Name	Bozhou
Official name	亳州市
Native name	亳州
Settlement type	Prefecture-level city
Total type
Motto
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Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates region	CN
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	China
Subdivision type1	Province
Subdivision name1	Anhui
Subdivision type2	County-level divisions
Subdivision name2	4
Subdivision type3	Township-level divisions
Seat type	City seat
Seat	Qiaocheng District()
Parts style
Parts
P2
Leader title	CPC Secretary
Leader title1	Mayor
Leader name1	Liu Jian (刘健)
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Established title2
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Area total km2	8394
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Area blank1 sq mi
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Population density km2	auto
Population density blank1 sq mi
Timezone	China Standard
Utc offset	+8
coor type
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Postal code	236800
Area code	558
Blank name	GDP
Blank1 name	GDP per capita
Blank2 name	License Plate Prefix
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Footnotes	}}

Bozhou () is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Anhui province, People's Republic of China. It borders Huaibei to the northeast, Bengbu to the southeast, Huainan to the south, Fuyang to the southwest, and the province of Henan to the north.

Administration

The prefecture-level city of Bozhou administers 4 county-level divisions, including 1 district and 3 counties.

English Name	Chinese Name (Simplified / Traditional)	Pin yin	Post Code
Qiaocheng District	谯城区 / 譙城區	Qiáochéng Qū	236800
Guoyang County	涡阳县 / 渦陽縣	Guōyáng Xiàn	233600
Lixin County	利辛县 / 利辛縣	Lìxīn Xiàn	236700
Mengcheng County	蒙城县 / 蒙城縣	Méngchéng Xiàn	233500

Geography

Bozhou features a humid subtropical climate (Koppen ''Cwa'') with four distinct seasons. With an annual average temperature of , monthly mean temperatures range from in January to in August. Winters are damp and cold (yet the precipitation is low) while summers are hot and humid. Rainfall is heavily concentrated in the warmer months, as more than half of the annual total occurs from June to August.

History

Bozhou was, in addition to being a prefecture during the Tang Dynasty, once the Qiao Commandry (谯郡) at the time of the Sui Dynasty.

In 1355, during the Mongol Dynasty, Han Lin'er (韓林兒) was proclaimed by Liu Futong (劉福通) to be the Emperor of Great Song (大宋, a reference to the extinct Song Empire) with the era name Longfeng (龍鳳 "Dragon and fenghuang"). Chao was nicknamed "The Little Ming King" (小明王).

In 1368, Bo Prefecture was downgraded in status and became a county (县 ''xiàn''). In 1496, it was again upgraded to a prefecture then later lowered to a county in 1912 when it became Bo County. In May 1986, it was upgraded to a county-level city administered by the Fuyang Region (阜阳地区). In 1996, Bozhou was upgraded to a provincially directly administered city (省直辖市), under the control of Fuyang City on behalf of the province. The province has directly administered Bozhou since February 1998. In June 2000, Bozhou was made a regional (地级市), or provincially administered city (省辖市).

Bozhou is currently the capital of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in mainland China, with one of the largest TCM industries in the country. In 2008 companies based in Bozhou exported over 160,000 tons of products (out of total Chinese exports of 240,000 tons). Whilst relatively undeveloped in terms of westernisation, Bozhou continues to be the primary location for TCM within China. The international TCM Expo is held in Bozhou on the 9th of September each year which sees delegates from around the world coming to discuss TCM.

The city is located on two main Chinese train routes running from Beijing to the south and from the east to Shanghai which facilitate the easy transportation of goods and people.

Bozhou's population currently stands at around the three million mark which makes it small by Chinese standards. Whilst Bozhou is currently developing and expanding, it still has few internationally recognized brands based in the city.

Notable people

Cao Cao (155 - 220), last chancellor and ''de facto'' ruler of the Eastern Han Dynasty

Hua Tuo (110 - 208 (estimated)), renowned Eastern Han Dynasty physician, first inventor of general anaesthesia

Hua Mulan, legendary heroine who disguised herself as a man in order to replace her father in the army draft

External links

Government website of Bozhou (in Simplified Chinese)

New English version of Bozhou's tourist website

Category:Cities in Anhui

cs:Po-čou da:Bozhou de:Bozhou es:Bozhou eu:Bozhou fr:Bozhou ko:보저우 시 it:Bozhou nl:Bozhou ja:亳州市 no:Bozhou pl:Bozhou ru:Бочжоу sv:Bozhou tl:Bozhou vi:Bạc Châu war:Bozhou zh:亳州市

Name	Hua Tuo
Title	Physician
Birth date	c. 145
Death date	c. 208
Simp	华陀
Trad	華佗
Pinyin	Huà Tuó
Wg	Hua T'o
Zi	Yuánhuà (元化)
Other	}}

Hua Tuo (c. 145-208) was an ancient Chinese physician who lived during the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of Chinese history. The ''Records of Three Kingdoms'' and ''Book of Later Han'' record Hua as the first person in China to use anesthesia during surgery. He used a general anesthetic combining wine with a herbal concoction called ''mafeisan'' (麻沸散 lit. "cannabis boil powder"). Besides being respected for expertise in surgery and anesthesia, Hua Tuo was famous for his abilities in acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine, and medical Daoyin exercises. He developed the ''Wuqinxi'' (五禽戲 "Exercise of the Five Animals") from studying movements of the tiger, deer, bear, monkey, and crane.

Historical accounts

The oldest extant biographies of Hua Tuo (tr. DeWoskin 1983:140-153 and Mair 1994:688-696) are found in the official Chinese histories for the Eastern Han (25-220) and Three Kingdoms (189-280) eras. The 3rd-century ''Sanguozhi'' (三國志 "''Records of Three Kingdoms''") and 5th-century ''Hou Hanshu'' (後漢書 "''Book of the Later Han''") record that Hua was from the district of Qiao (譙) in the state of Pei (沛, i.e., modern Bozhou district in Anhui Province), and studied Chinese classics throughout the Xuzhou region (modern Jiangsu and Shandong). Hua refused employment offers from high-ranking officials (e.g., Chen Gui 陳圭) and chose to practice medicine. The dates of Hua's life are uncertain. Estimations range from 110-207 (Li 1974:296, Mair 1994:227) to 190-265 (Veith 1996:3); Lu and Needham (2002:117) conclude that the "best estimate" is circa 145-208. Hua Tuo was an older contemporary of the physician Zhang Zhongjing (150-219).

The name Hua Tuo combines the Chinese surname Hua (華, lit. "magnificent; China") with the uncommon Chinese given name Tuo (佗 "hunchback", or 陀 "steep hill"). He was also known as Hua Fu (尃 "apply [powder/ointment/etc.]"), and his Chinese style name was Yuan Hua (元化 "Primal Transformation").

Some scholars (e.g., Chen Yinke 1977:36-40, Chen Jinhua 2007:293) believe Hua Tuo's name was probably of Indian origin, and he learned Ayurveda medical techniques from early Buddhist missionaries in China. Victor H. Mair (1994:227) describes him as "many hundreds of years ahead of his time in medical knowledge and practice", and suggests his name Hua Tuo, which was roughly pronounced *''ghwa-thā'' in ancient Chinese, could derive from Sanskrit ''agada'' "medicine; toxicology". Several stories in Hua's biography "have a suspiciously Ayurvedic character to them" (see Salguero 2009), and he was active "in the areas where the first Buddhist communities were established in China."

Hua Tuo's ''Sanguozhi'' biography describes him as resembling a Daoist ''xian'' (仙 "immortal") and details his medical techniques.

Hua-t'o had mastered the technique for nourishing one's nature. Although his contemporaries thought that he must have been a hundred years old, he still looked hale and hardy. Hua-t'o was also highly skilled in prescribing medicines. In curing illnesses, the decoctions that he prepared required only a few ingredients. His mind was so adept at dividing up and compounding according to the right proportions that he did not have to weigh the different components of his medicines with a balance. Once the decoction was boiled thoroughly it could be drunk. Hua-t'o would tell the patient how to take the medicine and then would go away, after which the patient's condition would promptly improve.

If Hua-t'o employed moxibustion, he would only burn punk in one or two places and in each place he only made seven or eight separate cauterizations, to which the disease would rapidly respond during the course of its elimination. If he employed acupuncture, it was also only in one or two places. As he instated the needle, he would instruct the patient, "I am going to guide the point to such-and-such a spot. When you feel it reach there, tell me." As soon as the patient told him that the point had already reached the designated spot, he would withdraw the needle and the sickness would likewise be virtually alleviated.

If a sickness were concentrated internally where the effect of acupuncture needles and medicines could not reach it, Hua-t'o would recognize that it was necessary to operate. In such cases, he would have his patients drink a solution of morphean powder whereupon they would immediately become intoxicated as though dead and completely insensate. Then he could make an incision and remove the diseased tissues. If the disease were in the intestines, he would sever them and wash them out, after which he would stitch the abdomen together and rub on an ointment. After a period of about four or five days, there would be no more pain. The patient would gradually regain full consciousness and within a month he would return to normal. (tr. Mair 1994:688-689)

Hua Tuo's corresponding ''Hou Hanshu'' biography explains this ''mafeisan'' "cannabis boiling powder" decoction was dissolved in ''jiu'' (酒 "alcoholic beverage; wine"). Hua's prescription for ''mafeisan'' anesthetic liquor was lost or destroyed, along with all of his writings. The (c. 636) ''Book of Sui'' lists five medical books attributed to Hua Tuo and his disciples, but none are extant (Fan 2004:316).

The subsequent portion of Hua Tuo’s biography in the ''Sanguozhi'' (Mair 1994:689-694) lists sixteen medical cases: ten internal medicine, three surgical, two gynecological, and one pediatric case. Thus, writes Fan (2004:314), "Hua Tuo’s treatment of diseases was centered on internal medicine, but also included surgery, gynecology and pediatrics. He removed parasites, performed abortions and treated ulcers, sores and analgesia." For example,

The governor of Kuang-ling, Li Teng, had an illness which caused him to be distressed by a feeling of stuffiness in his chest. He also had a red face and no desire for food. Hua-t'o took his pulse and said, "Your honor, there are several pints of parasitic bugs in your stomach and you are on the verge of developing an ulcer. This was caused by eating raw fish." Whereupon he prepared two pints of a decoction for the governor, Hua-t'o had him drink one pint first and then after a little while had him finish the remainder. In the space of time that it takes to eat a meal, the governor vomited up three pints or so of parasites. They had red heads and were all wriggling; half of their bodies looked like sashimi. The discomfort that he had experienced was immediately relieved. "This sickness will erupt after three years. If you are attended by a good doctor, he will be able to save you." The sickness did indeed erupt after the specified period. At the time, Hua-t'o was not in the area and the governor died as Hua-t'o had said he would if he did not have a good doctor. (tr. Mair 1994:692-693)

Cao Cao (155-220), the tyrannical founder of the Cao Wei kingdom, was Hua Tuo's best-known patient, and suffered from chronic headaches (possibly caused by a brain tumor).

Ts'ao Ts'ao heard about Hua-t'o and summoned him to court where he henceforth was often in attendance. Ts'ao Ts'ao suffered from blustery headaches. Whenever an attack came on, he would become dizzy and confused. Hua-t'o would employ acupuncture treatment at the diaphragmatic transport insertion point and the condition would be alleviated as soon as the procedure was carried out. (tr. Mair 1994:693)

Lu and Sir Joseph Needham (2002:118) translate Cao's condition as "migraine headaches accompanied by mental disturbance and dizziness", and identify this acupuncture point on the sole as ''Yongquan'' (涌泉 "bubbling fountain").

Cao ordered Hua to work as his personal physician, which Hua resented.

Examples of Hua-t'o's superlative skills are in general of this sort. However, since he was originally a scholar, he often regretted that he was looked upon as a physician by profession. Later, when Ta'ao Ta'ao took personal control of the affairs of state, his sickness intensified and he had Hua-t'o attend him exclusively. "It will be difficult to heal you in the near term but if we maintain a program of treatment over a longer period, it will be possible to extend your life-span." (tr. Mair 1994:694)

In order to avoid treating Cao, Hua repeatedly made excuses that his wife was ill, but Cao discovered the deception and ordered Hua's execution. Xun Yu, an advisor of Cao Cao petitioned on behalf of the physician.

Hua-t'o had been far away from home for a long time and wished to return, so he said, "I just received a letter from home and would like to go back temporarily." After he reached home, excusing himself on the grounds of his wife's illness, he requested several extension of his leave and did not come back. Ts'ao Ts'ao repeatedly wrote letters to Hua-t'o calling him back, and he issued imperial orders to the commandery and district authorities to send Hua-t'o back. Proud of his ability and finding it distasteful to wait upon others for a living, Hua-t'o continued to procrastinate in setting off on the journey. Ts'ao Ts'ao became very angry and dispatched men to go and investigate. If Hua-t'o's wife were really sick, Ts'ao Ts'ao would present him with forth bushels of lentils and be lenient in setting a date when his leave would expire. But if Hua-t'o were prevaricating, then he would be apprehended and escorted back. Consequently, Hua-t'o was handed over to the prison at Hsü where after interrogation, he confessed his guilt. Interceding on behalf of Hua-t'o, Hsün Yü said, "Hua-t'o's techniques are truly effective and people's lives are dependent upon them. It is fitting that you be clement toward him." "Don’t worry," said Ts'ao Ts'ao. "Do you think there aren't any other rats like him under heaven?" (tr. Mair 1994:694)

Hua Tuo wrote down his medical techniques while awaiting execution, but destroyed his ''Qingnang shu'' (青囊書 lit. "green bag book", which became a Classical Chinese term for "medical practices text").

Whereupon the investigation against Hua-t'o was concluded with the announcement of the death penalty. When Hua-t'o was about to be executed he brought out a scroll with writing on it and handed it over to the jailer, saying, "This can preserve people's lives." Fearful of the law, the prison subaltern would not accept it, nor did Hua-t'o force it upon him. Instead, he asked for a fire in which he burned the scroll. (tr. Mair 1994:694)

This loss to traditional Chinese medicine was irreplaceable. Veith (1966:3) notes that, "Unfortunately, Hua T'o's works were destroyed; his surgical practices fell into disuse, with the exception of his method of castration, which continued to be practiced. Due to the religious stigma attached to the practice of surgery, the social position accorded to the surgeon became increasingly lower and thus made a revival of Chinese surgery impossible." A ''Liezi'' legend (tr. Giles 1912:81-83) claims the renowned physician Bian Que (ca. 500 BCE) used anesthesia to perform a double heart transplantation, but that (ca. 4th century CE) text was compiled after Hua Tuo used ''mafeisan''.

Cao Cao later regretted executing Hua when his son Cao Chong (196-208), a child prodigy who discovered Archimedes' principle, died from illness.

After Hua-t'o's death, Ts'ao Ts'ao's blustery headaches did not go away. "Hua-t'o could have cured me," said Ts'ao Ts'ao, "but the scoundrel prolonged my illness, wishing thereby to enhance his own position. Thus, even if I hadn't put the knave to death, he never would have eradicated the source of my sickness." Later on, when his beloved son Ts'ang-shu was critically ill, Ts'ao Ts'ao said with a sigh, "I regret having put Hua-t'o to death and causing my son to die in vain." (tr. Mair 1994:695)

The ''Sanguozhi'' does not specify Hua Tuo's exact date of death, but since Cao Chong died in 208, Hua Tuo could not have lived past that year.

Hua's biography ends with accounts of his disciples Wu Pu 吳普 and Fan A 樊阿.

Wu P'u of Kuang-ling and Fan Ah of P'eng-ch'eng both studied with Hua-t'o. Using Hua-t'o's methods of treatment, many people were completely cured by Wu P'u. "The human body needs exertion." Hua-t'o told Wu P'u, "but it shouldn't be pushed to the limit. Movement of the limbs facilitates the absorption of nutrients in food and enable the blood in the arteries to flow freely, preventing sickness from occurring. It's like a door-pivot that never decays from bugs or worms because of the constant opening and closing. That's why, when the ancient transcendent practiced duction, they strode like a bear and turned their head backward like an owl. They elongated their waist and limbs and moved all of their joints, seeking to stave off old age. I have a technique called 'the exercise of the five animals'. The first is the tiger, the second is the deer, the third is the bear, the fourth is the ape, the fifth is the bird. They may also be used to get rid of illness and are beneficial for the legs and feet because they are a type of duction. If there is discomfort somewhere in your body, get up and do one of my animal exercises until you're soaking with sweat, then sprinkle powder on yourself. Your body will feel relaxed and you'll have a good appetite." (tr. Mair 695-696)

Fan A was skilled at acupuncture and inserted the needles to extraordinary depths. Mair (1994:695) notes this unusual name may indicate Fan A was a foreigner, and this area was around modern Tongshan County, Jiangsu, "location of the first known Buddhist community in China".

Fan Ah requested from Hua-t'o the recipe for an orally ingested medicine that would be beneficial to one's health, and Hua-t'o instructed him how to make a powder of varish tree leaves and herbe de flacq. The proportions are fourteen ounces of shredded herbe de flacq for each pint of shredded varnish tree leaves. Hua-t'o said that if one takes a long course of this medicine, it will get rid of the three worms [types of parasites], benefit the five viscera, make the body feel nimble, and prevent you hair from turning white. (tr. Mair 1994:696)

These herbs are ''qiye'' (漆叶 "Toxicodendron vernicifluum leaves") and ''qingdian'' (青黏 "Sigesbeckia orientalis").

The Song Dynasty Confucianist scholar Ye Mengde (1077–1148) criticized the ''Sanguozhi'' and ''Hou Hanshu'' biographies of Hua Tuo as being mythological. Ye's "Physicians Cannot Raise the Dead" essay repeated the descriptions of Hua using anesthesia to perform internal surgery, and reasoned,

There is absolutely no principle whereby to account for this. That which makes a human being a human being is his physical form, and that which enlivens the physical form is the vital breath. I have no way of knowing whether Hua-t'o's medicine could make a person intoxicated to the point of unconsciousness so that he could endure being cut open and could fully recuperate, causing the damaged portions to grow back together again. However, once the abdomen, back, intestines, or stomach have been cut open and dissected, how can they again be infused with vital breath? Being in such a condition, how could they be brought back to life again? If Hua-t'o could do this, then whoever was subjected to the punishment of dismemberment could be brought back to life again and there would no longer be any reason for carrying out royal punishments [involving physical mutilation]. (tr. Mair 1994:697)

In later times, a set of 34 paravertebral acupuncture points was named the "Hua Tuo Jiaji" (華佗夹脊) in his honor. Hua is considered a ''shenyi'' (神醫 "divine doctor") and is worshiped as a medicinal god or immortal in Daoist temples. "Hua Tuo zaishi" (華佗再世 "Hua Tuo reincarnated") is a term of respect for a highly skilled doctor.

Fictional accounts

In the historical novel ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', Hua Tuo supposedly healed the Shu Han general, Guan Yu, who had been struck with a poisoned arrow during his Battle of Fancheng. Hua Tuo offered to anesthetize Guan Yu, but he simply laughed that he was not afraid of pain. Hua Tuo used a knife to cut the flesh from Guan Yu's arm and scrape the poison from the bone, and the sounds chilled all those who heard them. During this excruciating treatment, Guan Yu continued to play the board game Weiqi with Ma Liang, without flinching from pain. When later asked by Ma Liang, Guan Yu said that he feigned being unhurt to keep the morale of the army high. After Hua Tuo's successful operation, Guan Yu allegedly rewarded him with a sumptuous banquet, and offered a present of 100 ounces of gold, but he refused, saying that a doctor's duty was curing patients, not making profits. Despite the historical fact that Hua Tuo died in 208, a decade before Guan Yu fought the 219 Battle of Fancheng, this storied operation is a popular artistic theme.

Hua Tuo was later called upon to cure a chronic excruciating pain in Cao Cao's head, which turned out to be a brain tumor. Hua Tuo told Cao Cao that in order to remove the tumor, it would be necessary to open up his skull. However, Cao Cao suspected the doctor intended murder, and ordered that Hua Tuo be jailed and executed. This was because Ji Ben, a former royal surgeon, had participated in Dong Cheng's assassination plot on Cao Cao (this assassination attempt by Ji Ben however did historically happen).

The novel ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' has it that Hua Tuo gave his ''Qing Nang Shu'', which recorded techniques for treating patients, to a prison official before his execution in order that his medical profession would survive. The wife of the official burned the book to avoid implication. Alarmed, the official immediately seized the burning papers from her, but the only parts he obtained were those dealing with how to emasculate hen and ducks and the other medical methods of Hua Tuo were lost forever.

Mafeisan

Hua Tuo's innovative anesthetic ''mafeisan'' "cannabis boiling powder" is a long-standing mystery.

The name ''mafeisan'' combines ''ma'' (麻 "cannabis; hemp; numbed"), ''fei'' (沸 "boiling; bubbling"), and ''san'' (散 "break up; scatter; medicine in powder form"). ''Ma'' can mean "cannabis; hemp" and "numbed; tingling" (e.g., ''mazui'' 麻醉 "anesthetic; narcotic"), which Li (1974:297) believes semantically "derived from the properties of the fruits and leaves, which were used as infusions for medicinal purposes".

Modern Standard Chinese ''mafei'' is reconstructed as Old Chinese *''mrâipəts'', Late Han Chinese ''maipus'' (during Hua's life), and Middle Chinese ''mapjwəi'' (Schuessler 2007:233, 373).

Many sinologists and scholars of Traditional Chinese Medicine have guessed at the anesthetic components of ''mafei'' powder. Smith (1871:61) contends that Hua Tuo, "the Machaon of Chinese historical romance", used ''yabulu'' (押不蘆 "''Mandragora officinarum''") rather than ''huoma'' (火麻 "Cannabis") and ''mantoulo'' (曼佗羅 "''Datura stramonium''", n.b., Hua's name Tuo) "infused in wine, and drunk as a stupefying medicine". Herbert Giles (1897:323) translates ''mafeisan'' as "hashish"; his son Lionel Giles (1948:72) identifies "hemp-bubble-powder" as "something akin to hashish or bhang". Veith (1966:3) quotes the sinologist Erich Hauer's "opinion that ''ma-fei'' (麻沸) means opium." Victor H. Mair (1994:689) notes that ''mafei'' "appears to be a transcription of some Indo-European word related to "morphine"." Although Friedrich Sertürner first isolated morphine from opium in 1804, Mair suggests, "It is conceivable that some such name as morphine was already in use before as a designation for the anesthetic properties of this opium derivative or some other naturally occurring substance." Wang and Ping (1999:91) find consensus among "scientists of later generations" that ''mafei'' contained ''yangjinhua'' (洋金花 "''Datura stramonium''") and ''wutou'' (烏頭 "rhizome of ''Aconitum'', Chinese monkshood") or ''caowu'' (草烏 "''Aconitum kusnezoffli''n; Kusnezoff monkshood").

Lu and Needham (2002:118) suggest Hua Tuo may have discovered surgical analgesia by acupuncture, "quite apart from the stupefying potions for which he became so famous – if so he kept it to himself and his immediate disciples so that the secret did not survive".

See also

List of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

Chen Shou. ''Records of Three Kingdoms'', Volume 29, Biography of Hua Tuo.

Chen Jinhua 陈金华. 2007. ''Philosopher, Practitioner, Politician: The Many Lives of Fazang (643-712)''. Brill.

Chen Yinque 陈寅恪. 1977. "''Sanguozhi'' Cao Chong Hua Tuo zhuan yu fojiao gushi" (Biographies of Cao Chong and Hua Tuo in the ''Sanguozhi'' and their relationship with Buddhist legends), ''Chen Yinque xiansheng quan ji'' (Collected works of Chen Yinque), Jiushi chuban.

DeWoskin, Kenneth J. 1983. ''Doctors, Diviners and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang-Shih''. Columbia University Press.

Fan, Ka Wai. 2004. "On Hua Tuo's Position in the History of Chinese Medicine," ''The American Journal of Chinese Medicine'', 32.2:313-320.

Giles, Herbert A. 1897. ''A Chinese Biographical Dictionary''. Kelly & Walsh.

Giles, Lionel. 1912. ''Taoist Teachings from the Book of Lieh-Tzŭ''. Wisdom of the East.

Giles, Lionel. 1948. ''A Gallery of Chinese Immortals''. J. Murray.

Li Hui-Lin. 1973. "The Origin and Use of Cannabis in Eastern Asia: Linguistic-Cultural Implications", ''Economic Botany'' 28.3:293-301.

Lu Gwei-Djen and Joseph Needham. 2002. ''Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa''. Routledge.

Mair, Victor H., tr. 1994. "The Biography of Hua-t'o from the ''History of the Three Kingdoms'', in ''The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature'', ed. by Victor H. Mair. Columbia University Press. 688-696.

Salguero, C. Pierce. 2009. "The Buddhist medicine king in literary context: reconsidering an early medieval example of Indian influence on Chinese medicine and surgery", ''History of Religions'' 48.3:183-210.

Schuessler, Axel. 2007. ''An Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese''. University of Hawaii Press.

Smith, Frederick P. 1871. ''Contributions towards the Materia Medica and Natural History of China''. Trubner & Co.

Veith, Ilza. 1966. ''Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen; The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine''. University of California Press.

Wang Zhenguo and Ping Chen. 1999. ''History and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine''. IOS Press.

External links

Hua Tuo, Subhuti Dharmananda

Hua Tuo: A miraculous healer in ancient China, Association for Asian Research

A Brief Biography of Hua Tuo, John Chen

Category:Ancient Chinese physicians Category:Cao Cao and associates Category:208 deaths Category:People executed by the Han Dynasty Category:Executed Chinese people Category:3rd-century executions Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Year of birth uncertain

ca:Hua Tuo de:Hua Tuo es:Hua Tuo fr:Hua Tuo gl:Hua Tuo ko:화타 id:Hua Tuo he:חווא טו nl:Hua Tuo ja:華佗 pl:Hua Tuo pt:Hua Tuo ro:Hua Tuo ru:Хуа То sh:Hua Tuo fi:Hua Tuo th:ฮัวโต๋ vi:Hoa Đà zh-classical:華佗 zh-yue:華佗 zh:华佗

Name	Donnie Yen
Tradchinesename	甄子丹
Simpchinesename	甄子丹
Pinyinchinesename	Zhēn Zǐdān
Jyutpingchinesename	Jan1 Zi2daan1
Ancestry	Taishan, Guangdong, China
Origin	Hong Kong
Birth date	July 27, 1963
Birth place	Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Occupation	Actor, martial artist, film director and producer, action choreographer
Yearsactive	1983 - present
Spouse	Cecilia Cissy Wang (2003 - present)
Website	http://www.DonnieYen.asia
Goldenbauhiniaawards	Best Action Choreography2006 ''Dragon Tiger Gate''
Goldenhorseawards	Best Action Choreography2003 ''The Twins Effect''2007 ''Flash Point''
Hongkongfilmwards	Best Action Choreography2003 ''The Twins Effect''2005 ''SPL: Sha Po Lang''2008 ''Flash Point''
Awards	Iron Elephant AwardsBest Actor 2009 (''Ip Man) }}

height
weight lb	165
weight class	Lightweight Weltereight| height
style	Wushu, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Taekwondo, Boxing, Muay Thai, Amateur Wrestling, Wing Chun, Judo, Kickboxing
stance	Orthodox stance
rank	6th degree black belt in Taekwondo Purple belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Medalist at world Wushu tournament
website	http://www.donnieyen.asia/ }}

Donnie Yen (born 27 July 1963) is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film director and producer, action choreographer, and world wushu tournament medalist. Apart from being a well-known film and television actor in Hong Kong, Yen has also gained international recognition for appearing in many films together with other prominent and internationally-known actors such as Jackie Chan, Jet Li and Michelle Yeoh.

Yen is widely credited by many as the person responsible for popularizing the traditional martial arts style known as Wing Chun. He played the role of Wing Chun grandmaster Ip Man in the 2008 film ''Ip Man'', which was a box office success. This has led to an increase in the number of people taking up Wing Chun, leading to hundreds of new Wing Chun schools to be opened up in mainland China and other parts of Asia. Ip Chun, the eldest son of Ip Man, even mentioned that he is grateful to Yen for making his family art popular and allowing his father's legacy to be remembered.

Yen is considered to be Hong Kong's top action star; director Peter Chan mentioned that he "is the 'it' action person right now" and "has built himself into a bona fide leading man, who happens to be an action star." Yen is widely credited for bringing mixed martial arts (MMA) into the mainstream of Asian culture, by choreographing MMA in many of his recent films. Yen has displayed notable skills in MMA, being well-versed in Boxing, Kickboxing, Muay Thai, wrestling and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Seen as one of the most popular film stars in Asia in recent years, Yen is currently the highest paid actor in the whole of Asia.

Early life

Yen's mother, Bow-sim Mark (麥寶嬋), is a Wudangquan (internal martial arts) grandmaster, while his father, Klyster Yen (甄雲龍), is a newspaper editor. When Yen was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong, and then to Boston, Massachusetts, United States when he was 11. His younger sister, Chris Yen, is also a martial artist and actress, and appeared in the 2007 film ''Adventures of Johnny Tao: Rock Around the Dragon''.

At a young age, under influence from his mother, Yen developed an interest in martial arts and began experimenting with various styles, including tai-chi and other traditional Chinese martial arts. Yen focused on practicing wushu after dropping out of school. His parents were concerned that he was spending too much time in the Boston Combat Zone, that they sent him to Beijing on a two-year training program with the Beijing Wushu Team. When Yen decided to return to the United States, he made a side-trip to Hong Kong and met action choreographer Yuen Woo-ping there.

Yen also came from a family of musicians. His mother is a soprano, in addition to being a martial arts teacher in Boston, while his father is a violinist. Since young, he was taught by his parents to play musical instruments, including the piano. He also knows hip-hop dancing and breakdancing.

Career

Yen took on the role of a stuntman in his earliest films, ''Shaolin Drunkard'' (1983) and ''Taoism Drunkard'' (1984). At the age of 20, he took on his first acting role in the 1984 film ''Drunken Tai Chi'', and the film helped to make Yen more notable, even though it was not a critical success.

After filming ''Drunken Tai Chi'' and ''Tiger Cage'' (1988), Yen made his breakthrough role as General Nap-lan in ''Once Upon a Time in China II'' (1992), which included a dramatic fight scene between his character and Wong Fei-hung (played by Jet Li). Yen and Li appeared together again in the 2002 film ''Hero'', where Yen played a spear (or qiang) fighter who fought with Li's character, an unnamed swordsman. The film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar at the 2003 Academy Awards but lost to the German film ''Nowhere in Africa''.

In 1995, Yen starred as Chen Zhen (Cantonese: Chan Zan) in the television series ''Fist of Fury'' produced by ATV, which is adapted from the 1972 film of the same title that starred Bruce Lee as Chen Zhen. Yen reprised his role as Chen Zhen in the 2010 film ''Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen''.

In 1997, Yen started a production company called Bullet Films, and made his directorial debut in ''Legend of the Wolf'' (1997) and ''Ballistic Kiss'' (1998), in which he played the lead character. Yen went on to choreograph fight scenes and appeared in minor roles in some Hollywood films, such as ''Highlander: Endgame'' (2000) and ''Blade II'' (2002).

In 2003, Yen co-starred with Jackie Chan in ''Shanghai Knights''. His role of the antagonist, Wu Chow, was originally offered to Robin Shou, who played his on-screen nemesis in ''Tiger Cage 2'' (1990), but Shou turned down the offer due to scheduling conflicts and Yen took the role.

Yen choreographed most of the fight animation in the 2004 video game ''Onimusha 3'', which featured actors Takeshi Kaneshiro and Jean Reno. Yen continued to be active in the Hong Kong cinema in the 2000s, starring as Chu Zhaonan in Tsui Hark's wuxia epic film ''Seven Swords'', and as Ma Kwun in Wilson Yip's brutal crime drama film ''SPL: Sha Po Lang'' in 2005. Both films were featured at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival. Later that year, Yen co-starred with Nicholas Tse and Shawn Yue in Wilson Yip's ''Dragon Tiger Gate'', an adaptation of Wong Yuk-long's manhua series ''Oriental Heroes''. Yen also worked as action choreographer in ''Stormbreaker'', starring Alex Pettyfer. Yen's continued to work with Wilson Yip in ''Flash Point'' (2007) in which he starred as the lead character and served as producer and action choreographer for the film. He won the Best Action Choreography at the Golden Horse Film Awards and the Hong Kong Film Awards for his performance in ''Flash Point''.

In 2008, Yen starred in ''Ip Man'', a semi-biographical account of Yip Man, the Wing Chun master of Bruce Lee. ''Ip Man'' marked Yen's fourth collaboration with director Wilson Yip, reuniting him with his co-stars in ''SPL: Sha Po Lang'', Sammo Hung and Simon Yam. ''Ip Man'' became the biggest box office hit to date which featured Yen in the leading role, grossing HK$25 million in Hong Kong and 100 million yuan in China. In July 2011 it was announced that Yen and Cecilia Cheung would be cast in a Hong Kong remake of ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'', titled ''Assassin Couple'', with a reported pay of 30 million yuan.

In August 2011, while Yen was on a vacation with his family in the United States, he reportedly received an invitation by producer Avi Lerner to star in ''The Expendables 2''. It was stated that Yen is considering the offer, and have many films at hand, and will not decide until he sees if the script appeals to him or not.

Action choreography

Apart from being an acclaimed martial artist and actor, Yen is also a world class action choreographer, and his on-screen choreography has been recognized through the numerous awards he has attained.

In recent years, Yen was successful in including mixed martial arts (MMA) into his action choreography in various films, a feat most other action directors have been unsuccessful at accomplishing so far. ''Flash Point'', a film fully choreographed by Yen using MMA was a huge success. His work as a choreographer won him "Best Action Choreography" awards at the 27th Hong Kong Film Awards and the 2008 Golden Horse Film Awards. Another notable MMA film involving Yen is ''SPL: Sha Po Lang''.

Yen was the fight choreographer for the 2010 film ''Legend of the Fist: The Return of Chen Zhen''. For this film, Yen mentioned that he included Jeet Kune Do elements as a tribute to Bruce Lee, who played Chen Zhen in the 1972 film ''Fist of Fury''. Furthermore he incorporated many MMA elements in the film, coupled with the utilisation of Wing Chun. MMA is an interdisciplinary form of fighting utilising elements of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, judo, karate, boxing, kickboxing and wrestling, which is evident in the film. Yen also stated that the concept behind Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do is similar to that of MMA, hence the incorporation of many forms of martial arts is a necessity in this film.

Due to his notable success in action choreography, he is invited to choreograph most of his latest and upcoming films such as ''The Lost Bladesman'', ''Wu Xia'' and ''The Monkey King''.

Martial arts history, style and philosophy

Yen describes himself as a mixed martial artist, and this is evident from his style. He has learnt wushu since young, under his mother's teachings. He then went on to learn taekwondo in his teenage years, and currently holds a 6th degree black belt in taekwondo. When he was a teenager, he obtained a medal in a wushu competition held in the United States, known as Boston Combat Zone. The Beijing wushu team had a scouting in the United States at the same time, inviting Yen over to Beijing, China, where he began training at the Beijing Sports Institute, the same facility where champion-turned actor Jet Li trained, this is where the two of them crossed-path for the first time.

Yen later went on to discover and to seek knowledge on other martial arts style, he would later obtain belts from judo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and went on to study the art of parkour, wrestling, Muay Thai, kickboxing and boxing under various trainers. His exposure of mixed martial arts (MMA) was heightened when he went back to the United States from 2000 to 2003, while making his Hollywood debut, he also took time off to learn the various martial arts form. The progress was evident when he returned back to Asia, where he implemented his new found knowledge of MMA showcased in films such as ''SPL: Sha Po Lang'' (2005) and ''Flash Point'' (2007).

Near the end of 2007, Yen added a new arsenal to his martial arts system. He was offered the role of Wing Chun grandmaster and Bruce Lee's mentor, Ip Man, in a 2008 film named after the grandmaster. He worked hard and studied Wing Chun under Ip Man's eldest son, Ip Chun for 9 months before tackling the role.Ip Chun has since praised Yen for his effort, and complimented that Yen is a great martial artist and a fast learner, and has managed to grasp the full concept of Wing Chun much faster than anyone he has taught.

Yen believes in practical combat, and in his opinion, MMA is the most authentic type of practical combat. He has particular interest in the art of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and has obtained a purple belt. He has mentioned that he would have entered the Octagon, joining the Ultimate Fighting Championship if he did not have a recurring shoulder injury.

Yen's philosophy is that, even though there are many technical aspects of the various martial arts form, however the most effective form of combat is when the strength of the martial arts are added together, when various martial arts work together harmoniously. The essence of martial arts is the flow, the flow or images, the flow of music, the flow of communication between an artist and the audience. Martial art is a form of expression, an expression from your inner self to your hands and legs. Yen has a famous quote, "When you watch my films, you're feeling my heart."

Personal life

Yen married Cecilia Cissy Wang in Toronto in 2003. Wang was the winner of the 2000 Miss Chinese Toronto Pageant, including the "Miss Vitality" and "Miss Perfect Figure" awards. They have a daughter, Jasmine, born in 2004, and a son, James, born in 2007. In April 2010 his wife reportedly had a miscarriage.

Yen has stated that he is a big fan of the MMA organization Ultimate Fighting Championship, and has watched almost every UFC event available.

See also

Donnie Yen filmography

Cinema of Hong Kong

Cinema of China

References

External links

Donnie Yen's Sina blog site

"An Action Star Moves to the Lead," New York Times article

Donnie Yen profile page at Hong Kong Cinemagic

Category:1963 births Category:People from Guangzhou Category:Chinese choreographers Category:Hong Kong actors Category:Hong Kong film directors Category:Hong Kong film producers Category:Hong Kong kung fu practitioners Category:Hong Kong wushu practitioners Category:Chinese practitioners of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Category:Chinese Muay Thai practitioners Category:Living people Category:Taishanese people Category:Cantonese people Category:Best Action Choreographer HKFA Category:American film directors of Hong Kong descent Category:American people of Chinese descent Category:Hong Kong emigrants to the United States Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States

ar:دوني ين da:Donnie Yen de:Donnie Yen es:Donnie Yen fr:Donnie Yen ko:견자단 id:Donnie Yen it:Donnie Yen jv:Donnie Yen sw:Donnie Yen hu:Donnie Yen ja:ドニー・イェン pl:Donnie Yen ru:Донни Йен fi:Donnie Yen sv:Donnie Yen th:เจิน จื่อตัน tr:Donnie Yen vi:Chân Tử Đan zh:甄子丹

Name	Teng Haibin
Country
Birth date	January 02, 1985
Birth place	Beijing
Discipline	MAG
Show-medals	yes
Medaltemplates	}}

Teng Haibin (; born January 2, 1985 in Beijing) is a male Chinese gymnast. He is a Two Time World Champion as well as an Olympic gold medalist on the pommel horse. He cost his team a medal at the 2004 Olympics with multiple falls on every apparatus. He and Xiao Qin are considered personal favorites of Head Coach Huang Yubin.

See also

Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics

External links

Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Chinese male artistic gymnasts Category:Gymnasts at the 2004 Summer Olympics Category:Medalists at World Gymnastics Championships Category:Olympic gold medalists for China Category:Olympic gymnasts of China Category:People from Beijing Category:World champion gymnasts Category:Olympic medalists in gymnastics

de:Teng Haibin fr:Teng Haibin ja:滕海浜 ru:Тэн Хайбинь zh:滕海滨