861. The main Lviv Railway Station, designed by Władysław Sadłowski, was built in 1904 and was considered one of the best in Europe from both the architectural and the technical aspects.

In the interbellum period Lviv (known then as Lwów) was one of the most important hubs of the Polish State Railways. The junction at Lviv consisted in mid-1939 of four stations — main station Lwów Główny (now Ukrainian: Lviv Holovnyi), Lwów Kleparów (now Lviv Klepariv), Lwów Łyczaków (now Lviv Lychakiv), and Lwów Podzamcze (now Lviv Pidzamche). In August 1939 just before World War II 73 trains departed daily from the Main Station including 56 local and 17 fast trains. Lviv was directly connected with all major centers of the Second Polish Republic as well as such cities as Berlin, Bucharest, and Budapest.^[83]

Currently several trains cross the nearby Polish–Ukrainian border (mostly via Przemyśl in Poland). There are good connections to Slovakia (Košice) and Hungary (Budapest). Many routes have overnight trains with sleeping compartments.

Lviv railway is often called a main gateway from Ukraine to Europe although buses are often a cheaper and more convenient way of entering the "Schengen" countries.

Air transport [link]

Beginnings of aviation in Lviv reach back to 1884 when the Aeronautic Society was opened there. The Society issued its own magazine Astronauta but soon ceased to exist. In 1909 on the initiative of Edmund Libanski the Awiata Society was founded. Among its members there was a group of professors and students of the Lviv Polytechnic, including Stefan Drzewiecki and Zygmunt Sochacki. Awiata was the oldest Polish organization of this kind and it concentrated its activities mainly on exhibitions such as the First Aviation Exhibition which took place in 1910 and featured models of aircraft built by Lviv students.^[84]

In 1913–1914 brothers Tadeusz and Władysław Floriańscy built a two-seated airplane. When World War I broke out Austrian authorities confiscated it but did not manage to evacuate the plane in time and it was seized by the Russians who used the plane for intelligence purposes. The Floriański brothers' plane was the first Polish-made aircraft. On 5 November 1918, a crew consisting of Stefan Bastyr and Janusz de Beaurain carried out the first ever flight under the Polish flag taking off from Lviv's Lewandówka (now Ukrainian: Levandivka) airport.^[84] In the interbellum period Lviv was a major center of gliding with a notable Gliding School in Bezmiechowa which opened in 1932. In the same year the Institute of Gliding Technology was opened in Lviv and was the second such institute in the world. In 1938 the First Polish Aircraft Exhibition took place in the city.

Interbellum Lviv also was a major center of the Polish Air Force with the Sixth Air Regiment located there. The Regiment was based at the airport in Lviv's suburb of Skniłów (today Ukrainian: Sknyliv) opened in 1924. Sknyliv Airport is now named Lviv International Airport (LWO), and is located 6 km from the city centre.^[85] A new terminal and other improvements are being under a $200 million expansion project in preparation for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship.^[85]

References [link]

^ Lviv is the best city for living in Ukraine – rating, UNIAN (12 June 2009)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). May 2011. http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/33393.htm. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b Climatological Information for L'vov, Ukraine, Russia, accessed 21 April 2012.
^ Iсторія Львова. У трьох томах / Я. Ісаєвич, М. Литвин, Ф. Стеблій. — Львів : Центр Європи, 2006. — Т. 1. — p7. — ISBN 978-966-7022-59-4 (Ukrainian: History of Lviv in Three Tomes")
^ Antoni Schneider, Badania i poszukiwania archeologiczne w Galicji w ostatnich latach, Przegląd Archeologiczny, R.1.: 1876, z.1, s. 16–22; Oleksij Onysymowyć Ratyć, Drevnorus'ki materiały z rozkopok 1955–56 rr. na Zamkovij hori u L'vovi, Materiały i Doslidżennja z Archeologii Prykarpatt'ja i Vołyni 1961, t. 3, s. 115–127 [in:] Łukasz Walczy, Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań [in:] Lwów wśród nas, cz. 2, 2006, s. 20–21
^ Vołodymyr Vujcyk, Derżavnyj Istoryczno-Architekturnyj Zapovidnyk u L'vovi. Lwów 1991 r. s. 9 [w:] Łukasz Walczy, Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań [in:] Lwów wśród nas, cz. 2, 2006, s. 20–21
^ Orest Subtelny. (1988) Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398.
^ Vasylʹ Mudryĭ, ed. (1962). Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka – Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary. Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.). p. 58. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iT1pAAAAMAAJ&q=lviv+Burundai&dq=lviv+Burundai&hl=en&ei=O1ZATdnSF8aZhQfilIizCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 29 January 2011. "on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'"
^ Basil Dmytryshyn (1991). Medieval Russia: a source book, 850-170. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-03-033422-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WrtoAAAAMAAJ&q=lvov+Burundai&dq=lvov+Burundai&hl=en&ei=qVZATePjLsHPhAeUorGwCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^ ^a ^b Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit (edited by H. A. Pierer). 2nd edition, vol. 17, Altenburg 1843, pp. 343–344. Works related to Universal Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit at Wikisource
^ B.V. Melnyk, Vulytsiamy starovynnoho Lvova, Vyd-vo "Svit" (Old Lviv Streets), 2001, ISBN 966-603-048-9
^ Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste, edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820, p. 358, footnote 18) (in German).
^ Dobson, Richard Barrie; Walford, Michael Lapidge ; English translation by Adrian (2000). Andre Vauchez ; in conjunction with Barrie. ed. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Chicago: Routledge. p. 879. ISBN 1-57958-282-6.
^ Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German, online)
^ Cathal J. Nolan. Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. ABC-CLIO. 2008. pp. 332, 368.
^ ^a ^b Tony Jaques. Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the twenty-first century, Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. pp. 608, 895, 951
^ Francis Ludwig Carsten. The new Cambridge modern history: The ascendancy of France, 1648-88. Cambridge University Press. 1961. p. 512.
^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. A concise history of Poland. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81.
^ Tertius Chandler. (1987) Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press
^ ^a ^b New International Encyclopedia, Volume 13. Lemberg 1915, p. 760
^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15
^ Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Yale University Press, 2003, p.158
^ Norman Davies. "Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth Century Poland." In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
^ Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star. Polish-Soviet War
^ Леонид Соколов (9 December 1931). "Л.Соколов, Кто сделал Львов украинским городом? – Украинские Страницы". Ukrstor.com. http://ukrstor.com/ukrstor/sokolov_lvovua.html. Retrieved 25 January 2010–.
^ Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 1939 (Polish statistical yearbook of 1939), GUS, Warsaw, 1939
^ "Text of the 1922 Bill (in Polish)" (in (Polish)). Pl.wikisource.org. 2012-02-29. http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_zasadach_powszechnego_samorz%C4%85du_wojew%C3%B3dzkiego. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ Magoscy, R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
^ Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005)Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.144–145
^ Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign In Poland (1939), Major Infantry United States Army DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DC 1956.
^ Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, Volume I (1963). Edited by Volodymyr Kubiyovych. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 831–833 and pp.872–874
^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
^ "Lviv massacre". Alfreddezayas.com. http://www.alfreddezayas.com/Chapbooks/Lembergmassacre.shtml. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія,
^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
^ ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
^ "Text of Polish-Soviet Treaty of 1941". Avalon.law.yale.edu. 1941-07-30. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/polsov.asp. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ ОУН і УПА в 1943 році: Документи / НАН України. Інститут історії України. – К.: Інститут історії України, 2008. – 347 с. ISBN 978966024911 p.166
^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum^{[dead link]}
^ the holocaust research project
^ The architecture of Poland: An historical survey by Zbigniew Dmochowski
^ pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku [1] full text of the agreement (Polish)
^ "Official site of the Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu". Bandershtadt.w6.ru. http://bandershtadt.w6.ru/. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ Tchorek, Kamil (26 November 2004). "Protest grows in western city". Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article395652.ece. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
^ Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union by Roman Szporluk, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8179-9542-0 / ISBN 978-0-8179-9542-3
^ Національний склад Львівського воєводства за переписом 1931 року
^ Населення Східної Галичини за переписом 1900 року
^ "Зміни етносоціального складу населення Львова" (PDF). http://www.anthropos.org.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1622/1/608-615_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BA_%D0%9A.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ max. "Росіяни та російськомовне населення у сучасному Львові". Homepage.univie.ac.at. http://homepage.univie.ac.at/philipp.ther/lemberg/dierussen_ukr.html. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d According to the census of 2001
^ ^a ^b Heidemarie Petersen: Judengemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Polen: Lemberg 1356–1581. Harrasso Verlagm Wiesbaden 2003, p. 50 (in German, limited online preview)
^ Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit (edited by H. A. Pierer). 2nd edition, vol. 7, Altenburg 1843, p. 344.
^ Konversations-Lexikon (edited by Brockhaus). 10th edition, vol. 9, Leipzig 1853, p. 512.
^ Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon. 14th edition, vol. 11, Leipzig 1894, p. 76
^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, pp. 397–398.
^ ^a ^b Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 11, Leipig 1932, pp. 296–297.
^ Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon. 9th edition, vol. 14, Mannheim/Vienna/Zürich 1975, p. 802.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ethnic groups in Lviv, 2001 Ukrainian Census
^ Yaroslav Hrytsak. (2005). Historical Memory and Regional Identity. In Galicia: A Multicultured Land. Christopher Hann and Paul Robert Magocsi (Eds.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 185–209
^ 1.2% of 790,908
^ (Russian) Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d R. Lozinsky. "poles in Lviv". http://postup.brama.com/010928/148_8_1.html.
^ ^a ^b Polish Embassy The Poles in Lviv continue to be proud of their identity^{[dead link]}, accessed 21:05, 29 October 2009
^ Heidemarie Petersen: Judengemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Polen: Lemberg 1356–1581 (=Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, Vol. 61, edited by Osteuropa-Institut of the Free University of Berlin). Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbadeb 2003, p. 37 ff. (in German, limited online preview)
^ L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre, UNESCO — World Heritage. URL Accessed: 30 October 2006
^ Ukrainian Center for Holocaust Studies | Lviv^{[dead link]}
^ Stanislaw M. Ulam, Adventures of a Mathematician, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. ISBN 0-684-15064-6
^ "The Scottish Café in Lvov", at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
^ "Slowo Polskie – a daily with 100-year tradition". Reporterzy.info. 2007-11-20. http://www.reporterzy.info/article.php?go=historia,13,slowo_polskie_dziennik_z_ponadstuletnia_tradycja. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ "Lviv – the chess capital of Ukraine".
^ "Jewish Russian Telegraph: Faina Kirshenbaum, Israel's Ambassador to Ukraine". Jrtelegraph.com. 2010-07-18. http://www.jrtelegraph.com/2010/07/faina-kirshenbaum-israels-ambassador-to-ukraine.html. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
^ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów – Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". www.rzeszow.pl. http://www.rzeszow.pl/wspolpraca-miedzynarodowa/informacja-o-wspolpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi/668,informacja-o-wsp-lpracy-rzeszowa-z-miastami-partnerskimi.html. Retrieved 2 February 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Kraków otwarty na świat". www.krakow.pl. http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
^ "Wrocław Official Website — Partnership Cities of Wrocław". http://www.wroclaw.pl/p/964/. Retrieved 23 October 2008. (Polish)
^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 27 March-2 April 2001. 102. 102.
^ ^a ^b Two cities prepare for Euro 2012, BBC News (2 December 2011)
^ "Lviv dialect". Balzatul.multiply.com. http://balzatul.multiply.com/journal/item/1051. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ http://www.city-adm.lviv.ua/news/images/stories/program_bicycle_network_lviv.pdf
^ bikeday.org.ua
^ http://www.mobilnist.org.ua/en/downloads/doc_download/43-european-mobility-week-2011-in-lvivukraine.html
^ Urzędowy Rozkład Jazdy i Lotów PKP, Lato 1939 (Polish State Railroads Timetable, Summer 1939)
^ ^a ^b "Zdzislaw Sikorski, Lotniczy Lwow". Lwow.home.pl. http://www.lwow.home.pl/semper/lotniczy.html. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ ^a ^b "Europe Airports – Lviv (LWO)". Europe-airports.com. http://www.europe-airports.com/ukraine/show-airport.php?code=LWO. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
^ Jakob Weiss, The Lemberg Mosaic (New York: Alderbrook Press, 2011) pp. 72 – 76.

External links [link]

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Lviv travel guide from Wikitravel

Official website (Ukrainian)
lvivcenter.org — Multilingual Website of the Center for Urban History in Lviv
wlviv-online.com Lviv Online. The city events guide
Ukrainian Navigational Portal] — Photos and infrastructure objects of Lviv on interactive map
Lviv Map — Download and print
Lviv Rail Terminal — Official website
FC Karpaty Lviv — Official website
Lviv – photographs and information (Czech)
Lviv tramway
“Lviv Reminiscences”, Olena Krushynska’s photogallery (Ukrainian, English, Italian)
Lviv in Photos
lwow.eu — many photos, articles & informations about city and its history (Polish)
Lviv Market Square- Details of the market square
180° High Definition Panorama of Lviv — Gives a panorama view of the entire city at telescopic resolution

v t e Lviv

History	Armenian Statute · Dormition Brotherhood · Jesuit Collegium · First Siege by Cossacks · Second Siege by Cossacks · Lwów Oath · Siege by Turks · Leopolis Triplex · Stauropegion Institute · Stauropegion Press · Ossolineum · Galician Rada · Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia · Prosvita · Ruthenian Triad · Ruthenian National House · Hutsul Secession · Batiars · Lwów Eaglets · Battle 1918 · Pogrom 1918 · Battle 1920 · Secret Ukrainian University · School of Logic · School of Mathematics · Battle 1939 · Massacre of Lviv professors · Lviv pogroms · Lemberg Ghetto · Lwów Uprising · Sknyliv airshow disaster

Religion	Armenian Cathedral · Cathedral of St. George · Chapel of the Boim family · Bernardine Church · Bridgettine Convent · Carmelite Church · Convent of Benedictines · Church of St. Anne · Church of John the Baptist · Church of Mary of Snow · Church of St. Elizabeth · Church of St. Mary Magdalene · Church of St. Onuphrius · Church of the Dormition · Church of the Purification, Lviv · Church of the Transfiguration · Dominican Church · Jesuit Church · Latin Cathedral

Attractions	Arena Lviv · Arsenal Museum · Bandinelli Palace · Black Kamienica · Catholic University · Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów · Freedom Boulevard · Government House · King Cross Leopolis · Korniakt Palace · Lviv High Castle · Lviv University · Lychakivskiy Cemetery · Market Square · Mickiewicz Square · National Museum · Polytechnic University · Liubomyrsky Palace · Metropolitan Palace · Old Town · Pharmacy Museum · Pototsky Palace · Sapieha Palace · Scottish Café · Shevchenkivskyi Hai · Theatre of Opera and Ballet · Skarbek Theatre · Town Hall · Ukraina Stadium · Union of Lublin Mound

Transport	International Airport · Tramway · Main Rail Terminal · Suburban Rail Terminal

Administrative divisions of Lviv Oblast

Administrative center: Lviv

Districts

Cities

Major cities	Boryslav Chervonohrad Drohobych Lviv Morshyn Novyi Rozdil Sambir Stryi Truskavets

Other cities	Belz Bibrka Brody Busk Dobromyl Dubliany Hlyniany Horodok Kamianka-Buzka Khodoriv Khyriv Komarno Mostyska Mykolaiv Novoiavorivsk Novyi Kalyniv Peremyshliany Pustomyty Radekhiv Rava-Ruska Rudky Skole Sokal Sosnivka Staryi Sambir Stebnyk Sudova Vyshnia Turka Uhniv Velyki Mosty Vynnyky Yavoriv Zhovkva Zhydachiv Zolochiv

List of: urban-type settlements — villages

v t e Administrative divisions of Ukraine

Capital: Kiev

Oblasts	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sumy Ternopil Vinnytsia Volyn Zakarpattia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

Cities with special status	Kiev Sevastopol

Autonomous republic	Crimea

Administrative centers	Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kiev Kirovohrad Luhansk Lutsk Lviv Mykolaiv Odessa Poltava Rivne Sevastopol Simferopol Sumy Ternopil Uzhhorod Vinnytsia Zaporizhia Zhytomyr

v t e World Heritage Sites in Ukraine

Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings / Kiev Pechersk Lavra · L'viv - the Ensemble of the Historic Centre · Chernivtsi - the Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans · Struve Geodetic Arc (with nine other countries) · Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (with Slovakia)

v t e Historical Capitals of Rus' and other Ukrainian states

Medieval Ukrainian states

Kievan Rus'	Kiev

Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia	Volodymyr · Halych · Lviv

Cossack Hetmanate	Chyhyryn · Baturyn · Hlukhiv

Grand Duchy of Rus'	Kiev

Ukrainian states after Russian Empire and before Ukrainian SSR

West Ukrainian People's Republic	Lviv · Ternopil · Stanyslaviv

Ukrainian People's Republic	Kiev (1917–1920)

Ukrainian Soviet Republic (ru)	Kiev

Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic	Kharkiv · Luhansk

Ukrainian SSR (since 1917), independent Ukraine (since 1991)

Ukrainian SSR (part of the SU 1922-91), Ukraine	Kharkiv (1919-1934) · Kiev (since 1934)

Footnotes:	¹Meaning (Cossack) states on the territory of current Ukraine

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For the mayor of Rochdale, see Zulfiqar Ali (mayor).

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010)

**Zulfiqar Ali**
Personal information

Batting style	Right-handed batsman
Bowling style	Right-arm medium
Career statistics
Competition	Tests	ODIs
Matches	-	3
Runs scored	-	39
Batting average	-	19.50
100s/50s	-/-	0/0
Top score	-	30
Balls bowled	-	35
Wickets	-	4
Bowling average	-	41.50
5 wickets in innings	-	-
10 wickets in match	-	n/a
Best bowling	-	3/63
Catches/stumpings	-/-	1/0
Source: [1], 31 March 2006

Zulfiqar Ali (born 1947, Mombasa, Kenya) was a right-handed cricket bowler who played three ODIs for East Africa. In his third match, against England, he took three wickets for 63 runs, the best figures by any East African bowler.

v t e East Africa squad - 1975 Cricket World Cup

1 Harilal Shah (c/wk) 2 Frasat Ali 3 Jawahir Shah 4 Hamish McLeod 5 Mehmood Quaraishy 6 Praful Mehta 7 John Nagenda 8 Parbhu Nana 9 Don Pringle 10 Ramesh Sethi 11 Shiraz Sumar 12 Samuel Walusimbi 13 Yunus Badat 14 Zulfiqar Ali

Persondata
Name	Ali, Zulfiqar
Alternative names
Short description	Cricketer
Date of birth	1947
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

This biographical article related to Kenyan cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Not to be confused with Syed Ahmad Barelvi.

Islamic scholar Ahmed Raza Khan
Title	Mujaddid
Born	14 June 1856^[1]
Died	1921 (aged 64–65)
Ethnicity	Indian
Region	South Asia
Maddhab	Hanafi
School tradition	Sunni
Main interests	Aqeedah, Fiqh, Tasawwuf
Influences	Abdul Qadir Jilani, Rumi, Shami, Shah Abdul Haq, Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
Influenced	Mustafa Raza Khan, Ahmad Saeed Kazmi, Abdul Aleem Siddiqi, Akhtar Raza, Ilyas Qadri, Qamaruzzaman Azmi, Tahir-ul-Qadri

Barelvi movement
Central figures
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi
Organizations
World Islamic Mission Jamaat Ahle Sunnat Sunni Tehreek Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan Dawat-e-Islami Raza Academy Sunni Dawat-e-Islami
Institutions
Al Jamiatul Ashrafia · Manzar-e-Islam Al-Jame-atul-Islamia · Jamiatur Raza
Literature
Maulana, Andhe ki laathi
History
Indian Rebellion of 1857 Pakistan Movement 2006 Nishtar Park bombing Asassination of Sarfraz Naeemi
Notable individuals
Mustafa Raza Khan Qamaruzzaman Azmi Hamid Raza Khan Akhtar Raza Abdul Aleem Siddiqi Shah Ahmad Noorani Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri Muhammad Muslehuddin Siddiqui
Beliefs and practices
Sunni Islam · Sufism Taqlid · Tawassul Mid-Sha'ban · Mawlid Khatim an-Nabuwwah This box: view talk edit

Ahmed Raza Khan Fazil-e-Barelvi (Urdu: احمد رضاخان, Hindi: अहमद रज़ा खान) (1856–1921 CE) was a Sunni Islamic scholar and sufi, whose works influenced the Barelvi movement of South Asia.^[2] Raza Khan wrote on numerous topics, including law, religion, philosophy and the sciences. He was a prolific writer, producing nearly 1,000 works in his lifetime.^[2]

1 Early life
2 Beliefs
3 Antagonism towards Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and the Ahmadiyya Movement
4 Quietism
5 Opposition to heterodox practices
6 Positive Views and Admirers
7 Criticism
8 See also
9 References
10 Sources
11 External links

Early life [link]

His father was Naqi Ali Khan, and his great-grandfather Shah Kazim Ali Khan^[3] was a noted Sunni scholar.^[4]

Ahmed's mother named him Amman Miyān.^[5] Raza Khan used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" (slave [or servant] of Mustafa) prior to signing his name in correspondence.^{[clarification needed]}^[6] He studied Islamic sciences and completed a traditional Dars-i-Nizami course under the supervision of his father Naqī Áli Khān, who was a legal scholar.^[2] He went on the Hajj with his father in 1878.

Beliefs [link]

Ahmed Raza Khan defended several beliefs regarding Muhammad:

Muhammad, although human, possessed a Noor (Light) that predates creation. ^[7] This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad was insan-e-kamil ("the complete man"), a respected but physically typical human.^[8]^[9]
He is haazir naazir (can be present in many places at the same time, as opposed to God, who is everywhere by definition).^[10]
God has granted him ilm-e-ghaib (the knowledge of the unseen,this belief and theory directly negates the Islaamic concept of 'Shiirk'which attributes some qualities only to Allmighty Aallaah, including the 'i'lm-e-ghaib' or knowledge of the unknown and unseen..^[11] Raza Khan writes:

We do not hold that anyone can equal the knowledge of Allah Most High, or possess it independently, nor do we assert that Allah’s giving of knowledge to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is anything but a part. But what a patent and tremendous difference between one part [the Prophet’s] and another [anyone else’s]: like the difference between the sky and the earth, or rather even greater and more immense.

—Ahmed Raza Khan, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

God has made him mukhtaar kul (having the authority to do whatever he desires).^{[citation needed]}

Quran and hadith studies [link]

Ahmed Raza Khan translated the Quran into Urdu, which was first published in 1912 under the title of Kanz ul-Iman fi Tarjuma al-Qur’an. The original manuscript is preserved in the library of Idara Tahqiqat-i-Imam Ahmed Raza, Karachi, and an English translation of Kanzul Iman has also been published. Ahmed Raza Khan also wrote several books on the collection and compilation of hadiths.

Fatwas [link]

Raza Khan's main work was Fatawa Ridawiyya which runs in 30 volumes of over 1000 pages each. The Raza Foundation under the leadership of Abdul Qayyum Hazarwi revised the work, translating all the Persian and Arabic sentences in Urdu, and published it in 30 volumes, running across 90,000 pages.

Religious research [link]

Raza Khan investigated numerous religious questions:

In 1915 he wrote a treatise describing 160 types of water which are acceptable for wudu (ablution), and 146 types of proscribed water.
He identified 181 acceptable and 130 unacceptable materials for tayammum (alternatives to water for ablution).
He was able to fill up the Naqsh-i-Murabba (a sixteen column quadrilateral) by 1152 methods.
He knew 800 names of Prophet Muhammad from books, and was able to gather 1400 more.
He analysed whether it was credible that Hussain ibn ‘Alī was able to travel from Mecca to Kerbala on 3rd Dhū al-Ḥijja and reach there on 2nd of Moharram. He investigated the types of horse, the loads they carried, the route of the caravan, the types of terrain, and other factors, and finally concluded that the caravan could feasibly have reached Kerbala by the 2nd.

Works in physics [link]

Raza Khan opposed the belief in a heliocentric universe, instead stating that the sun and moon circulate around the Earth.^[12]

Works in economics [link]

Raza through his book^[which?] published in 1912, presented four points for the economic development of Muslims:

Barring the affairs wherein government is involved, thus very tacit and shrewdly promoting unquestioned loyalty towards the Imperial-Colonial-Capitalist British Government. Muslims should decide all their disputes mutually so that millions of rupees, which are being spent over litigations, may be saved.
The affluent Muslims of Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta, Rangoon, Madras and Hyderabad should open banks for other poor Muslims.
Muslims should not purchase anything from anybody except Muslims.
The sciences of Islam should be propagated and publicized.

Antagonism towards Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and the Ahmadiyya Movement [link]

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Mahdi (messiah) awaited by the Muslims as well as a new prophet. These claims proved to be extremely controversial among many in the Muslim community, and he was branded a heretic and apostate by many religious scholars of the time, including Ahmed Raza Khan. Ghulam Ahmad's claims are controversial to this day, but his Mahdi status and prophethood is believed in by the Ahmadiyya sect. Though, Pakistan in 1974, have officially declared the Ahmadiyya sect non-Muslims.^[13]

When Ahmed Raza visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs") for presentation to the scholars of Mecca and Medina. Ahmed Raza Khan collected opinions of the ulama of the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Husam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese). The work concluded that Ghulam Ahmad's beliefs were blasphemous and tantamount to apostasy.^[14]

Quietism [link]

During the period of the Indian Khilafat Movement, Gandhi was advised that he should meet with Raza Khan. When he was told that Gandhi wished to meet and speak to him, Raza Khan said, "What would he speak about? Religion or worldly affairs? If it is worldly affairs, what can I partake in, for I have abstained from the world and have no interest in it."^[15]

Opposition to heterodox practices [link]

Raza Khan condemned many practices he saw as bid'at (forbidden innovations), such as:

Qawali (religious music)^[16]
Women going to visit mazaar (tombs)^{[citation needed]}
Tawaf (ceremonially walking in circles around a holy site) of tombs.^[17]
Sajda (prostration) to those other than God^{[citation needed]}
Ta'zieh, plays re-enacting religious scenes^{[citation needed]}but unfortunately the followers of him practice and preach just the opposite of what he had said.

Positive Views and Admirers [link]

Syrian Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Ya’qoubi declared on national television his belief that the mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan, going so far as to say that a person of the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of Ahmed Raza Khan, and that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him.^[18]

Criticism [link]

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2010)

He issued fatwas against other religious group such as Deobandis and Wahabbis, accusing them of being disrespectful towards Prophet Muhammad. Deobandi and Wahabi scholars believe that Ahmed Raza Khan has made these accusations due to his "exaggeration" in loving the prophet, which they claim violates hadith which proscribe deifying Mohammad.
He advocated the practice of tawassul (asking to deceased Muslims), which his opponents declared to be shirk (polytheism):

If you are embarrassed in your affairs, seek help from the inmates of the tombs, having beliefs that Allah is the one who is helping and the person in the tomb is just wasila.^[19]

Raza opposed labeling then-British held India to be Dar-ul Harb ("land of war"), thus opposing any justification of jihad (struggle) or hijrat (mass emigration to escape) against the proposed plans of Gandhi and the Deobandiyya Movement who wished to begin jihaad with the help of Hindus.^{[citation needed]} This stance was opposed by Deobandi scholars such as Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi.^[20]

References [link]

^ Hayat-e-Aala Hadhrat, vol.1 p.1
^ ^a ^b ^c Global Encyclopaedia of Education, vol. 4, Rama Sankar Yadav & B.N. Mandal, Dayarganj, New Dehli, 2009, p. 191
^ Usha Sanyal (1996). Devotional Islam and politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and his movement, 1870–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-19-563699-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=VvjXAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
^ Malfuzaat e A'ala Hadrat. Dawateislami.net (2009-11-08). Retrieved on 2012-06-01.
^ Ala Hadhrat by Bastawi, p.25
^ Man huwa Ahmed Rida by Shaja'at Ali al-Qadri, p.15
^ Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures. Marshall Cavendish. 1 September 2010. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7926-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=H_m14NlQQMYC&pg=PA145. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
^ Pakistan perspectives, Volume 7. Pakistan Study Centre, University of Karachi, 2002 snippet
^ Akbar S. Ahmed. Islam today: a short introduction to the Muslim world. I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999. ISBN 978-1-86064-257-9 snippet
^ N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal. Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities. Publisher Pointer Publishers, 2009 ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6. p. 67
^ Clinton Bennett. Muslims and modernity: an introduction to the issues and debates. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 ISBN 978-0-8264-5481-2. p. 189
^ Fauz e Mubeen Dar Radd e Harkat e Zamin. Alahazratnetwork.org (2011-11-27). Retrieved on 2012-06-01.
^ Zahid Aziz, Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam. A survey of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement: history, beliefs, aims and work. A.a.i.i.l. (u.k.), 2008. ISBN 978-1-906109-03-5. p. 43
^ AlaHazrat. Hazrat.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-01.
^ Al Mizaan P:335
^ Ahkame Shariat part 1 pp. 33–34
^ ahkame shariat part 3 pp. 2–3
^ Video on YouTube
^ Wal Ula, p.46
^ M. Naeem Qureshi. Pan-Islam in British Indian politics: a study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924. BRILL, 1999. ISBN 978-90-04-11371-8. p. 179

Sources [link]

Baraka, A – A Saviour in a Dark World (Article) The Islamic Times, March 2003 Stockport, UK
Haroon, M The World of Ahmed Raza Kazi Publications, Lahore 1974
Sanyal, Usha, Ahmed Riza Khan Barelwi: In the Path of the Prophet (Makers of the Muslim World), Oneworld, 2005.

External links [link]

Alahazrat.net
Online Quran Project includes the Qur'an translation of Ahmed Rida Khan.
The True Life Picture of Hazrat
A Complete Encyclopedia about Ahmed Raza Khan.
The Life and Works of the Muslim Revivalist, A'La Hadrat
Research works on Ahmed Raza Khan
Books and works of Ahmed Rida Khan
Fatawa and works by Ahmed Rida Khan
A detailed website about the Raza's life and works

http://wn.com/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi

http://hi.wn.com/इमाम अहमद रज़ा

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Rakhi Sawant
Rakhi Sawant at a talk show with Kapil Dev for Aaj Tak channel.
Born	(1978-11-25) November 25, 1978 (age 33) Worli,Mumbai, India
Residence	Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Actress, Television presenter, Dancer
Years active	1997–Present

Rakhi Sawant (Hindi: राखी सावंत) (born on 25 November^[1] 1978^[2]^[3]) is an Indian dancer, Hindi film and television actress, model and television talk show host. She has appeared in many Hindi films and few Kannada, Marathi, Telugu and Tamil films in roles commonly attributed to item girls. She has converted to Christianity.^[4]

1 Early Life
2 Career
- 2.1 Television Debut & Success (2006–Present)
3 Film Career
4 Television Career
- 4.1 Guest Appearances
5 References
6 External links

Early Life [link]

Rakhi was born as Neeru Bheda to Jaya Bheda. who married Sawant, a police constable at Worli Police Station, and gave her children her second husband's name Sawant. Rakhi attended Goklibai High School in the Vile Parle suburb of Mumbai and later studied at Mithibai College. She is the sister of film director Rakesh Sawant and former actress Usha Sawant.

Career [link]

In 1997, Rakhi debuted with the unnoticed film Agnnichakra as Ruhi Sawant. She continued acting in some low-budget Bollywood films. She did small roles & dance numbers as a junior artist in films like Joru Ka Ghulam, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain & Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke and went unnoticed.

In 2003, she auditioned for an item number in the Bollywood movie, Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne. She auditioned about four times before being finally selected for her breakthrough item number, "Mohabbat Hai Mirchi", composed by Himesh Reshammiya. She also bagged a small role in the movie for which she gained visibility. After that, Rakhi acted in small roles in some more films including Masti & Main Hoon Na

In 2005, she appeared in the music video "Pardesia" of music album D.J. Hot Remix-Vol.3 & gained popularity for her dancing abilities. After this song, she featured in music videos of many other music albums & Bollywood item numbers.

Television Debut & Success (2006–Present)[link]

In June 2006, Mika Singh, atried to kiss her at his birthday party, which converted into a major media controversy.^[5]. A few months later, she appeared in the first season of the reality show Bigg Boss and was among the top four finalists. She received wider notice as a contestant for her dramatic fights with her housemates in Big Boss's house.^{[citation needed]} In 2007, Rakhi made her singing debut in the album titled Super Girl launched by Venus Records & Tapes Pvt. Ltd. In 2008, She won Yeh Hai Jalwa, a dance-based reality show which aired on 9X. She was the leader of her group named 'Chillar Party'. In 2009, Sawant launched her reality show Rakhi Ka Swayamwar in which she planned to select her future husband by the ancient ritual of Swayamvar. The show became the highest rated in the history of the Imagine TV channel with both its premiere and finale setting records. On 2 August 2009 she chose her life partner, a contestant from Toronto, Canada, Elesh Parujanwala. However, during the finale of the reality show Pati, Patni Aur Woh several months later, Sawant announced that the couple had separated due to irreconcilable differences. She has appeared in number of reality shows as a host, contestant or judge and has become a controversial television personality. In May 2012, she announced that she would be working in the Bengali remake of the film The Dirty Picture.^[6]

Film Career [link]

Item Numbers [link]

Year	Film	Language	Song
2001	Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke	Hindi	"Bam Bhole Bam Bhole"
2003	Aanch	Hindi	"Hai Re Umariya 16 baras Ki"
2005	Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena	Hindi	"Ankhiya Na Maar Mere Yaar Mundiya"
2005	The Powerful Man	Hindi	"Chikna Badan"
2006	Hot Money	Hindi	"Daulat Hai Karishma"
2006	Malamaal Weekly	Hindi	"Kismat Se Chalti Hai"
2007	Geleya	Kannada	"Nanna Stylu Berene"
2008	Krazzy 4	Hindi	"Dekhta Hai Tu Kya"
2008	1920	Hindi	"Jab Das Jaaye Bichua"
2008	Mudrank - The Stamp	Hindi	"Mohabbat Kya Hoti Hain"
2009	Muthirai	Tamil	"Night Is Still Young"
2009	Drona	Telugu	"Sayya Re Sayya Re"
2010	Horn Ok Please	Hindi	"Pom Pom"
2010	Marega Salaa	Hindi	"Sehra Sehra Tujhpe Dil"
2011	Gahraee	Hindi	"Meri Jawani AK47"
2011	Loot	Hindi	"Jawani Ki Bank Loot Le"
2012	Rakhtbeej	Hindi	"Latto Ghuma Re Chora"
2012	Om Shanti	Bengali	"Chonnara Dil Thame Dekhle Dekhle Rangin Rakhi"
2012	Valentine's Night	Hindi	"Gaye Re Gaye Saand Paani Mein"

Music Videos [link]

Year	Song	Album	Language
2005	"Pardesiya Yeh Sach Hai Piya Remix"	D.J. Hot Remix-Vol.3	Hindi
2006	"Kajra Nite Remix"	Kajra Nite Remix	Hindi
2007	"Haadsa"	Universal Music	Hindi
2008	"Tu Dissda"	Club Mix	Hindi
2009	"Bhoot"	Ishq Bector	Hindi
2010	"Jhagde"	Ishq Bector	Hindi

Acting Career [link]

Year	Film	Role	Language	Notes
1997	Agni Chakra		Hindi
1999	Dil Ka Sauda	Rambha	Hindi
2000	Kurukshetra	Geeta	Hindi
2000	Joru Ka Ghulam	Chandni	Hindi	Cameo appearance
2000	Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain		Hindi	Cameo appearance
2001	Ehsaas: The Feeling		Hindi
2002	Badmaash No. 1		Hindi
2002	Gautam Govinda		Hindi
2002	Na Tum Jaano Na Hum	Disco Shanti	Hindi	Cameo appearance
2003	Dum		Hindi
2003	Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne	Sheena	Hindi
2003	Om	Celina	Hindi	Cameo appearance
2003	Bad Boys		Hindi
2003	2nd October		Hindi
2003	Patth		Hindi
2004	Gambeeram		Tamil	Cameo appearance
2004	Paisa Vasool	Dilkhush	Hindi
2004	Masti: Sanam Teri Kasam	Ms. Saxena	Hindi
2004	Main Hoon Na	Mini	Hindi
2004	Saatchya Aat Gharat		Marathi	Cameo appearance
2005	Mumbai Xpress		Hindi
2005	Khamoshh... Khauff Ki Raat	Kashmira	Hindi
2007	Shootout at Lokhandwala	Pooja Bedi	Hindi
2007	Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited	Deepa Kutti	Hindi
2007	Buddha Mar Gaya	Kim / Vishkanya	Hindi
2008	Gumnaam- The Mystery	Ria's friend	Hindi
2008	Dhoom Dadakka	Rambha	Hindi
2009	Dil Bole Hadippa!	Shanno Amritsari	Hindi
2010	Mungilal Rocks		Hindi

Television Career [link]

Year	Show	Channel	Notes
2006	Bigg Boss (Season 1)	Sony TV	Contestant
2007	Comedy Ka Badsshah- Hasega India	Sony TV	Judge alongside Raju Srivastav
2007	Nach Baliye 3	STAR Plus	Participant along-with Abhishek Avasthi
2008	Yeh Hai Jalwa	9X	Winner with her group Chiller party
2008	The Rakhi Sawant Showz	Zoom TV	Host
2008	Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka	Zee TV	Judge
2008	Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1	9X	Contestant
2009	Arre Deewano Mujhe Pehchano	STAR Plus	Contestant
2009	Rakhi Ka Swayamwar	NDTV Imagine	Leading Lady
2009	Pati, Patni Aur Woh	NDTV Imagine	Participant along-with Elesh Parujanwala
2010	Zara Nachke Dikha (Season 2)	STAR Plus	Winner with her team Masakali Girls
2010	Rakhi ka Insaaf	NDTV Imagine	Host
2011	Maa Exchange	Sony TV	Participant with Jaya Sawant
2011	Bigg Toss	India TV	Contestant
2011	Ghazab Desh Ki Ajab Kahaaniyan	NDTV Imagine	Host

Guest Appearances [link]

Year	Show	TV Channel
2006	Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai	Zee TV
2007	Let's Talk...	Zoom TV
2007	Aap Ki Adalat	India TV
2007	Baa Bahoo Aur Baby(Season 1)	STAR Plus
2007	Koffee with Karan (Season 2)	STAR One
2008	Bigg Boss (season 2)	Colors
2008	10 Ka Dum	Sony TV
2009	Aap Ki Adalat	India TV
2009	Nach Baliye 4	STAR Plus
2009	Boogie Woogie	Sony TV
2009	Lux Perfect Bride	STAR Plus
2010	Bigg Boss (Season 4)	Colors
2010	Jubilee Comedy Circus	Sony TV
2011	Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka	Sony TV
2011	Boogie Woogie	Sony TV
2011	Ratan Ka Rishta	NDTV Imagine
2011	Sheela, Shagun and Meenakshi	STAR News
2011	Shaadi 3 Crore Ki	NDTV Imagine
2012	Bigg Boss (season 5)	Colors
2012	Kahani Comedy Circus Ki	Sony TV
2012	All Most Famous	Zoom TV

References [link]

^ Sam Kumar Shukla (20 November 2008). "Rakhi Sawant goes wireless!". One India. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2008/rakhi-sawant-wireless-201108.html. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
^ ""I have served food at Tina Ambani's wedding" Rakhi". IndiaFm. One India. 17 September 2007. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/rakhi-sawant-170907.html. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
^ McDonald, Hamish (1999). The Polyester Prince: The Rise of Dhirubhai Ambani. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-468-3. "Dhirubhai and Kokilaben Ambani invited us to the wedding of their son Anil to Tina Munim in Bombay in January 1991..."
^ India Forums (28 September 2009). "I have been endowed this responsibility by Lord himself - Rakhi Sawant". One India. http://www.india-forums.com/tellybuzz/starry-takes/5536-i-have-been-endowed-this-responsibility-by-lord-himself-rakhi-saw.htm. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
^ "Rakhi Sawant moves women's panel against Mika". Times of India. June 16, 2006. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rakhi-Sawant-moves-womens-panel-against-Mika/articleshow/1654265.cms. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
^ "I'll do a better 'ooh lala' than Vidya:Rakhi Sawant". Times of India. May 26, 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ill-do-a-better-ooh-lala-than-Vidya-Rakhi-Sawant/articleshow/13478871.cms.

External links [link]

Rakhi Sawant at the Internet Movie Database

v t e Housemates of Bigg Boss

2006	Rahul Roy Carol Gracias Ravi Kishan Rakhi Sawant Amit Sadh Rupali Ganguly Baba Sehgal Deepak Tijori Anupama Verma Aryan Vaid Kashmira Shah Deepak Parashar Bobby Darling Salil Ankola

2008	Ashutosh Kaushik Raja Chaudhary Zulfi Syed Rahul Mahajan Monica Bedi Diana Hayden Debojit Saha Payal Rohatgi Ketaki Dave Rakhee Tandon Sanjay Nirupam Jade Goody

2009	Vindu Dara Singh Pravesh Rana Poonam Dhillon Bakhtiyaar Irani Aditi Gowitrikar Claudia Ciesla Raju Srivastav Vinod Kambli Shamita Shetty Tanaaz Irani Ismail Darbar Sherlyn Chopra Kamaal Rashid Khan Jaya Sawant

2010 - 2011	Shweta Tiwari The Great Khali Ashmit Patel Dolly Bindra Samir Soni Veena Malik Seema Parihar Sara Khan Manoj Tiwari Rahul Bhatt Begum Nawazish Abbas Kazmi

2011 - 2012	Juhi Parmar Mahek Chahal Siddharth Bhardwaj Akashdeep Saigal Amar Upadhyay Sunny Leone Pooja Misrra Shonali Nagrani Pooja Bedi Vida Samadzai Mandeep Bevli Shakti Kapoor Raageshwari Gulabo Sapera Sonika Kaliraman Malik

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhi_Sawant

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Khan, Ahmed Rida
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	14 June 1856
Place of birth
Date of death	1921
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Sawant, Rakhi
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	25 November 1978
Place of birth	Badarpur
Date of death
Place of death

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