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25 (twenty-five) is the natural number following 24 and preceding 26.

In mathematics[link]

It is a square number, being 5² = 5 × 5. It is the smallest square that is also a sum of two (non-zero) squares: 25 = 3² + 4². Hence it often appears in illustrations of the Pythagorean theorem.

25 is a centered octagonal number, a centered square number, and an automorphic number.

25 percent is equal to 1/4.

25 has an aliquot sum of 6 and number 6 is the first (or smallest) number to have an aliquot sequence that does not culminate in 0 through a prime. Twenty-five is the aliquot sum of three integers; 95, 119, and 143. Twenty-five is the second composite member of the 6-aliquot tree.

It is the smallest base 10 Friedman number as it can be expressed by its own numbers: 5².

It is also a Cullen number. 25 is the smallest pseudoprime satisfying the congruence 7ⁿ = 7 mod n.

25 is the smallest aspiring number — a composite non-sociable number whose aliquot sequence does not terminate.

According to the Shapiro inequality, 25 is the least odd integer n such that there exist Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n

such that 

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{x_i}{x_{i+1}+x_{i+2}} < \frac{n}{2}

where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): x_{n+1}=x_1, x_{n+2}=x_2 .

Within base 10 one can readily test for divisibility by 25 by seeing if the last two digits of the number match 25, 50, 75 or 00.

25 and 49 are the only perfect squares in the following list:

13,25,37,49,511,613,715,817,919,1021,1123,1225,1327,1429...etc.

The formula in this list can be described as Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 10^n * Z + (2Z + 1)

where n clearly depends on the number of digits in Z and in 2Z+1.

In base 30, 25 is a 1-automorphic number (displayed as the numeral 'P' or 'R' dependant on the chosen digit set), and in base 10 a 2-automorphic number.

In science[link]

• The atomic number of manganese

In religion[link]

• In Ezekiel's vision of a new temple: The number twenty-five is of cardinal importance in Ezekiel's Temple Vision (in the Bible, Ezekiel chapters 40-48).

• In The Book of Revelation's New International Version (©1984)

"Surrounding the throne were twenty-four other thrones, and seated on them were twenty-four elders. They were dressed in white and had crowns of gold on their heads."^[1] Which means that there were 25 thrones.

In sports[link]

• The size of the full roster on a Major League Baseball team for most of the season, except for regular-season games on or after September 1, when teams may expand their roster to no more than 40 players.
• In baseball, the number 25 is typically reserved for the best slugger on the team. Examples include Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds, and Mark Teixeira.
• The number of points needed to win a set in volleyball under rally scoring rules (except for the fifth set), so long as the losing team's score is two less than the winning team's score (i.e., if the winning team scores 25 points, the losing team can have no more than 23 points)
• In U.S. college football, schools that are members of NCAA Division I FBS are allowed to provide athletic scholarships to a maximum of 25 new football players (i.e., players who were not previously receiving scholarships) each season.

In other fields[link]

Twenty five is:

• The part of the name of LSD-25 molecule
• The number of years of marriage marked in a silver wedding anniversary.
• The minimum age of candidates for election to the United States House of Representatives. "Under 25" provides a common cut-off point for designating youth.
• The number of cents in a quarter.
• The usual TCP port for SMTP.
• The designation of United States Interstate 25, a freeway that runs from New Mexico to Wyoming
• The designation of the M25 London Orbital motorway
• Municipal Okrug 25, until March, 2010, name of Knyazhevo Municipal Okrug in Kirovsky District of Saint Petersburg, Russia
• The (critical) number of Florida electoral votes for the 2000 U.S. presidential election
• The name of the national board game of India (Pachisi — Hindi for 25)
• "25", a song by Veruca Salt from their 1994 album American Thighs
• "25th Floor", a song by Patti Smith Group from their 1978 album Easter
• "twentyfive", design studio in the Czech Republic
• Twenty Five is the name of a 2006 George Michael compilation celebrating 25 years in the music business (1981–2006)
• "25 boy", in Cantonese Chinese, is a slang term meaning "traitor" as used in the Chinese movie Over the Edge.
• The per-second frame rate of the PAL video standard
• The number of the French department Doubs
• 25 random things about me, an Internet meme utilizing Facebook's Notes feature

Historical years[link]

25 A.D., 25 B.C., 1925, 2025, etc.

Slang names[link]

• Pony (British slang for £25)^[2]

References[link]

vep:25 (lugu)

DJ Premier
Background information
Birth name	Christopher Edward Martin
Born	(1966-03-21) March 21, 1966 (age 46) Houston, Texas, United States
Origin	Houston, Texas, USA
Genres	Hip hop, East Coast Hip Hop
Occupations	Record producer, DJ
Instruments	Drum machine Keyboard Sampler Turntable
Years active	1984 – present
Labels	Wild Pitch/EMI (1987–1990) Chrysalis/EMI (1991–1998) Virgin/EMI (1998–2003) Year Round (2003–)
Associated acts	Gang Starr Foundation, M.O.P., Royce da 5'9", Christina Aguilera, Jay-Z, Kanye West, Nas, Kool G Rap, Blaq Poet, Apathy, Big L, Bun B, D.I.T.C., Game, Termanology, AZ, Buckshot LeFonque, Mobb Deep, Torae
Website	DJ Premier on Myspace

Christopher Edward Martin (born March 21, 1966),^[1] better known by his stage name DJ Premier (also known as Preem, Premo, or Primo for short), is an American record producer and DJ, and was the instrumental half of the hip hop duo Gang Starr, together with emcee Guru. Born in Houston and raised in Prairie View, Texas, he has lived in Brooklyn, New York, for much of his professional career. Rolling Stone identified Premier as arguably Hip-Hop's greatest producer of all time.^[2]

The Source named DJ Premier one of the five greatest producers in hip-hop history,^[3] while the editors of About.com ranked him #1 on their Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers list.^[4] He also made the "Finals" in the search for The Greatest Hip-Hop Producer of All Time by Vibe.^[5] He attended Prairie View A&M University.^[6]

Productions[link]

Premier is known for producing all of Gang Starr's songs as well as many of the Gang Starr Foundation's songs. His work also includes production for heavyweight rappers such as (alphabetic order) Apathy, Big L, Bun B, Canibus, D.I.T.C., Fat Joe, Game, Jay-Z, Kanye West, KRS-One, Lord Finesse, M.O.P., Mos Def, Nas, Rakim, Royce Da 5'9", The LOX, The Notorious B.I.G., Snoop Dogg, Xzibit, rock band Limp Bizkit, Big L, Big Daddy Kane, Ill Bill, Joell Ortiz, and pop/R&B singer Christina Aguilera, among many others.

Premier collaborated with MC Jeru the Damaja on the album The Sun Rises in the East, released in 1994, as well as the 1996 follow-up, Wrath of the Math.^[1] Also from the Gang Starr Foundation, Premier produced and supervised Group Home's Livin' Proof; although overlooked at the time of its 1995 release, the album has since come to find similar acclaim.^[1] Among others in that are closely tied to the Gang Starr Foundation who have worked with DJ Premier include Afu Ra, Bahamadia, Krumbsnatcha, Big Shug, Smiley the Ghetto Child, and NYGz. He recently produced the majority of Blaq Poet's Tha Blaqprint in 2009 and will produce the entirety of NYGz debut album.

Style and influences[link]

DJ Premier's style of production epitomizes the New York sound of his earlier peers. He is known for sampling jazz, funk, and soul artists, as well as sampling an artist's past work when creating a new track for that same artist. For example, on Jay-Z's "So Ghetto", from the 1999 album, Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter, Premier samples an older Jay-Z song, 1997's "Who You Wit II".^[7] In addition, his encyclopedic memory of hip-hop lyrics allows him to distinctively speak with his hands by scratching in lyrics from several different songs to construct new phrases.^[8] Premier's beats are known for his oft-imitated combinations of short vocal samples, often from multiple artists, to create a chorus. Premier has also experimented with atonal samples that are not confined to soul, jazz, and funk. For example, he sampled chopped up seminal electro-acoustic music from the 1960s on the track “Mental Stamina” by Jeru the Damaja.

In an interview with XXL Magazine, DJ Premier was asked how his sound evolved, to which he replied, "Marley Marl is my number one inspiration. Jam Master Jay, Mixmaster Ice and UTFO. Grandmaster D and Whodini. DJ Cheese, Grandmaster Flash, Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa. Jazzy Jay, even Cut Creator. Seeing them do what they do. It’s black music, it’s black culture, it comes from the ghetto. How can you not relate to ghetto people when that’s the rawest form of blackness? Even though it’s not a good place in regards to the economy and how bad people have it in the neighborhood, the realism’s there, and that’s what we were born out of. So I very much pay respect by doing the same type of music in return." DJ Premier attended Prairie View A & M University and may have been influenced by the musical atmosphere at the university.^[9]

Relationships with artists[link]

The early line-up of the Gang Starr Foundation in the mid-1990s included Jeru The Damaja, Group Home, Big Shug, and Gang Starr. DJ Premier was fully responsible for the production of Jeru the Damaja's first two albums, The Sun Rises in the East and Wrath of the Math. Jeru released three albums since then, with Premier having nothing to do with any of them.^[1]

As far as Group Home was concerned, Premier commented, "They don't respect what fed them," in a 2003 interview, going on to say that the only reason he produced a track on their second album was because Guru said he would rhyme on it.^[10]

Besides the Gang Starr Foundation, Premier is closely affiliated with M.O.P., which he names as one of his all-time favorite groups. The relationship started with the remix of “Rugged, Neva Smoove” in 1994, a single from the group's first album, which also included the exclusive B-side “Downtown Swinga.” From then, Premier produced about one-third of the songs on each subsequent album and overseeing and mixing the projects. On M.O.P.'s 2009 Foundation album, however, DJ Premier provided only one track, which was called "What I Wanna B."

Recent and future projects[link]

DJ Premier has his own record company named Year Round Records. Among its artists are New York group NYGz, New Jersey rapper Nick Javas, and Houston rapper Khaleel. Tha Blaqprint by Blaq Poet, which has thirteen Premier productions, was released by Year Round Records through Fat Beats Records. On December 7, Premier's label Year Round Records released a digital compilation album titled Get Used to Us. At the moment Year Round plans to release a debut album fully produced by DJ Premier with the NYGz tenatively called Hustla's Union: Local NYG along with a Nick Javas debut album named Destination Unknown. Khaleel, another label-mate of Year Round Records, is planned to release a debut album titled Already!.

DJ Premier hosts a weekly 2 hour show Live From HeadQCourterz on SIRIUS Satellite Radio's Hip-Hop Nation on Fridays.

DJ Premier was one of the artists followed in the 2012 documentary Re:GENERATION music project. The film followed his production of the song Regeneration using live performance of his work by the Berklee Symphony Orchestra [1]

In a recent interview, DJ Premier said he will produce a beat for Immortal Technique's upcoming album, titled The Middle Passage. He contributed a song on Game's last album The R.E.D. Album called "Born in the Trap." and a song on Bushido's last album Jenseits von Gut und Böse.^[6] In an interview in 2012, DJ Premier confirmed on Shade45 that he is working with Eminem on his upcoming album.

Discography[link]

• The Sun Rises in the East (with Jeru The Damaja) (1994)
• Livin' Proof (with Group Home) (1995)
• Wrath of the Math (with Jeru The Damaja) (1996)
• Beats That Collected Dust (2008)
• Tha Blaqprint (with Blaq Poet) (2009)
• DJ Premier Presents Get Used To Us (2010)
• Beats That Collected Dust Vol. 2 (2011)
• Premo Pimpin' EP (with Wais P) (2011)
• StOoDiOtYmE EP (with Bumpy Knuckles) (2012)
• The Kolexxxion (with Bumpy Knuckles) (2012)
• TBA (with Nas)
• TBA (with M.O.P.)
• Pete Rock v.s. Premier (with Pete Rock)
• Return Of The Boom Bip (with KRS-ONE)

References[link]

External links[link]

• DJ Premier on Twitter
• DJ Premier at Allmusic
• DJ Premier discography at Discogs
• Fansite/newsite about DJ Premier

Tarak Mehta (born 1930) is an Indian columnist, humorist, writer and playwright. best known for the column Duniya Na Undha Chasma in Gujarati Language. He has translated and adapted several comedies into Gujarati, and has been well-known figure in the Gujarati theatre.^[1]

The humorous weekly column first appeared in Chitralekha in March 1971 and ever since has been looking at contemporary issues from a different perspective. He has published 80 books, over the years, three books are based on the columns he wrote in Gujarati newspaper, Divya Bhaskar while rest were compiled from the stories in Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah.^[2]

In 2008 SAB TV, a popular entertainment channel in India, started a show Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah that is based on his column.,^[3] and soon it became the flagship show of the channel.^[4]

Personal life[link]

He stays in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where he moved in year 2000, with second wife, Indu of over 30 years, His first wife, Ila who later married Manohar Doshi, (died 2006), also stayed in the same apartment building. He has daughter from his first marriage, Ishani, who stays in US, and has two children, Kushan and Shaili.^[2][5]

Bibliography[link]

• Duniya ne Oondha Chashmah
• Aa Duniya Panjarapole
• Action Reply ½
• Albelun America Vanthelun America
• Bagicha Ni Hadvi Havama
• Bahero Hase Be Vay...!
• Champaklal Tapuni Jugalbandhi
• Betaj Batali Baj Popatlal Taraj
• Taarak mehta ka oolta chashmah

References[link]

• "Tarak Mehta". The Statesman. http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=26&id=245516&usrsess=1. Retrieved 2009-04-20. 
• http://www.glamsham.com/dramas/features/tarak_mehta.pdf - contains a lot of information about Tarak Mehta

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