Urfa

Friday, 01 February 2013

şanslı masa 2 şubat urfa - ali şekeroğlu - 02 02 2012 - urfa ali şekeroğlu mp4

Ithikon Akmeotaton feat. Ismail Aydin - Urfa

Eşinize hiç çiçek alıyormusunuz ? (Urfa şivesiyle)

urfa yemeği - harran kubbesi - fırıncının tepsi çilesi - ali şekeroğlu - komik -.mp4

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Adana Province
Adana Province (Turkish: Adana ili) is a province of Turkey located in south-central Anatolia. With a population of 2,085,225, it is the fifth most populous province in Turkey. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 78% of the residents of the province. The province, geographically and as well as economically, is part of the Çukurova region together with the Mersin, Osmaniye and Hatay provinces.
Adana Province has a surface area of 14.030 km².^{[citation needed]} Southern portion of the province is plain, northern section is formed of mountains. The provinces adjacent to it are Mersin to the west, Hatay to the southeast, Osmaniye to the east, Kahramanmaraş to the northeast, Kayseri to the north, and Niğde to the northwest.
Two levels of governments are involved in the administration of the Adana Province; Central and the Provincial. Adana Governorship is the provincial branch of the Central government and Adana Province Special Administration is the provincial governing body. Province is divided into 15 districts and each district is divided into municipalities and villages. Municipalities are further divided into neighborhoods(Turkish: Mahalle).

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Adıyaman Province
Adıyaman Province (Turkish: Adıyaman ili) is a province in south-central Turkey. The province was created in 1954 out of part of Malatya Province. Area 7,614 km². Population 590,935 (2010 est), up from 513,131 in 1990. The capital is Adıyaman. The area has been inhabited since the earliest times and many civilisations have settled here. There are therefore a number of places of historical interest which attract visitors. Nemrud Dağı is a major site of interest here, noted for its sanctuary of statues built by Antiochus Theos, king of Commagene. It is accessed through the town of Kâhta.
A branch of the large Atatürk reservoir lies between Adıyaman and the town of Samsat, and with more investment the irrigation this could become a rich agricultural zone. Currently it does feel impoverished and people travelling by mule or donkey are a common sight.
Until the 1950s Adıyaman was a city in the province of Malatya, but was made into a province in its own right as a reward for voting for the winning Democratic Party in the 1954 general election.

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Aegean Region

Aegean Region (Turkish: Ege Bölgesi), is one of the 7 census-defined regions of Turkey, and in Western Asia.
It is located in the west part of the country: bounded by Aegean Sea (Ege Denizi) on the west; Marmara Region on the north; Mediterranean Region on the south & southwest; and the Central Anatolia Region on the east.
The total population of the Aegean Region is 9,594,019.
The climate of the Aegean Region has a Mediterranean climate at the coast, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters and a semi-arid continental climate in the interior with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters.
Coordinates: 38°00′N 29°00′E / 38°N 29°E / 38; 29

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Aksaray Province
Aksaray Province (Turkish: Aksaray ili) is a province in central Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Konya along the west and south, Niğde to the southeast, Nevşehir to the east, and Kırşehir to the north. It covers an area of 7,626 km². The provincial capital is the city of Aksaray.
This is a region of great natural beauty: Aksaray is one of the four provinces in the much-visited area of Cappadocia, along with Nevşehir, Niğde and Kayseri. Also the 3,000m volcano Mount Hasan stands between Aksaray and Niğde. Summers are hot and dry on the plain, but the area is green and covered in flowers in springtime, when water streams off the mountainside. The 2400 km² salt lake, Tuz Gölü, lies within the boundaries of Aksaray, a large area of swamp with a maximum depth of 1 metre.
Aksaray province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
In antiquity the area was named Archelais Garsaura, which was mutated to Taksara during the Seljuk Turkish era, and then to Aksaray.
The plains of central Anatolia have been settled for 8,000 years. and the area around Aksaray bears monuments to a string of civilisations that have settled on the plain in that time. The mound of Aşıklı Höyük in the town of Kızılkaya indicates a settlement dating back to 5,000BC (and also a skull of a woman who had apparently been trepanned, the earliest known record of brain surgery).

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Akçakale
Akçakale is a town and district of Şanlıurfa Province in southeastern Turkey. It is a border checkpoint on the road D.885 from Şanlıurfa to Tall Al Abyad in Syria.
Many families in the region have relatives across the border in Syria.

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Aleppo
Aleppo (Arabic: حلب‎ Ḥalab [ˈħalæb], other names) is the largest city in Syria and the capital of Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate. With an official population of 2,132,100 (2004 census), it is also one of the largest cities in the Levant. For centuries, Aleppo was Greater Syria's largest city and the Ottoman Empire's third, after Constantinople and Cairo. Although relatively close to Damascus in distance, Aleppo is distinct in identity, architecture and culture, all shaped by a markedly different history and geography.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world; it has been inhabited since perhaps as early as the 6th millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the old city of Aleppo, show that the area was occupied since at least the latter part of the 3rd millennium BC; and this is also when Aleppo is first mentioned in cuneiform tablets unearthed in Ebla and Mesopotamia, in which it is noted for its commercial and military proficiency. Such a long history is probably due to its being a strategic trading point midway between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia.

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Amasya Province
Amasya Province (Turkish: Amasya ili) is a province of Turkey, situated on the Yeşil River in the Black Sea Region to the north of the country. Area 5,520 km². Population 334,786.
Its provincial capital is Amasya, the antique Amaseia mentioned in documents from the era of Alexander the Great and the birth place of the geographer and historian Strabo. In Ottoman times Amasya was well known for its madrassas, especially as a centre for the Khalwati Sufi order.
Amasya, between the Black Sea and inner Anatolia, lies at the centre of a region of fertile plains crossed by the Yeşilırmak, Çekerek, and Tersakan rivers.Despite being near the Black Sea Amasya is at a high altitude and has a dry climate with hot summers and cold winters. Amasya is an agricultural province known as the best apple growing province in the country, and also producing tobacco, peaches, cherries and okra.{}
Amasya province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 40°41′59″N 35°41′11″E / 40.69972°N 35.68639°E / 40.69972; 35.68639

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Ankara
Ankara (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈan.ka.ɾa]; historically known as Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 938 metres (3,077 ft), and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.
Centrally located in Anatolia, Ankara is an important commercial and industrial city. It is the center of the Turkish Government, and houses all foreign embassies. It is an important crossroads of trade, strategically located at the centre of Turkey's highway and railway networks, and serves as the marketing centre for the surrounding agricultural area. The city was famous for its long-haired Angora goat and its prized wool (mohair), a unique breed of cat (Angora cat), Angora rabbits and their prized wool (Angora wool), pears, honey, and the region's muscat grapes.
The historical center of Ankara is situated upon a rocky hill, which rises 150 m (492 ft) above the plain on the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya (Sangarius) river. The city is located at 39°52'30" North, 32°52' East (39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333Coordinates: 39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333), about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul, the country's largest city. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, which is 72 m² per head.

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Ankara Province
Ankara Province (Turkish: Ankara ili) in central Turkey is the location of the country's capital, the city of Ankara.
Ankara also gave its name to the Ottoman Empire's Ankara Province (vilayet) which covered a larger area than the current province.
Situated on the large plains of central Anatolia, with mountain forests to the north and the dry plain of Konya to the south. The plain is irrigated by the Kızılırmak and Sakarya River systems, the Sarıyar reservoir and many natural lakes and pools. 50% of the land is used for agriculture, 28% is forest and another 10% is meadow and grazing land. The large salt lake Tuz Golu partly lies in the province. The highest point is the 2,015m Işık Mountain.
The climate is hot and dry in summer, rainy in spring and autumn, cold and snowing in winter, wetter in the north of the province than the drier plains to the south.
See Ankara for the history of this region which has seen the passing of numerous great civilisations including Phrygians, Lydians, Persians and Alexander the Great, Galatians; the city of Ankara becoming a fortified stronghold of the Byzantines; and then falling to the Seljuk Turks, and later the Ottoman Empire; and finally being chosen by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as the site of Turkish parliament in 1920 and subsequently in 1923 as the capital city of the Republic of Turkey.

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Antalya Province
Antalya Province (Turkish: Antalya ili) is located on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean sea.
Antalya Province is the centre of Turkey's tourism industry, attracting 30% of foreign tourists visiting Turkey. The province of Antalya corresponds to the lands of ancient Pamphylia to the east and Lycia to the west. It features a shoreline of 657 km (408 mi) with beaches, ports, and ancient cities scattered throughout, including the World Heritage Site Xanthos. The provincial capital is Antalya city with a population of 1,001,318.
Antalya is the fastest-growing province in Turkey; with a 4.17% yearly population growth rate between years 1990-2000, compared with the national rate of 1.83%. This growth is due to a fast rate of urbanization, particularly driven by tourism and other service sectors on the coast.
The city and thus the province are named after Attalos II, king of Pergamon, who founded the city in the 2nd century BC.
Antalya has been settled since pre-historic times. Evidence of human habitation dating back to the early Paleolithic age (150,000-200,000) years has been discovered in the Karain caves, 30 km (19 mi) of the north of Antalya city. Other finds dating back to the Mesolithic (Beldibi caves), Neolithic (Bademağacı Höyüğü) and more recent periods show that the area has been populated by various civilizations throughout the ages.

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Ardahan Province
Ardahan Province (Turkish: Ardahan ili) is a province in the north-east of Turkey, at the very end of the country, where Turkey borders with Georgia. The provincial capital is the city of Ardahan.
This is attractive open countryside which however spends many months of the year under snow. At this altitude temperatures on average reach -20°C and can drop below freezing all year round, including summer months.
The local economy depends on farming and raising livestock. Until 1993 Ardahan was a district of the province of Kars, becoming a province in its own right has meant more investment in infrastructure
There are two crossing points into the Samtskhe-Javakheti district of Georgia, one at Posof and the other (currently closed) at Çıldır. The Turkish military have a strong presence in this border district, another boost to the local economy.
Ardahan is an impoverished area that since the 1950s has seen a large number of its people migrate to other parts of Turkey or abroad. The population declined from 170,000 people in 1990 to 119,000 in 2000. The population is 105,454 as of 2010. Ethnic groups in the region include, Turkish people, Georgians, Kipchak^{[citation needed]}, Turkman^{[citation needed]}, Karapapaks^{[citation needed]} and Azeris^{[citation needed]}.

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Artvin Province
Artvin Province (Turkish: Artvin ili) is a province in Turkey, on the Black Sea coast in the north-eastern corner of the country, on the border with Georgia.
The provincial capital is the city of Artvin.
Artvin is an attractive area of steep valleys carved by the Çoruh River system, surrounded by high mountains of Kaçkar, Karçal and Yalnızçam(up to 3900 m) and forest with much national parkland including the Karagöl-Sahara, which contains the Şavşat and Borçka lakes. The weather in Artvin is very wet and mild at the coast, and as a result is heavily forested. This greenery runs from the top all the way down to the Black Sea coast. The rain turns to snow at higher altitudes, and the peaks are very cold in winter.
The forests are home to brown bears and wolves. The Çoruh is now being dammed in 11 places for hydro-electric power, including the 249 m Deriner Dam and others at Borçka and Muratlı.
In addition to the vast majority ethnic Turks, the province is home to communities of Laz people and Hemshin peoples. In particular, there is a prominent community of Chveneburi Georgians many of them descendants of Muslim families from Georgia who migrated during the struggles between the Ottoman Turks and Russia during the 19th century. With such diverse peoples, Artvin has a rich variety of folk song and dance (see Arifana and Kochari for examples of folk culture).

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Aydın Province
Aydın Province (Turkish: Aydın ili) is a province of southwestern Turkey, located in the Aegean Region. The provincial capital is the city of Aydın which has a population of approx. 150,000 (2000). Other towns in the province include the summer seaside resorts of Didim and Kuşadası.
Aydın was founded by the ancient Thracians and was once known as Tralles. The area is an earthquake zone and the city was built and rebuilt by a succession of Spartans, Phrygians, Ionians, Lydians, Persians and Ancient Romans. In 1186 the Seljuk Turks took control of the area, followed by the Anatolian beylik of the Aydinids. During this period the town was named Aydın Güzelhisar, and was brought into the Ottoman Empire in 1426.
Neighboring provinces are Manisa to the north east, İzmir to the north, Denizli to the east, Muğla to the south.
The central and western parts of the province are fertile plains watered by the largest river in the Aegean region the Büyük Menderes River, with the Aydın Mountains to the north and the Menteşe Mountains to the south. The western end of the province is the Aegean coast with Lake Bafa a major feature of the Menderes delta area. The climate is typical of the Aegean region, very hot in summer. The Germencik region contains a number of hot springs.

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Ağrı Province
The Ağrı Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Agirî, Turkish: Ağrı ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, bordering Iran to the east, Kars to the North, Erzurum to the Northwest, Muş and Bitlis to the Southwest, Van to the south, and Iğdır to the northeast. Area 11,376 km². Population 542,022 (2010 est).
The provincial capital is Ağrı, situated on a 1,650 m. high plateau.
Ağrı province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
Ağrı is named after the nearby majestic Mount Ararat, a 5,137 metres (16,854 ft) high stratovolcano, the highest mountain in Turkey. It can be climbed from here and can be seen from parts of Armenia, Iran, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. The nearest town to the mountain is Doğubeyazıt.
46% of the province is mountainous, 29% is plain, 18% is plateau, and 7% high meadow. As well as Ararat there are many other peaks over 3,000m, including Aladağlar and Tendürek. The plains are fertile, being covered in volcanic deposits, and are used for growing grains and grazing. Various tributaries of the Murat River (which later feeds the Euphrates) flow through the area and water these plains. The high meadows are used for grazing.

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Balıkesir Province
Balıkesir Province (Turkish: Balıkesir ili) is a province in midwestern Turkey, having coastlines on both the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean. Its adjacent provinces are Çanakkale to the west, İzmir to the southwest, Manisa to the south, Kütahya to the southeast, and Bursa to the east. The provincial capital is Balıkesir City. Most of the province lies in the Marmara Region except the southern parts of Bigadiç Edremit, Kepsut, İvrindi, Savaştepe and Sındırgı districts and ones of Ayvalık, Burhaniye, Dursunbey, Gömeç and Havran, that bound the Aegean Region.
Kaz Dağı (pronounced [kaz daːɯ]), known also as Mount Ida, is located in this province.
Balıkesir province is famous for its olives, thermal spas, and clean beaches, making it an important tourist destination. The province also hosts immense deposits of kaolinite and borax, with some open-pit mines. The Kaz mountains are also threatened with the expansion of gold mining using cyanide which puts the villagers' lives, the agricultural economy, and tourism at risk.

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Batman Province
Batman Province (Turkish: Batman ili) is a Turkish province southeast of Anatolia. The province's population exceeded 500,000 in 2010.
The province is important because of its reserves and production of oil which was started in the 1940s. There is a 494-km long oil pipeline from Batman to the Turkish port of İskenderun. Cotton is the main agricultural product. A railway line connects Batman with the nearby provinces of Diyarbakır and Elazığ and with the capital Ankara. The Batman River flows though the area. Batman(Kurdish: Êlih, Arabic: باتمان Bātmān ‎) with 246,700 inhabitants, is the provincial capital. The province is also of interest from an archeological point of view. Sights include the Imam Abdullah Dervish monastery, Malabadi Bridge and the bridges of Camiü‘r Rızk and Hasankeyf.
The Batman Province contains the strategic Tigris river with fertile lands by its sides, as well as rocky hills with numerous caves providing a natural shelter. Therefore it was inhabited from prehistoric times, likely from the Neolithic (Paleolithic) period, according to archeological evidence. First documented evidence of settlements in the province dates back to 7th century BC. An artificial "island" was created in this marshy area. It was named Elekhan, and had an independent status for 194 years from 546 BC till the invasion of Alexander the Great in 352 BC. The Batman Province was a religious center in the 4th–6th centuries AD and a part of the Byzantine Empire. In the 11th–12th centuries it was ruled by the Great Seljuq Empire and Artuqids, a part of which was based in the province, in the city of Hasankeyf. The city is a cultural center of the Batman Province and as such was declared as a natural conservation area in 1981.

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Bayburt Province
Bayburt Province (Turkish: Bayburt ili) is a province in the north-east of Turkey. Population of the province is 74,412 and total area is 3,652 km². The capital city is Bayburt.
Bayburt is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Bayburt province is divided into 3 districts (capital district in bold):
The most important places in Bayburt Province are:
Coordinates: 40°14′12″N 40°13′25″E / 40.23667°N 40.22361°E / 40.23667; 40.22361

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Bilecik Province
Bilecik Province (Turkish: Bilecik ili) is a province in midwest Turkey, neighboring Bursa to the west, Kocaeli and Sakarya to the north, Bolu to the east, Eskişehir to the southeast and Kütahya to the south, spanning an area of 4,307 km². Population is 225,381. Most of the province laid down in Marmara Region but eastern parts of Gölpazarı and Söğüt district and districts of İnhisar and Yenipazar remained in Black Sea Region, smaller southeastern parts of Bozüyük and Söğüt remained in Central Anatolian Region and smaller southwestern part of Bozüyük remained in Aegean Region.
Bilecik province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
The region was inhabited as early as 3000 BC, and was part of the territory controlled by such notable civilizations as the Hittites (1400–1200 BC), the Phrygians (1200–676 BC), Lydians (595–546 BC), Persians (546–334 BC), Romans (74–395 AD) and Byzantians (395 AD to late 13th century, with two brief occupations by Ummayads in between).
The region also contains Söğüt, the small town where the Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299, and is the source of important archeological as well as cultural artifacts.

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Bingöl Province
Bingöl Province (Turkish: Bingöl ili) is a province of Turkey in Eastern Anatolia. The province was created in 1946 out of parts of Elazığ and Erzincan. The new province was known as Çapakçur Province until 1950. Its neighbouring provinces are Tunceli, Erzurum, Muş, Diyarbakır, Erzincan and Elazığ. The province covers an area of 8,125 km² and has a population of 255,170. The main spoken languagues are Turkish and Zazaki. The capital is Bingöl.
Bingöl province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 39°02′28″N 40°40′33″E / 39.04111°N 40.67583°E / 39.04111; 40.67583

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Bitlis Province
Bitlis Province (Turkish: Bitlis ili) is a province of eastern Turkey, located to the west of Lake Van.
Bitlis was formed as an administrative district in the 17th Century.^{[citation needed]} The administrative center was the town of Bitlis (Kurdish: Bidlîs, Armenian: Բիթլիս), which was called Baghesh.^{[citation needed]}
Bitlis Province is divided into 7 districts (the capital district is in bold):
Coordinates: 38°31′33″N 42°23′16″E / 38.52583°N 42.38778°E / 38.52583; 42.38778

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Black Sea Region
The Black Sea Region (Turkish: Karadeniz Bölgesi) is one of Turkey's seven census-defined geographical regions (bölge). It is bordered by the Marmara Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the south, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast, the Republic of Georgia to the northeast, and the Black Sea to the north.
The Black Sea region's population is 8,439,213 based on the 2010 census. 4,137,166 people live in cities and 4,301,747 people in villages. This makes it the only one of the seven regions of Turkey in which more people live in rural rather than urban areas.
Though the overwhelming majority is Turkish, there are some Laz people and Georgian people living in the eastern Black Sea Region, and unlike both ethnic groups in neighboring Republic of Georgia (where they are Georgian Orthodox Christians), are Sunni Muslim.
The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cutting back through the Pontic Mountains (Doğu Karadeniz Dağları), have tributaries that flow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters in the west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters in the east in Kaçkar Mountains, form an almost unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facing northwest tend to be densely forested. Because of these natural conditions, the Black Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia.

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Bolu Province
Bolu Province (Turkish: Bolu ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey. It's an important midpoint between the capital, Ankara and the largest city in the country, Istanbul. It covers an area of 7,410 km², and the population is 271,208.
This is an attractive forested mountain district centred on the city of Bolu, which has a long history.
There is plenty of forest but little agricultural land. There is some garden produce and dairy production including good cheeses and cream, most of this is consumed or sold locally, especially as Bolu has a large passing trade: Bolu Mountain is the major topographical obstacle on the Istanbul-Ankara highway, and until 2007, when the Bolu Mountain Tunnel is being opened, most travellers stop here for food and refreshment. Bolu has a long tradition of high quality cuisine. Annual cookery competitions are held in Mengen.
The forests, lakes and mountains are rich in wildlife including three deer species and very popular weekend and holiday retreats for walkers and climbers.

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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 33,700,000 km² (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India. The loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after a war of independence deprived Britain of some of its oldest and most populous colonies.

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Burdur Province
Burdur Province (Turkish: Burdur ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the southwest and bordering Muğla and Antalya to the South, Denizli to the West, Afyon to the North, and Isparta to the East. It has an area of 6,887 km² and a population of 258,868 the provincial capital is Burdur city.
Burdur is located in the "Lakes Region" of Turkey and has many lakes of various sizes, largest of which, Burdur Lake, is named after the province. Salda Lake is the second largest lake in the province and is considered to be one of the cleanest lakes in the world.
Burdur province is divided into 11 districts (capital district in bold):
A view from Lake Salda
Ancient city of Sagalassos
Artifacts retrieved from Hacilar neolithic site
Coordinates: 37°25′26″N 30°05′04″E / 37.42389°N 30.08444°E / 37.42389; 30.08444

wn.com/Burdur_Province
Bursa Province
Bursa Province (Turkish: Bursa ili) is a province in western Turkey, along the Sea of Marmara. Its adjacent provinces are Balıkesir to the west, Kütahya to the south, Bilecik and Sakarya to the east, Kocaeli to the northeast and Yalova to the north. The province has an area of 11,043 km² and a population of 3,187,000 (2010 est). It was 2,125,140 according to the 2000 census. In 1990 it had a population of 1,603,137. The traffic code is 16. The city of Bursa was the capital of the Ottoman State until the conquest of Edirne. Most part of the province remained in Marmara Region except districts of Büyükorhan, Harmancık, Keles and Orhaneli, who are bounded to Aegean Region.
Bursa province is divided into 17 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 40°09′00″N 29°01′15″E / 40.15°N 29.02083°E / 40.15; 29.02083

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Ceylanpınar
Ceylanpınar is a town and district of Şanlıurfa Province in southeastern Turkey. On the border with Syria, it is reached by a long straight road D.905 across the plain south from Viranşehir. There is a border crossing to the town of Ra's al-'Ayn in Syria.
The district covers an area of 2,003 km² (773 sq mi) and has a population of 69,774 (2000 census), of whom 44,258 live in the town of Ceylanpınar itself.
Ceylanpınar has a semi-arid climate. Summers are extremely hot with virtually no rain at all, winters tend to be cool but can become very cold due to northeasterly winds.

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Denizli Province
Denizli Province (Turkish: Denizli ili) is a province of Turkey in Western Anatolia, on high ground above the Aegean coast. Neighbouring provinces are Uşak to the north, Burdur, Isparta, Afyon to the east, Aydın, Manisa to the west and Muğla to the south. It is located between the coordinates 28° 30’ and 29° 30’ E and 37° 12’ and 38° 12’ N. It covers an area of 11,868 km², and the population is 931,823. The population was 750,882 in 1990. The provincial capital is the city of Denizli.
Denizli province is divided into 19 districts (capital district in bold):
Approximately 28-30% of the land is plain, 25% is high plateau and tableland, and 47% is mountainous. At 2571m Mount Honaz is the highest in the province, and indeed in Western Anatolia. Babadag in the Mentes range has a height of 2308 meters. The biggest lake in Denizli is Acıgöl, which means bitter lake and indeed industrial salts (sodium sulphate) are extracted from this lake which is highly alkaline. There is a thermal spring to the west of Sarayköy, at the source of the Great Menderes River, which contains bicarbonates and sulfates. There is another hot spring in Kizildere which reaches 200˚C.

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Diyarbakır Province
Diyarbakır Province (Turkish: Diyarbakır ili) is a province in eastern Turkey. The province covers an area of 15,355 km² and the population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is Diyarbakir
It has been home to many civilisations and the surrounding area including itself is home to many Mesolithic era stone carvings and artifacts. The province has been ruled by Hittites, Assyria, Armenians, Persia, Macedonian and Seleucid Greeks, Rome, Parthia, Byzantium, Sassanid Persia, Arabs, Seljuk Empire, Mongol Empire, Safavid dynasty, Ottoman Empire and finally the Republic of Turkey.
Diyarbakir was an early stronghold of Syriac Christianity, and also of Armenian Christians. Before World War I, Christian ethnic groups made up 30% of the population. Only a few thousand Christians still live in the province, some in the city of Diyarbakir, and others in Assyrian and Armenian villages.
The Kurds are the predominant population. Other groups include Turks, Syriacs, Armenians, Arabs and Yazidis.
Diyarbakır province is divided into 14 districts (capital district in bold):

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Düzce Province
Düzce Province (Turkish: Düzce ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey. It is on the coastline of the Black Sea and is traversed by the main highway between Istanbul and Ankara. The main town is Düzce. There are ancient Greek ruins in the province.
Düzce broke off from Bolu province and became a province in its own right after a devastating earthquake in the city in November 1999.
Inside Turkey, it came to be called as "the United Nations of Turkey" since its inhabitants have very diverse ethnic backgrounds: Turks, Circassians, Abkhazians, Chveneburi, Laz, Roma, immigrants from the Balkans and lately some Kurds and Zazas. The total population of the province (as of 2010) is 338 188.
Düzce province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Düzce Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 40°56′49″N 31°14′17″E / 40.94694°N 31.23806°E / 40.94694; 31.23806

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Edirne Province
Edirne Province (Turkish: Edirne ili) is a province of Turkey, located in Eastern Thrace along the Greek and Bulgarian border. The city's wealth, population and importance increased after it was declared as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire. Edirne still maintains its importance under the Turkish Government.
It is named for its capital, Edirne.
Edirne province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Edirne Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 41°07′12″N 26°31′14″E / 41.12°N 26.52056°E / 41.12; 26.52056

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Elâzığ Province
Elâzığ Province (Turkish: Elâzığ ili) is a province of Turkey with its seat in the city of Elâzığ. The source of the Euphrates river is located in this province.
The province has a population of 552,646 as of 2010. The population of the province was 569,616 in 2000 and 498,225 in 1990. The total area of the province is 9,153 square kilometres (3,534 sq mi), 826 km² (319 sq mi) of which is covered by reservoirs and natural lakes.
The current governor of the province is Muammer Erol (since 2006).
On March 8, 2010, the province suffered an earthquake of magnitude 6.0, killing 42 people.
Elâzığ is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Elâzığ province is divided into 11 districts (capital district in bold):
Hazarbaba ski center
A view from the town of Karakoçan
A view from Elâzığ city
Coordinates: 38°40′03″N 39°21′35″E / 38.6675°N 39.35972°E / 38.6675; 39.35972

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Erzincan Province
Erzincan Province (Turkish: Erzincan ili) is a province in the eastern region of Anatolia, Turkey, and home to Erzincan, a city which was destroyed and rebuilt after an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 on December 27, 1939. The population is 224,949 as of 2010.
Erzincan is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Erzincan province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
View of the 12th century Mama Hatun complex in Tercan
Bay window of a traditional house in Kemaliye
Street and traditional houses in Kemaliye
Coordinates: 39°40′42″N 39°19′48″E / 39.67833°N 39.33°E / 39.67833; 39.33

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Erzurum Province
Erzurum Province (Turkish: Erzurum ili ) is a Province of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region of the country. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to the northeast. The provincial capital is Erzurum.
Erzurum province is divided into 19 districts (capital district in bold):
The surface area of the province of Erzurum is the fourth biggest in Turkey. The majority of the province is elevated. Most plateaus are about 2,000 m (6,500 ft) above sea level, and the mountainous regions beyond the plateaus are 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and higher. Depression plains are located between the mountains and plateaus. The southern mountain ranges are Palandöken Mountains (highest peak Büyük Ejder 3,176 m high) and Şahveled Mountains (highest peak Çakmak Mountain 3,063 m high). The northern mountain ranges are the second row elevations of the North Anatolian Mountains, i.e. Mescit Mountains (highest peak 3,239 m), Kargapazarı Mountains (highest peak 3,169 m) and Allahuekber Mountains. The two depression plains between these mountainous areas are Erzurum Plains and Hasankale Plains.

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Eskişehir Province
Eskişehir Province (Turkish: Eskişehir ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Bilecik to the northwest, Kütahya to the west, Afyon to the southwest, Konya to the south, Ankara to the east, and Bolu to the north. The provincial capital is Eskişehir. Most of the province is laid down in Central Anatolia Region. Northern parts of Mihalıççık district and ones of Mihalgazi and Sarıcakaya of her remained in Black Sea Region and Han one of her remained in Aegean Region.
Eskişehir is an old, culturally developed province of Turkey. It has a population of 755,427. Eskişehir has 2 universities, Eskişehir Osmangazi University ESOGU, and Anadolu Üniversitesi, which is the largest university in Turkey and which has some branch offices in Europe.
Eskişehir province is divided into 14 districts two of which are actually included in the greater municipality of Eskişehir (shown in boldface letters).
Eskişehir's population has a high literacy level for Turkey at about 99%. Many universities and military installations are located in and around the city. Turkish technical students are concentrated in the Eskişehir universities. Infrastructural problems have been partially solved in 2004 with the construction of a tram system.

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France
France (English ⁱ/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.

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Gaziantep Province
Gaziantep Province (Turkish: Gaziantep ili) is a province in south-central Turkey. Its capital is the city of Gaziantep which had a population of 853,513 as of 2000. Its neighbours are Adıyaman at north, Şanlıurfa at east, Syria and Kilis at south, Hatay at southwest, Osmaniye at west and Kahramanmaraş at northwest.
An important trading center since ancient times, the province is also one of Turkey's major manufacturing zones, and its agriculture is dominated by the growing of pistachio nuts.
In ancient times, first the Hittites and later the Assyrians controlled the region. It saw much fighting during the Crusades, and Saladin won a key battle there in 1183. After World War I and Ottoman Empire's disintegration, it was invaded by the forces of the French Third Republic during the Turkish War of Independence. It was returned to Turkish control after the Treaty of Lausanne was signed, formally ending hostilities between Turkey and the Allies of World War I.
Originally known as Antep, the title gazi (meaning veteran in Turkish) was added to the province's and the provincial capital's name in 1921, due to its population's extraordinary courage during the Turkish War of Independence.

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Giresun Province
Giresun Province (Turkish: Giresun ili) is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Its adjacent provinces are Trabzon to the east, Gümüşhane to the south-west, Erzincan to the south, Sivas to the south-east, and Ordu to the west. The provincial capital is Giresun.
Giresun is an agricultural region of great natural beauty, especially in the highlands. The lower areas near the Black Sea coast are Turkey's largest producer of hazelnuts; a Giresun folk song tells "I will not eat a single hazelnut, unless you are by my side", while another tells of a lover shot dead under a hazelnut tree The higher mountain areas are forest and pasture and in places there is mining of copper, zinc, iron and other metals. The mountain villages are remote, with poor roads and little else in the way of infrastructure. And the hillsides are too steep for agriculture also, so for example cornbread is the traditional meal, as they cannot grow wheat. Life here is hard and in the past many people have left to find jobs in Turkey's larger cities or abroad.

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Gümüşhane Province
Gümüşhane Province (Turkish: Gümüşhane ili ) is a province in northern Turkey, bordering Bayburt to the east, Trabzon to the north, Giresun and Erzincan to the west. It covers an area of 6,575 km² and has a population of 129,618 in 2010. The population was 186,953 in 2000. The name Gümüşhane means silver house. The city has a rich mining (silver and bronze) history and was the source of exports for Trabzon.
Gümüşhane is surrounded by high mountains, Zigana-Trabzon Mountains to the north, Çimen Mountains to the south, Giresun Mountains to the west and Pulur, Soğanlı Mountains to the east. Trekking is popular sport is at these mountains. The Zigana Mountain has a ski center on it and it is a well known touristic place for winter sports. Abdal Musa Peak (3331 m.) is the highest peak within it. The main trees in the forests are Scotch pine and fir, and there are many animals and birds in the area. There are many lakes such as Karanlık Göl, Beş Göller, Artebel Gölü, Kara Göller which are at the peak of Gavurdağı Mountain, and are preserved as natural parks. These all mountains compose 56% of the area of Gümüşhane province.

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Hakkâri Province
Hakkâri Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Hekariyê, Turkish: Hakkâri ili, Syriac: ܗܟܐܪܝ) is a province in the south east corner of Turkey. The administrative centre is located in the city of Hakkâri (Kurdish: Colemêrg). The province covers an area of 7,121 km² and has a population of 251,302 (2010 est). The province had a population of 236,581 in 2000.
The province was created in 1936 out of part of Van Province. Its adjacent provinces are Şırnak to the west and Van to the north.
Hakkâri province is divided into 4 districts (capital district in bold):
The area has been ruled by Akkadians, Hittites, Assyrians, Babylon, Persians, Greeks, Armenians, Parthians, Rome, Byzantium, the Sassanids, Arabs, Ottomans, and Mongols in its long history.
Coordinates: 37°27′58″N 44°03′52″E / 37.46611°N 44.06444°E / 37.46611; 44.06444

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Harran
Harran was a major ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia whose site is near the modern village of Altınbaşak, Turkey, 24 miles (44 kilometers) southeast of Şanlıurfa. The location is in a district of Şanlıurfa Province that is also named "Harran".
A few kilometers from the village of Altınbaşak are the archaeological remains of ancient Harran, a major commercial, cultural, and religious center first inhabited in the Early Bronze Age III (3rd millennium BCE) period. It was known as Ḫarrānu in the Assyrian period; possibly Ḫaran (חָרָן) in the Hebrew Bible; Κάῤῥαι or Carrhae under the Roman Empire; Hellenopolis (῾Ελληνὀπολις 'Greek city') in the Early Christian period; and Ḥarrān (حرّان) in the Islamic period.
The earliest records of Harran come from the Ebla tablets (c. 2300 BCE). From these, it is known that an early king or mayor of Harran had married an Eblaite princess, Zugalum, who then became "queen of Harran", and whose name appears in a number of documents. It appears that Harran remained a part of the regional Eblaite kingdom for some time thereafter.

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Hatay Province
Hatay Province (Turkish: Hatay ili , pronounced [ˈhataj]) is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast. It is bordered by Syria to the south and east and the Turkish provinces of Adana and Osmaniye to the north. The province is part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. The administrative capital is Antakya (Antioch), and the other major city in the province is the port city of İskenderun (Alexandretta). There are border crossing points with Syria in the district of Yayladağı and at Cilvegözü in the district of Reyhanlı.
Settled since the early Bronze Age, Hatay was once of the Akkadian Empire, then the Amorite Kingdom of Yamhad and Mitannis, then a succession of Hittites, the Neo-Hittite "Hattena" people that later gave the modern province of Hatay its name, then the Assyrians (except a brief occupation by Urartu) and Persians. The region was the center of the Hellenistic Seleucid empire, home to the four Greek cities of the Syrian tetrapolis (Antioch, Seleucia Pieria, Apamea, and Laodicea). From 64 BC onwards the city of Antioch became an important regional centre of the Roman Empire.

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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or ⁱ/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق‎ al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.

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Isparta Province
Isparta Province (Turkish: Isparta ili) is a province in southwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Afyon to the northwest, Burdur to the southwest, Antalya to the south, and Konya to the east. It has an area of 8,993 km² and a population of 448,298 up from 434,771 (1990). The provincial capital is Isparta.
The province is well known for its apples, sour cherries, grapes, roses and rose products, and carpets. The best fertile lands are in the area named Uluborlu. The province is situated in the Göller Bölgesi (Lakes Area) of Turkey's Mediterranean Region and has many freshwater lakes.
Isparta province is divided into 13 districts (capital district in bold):
Kovada Lake and Kızıldağ National Parks, Isparta Gölcüğü, Çamyol and Kuyucak forest recreation areas, Eğirdir oak and Sütçüler forest conservation areas, Eğirdir, Uluborlu and Yalvaç castles, Antiochia in Pisidia and Apollonia antiquity cities, Ertokuş and Dündar Bey old theological schools (medrese), Isparta Hızır Bey, Kutlu Bey, Firdevs Bey, İplik, Eğirdir Hızır Bey, Barla Çaşnigir, Uluğbey Veli Baba mosques, Firdevs Bey Bazaar, Eğirdir Inn (caravansary), Ertokuş Hanı Inn, Baba Sultan Mousoleum, Isparta and Yalvaç Museums.

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Istanbul Province
Istanbul Province (Turkish: İstanbul ili) is a province located in north-west Turkey. It has an area of 5,196 km² and a population of 13,255,685. The population was 10,018,735 in 2000. It is surrounded by the provinces of Tekirdağ to the west, Kocaeli to the east, the Black Sea to the northern part and the Sea of Marmara to the south. The Bosphorus (Boğaziçi) Strait divides the province in two parts: the European side and the Asian side. Roughly 3.85 million people live on the Asian side in 2010 census, and 9.4 million on the European side.
The capital of the province is the city of Istanbul, which, since 2004, has the same boundaries as the province.
The province also includes the Princes' Islands constituted as Adalar District (Island District).
Coordinates: 41°09′27″N 28°52′06″E / 41.1575°N 28.86833°E / 41.1575; 28.86833

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Izmir Province
İzmir Province (Turkish: İzmir ili) is a province of Turkey in western Anatolia on the Aegean coast, whose capital is the city of İzmir. On the west it is surrounded by the Aegean sea, and it encloses the Gulf of İzmir. Its area is 11,973 km.², population 3.948.848 (2010 tüik census). The population was 3,370,866 in 2000. Neighbouring provinces are Balıkesir on the north, Manisa on the east, and Aydın on the south. The traffic code of the province is 35.
The main rivers of the province are Küçük Menderes river, Koca Çay (with Güzelhisar dam), and Bakır Çay.
İzmir Province is divided into 30 districts (metro districts are bold):
Of these, Balçova, Bayraklı, Bornova, Buca, Çiğli, Gaziemir, Güzelbahçe, Karabağlar, Karşıyaka, Konak, and Narlıdere are core districts, making up the city of İzmir.
The area was first settled by local Anatolians, milleninum later Ionians in about the 11th century BC who established the League of Ionia. It was later conquered by the Persians, retaken by the Greeks, before being subsumed into the Roman Empire. After the split of the Roman Empire, the area became part of what is now called the Byzantine Empire until conquered by the Ottoman Turks in the 14th century. Following the First World War the province was ceded to Greece, but was retaken by the forces of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the Turkish War of Independence. As a result of the Treaty of Lausanne all Greek Orthodox inhabitants of the province had to leave, and İzmir Province was incorporated into the modern republic of Turkey.

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Iğdır Province
Iğdır Province (Turkish: Iğdır ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the border with Armenia, Azerbaijan (the area of Nakhchivan), and Iran. Its adjacent provinces are Kars to the northwest and Ağrı to the west and south. It occupies an area of 3,587 km² and population of 184,418 (2010 est.), it was 168,634 in 2000 (up from 142,601 in 1990).
Turkey's highest mountain, Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) is in Iğdır, but much of the land is a wide plain far below the mountain. The climate is the warmest in this part of Turkey, cotton can be grown in Iğdır. Iğdır is where Noah is said to have thrived following the flood.^{[citation needed]} The border with Armenia follows the Aras River.
The provincial capital is the city of Iğdır.
Iğdır province is divided into 4 districts (capital district in bold):
The area is named after a western Turkish clan Iğdıroğlu belonging to a branch of the Oghuz Turks.^{[citation needed]} They spread throughout Anatolia and there are towns and villages named Iğdır in Malatya and other parts of Turkey today.^{[citation needed]}

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Kahramanmaraş
Kahramanmaraş is a city in southeastern Turkey and the administrative center of Kahramanmaraş Province . The city lies on a plain at the foot of the Taurus Mountains and has a population of 412.252 as of 2010. The region is best known for its production of salep, a flour made from dried orchid tubers, and its distinctive ice cream. It is connected by air to Istanbul and Ankara. Turkish Airlines has daily direct flights from İstanbul and also Anadolu Jet operates direct flights from Ankara.
Kahramanmaraş was called Germanicia Caesarea (Γερμανίκεια, Germanikeia, in Greek) in the time of the Roman and Byzantine empires. (According to an article published in newspaper Cumhuriyet on 20 December 2010, the first ruins of Germanicia have already been unearthed in the Dulkadiroğulları quarters of the city.)
Germanicia was taken from the Byzantines by the Muslim Arabs in 645 AD, to whom the city was known as Marʻaš (Arabic: مرعش‎ [ˈmarʕaʃ]), which is also the Syriac name (Syriac: ܡܪܥܫ). Marash was an important Syrian Orthodox diocese. Mor Dionysius Bar Salibi (+ 1171) was its bishop.

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Karabük Province
Karabük Province (Turkish: Karabük ili ) is a province in northern central Turkey with a total population of 227,610 (as of 2010).
The main city is Karabük which is located about 200 km north of Ankara and about 100 km south of the Black Sea coast. Established in 1995, it comprises Karabük, Eflani, Safranbolu and Yenice districts which were formerly part of Zonguldak Province and Eskipazar and Ovacık districts which were previously part of Çankırı Province.
Karabük is located on the highway between Bartın and Ankara which was in ancient times an important route between Amasra on the coast and central Anatolia. The railway between Ankara and Zonguldak passes through Karabük.
Safranbolu, a historically important city, which is listed in the UNESCO World Heritage List - is located in Karabük Province.
Karabük province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
Traditional houses of Safranbolu
Historical shoe-maker shops in Safranbolu
Bostancı Pond in Eflani
Eflani countryside
Coordinates: 41°13′25″N 32°38′25″E / 41.22361°N 32.64028°E / 41.22361; 32.64028

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Karaman Province
Karaman Province (Turkish: Karaman ili) is a province of central Turkey. It has an area of 9,163 km². It has a population of 232,633 (2010 est). According to the 2000 census the population was 243,210. Population density is 27.54 people/km². The traffic code is 70. The capital is the city of Karaman. Karaman was the location of the Karamanid emirate, which came to an end in 1486.
Karaman province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
Görmeli, a village in Ermenek district
Akpınar village in Ayrancı district
View of Ala Bridge near Ermenek
Coordinates: 37°01′23″N 33°05′39″E / 37.02306°N 33.09417°E / 37.02306; 33.09417

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Kars Province
Kars Province (Turkish: Kars ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the northeastern part of the country. It shares part of its border with the Republic of Armenia.
The provinces of Ardahan and Iğdır were until the 1990s part of Kars Province.
Kars was under the control of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. For a brief period, from 1878 until 1917, it was controlled by Russia. From 1918 to 1920 the province was under the administration of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as the Vanand province (with the city of Kars as its capital). Its territory was ceded to Turkey by the Soviet Union in the Treaty of Kars.
Kars province is divided into 8 districts (ilçe), each named after the administrative center of the district:
There are 383 villages in Kars.
Kars has a wealth of wildlife that is being documented by the Kars-Igdir Biodiversity Project run by the KuzeyDoga Society. The project has recorded 323 of Turkey's 468 bird species in the region. At least 223 of these occur at Kuyucuk Lake, that is the most important wetland in the province. Sarikamis Forests in the south harbor wolves, brown bear, lynx and other animals, and Aras (Araxes) River wetlands comprise a key stop-over site for many migrating birds. Aras River Bird Research and Education Center at Yukari Ciyrikli village has recorded 228 bird species at this single location alone.

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Kastamonu Province
Kastamonu Province (Turkish: Kastamonu ili) is one of the provinces of Turkey, in the Black Sea region, to the north of the country. It is surrounded by Sinop to the east, Bartın and Karabük to the west, Çankırı to the south, Çorum to the south east and the Black Sea to the north.
The province has an area of 13,108 km², and a population of 322,759 people (2006 est). The population was 361,222 people in 2010. The population density is 24.62 inhabitants per km². The province center has a population of 64,606.
Kastamonu province is divided into 20 districts (capital district in bold):
It is not definitely known when Kastamonu was first founded. However, some sources dating back to the Early Middle Ages refer to the province. There are also some archeological findings dating back to about 100,000^{[citation needed]} years that suggest the region was inhabited then.
There are theories that the word Kastamonu derives from Castra Comnenus, the Latin name of the Byzantine castle built by the Comnenus dynasty.

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Kayseri Province
The Kayseri Province (Turkish: Kayseri ili), in central Turkey, is an area that has been linked with mythological stories as well as important figures in Turkish history. It is located in Anatolia, and surrounded by the Mount Erciyes, the Mount Hasan and the Mount Ali. The Ali mountain is named like that in honor of Ali Baba, who is said to have lived in the area.
Kayseri province is divided into 16 districts (capital district in bold):
Kayseri was first known as the city of Masaka. Later, during the Roman period, the province's name was changed to Kaesarea, then Kayzer before becoming known with its modern name of Kayseri. Danishmend Gazi conquered Kayseri in 1084. The Seljuk Empire then modernised the province, with new buildings and mosques being built around. During this period, the Şifahane, Kayseri's first hospital, and perhaps the first hospital in all of Anatolia, was built. It was built in honor of Princess Gevher Nesibe Hatun, daughter of the Sultan. She died of a disease at a young age. Construction of the hospital was completed in 1206.

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Kilis Province
Kilis Province (Turkish: Kilis ili) is a province in south-central Turkey. It used to be the southern part of the province of Gaziantep and was formed in 1994. The town of Kilis is home to around 67% of the inhabitants of the province, the other towns and villages are very small.
There is evidence of human occupation from 4,000 years ago, in the Middle Bronze Age. The region has been ruled by the Hurrians, the Assyrian Empire, the Hittite Empire, the Persian Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Roman Empire (including the Byzantine Empire), and finally by Ottoman Empire. Places of historical interest include a number of burial mounds, castles and mosques.
On 9 April 2012, Syrian forces fired across the country's border into a refugee camp in Kilis, injuring at least five people. Unconfirmed reports suggested that at least two people had been killed.
Kilis is located in the southern foothills of the Taurus Mountains west of the Euphrates River on the northern edge of the Syria Plain. The district contains areas of good agricultural land, watered by small rivers and 68% of the land area of Kilis is planted. Almost 4% of Turkey's grape production comes from Kilis. Other important agricultural products are olives, fruit, wheat, barley and tobacco. A Mediterranean climate dominates over the region, which is around 60 to 80 km away from the sea. Winters are cool and rainy, spring and fall months warm, and summers are hot. Average winter temperatures are 4 to 7 degrees Celsius, while in summer the temperatures do not fall under 25 degrees Celsius.

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Kocaeli Province
Kocaeli Province (Turkish: Kocaeli ili , pronounced [kodʒaˈeli]) is a province of Turkey. Its capital is İzmit, which is sometimes referred to as Kocaeli itself. The largest town in the province is now Gebze. The traffic code is 41. The province is located at the easternmost end of the Marmara Sea, especially on the Gulf of İzmit. Because of the size and natural conditions of the Bay of İzmit, the city is a giant natural harbour. There are lots of harbour facilities within Kocaeli, including the primary base of the Turkish Navy.
Kocaeli province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Kocaeli Province at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 40°51′07″N 29°52′41″E / 40.852°N 29.878°E / 40.852; 29.878

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Konya Province
Konya Province (Turkish: Konya ili) is a province of Turkey located in central Anatolia. The provincial capital is the city of Konya. It is the largest province by area of Turkey.
The Konya province is divided into thirty-one districts three of which are actually included in the municipality of Konya city (shown in boldface letters).
Nalçacı Street
Mevlana Square
Dedeman Konya Hotel
Alaaddin Hill
Obruk Lake end Obruk Caravansary
The traditional food, Etliekmek
The wild sheep on Bozdağ,Konya
Coordinates: 38°00′48″N 32°41′56″E / 38.01333°N 32.69889°E / 38.01333; 32.69889

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Kütahya Province
Kütahya Province (Turkish: Kütahya ili) is a province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is 11,889 km² in size, and the population is 590,496 (2010 est).^{[citation needed]} In 1990, Kütahya had a population of 578,020.
Kütahya province is divided into 13 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 39°18′17″N 29°35′24″E / 39.30472°N 29.59°E / 39.30472; 29.59

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Kırklareli Province
Kırklareli Province (Turkish: Kırklareli ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey on the west coast of the Black Sea. The province neighbours Bulgaria to the north along a 180 kilometers long border. It borders the province of Edirne to the west and the province of Tekirdağ to the south and province of Istanbul to the southeast. Kırklareli is the capital city of the province. The province's and its central city's name means "the land of the forties" in Turkish and it may refer either to the forty Ottoman ghazis sent by the sultan Murad I to conquer the city for the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century or to the forty churches reported to be situated in the region before the Ottoman conquest. There is a memorial on a hilltop in Kırklareli city, called "Kırklar Anıtı" (the Memorial of the Forties in Turkish) to honor the Ottoman conquerors (For more on the name's origins, see Kırklareli).
The province is bisected by the Yıldız (Istranca) mountain range. The north and northeastern parts of the province are among the least populated and developed parts of Turkey. The districts to the south and west are more populated because the land is better suited for agriculture and industrial development. The north and eastern parts of the province are dominated by forests. Therefore forestry is an important means of living in these areas. Fishing is done along the Black Sea coast.

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Kırıkkale Province
Kırıkkale Province (Turkish: Kırıkkale ili) is a province of Turkey. It is located on the crossroads of major highways east of Ankara leading east to the Black Sea region. With its rapid population growth it has become an industrial center. The provincial capital is Kırıkkale.
Kırıkkale is a rapidly growing town in central Turkey, on the Ankara-Kayseri railway near the Kızılırmak River. Formerly a village, it owes its rapid rise in population mainly to the establishment of steel mills in the 1950s. These works, among the largest in the country, specialize in high-quality alloy steel and machinery. In the 1960s chemical plants were added.
Kırıkkale province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 39°52′11″N 33°42′58″E / 39.86972°N 33.71611°E / 39.86972; 33.71611

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Kırşehir Province
Kırşehir Province (Turkish: Kırşehir ili) is located in central Turkey, forming part of the central Anatolian region. It stands on the North Anatolian Fault, and is currently in an earthquake warning zone. The average elevation is approximately 985 meters above sea level. The provincial capital is Kırşehir.
It became a province in 1924. On 30 May 1954, it was accepted as a district of Nevşehir. Later, the towns of Kırşehir were divided between Ankara, Yozgat and Nevşehir. In 1957, Kırşehir became a province again.^{[citation needed]}
Kırşehir province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Kırşehir Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 39°19′26″N 34°07′45″E / 39.32389°N 34.12917°E / 39.32389; 34.12917

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London
London ⁱ/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.

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Malatya Province
Malatya Province (Turkish: Malatya ili) is a province of Turkey. It is part of a larger mountainous area. The capital of the province is Malatya (in Hittite: Milid or Maldi, meaning "city of honey"), which has many residents. Malatya is famous for its apricots. The area of Malatya province is 12,313 km². Malatya Province has 740,643 inhabitants. The population was 853,658 in 2000. The city of Malatya has a population of 381,081 (2000).
Malatya is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.
Malatya province is divided into 14 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 38°29′03″N 38°08′11″E / 38.48417°N 38.13639°E / 38.48417; 38.13639

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Manisa Province
Manisa Province (Turkish: Manisa ili) is a province in western Turkey. Its neighboring provinces are İzmir to the west, Aydın to the south, Denizli to the south east, Uşak to the east, Kütahya to the north east, and Balıkesir to the north. The seat of the province is the city of Manisa.
Manisa province is divided into 16 districts (capital district in bold):
The Mount Sipylus national park (Spil Dağı Milli Parkı) near the city of Manisa covers a richly forested area, hot springs, and the famous "crying rock" of Niobe, and a Hittite carving of the Goddess Cybele (Mother Goddess). The park boasts of having within its boundaries about 120 varieties of native plants, especially wild tulips. The park provides opportunities for mountaineering and camping.
Sardis, in Salihli, was the ancient capital of Lydia, once ruled by King Croesus, who was renowned for his wealth. Due to numerous earthquakes, most of the visible remains date back only to Roman times. There are the remains of the temple of Artemis and a restored gymnasium, exhibiting of the past splendor of this ancient city. The splendid synagogue from the 3rd century is worth visiting, with its elaborate mosaics and artfully carved colored-stone panels.

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Mardin
Mardin (Ottoman Turkish: ماردين, Mardīn, Kurdish: Mêrdîn, Classical Syriac: ܡܪܕܝܢ‎) is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for its Arabic-like architecture, and for its strategic location on a rocky mountain overlooking the plains of northern Syria.
The name of the city is derived from the Syriac-Aramaic word "ܡܪܕܐ" meaning fortress. Most Syriac Orthodox churches and monasteries in the city were built on ancient pre Christian temple sites and some are still active today. The Syriac Orthodox Saffron Monastery was founded in 439 AD and is one of the oldest monasteries in the world and the only one that is still functioning in southern Turkey. From 1160 until 1932, it was the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, until the Patriarchate relocated to the Syrian capital Damascus. The site of the monastery itself is said to have been used as a temple by sun worshipers as long ago as 2000 BC. Mardin is likely the Maride and Marida of the Greeks and Romans. Another important church, Kırklar Kilisesi (Church of the 40 Martyrs), originally built in the name of Behnam and Saro, the two sons of a Aramean (Syriac) ruler who executed them because they chose to become Christian, dates from 569 AD^{[citation needed]}, and even during its use as a capital by the Artukid Turkish dynasty which ruled Eastern Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries. The 12th century Sitti Radviyye Madrasa, the oldest of its kind in Anatolia, dates from this period.

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Mardin Province
Mardin Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Mêrdînê, Turkish: Mardin ili ) is a province of Turkey with a population of 744,606. The population was 835,173 in 2000. The capital of the Mardin Province is Mardin (Kurdish: Mêrdîn, Classical Syriac: ܡܶܪܕܺܝܢ‎ "Mardin" in related Semitic language Arabic: ماردين, Mardīn). Located near the traditional boundary of Anatolia and Mesopotamia, it has a diverse population, composed by Kurdish, Turkish, Arab and Syriac people.
The local Syriacs, while very reduced due to the results of the 1915 massacres, hold on to two of the oldest monasteries in the world, Dayro d-Mor Hananyo (Turkish Deyrülzafaran, English Saffron Monastery) and Deyrulumur Monastery. The Christian community is concentrated on the Tur Abdin plateau and in the town of Midyat, with a smaller community (approximately 100) in the provincial capital.
Politically, the area in the early 2000s has witnessed competition between the governing Justice and Development Party and the mainly Kurdish-based Democratic People's Party, later revamped as Peace and Democracy Party.

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Marmara Region
The Marmara Region (Turkish: Marmara Bölgesi), with a surface area of 67.000 km², is the smallest but most densely populated of the seven geographical regions of Turkey. It represents approximately 8.6% of the Turkish national territory and about 30% of its population.
This region was officially put in existence after the Geography Congress of 1941 in Ankara and is geographically divided into four regional parts.
Its name derives from the Sea of Marmara, which itself is named for the island of Marmara.
The Yıldız Mountains and Uludağ are in the Marmara Region. Islands in the Aegean Sea are Gökçeada and Bozcaada, and in the Sea of Marmara are Marmara Island, Avşa, Paşalimanı, İmralı and the Princes Islands of Istanbul.
The Marmara region has a hybrid mediterranean climate/humid subtropical climate on the Aegean Sea coast and the south Marmara Sea coast, an oceanic climate on the Black Sea coast and a humid continental climate in the interior. Summers are warm to hot, humid and moderately dry whereas winters are cold and wet and sometimes snowy.

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Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.

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Mersin Province
The Mersin Province (Turkish: Mersin ili) is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast between Antalya and Adana. The provincial capital is the city of Mersin and the other major town is Tarsus, birthplace of St Paul. The province is part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region, that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye and Hatay.
The former name of the province was İçel. In 2002, the province's name was changed to Mersin to match the provincial capital's name, as is the case for all Turkish provinces except three. The province retained the license plate number of 33, İçel having been the 33rd in the alphabetical order of Turkish province names, when there were only 67 provinces in Turkey.
87% of the land area is mountain, leading up to the rocky heights of the central Taurus Mountains, the highest peak is Medetsiz (3,584 m) in the Bolkar range, and there are a number of important passes over to central Anatolia. There are many high meadows and small plains between 700 and 1500m.

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Muğla Province
Muğla Province (Turkish: Muğla ili) is a province of Turkey, at the country's south-western corner, on the Aegean Sea. Its seat is Muğla, about 20 km (12 mi) inland, while some of Turkey's largest holiday resorts, such as Bodrum, Ölüdeniz, Marmaris and Fethiye, are on the coast in Muğla.
The original name of Muğla is open for discussion. Various sources refer to the city as Mogola, Mobella or Mobolia.
At 1,100 km (680 mi), Muğla's coastline is the longest among the Provinces of Turkey and longer than many countries' costlines, (even without taking any small islands into account). Important is the Datça Peninsula. As well as the sea, Muğla has two large lakes, Lake Bafa in the district of Milas and Lake Köyceğiz. The landscape consists of pot-shaped small plains surrounded by mountains, formed by depressions in the Neogene. These include the plain of the city of Muğla itself, Yeşilyurt, Ula, Gülağzı, Yerkesik, Akkaya, Çamköy and Yenice). Until the recent building of highways, transport from these plains to either the coast or inland was quite arduous, and thus each locality remained an isolated culture of its own. Contact with the outside world was through one of the three difficult passes: northwest to Milas, north to the Menderes plain through Gökbel, or northeast to Tavas.

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Muş Province
Muş Province (Turkish: Muş ili) is a province in eastern Turkey. It is 8,196 km² in area, and has a population of 406,886 (2010 est). The population was 453,654 in 2000. The provincial capital is the city of Muş (Armenian: Մուշ, Kurdish: Mûs). Another town in Muş province, Malazgirt (Manzikert), is famous for the Battle of Manzikert of 1071.
Muş province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
Among the historical sites of the Mush province are two of the holiest Armenian sites:
Coordinates: 39°00′02″N 41°49′38″E / 39.00056°N 41.82722°E / 39.00056; 41.82722

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Nevalı Çori
Nevalı Çori was an early Neolithic settlement on the middle Euphrates, in the province of Şanlıurfa (Urfa), eastern Turkey. The site is famous for having revealed some of the world's most ancient known temples and monumental sculpture. Together with the site of Göbekli Tepe, it has revolutionised scientific understanding of the Eurasian Neolithic.
The settlement was located about 490 m above sea level, in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains, on both banks of the Kantara stream, a tributary of the Euphrates.
The site was examined from 1983 to 1991 in the context of rescue excavations during the erection of the Atatürk Dam below Samsat. Excavations were conducted by a team from the University of Heidelberg under the direction of Professor Harald Hauptmann. Together with numerous other archaeological sites in the vicinity, Nevali Cori has since been inundated by the dammed waters of the Euphrates.
Nevalı Çori could be placed within the local relative chronology on the basis of its flint tools. The occurrence of narrow unretouched Byblos-type points places it on Oliver Aurenche's Phase 3, i.e. early to middle PPNB. Some tools indicate continuity into Phase 4, which is similar in date to Late PPNB. An even finer chronological distinction within Phase 3 is permitted by the settlement's architecture; the house type with underfloor channels, typical of Nevalı Çori strata I-IV, also characterises the "Intermediate Layer" at Çayönü, while the differing plan of the single building in stratum V, House 1, is more clearly connected to the buildings of the "Cellular Plan Layer" at Çayönü.

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Nevşehir Province
Nevşehir Province (Turkish: Nevşehir ili) is a province in central Turkey with its capital in Nevşehir. It adjacent provinces are Kırşehir to the northwest, Aksaray to the southwest, Niğde to the south, Kayseri to the southeast, and Yozgat to the northeast. Nevşehir includes the area called Cappadocia - a very popular tourist attraction in Turkey. The famous town of Göreme is also located in Nevşehir.
Cappadocia once included the area now covered by this province. This province is notable for the fairy chimneys of Göreme, the Ortahisar (middle fortress), a number of old churches from the Byzantine period.
Nevşehir province is divided into 8 districts (capital district in bold):
Fairy chimneys in Ürgüp
Rock formation in Goreme Open Air Museum
A view from Tatlarin, Nevşehir
A historical church in Derinkuyu
Coordinates: 38°46′54″N 34°41′17″E / 38.78167°N 34.68806°E / 38.78167; 34.68806

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Niğde Province
Niğde Province (Turkish: Niğde ili) is a small rural province in the southern part of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Population is 337.931 (2010 est) of which 100.418 live in the city of Niğde. The population was 348,081 in 2000 and 305.861 in 1990. It covers an area of 7,312 km². Neighbouring provinces are Kayseri, Adana, Mersin, Konya, Aksaray and Nevşehir.
The province is surrounded on three sides by ranges of the Taurus Mountains, including Mount Hasan and the Melendiz mountains. To the west lies the plain of Emen, which opens up into the wide plain of Konya. The plain is covered with nutritious volcanic soil and Niğde is a successful agricultural region, particularly apples and potatoes.
Surrounded by mountains and at a fairly high altitude the area has a dry and chilly climate and is exposed to snows brought by cold north winds in winter. Average rainfall 0.9 mm, 78.5 mm in April, practically zero in July and August. Therefore the hillsides are more or less bare of vegetation, with some forest at the higher altitudes.

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Ordu Province
Ordu Province (Turkish: Ordu ili) is a province of Turkey, located on the Black Sea coast. Its adjacent provinces are Samsun to the northwest, Tokat to the southwest, Sivas to the south, and Giresun to the east. Its traffic code is 52. The capital of the province is the city of Ordu.
"Ordu" means 'army' in Turkish but there are many speculations about the name's meaning.
Ordu is a strip of Black Sea coast and the hills behind, historically an agricultural and fishing area and in recent years, tourism has seen an increase, mainly visitors from Russia and Georgia, as Ordu boasts some of the best beaches, rivers, and lush, green mountains on the Black Sea coast. Walking in the high pastures is now a popular excusrion for Turkish holidaymakers.
Ordu is famous for hazelnuts. Turkey as a whole produces about 70 percent of the world's hazelnuts, and over 50 percent of those come from Ordu. The recent drop in hazelnut prices however have led farmers to supplement their income with honeybees. The higher altitudes are covered in forest. Melet river, Bolaman river, Fatsa river, Cevizdere stream, Curi stream and Bağdere stream are main rivers of the Ordu province and Gaga lake is the only lake of the city

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Osmaniye Province
Osmaniye Province (Turkish: Osmaniye ili) is a Turkish province located in southern Turkey. It became a province in 1996. The province was part of Adana Province. It covers an area of 3,767 km² and has a population of 479,221 (2010 est). The province is situated in Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region.
The capital of the province is Osmaniye (Population: 194,000). The next largest towns are Kadirli (Population: 81,016) and Düziçi (Population: 42,000).
Osmaniye province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Ancient city of Hierapolis Castabala in Osmaniye
Hittite Storm God in Karatepe-Aslantaş Late Hittite Fortress
A view from the city of Osmaniye
Çukurova
Coordinates: 37°13′41″N 36°12′45″E / 37.22806°N 36.2125°E / 37.22806; 36.2125

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Rize Province
Rize Province (Turkish: Rize ili) is a province of north-east Turkey, on the eastern Black Sea coast between Trabzon and Artvin. Its capital is the city of Rize.
Rize is on the north side of the range of mountains that run along the Black Sea coast. Overlooking the sea this is the wettest corner of Turkey and Rize is the country's largest producer of tea'. The province is mainly rural and very attractive with its mountain valleys and elevated yaylas (meadows). The district of Çamlıhemşin in particular is one of Turkey's most popular venues for trekking holidays. Within remote areas, roads are scarce and electrically powered cable cars are used to transport people and supplies into the mountains. As well as tea, nowadays kiwi fruit are grown here too. Summers are cool (July average 22°C), winters are mild (January average 7°C) and it is wet all year round.
The new Black Sea coast road is making Rize more accessible, while drawing criticism for its effect on the wildlife of the coast, and from the early 2000s, Rize has seen an increase in visitors from outside the province, particularly those seeking to escape into the countryside. This increased tourism has raised concerns among locals that the traditional way of life and the unblemished character of the natural surroundings is under threat. The provincial governor, Enver Salihoglu (as of 2005) has stated his opposition to the expansion of the road network and has advocated a commercial focus on beekeeping, trout farming, and the growing of organic teas.

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Sakarya Province
Sakarya Province (Turkish: Sakarya ili) is a province in Turkey, located on the coast of Black Sea. The river Sakarya creates a webbing of estuaries in the province.
Sakarya is located in the Marmara Region. Its adjacent provinces are Kocaeli to the west, Bilecik to the south, Bolu to the southeast, and Düzce to the east. The capital of Sakarya is Adapazarı. The climate is oceanic due to its close proximity to the Black Sea.
Sakarya is situated on the Ankara-Istanbul Highway. It is connected through both road and rail. Sakarya is serviced by Istanbul's Sabiha Gökçen International Airport airport.The current mayor of Sakarya is Zeki Tocoglu (AKP).
Sakarya dates back to 378 BC. Ancient settlers included Phrygians, Bithynians, Cimmerians, Lydians and Persians, but Sakarya got its identity from the Romans and Byzantine rulers. One of the most important remains of historical significance is the Justinianus Bridge (Turkish: Beş Köprü) built by Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 533 CE.
Coordinates: 40°41′50″N 30°27′24″E / 40.69722°N 30.45667°E / 40.69722; 30.45667

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Samsun Province
Samsun Province (Turkish: Samsun ili ) is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast with a population of 1,252,693 (2010). Its adjacent provinces are Sinop on the northwest, Çorum on the west, Amasya on the south, Tokat on the southeast, and Ordu on the east. Its traffic code is 55.
The provincial capital is Samsun, one of the most populated cities in Turkey and the largest and busiest port in the Black Sea.^{[citation needed]}
Ladik lake, Akgöl, Dumanlı lake, Semenlik lake
Kızılırmak,Yeşilırmak, Terme river, Aptal Suyu, Mert Irmağı, Kürtün Suyu
Samsun province is divided into 17 districts four of which are actually included in the municipality of Samsun city (shown in boldface letters).
The founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, started the Turkish War of Independence here on May 19, 1919.
Media related to Samsun Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 41°12′16″N 36°00′26″E / 41.20444°N 36.00722°E / 41.20444; 36.00722

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Shroud of Turin
The Shroud of Turin or Turin Shroud (Italian: Sindone di Torino, Sacra Sindone) is a linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have suffered physical trauma in a manner consistent with crucifixion. It is kept in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, northern Italy.
The image on the shroud is commonly associated with Jesus Christ, his crucifixion and burial. It is much clearer in black-and-white negative than in its natural sepia color. The negative image was first observed in 1898, on the reverse photographic plate of amateur photographer Secondo Pia, who was allowed to photograph it while it was being exhibited in the Turin Cathedral.
The origins of the shroud and its image are the subject of intense debate among scientists, theologians, historians and researchers. Scientific and popular publications have presented diverse arguments for both authenticity and possible methods of forgery. A variety of scientific theories regarding the shroud have since been proposed, based on disciplines ranging from chemistry to biology and medical forensics to optical image analysis. The Catholic Church has neither formally endorsed nor rejected the shroud, but in 1958 Pope Pius XII approved of the image in association with the Roman Catholic devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus.

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Siirt Province
Siirt Province, (Turkish: Siirt ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the southeast. The province borders Bitlis to the north, Batman to the west, Mardin to the southwest, Şırnak to the south, and Van to the east. It has an area of 5,406 km² and a total population of 300,695 (as of 2010). The provincial capital is the city of Siirt
Siirt province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 37°55′48″N 42°16′13″E / 37.93°N 42.27028°E / 37.93; 42.27028

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Sinop Province
Sinop Province (Turkish: Sinop ili ; Greek: Σινώπη, Sinopi) is a province of Turkey, along the Black Sea. It is located between 41 and 42 degrees North latitude and between 34 and 35 degrees East longitude. The surface area is 5,862 km², equivalent to 0.8% of Turkey's surface area. The borders total 475 km and consists of 300 km of land and 175 km seaside borders. Its adjacent provinces are Kastamonu on the west, Çorum on the south, and Samsun on the southeast. The provincial capital is the city of Sinop.
Kızılırmak, Gökırmak, Sarsak çay, Karasu, Ayancık Suyu, Tepeçay, Çakıroğlu, Kanlıdere
Sülüklü, Sarıkum
Sinop province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 42°00′N 35°00′E / 42°N 35°E / 42; 35

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Sivas Province
The Sivas Province (Turkish: Sivas ili) is a province of Turkey. It located at the eastern part of the Central Anatolian region of Turkey; it is the second largest province in Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Yozgat to the west, Kayseri to the southwest, Kahramanmaraş to the south, Malatya to the southeast, Erzincan to the east, Giresun to the northeast, and Ordu to the north. Its capital is Sivas.
The majority of Sivas Province shares the climate of the Central Anatolian Region in which the summer seasons are hot and dry while winter seasons are cold and snowy. However, the northern part of the province shares the Black Sea Climate while the eastern portion shares the climate of the Eastern Anatolian higher region.
This province is noted for its thermal springs.
Sivas province is divided into 17 districts (capital district in bold):
The route of the Silk Road and the Persian Royal Road run through Sivas.
According to the written historical sources, the region of Sivas province was first inhabited during the period of the Hittite civilization by the beginning of 2000 BC and became an important settlement. The region then encountered the reign of Phrygian, Lydian, Assyrian, Roman, Byzantine, Seljukian, Danişment, İlhanlı, Eretna and Ottoman civilizations.

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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية‎ Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية‎ al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).

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Tekirdağ Province
The Tekirdağ Province (Turkish: Tekirdağ ili , pronounced [teˈkiɾdaː]) is in Trakya (Thrace), the northwestern part of Turkey. The capital city is Tekirdağ. It is famous for its meatball called "Tekirdağ köfte" and the Turkish alcoholic drink called Tekirdağ rakısı.
Tekirdağ province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Tekirdağ Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 41°05′11″N 27°21′28″E / 41.08639°N 27.35778°E / 41.08639; 27.35778

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Tigris
The Tigris River (/ˈtaɪɡrɪs/; Arabic: دجله) is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq.
The Tigris is 1,850 km long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km through Turkish territory before becoming the border between Syria and Turkey. This stretch of 44 km is the only part of the river that is located in Syria. The remaining 1,418 km are entirely within the Iraqi borders.
The Tigris unites with the Euphrates near Basra, and from this junction to the Persian Gulf the mass of moving water is known as the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.
Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2400 BC.

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Tokat Province
Tokat Province (Turkish: Tokat ili) is a province in northern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Amasya to the northwest, Yozgat to the southwest, Sivas to the southeast, and Ordu to the northeast. Its capital is Tokat, which lies inland of the middle Black Sea region, 422 kilometers from Ankara.
Tokat province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):
Two notable monuments in this province are the Hatuniye Medrese of the 15th century, built by Sultan Bayezid II, and a Seljuk bridge spanning the Yeşilırmak River, belonging to the 12th century. The Latifoğlu Mansion is a third, which is an example of the traditional architecture of a Turkish house of the 19th century, restored recently to its original state.
Tokat city center
Gök Medrese in Tokat
Polychrome tiles from Gök Medrese
Maşat Höyük, a Hittite archaeological site
Coordinates: 40°21′10″N 36°33′52″E / 40.35278°N 36.56444°E / 40.35278; 36.56444

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Trabzon Province
Trabzon Province (Turkish: Trabzon ili) is a province of Turkey on the Black Sea coast. Located in a strategically important region, Trabzon is one of the oldest trade port cities in Anatolia. Neighbouring provinces are Giresun to the west, Gümüşhane to the southwest, Bayburt to the southeast and Rize to the east. The provincial capital is Trabzon city, and the traffic code is 61. The major ethnic groups are Chepni Turks and Lazes. The province is home to a small community of Muslim Romeika-speakers, though younger speakers are not fluent in this language.
Trabzon province is divided into 18 districts (capital district in bold):
Districts along the 114 km coastline (from West to East): Beşikdüzü, Vakfıkebir, Çarşıbaşı, Akçaabat, Yomra, Arsin, Araklı, Sürmene and Of.
Districts inland: Tonya, Düzköy, Şalpazarı, Maçka, Köprübaşı, Dernekpazarı, Hayrat and Çaykara.
Beşikdüzü and Şalpazarı gained district status in 1988, Çarşıbaşı, Düzköy, Köprübaşı, Dernekpazarı and Hayrat in 1990.
Remarkably attractive throughout its history, Trabzon was the subject of hundreds of travel books by western travellers, some of whom had named it "city of tale in the East" The capital city Trabzon was founded, as Trapezus, by Greek colonists from Sinope, modern Sinop, Turkey. Starting from the 9th century BC, the city had also been mentioned by historians such as Homeros, Herodotus, Hesiodos. The first written source regarding Trabzon is Anabasis, authored by Xenophon. An important Roman and Byzantine centre, it was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond from 1204 to 1461. Trabzon was subsequently made part of the Ottoman Empire by Mehmet the Conqueror. It was initially a sanjak before gaining the status of eyalet, and finally became a vilayet in 1868. After the region was conquered in 1461, Fatih Medrese (1462), Hatuniye Medrese (1515), İskenderpaşa Medrese (1529) and Hamzapaşa Medrese (1543) were established as important educational centers of the period.

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Tunceli Province
The Tunceli Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Dêrsimê, Turkish: Tunceli ili ) is a province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The province was named Dersim Province (Dersim vilayeti , Dersim meaning 'silver door'^{[citation needed]} in Zazaki and Kurmanci) and was changed to Tunceli Province on January 4, 1936. with the "Law on Administration of the Tunceli Province" (Tunceli Vilayetinin İdaresi Hakkında Kanun), no. 2884 of 25 December 1935. But some still call the region by this name. The capital city is Tunceli. The name of the provincial capital, Kalan, was then officially changed to match with the province's name.
Its adjacent provinces are Erzincan to the north and west, Elazığ to the south, and Bingöl to the east. The province covers an area of 7,774 km² (3,002 sq mi) and has a population of 76,699. It has the lowest population density of any province in Turkey, just 9.8 inhabitants/km². Tunceli is the only Turkish province with an Alevi majority.
Tunceli is known for its old buildings such as the Çelebi Ağa Mosque, Sağman Mosque, Elti Hatun Mosque and adjoining Tomb and impressive natural scenery, especially in Munzur Valley National Park, the largest national park of Turkey.

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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.

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Ur
Coordinates: 30°57′45″N 46°06′11″E / 30.9625°N 46.10306°E / 30.9625; 46.10306 Ur (Sumerian: Urim;Sumerian Cuneiform: 𒋀𒀕𒆠 URIM₂^KI or 𒋀𒀊𒆠 URIM₅^KI;Akkadian: Uru) was an important city-state in ancient Sumer located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar in Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the Euphrates on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Nasiriyah.
The city's patron deity was Nanna, the Sumerian moon god, and the name of the city is in origin derived from the god's name, URIM₂^KI being the classical Sumerian spelling of LAK-32.UNUG^KI, literally "the abode (UNUG) of Nanna (LAK-32)".
The site is marked by the ruins of the Ziggurat of Ur, which contained the shrine of Nanna, excavated in the 1930s. The temple was built in the 21st century BC (short chronology), during the reign of Ur-Nammu and was reconstructed in the 6th century BC by Nabonidus. The ruins cover an area of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) northwest to southeast by 800 metres (2,600 ft) northeast to southwest and rise up to about 20 metres (66 ft) above the present plain level.

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Uşak Province
Uşak (Turkish: Uşak ili ) is a province in western Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Manisa to the west, Denizli to the south, Afyon to the east, and Kütahya to the north. The provincial capital is Uşak, and its traffic code is 64. The province covers an area of 5,341 km² and has a population of 335,860 (2009 est). The population was 322,313 in 2000.(338,019 as of 2010)
Uşak province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
1898-built Dülgeroğlu House in Uşak
Clandıras bridge near Karahallı
Coordinates: 38°31′26″N 29°20′31″E / 38.52389°N 29.34194°E / 38.52389; 29.34194

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Van Province
Van Province (Turkish: Van ili) is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km² in area and had a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010.
Its adjacent provinces are Bitlis to the west, Siirt to the southwest, Şırnak and Hakkâri to the south, and Ağrı to the north. The capital is the city of Van.
Van province is divided into 12 districts:
This area was the heartland of Armenians, who lived in these areas from the time of Hayk in the 3rd millennium BCE right up to the late 19th century when the Ottoman Empire seized all the land from the natives. In the 9th century BC the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. The area was a major Armenian population center. The region came under the control of the Armenian Orontids in the 7th century BC and later Persians in the mid 6th century BC. By the early 2nd century BC it was part of the Kingdom of Armenia. It became an important center during the reign of the Armenian king, Tigranes II, who founded the city of Tigranakert in the 1st century BC. This region was ruled by the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia before 4th century AD. In 908-1021 was central part of Armenian Kingdom of Vaspurakan, then joined Byzantine Empire. With the Seljuq victory at the Battle of Malazgirt in 1071, just north of Lake Van [1], it became a part of Seljuq Empire and later the Ottoman Empire.

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Yalova Province
Yalova Province (Turkish: Yalova ili) is a province in northwestern Turkey, on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. Its adjacent provinces are Bursa to the south and Kocaeli to the east. The provincial capital is the city of Yalova. The population of the Yalova Province is 203,741 (as of 2010). Prior to 1995, Yalova constituted a district of the Istanbul Province and prior to 1930 constituted the district of the Kocaeli Province.
Yalova Province is divided into 6 districts:
Su Düşen Waterfall, near Termal, Yalova
Ferry port of Armutlu
A market in Yalova
Coordinates: 40°38′39″N 29°11′37″E / 40.64417°N 29.19361°E / 40.64417; 29.19361

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Yozgat Province
Yozgat Province (Turkish: Yozgat ili) is a province in central Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Çorum to the northwest, Kırıkkale to the west, Kırşehir to the southwest, Nevşehir to the south, Kayseri to the southeast, Sivas to the east, Tokat to the northeast, and Amasya to the north. The provincial capital is Yozgat.
Yozgat province is divided into 14 districts (capital district in bold):
Media related to Yozgat Province at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 39°40′10″N 35°16′09″E / 39.66944°N 35.26917°E / 39.66944; 35.26917

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Zonguldak Province
Zonguldak Province (Turkish: Zonguldak ili) is a province along the western Black Sea coast region of Turkey. The province is 3.481 km² in size and has a population of 619,703 Its adjacent provinces are Düzce to the southwest, Bolu to the south, Karabük to the southeast, and Bartın to the east. The capital is Zonguldak.
Since the discovery of coal in the province, Zonguldak has become a major coal production center.
Zonguldak province is divided into 6 districts (capital district in bold):
Ilıksu, Kapuz, Göbü beaches, National Sovereignty Forest, Lake (Göl) Mountain, Plateau, Kocaman, Bostanözü, Çamlık, Baklabostan and Gürleyik forest recreation areas, Cumayanı, Kızılelma, Mencilis caves.
Ereğli Museum
Address: Atatürk Kültür Sitesi Ereğli - Zonguldak
Tel: (372) 312 03 62
Open Daily except Mondays: 08:00 - 16:30
Ereğli was founded during the 6th century B.C. by the Mariandynians, who were the successors of the Phrygians. Ereğli was an important commercial wharf (emperion), which takes its name from the famous mythic hero, Hercules (Heracles). The city preserved its importance during the Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman Empire periods. Important historical ruins in the region include the Acheron Valley ruins, in which the Cehennem Ağzı caverns are located, along with Hellenic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman ruins, Ereğli Castle, Heracles Palace, Çeştepe Lighthouse tower, Byzantine water cisterns, Krispos mausoleum, Byzantine church and Halil Paşa Mansion.

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Çanakkale Province
Çanakkale Province (Turkish: Çanakkale ili) is a province of Turkey, located in the northwestern part of the country. It takes its name from the town of Çanakkale.
Like Istanbul, Çanakkale province has a European (Thrace) and an Asian (Anatolia) part. The European part is formed by the Gallipoli (Gelibolu) peninsula, while the Asian part is largely coterminous with the historic region of Troad in Anatolia. They are separated by the Dardanelles strait, connecting the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.
The archaeological site of Troy is found in Çanakkale province.
In the early Turkish Republic, Çanakkale became into existence with the abolition of Biga's and Gelibolu's flags and the Canak villages, locating between Biga and Gallipoli, declearatin of province. According to a population census in 1927, Çanakkale had just 8,500 inhabitants, except its neighbouring villages. It is recorded that Çanakkale which was also called as "Hellespontos" and "Dardanelles" in ancient times, has accommodated to a lot of civilizations for about 3000 years. Even the Archaic Troy (Troia) city, where was governed by Lydians and destroyed by the devastating eathquake in 2500 BC, has ruins in today. In 336 BC, Persian Empire which became the crucial power in Anatolia and was conducted by Alexander the Great that aimed to extend ancient Greek all over the world, was defeated. Also with the ruin of the Anatolian beylik of Karesi, the most part territory of Canakkale was conquered in the Ottoman era, with the assistance of the castles in remuneration for helping to Byzantine Empire, locating Gelibolu. Afterwards, the Canakkale strait was given to the Ottoman Empire.

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Çankırı Province
Çankırı Province (Turkish: Çankırı ili) is a province of Turkey, which lies close to the capital, Ankara. The provincial capital is Çankırı.
Çankırı is primarily agricultural with wheat, beans, corn and tomatoes the most common crops.
Summers in Çankırı are very hot with low rain. Winters are very cold with rain and occasional snow.
Çankırı province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 40°44′08″N 33°21′58″E / 40.73556°N 33.36611°E / 40.73556; 33.36611

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Çorum Province
Çorum Province (Turkish: Çorum ili) is a province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, but lying inland and having more characteristics of Central Anatolia than the Black Sea coast.
With important archaeological sites going back 5,000 years and a unique natural beauty, Çorum is attractive to visitors.
The province of Çorum is a mixture of mountains and high plateaus, some of it watered by the Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak rivers. The province includes much attractive high meadow and mountain for walking and excursions from the city and towns.

Excavations reveal that Çorum area was inhabited during the Paleolithic, Neolithic period and the 4th stage of the Calcolithic Age. Remains of these periods have been found at Büyük Güllüce, Eskiyapar and Kuşsaray.
In later times Çorum and its environs were dominated by Hittites and in the district of Boğazkale is one of the most important Hittite sites in Anatolia, the UNESCO World Heritage listed Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire from 1700 BC to 1200 BC. Other important Hittite site include the open-air temples at Yazılıkaya and Alacahöyük; royal tombs; and the excavations of Boğazköy including tablets proving tradings links between the Hittites and the Ancient Egyptians.

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Şanlıurfa
Şanlıurfa, pronounced [ʃanˈlɯuɾfa], often simply known as Urfa in daily language (Kurdish Riha, Arabic الرها al-Ruhā, Syriac ܐܘܪܗ Urhoy, Armenian Ուռհա Owr'ha), in ancient times Edessa, is a city with 482,323 inhabitants (2009 estimate) in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. It is a city with a predominant Kurdish and Turkmen population. Urfa is situated on a plain under big open skies, about eighty kilometres east of the Euphrates River. The climate features extremely hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters.
The city has been known by many names in history: Ուռհա Owr'ha in Armenian, ܐܘܪܗܝ Urhai in Syriac, ره, الرها, al-Ruhā in Arabic and Ορρα, Orrha in Greek (also Ορροα, Orrhoa). For a while it was named Callirrhoe or Antiochia on the Callirhoe (Ancient Greek: Αντιόχεια η επί Καλλιρρόης). During Byzantine rule it was named Justinopolis. Prior to Turkish rule, it was often best known by the name given it by the Seleucids, Εδεσσα, Edessa.
Şanlı (from Arabic shan (شأن) "dignity" + Turkish adjectival suffix -lı) means "great, glorious, dignified" in Turkish, and Urfa was officially renamed Şanlıurfa (Urfa the Glorious) by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1984, in recognition of the local resistance in the Turkish War of Independence. The title was achieved following repeated requests by the city's members of parliament, desirous to earn a title similar to those of neighbouring cities 'Gazi' (veteran) Antep and 'Kahraman' (Heroic) Maraş.

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Şırnak Province
The Şırnak Province (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Şirnexê,Turkish: Şırnak ili ) is a Turkish province in southeastern Anatolia. It has a population of 430,109 (2010 est). The population was 353,197 in 2000.
Şırnak Province has some mountainous regions in the west and the south, but the majority of the province consists of plateaus, resulting from the many rivers that cross it. These include the Tigris, and its tributaries Hezil and Kızılsu, and also Çağlayan. The most important mountains are the Cudi (2089 m), the Gabar, the Namaz and the Altın. In some sources^[who?], Cudi is cited as the site where Noah's Ark finally reached dry land.
Şırnak province is divided into 7 districts (capital district in bold):
Coordinates: 37°26′58″N 42°34′28″E / 37.44944°N 42.57444°E / 37.44944; 42.57444

[[zh:

Şırnak gerçekte Doğu Anadolu bölegesindedir.

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Abraham
Abraham (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם (help·info), Modern: Avraham, Tiberian: ʼAḇrāhām, Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom, Arabic: إبراهيم‎ Ibrāhīm, Ge'ez: አብርሃም ʼAbrəham, Greek: Aβραάμ, Russian: Авраам), whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to both the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, through his sons Ishmael and Isaac, Abraham is the forefather of many tribes, namely the Ishmaelites, Israelites, Midianites and Edomites. Abraham was a descendant of Noah's son, Shem. Christians believe that Jesus was a descendant of Abraham through Isaac, and Muslims believe that Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through Ishmael. Abraham is notable for his advocation and promotion of monotheism.
The Book of Genesis narrative that records the life of Abraham presents his role as one that could only be fulfilled through a monotheistic covenant established between him and God. The Qur'an has stories about Abraham and his offspring that are similar to the Bible's. In Islam, Abraham is recognised as a prophet, patriarch and messenger, archetype of the perfect Muslim, and reformer of the Kaaba.

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Ahmet Özhan
Ahmet Özhan (Turkish pronunciation: [ahmet øzhan], born 26 Ağustos 1941) is a prominent Turkish classic music singer, conductor and actor.
He started singing in Turkish clubs when he was about 18. He performed concerts all around Europe, the US and the Middle East with his group.

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Akkadians
Coordinates: 33°6′N 44°6′E / 33.1°N 44.1°E / 33.1; 44.1
The Akkadian Empire (Akkadian ^URUAkkad KI, Hittite KUR A.GA.DÈ.KI "land of Akkad"; Biblical Hebrew אַכַּד Akkad) was an empire centered in the city of Akkad (Sumerian: Agade) and its surrounding region in Mesopotamia.
During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism.Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate).
The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests of its founder Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BC). Under Sargon and his successors, Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though there are earlier Sumerian claimants.^{[citation needed]}
The precise archaeological site of the city of Akkad has not yet been found.^{[citation needed]} The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû ("of or belonging to Akkad") was likely derived from this. The etymology and meaning of Akkad (written a.ga.dè^KI or URI^KI) are unknown. Centuries later, the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus mentioned in his archaeological records that Ishtar's worship in Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit, whose shrine was at Sippar—suggesting proximity of Sippar and Agade. Despite numerous searches, the city has never been found. One theory holds that Agade was situated opposite Sippar on the left bank of the Euphrates, and was perhaps the oldest part of the city of Sippar. Another theory is that the ruins of Akkad are to be found beneath modern Baghdad. Reputedly it was destroyed by invading Gutians with the fall of the Akkadian Empire.

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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.

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Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans^{[pronunciation?]} (Aramaic: ארמיא‎; ʼaramáyé) were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram) during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population.
The Arameans never had a unified nation; they were divided into small independent kingdoms across parts of the Near East, particularly in what is now modern Syria. After the Bronze Age collapse, their political influence was confined to a number of Syro-Hittite states, which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC.
By contrast, the Aramaic language came to be the lingua franca of the entire Fertile Crescent, by Late Antiquity developing into the literary languages such as Syriac and Mandaic. Scholars even have used the term "Aramaization" for the process by which the Akkadian/Assyro-Babylonian peoples became Aramaic-speaking during the later Iron Age.

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Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, Armenian pronunciation: [hɑˈjɛɾ]) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.
The largest concentration is in Armenia, having a nearly homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian. Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, an estimated total of 3 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry live outside of Armenia. As a result of the Armenian Genocide, a large number of survivors fled to many countries throughout the world, most notably the Russian Empire, the Near East, the United States, France, Iran, Georgia and other parts of Europe (see Armenian diaspora).
Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus's death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew In the early 4th century, the Kingdom of Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a non-Chalcedonian church, which is also the world's oldest national church.

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Assyrian people
The Assyrian people, most commonly known as Assyrians and other later names, such as: Chaldeans, Syrians, Syriacs (see names of Syriac Christians), are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia. They are Eastern Aramaic speaking Semites who trace their ancestry back to the Sumero-Akkadian civilisation that emerged in Mesopotamia circa 4000- 3500 BC, and in particular to the northern region of the Akkadian lands, which would become known as Assyria by the 24th Century BC. The Assyrian nation existed as an independent state, and often a powerful empire, from the 24th century BC until the end of the 7th century BC.
Today that ancient territory is part of several nations; Assyria remained a Geo-political entity after its fall, and was ruled as an occupied province under the rule of various empires from the late 7th century BC until the mid 7th century AD when it was dissolved, and the Assyrian people have gradually become a minority in their homelands since that time. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, north east Syria, north west Iran, and Southeastern Turkey. They are predominantly Christian.

wn.com/Assyrian_people
Bekir Coşkun
Bekir Coşkun (Tülmen, Şanlıurfa, Turkey) is a Turkish journalist, writer and columnist for the leading Turkish daily, Cumhuriyet. He is a good friend of Emin Çölaşan, with who he had worked in the newspaper Hürriyet before they were controversially sacked by the paper's editor-in-chief, Ertuğrul Özkök. As staunch secularists, both are critical of the Justice and Development Party.
Bekir Coşkun was born in the Turkmen village of Tülmen^{[citation needed]} in Şanlıurfa in the southeastern Anatolia region of the country.

wn.com/Bekir_Coşkun
Chaldea
Chaldea or Chaldaea ( /kælˈdiːə/), from Greek Χαλδαία, Chaldaia; Akkadian māt Kaldu; Hebrew כשדים, Kaśdim;Aramaic: ܟܐܠܕܘ, Kaldo) was a marshy land located in modern-day southern Iraq which came to rule Babylon briefly. Tribes of settlers who arrived in the region from the 8th Century BC became known as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. The Hebrew Bible uses the term כשדים (Kaśdim) and this is translated as Chaldaeans in the Septuagint.
The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon (6th century BC) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although only the first four rulers of this dynasty were known to be Chaldeans, and the last ruler was known not to be. Their kingdom in the southern portion of Babylonia lay chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates. Though the name came to be commonly used to refer to the whole of southern Mesopotamia, Chaldea proper was in fact the vast plain in the far south east formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending to about four hundred miles along the course of these rivers, and about a hundred miles in average width.

wn.com/Chaldea
Hittites
The Hittites were a Bronze Age Indo-European speaking people of Anatolia. They established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia c. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height c. the 14th century BC, encompassing a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (in present-day Lebanon), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia. The Hittite military made successful use of chariots. By the mid-14th century BC (under king Suppiluliuma I), they had carved out an empire that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. After c. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until the 8th century BC.
Their Hittite language was a member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. Natively, they referred to their land as Hatti, and to their language as Nesili (the language of Nesa). The conventional name "Hittites" is due to their initial identification with the Biblical Hittites in 19th century archaeology. Despite the use of "Hatti", the Hittites should be distinguished from the Hattians, an earlier people who inhabited the same region until the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, and spoke a non-Indo-European language known as Hattic.

wn.com/Hittites
İbrahim Tatlıses
İbrahim Tatlıses, also known as İbo (born January 1, 1952), is a Kurdish pop-folk singer (singing in Kurdish & Turkish) and actor. He was born in the city of Şanlıurfa, in southeastern Anatolia. Tatlıses has recorded 25 albums, including notable albums such as Ayağında Kundura and Selam Olsun. He is also the host of the television programme İbo Show and is a leading actor who has appeared in several dozen films. He has directed most of the films he acted in. Also, he is a businessman involved in the restaurant and tourism businesses, as well as in construction projects in Iraqi Kurdistan. He has been the target of a serious assassination attempt in 2011
İbrahim Tatlıses was born in the south-eastern town of Sanliurfa and is of Arabic and Kurdish descent. His father died when he was a child, and Tatlıses was raised by his Mother Leyla. He began singing at weddings when he was young.
Then while he was working in constructions as a normal worker, singing, his singing was heard by a businessman from Adana, and he started appearing in nightclubs.

wn.com/İbrahim_Tatlıses
Judah Segal
Judah Benzion Segal MC, FBA, often known as Ben (21 June 1912 - 23 October 2003, Edgware, Middlesex) was Professor of Semitic Languages at the School of Oriental and African Studies.
His father was Professor Moshe Zvi Segal and his brother was the doctor and Labour Party politician Samuel Segal. He had two daughters; one is Prof. Naomi Segal.

wn.com/Judah_Segal
Knanaya
The Knanaya (Hebrew: כנעניה‎, plural כנעניים; Malayalam: ക്നാനായ; Syriac: ܛܢܢܐ; Arabic: قينان) also known as Qna'naya, Qna'i, Kanai, or Thekkumbagar, are an ethnoreligious group, originating from endogamous Jews of the Ancient Near East who settled Kerala, India. The Knanaya Jewish ethnicity and religion are strongly interrelated. Their origins are unclear and are hotly disputed by academic scholars and they are widely believed to be^[who?] descendants of Yemeni Jews who once formed a significant component of the Cochin Jewish population up until the sixteenth century.
The Knanaya people lived in Kodungallur and were able to able achieve limited autonomy until the siege of Kodungallur by Muslims. This led to the Knanaya people dispersing to southern parts of the state of Kerala. During the Portuguese occupation of Kerala, the Knanaya people were heavily persecuted for their Jewish beliefs. As a result of the Portuguese occupation, the Knanaya population dwindled significantly, Knanaya artifacts and culture were lost, and caused the formation of two groups - Knanaya Catholics and Knanaya Jacobites. Many Knanaya migrated at the start of the 20th and 21st centuries, largely westward, forming communities in non Malayalam-speaking areas, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy.

wn.com/Knanaya
Matthew of Edessa
Matthew of Edessa (Armenian: Մատթեոս Ուռհայեցի, Matteos Uṛhayetsi; born in the second half of the 11th century – 1144) was an Armenian historian in the 12th century from the city of Edessa (Armenian: Ուռհա , Uṛha). Matthew was the superior abbot of Karmir Vank' (Red Convent), near the town of Kessoun, east of Marash (Germanicia), the former seat of Baldwin of Boulogne. He relates much about the Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia, the early Crusades, and the battles between Byzantines and Arabs for the possession of parts of northern Syria and eastern Asia Minor.Byzantine authors such as John Zonaras and Anna Comnena were well versed in their particular spheres, but uninformed regarding Edessa and neighboring lands which are treated by Matthew.
A man of strong convictions, Matthew was born in Edessa sometime in the second half of the 11th century and was a member of the Armenian Apostolic Church. He was a determined opponent of the Greek church and as well as the Latin church. Matthew was especially bitter against Frankish settlers, whose avaricious and imperious rule and ingratitude he condemns in his work. He was probably slain during the siege of Edessa by Zengi, atabeg of Mosul in 1144.

wn.com/Matthew_of_Edessa
Medes
The Medes (/midz/) (from Old Persian Māda-) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in Iran in an area known as Media and spoke a northwestern Iranian language referred to as the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of Iranian tribes in the late second millennium BCE (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the first millennium BCE.
In the 7th century BCE a unified Median state was formed which together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. An alliance with the Babylonians helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE which resulted in the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland (central-western Iran) and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. The Median kingdom was conquered in 550 BCE by Cyrus the Great who established the next Iranian dynasty—the Achaemenid Empire.

wn.com/Medes
Müslüm Gürses
Müslüm Akbaş (born May 7, 1953), better known as Müslüm Gürses (pronounced [mysˈlym ɟyɾˈses]) is a Turkish folk singer.
He was born in 1953 in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. He married Muhterem Nur in 1983.
He mostly sings Turkish folk and Ottoman classical music, with an arabesque style. His talent and his special style have put him to a different place among other folk singers. In his songs he mostly expresses sorrow and painful feelings. He is considered a cult figure in Turkish folk music and has a very dedicated group of fans, most of whom being young, low-income urban people. He is mostly called Müslüm Baba (means 'Papa Müslüm' in Turkish) among them.
Sen Olmayinca - Gönül Teknem
Sandik
Topraktan Bedene
Usta Ne Yazar
Garipler
Vay Canim
Sadece
Sultanim
Muslumce 92
Paramparca
Agur Yarali-Gurbert Geceleri
Muslum' Ce Turkuler 2001
Nerelerdesin
Biz Babadan Boyle Gorduk

wn.com/Müslüm_Gürses
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الراشدية‎ al-khilāfat ar-Rāshidīyah), (c. 632-661) comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (Year 10 A.H. in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia in the east. At its greatest extent it was one of the largest empires in history. It is also known as the Patriarchal Caliphate.
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar debated which of them should succeed him in running the affairs of the Muslims while Muhammad's household was busy with his burial. Umar (a Quraish) and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraish soon following suit. Abu Bakr thus became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and embarked on campaigns to propagate Islam. First, though, he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had gone back on their oaths of allegiance to Islam and the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title nor did his three successors do so.

wn.com/Rashidun_Caliphate
Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب‎, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی, Selah'edînê Eyubî) (ca. 1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and parts of North Africa.
Under his personal leadership, his forces defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, leading the way to his re-capture of Palestine, which had been seized from the Fatimid Egyptians by the Crusaders 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for a period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslims and Arabs. As such, Saladin is a prominent figure in Kurdish, Arab, and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict adherent of Sunni Islam. His noble and chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the Siege of Kerak, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders, he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.

wn.com/Saladin
Seyyal Taner
Seyyal Taner (born September 28, 1952, in Şanlıurfa, Turkey) is a Turkish singer and actress. Although famed for her music, Taner started her career as an actress with appearances in around 40 films. Throughout her career, many of her songs have hit, such as "Son Verdim Kalbimin İşine", "Alladı Pulladı", "Şiirimin Dili", "Kırk Yıllık Kani", "Naciye", "Leyla", "Nanay", "Neler Oluyor", "Sen Çok Yaşa" and "Kalbimi Affettim". She has varied her musical style throughout her career, incorporating distinct elements of reggae, rock, new wave, folk, dance and funk into her music. Throughout her career spanning four decades so far she has faced to some challenges to do different things and not to repeat herself. To be more precise, she is a persona doing things without others' approval. She is a person who brought liveliness and innovation to Turkish music and a rebel who made rock music in Alaturca Gazino, Turkish style music hall. Therefore, when somebody mentions about her, the adjectives such as weird, alien, freak, crazy, brave, rebel are used. She stood out not only her voice and songs but also her extraordinary clothes. She is famous for leopard clothes. Besides, she is reckoned as first Turkish singer who simultaneously both sings a song and dances choreographically on stage. She tried to introduce western show to Turkey. She arranged a series of visual and musical shows. Gradually, her look and manner of dressing and her performances started influencing people. Her style became a female fashion trend along 70's, 80's and 90's.

wn.com/Seyyal_Taner
Turkish people
Turkish people, also known as the "Turks" (Turkish: singular: Türk, plural: Türkler), are a nation and ethnic group primarily living in Turkey, and in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire where Turkish minorities have been established in the Balkans, the island of Cyprus, the Levant, Meskhetia, and North Africa. The Turkish minorities are the second largest ethnic groups in Bulgaria and Cyprus. In addition, due to modern migration, a Turkish diaspora has been established, particularly in Western Europe (see Turks in Europe), where large communities have been formed in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. There are also Turkish communities living in Australia, the former Soviet Union and the United States.
Although Turkic languages may have been spoken as early as 600 BC, the name "Turk" first appeared in Chinese sources and derives from the term "Tujue" (T’u-chue), meaning "strong" or "powerful", which was used in the 6th century C.E. to refer to the Göktürks.

wn.com/Turkish_people
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.

wn.com/World_War_I
Yusuf Nabi
Yusuf Nabi (1642 – 10 April 1712) was a Turkish Divan poet in the court of Mehmet IV. He was famous for "his brilliant lyrics filled with popular sayings and critiques of the age and verses commenorating innumerable important occasions."
At the age of 24 Nabi left Şanlıurfa Province and came to Istanbul. He also lived in Aleppo (modern Syria). But when Baltacı Mehmet Pasha became the grand vizier he returned to İstanbul where he died.

wn.com/Yusuf_Nabi

Şanlıurfa (Urfa - Riha )

Şanlıurfa often known Urfa or in Kurdish: Riha, is a city in south-eastern Turkey, and the...

published: 17 Dec 2007

author: MariaJBogaerts

urfa sıra geceleri ninno

karakartal_fıratinan...

published: 18 Apr 2008

author: ghostfrt

URFALIYAM DAGLIYAM - Urfa Türküsü

...

published: 12 Nov 2009

author: Umayon

şanslı masa 2 şubat urfa - ali şekeroğlu - 02 02 2012 - urfa ali şekeroğlu mp4

şanslı masa 2 şubat urfa - ali şekeroğlu - 02 02 2012 - urfa ali şekeroğlu - tek parça ful...

published: 08 Feb 2012

author: kannebahe

Urfa sana kusmus

Ibrahim Tatlises...

published: 09 Jul 2007

author: hemen82

Ithikon Akmeotaton feat. Ismail Aydin - Urfa

Turkish Singer and friend of Ithikon Akmeotaton Ismail Aydin have met at the studio just f...

published: 01 May 2007

author: ithikonakmeotaton

Eşinize hiç çiçek alıyormusunuz ? (Urfa şivesiyle)

Eşinize hiç çiçek alıyormusunuz ? (Urfa şivesiyle)...

published: 16 Mar 2012

author: MTSTaha

Urfalı Güzel Yarim

Muhteşem Urfa Resimleri Ve Urfa Şarkısı İle Hazırlanmış Klip...

published: 01 Jun 2007

author: aydile63

Urfa Sira Geceleri3__Mevlam Gor Diyerek

Mevlam Gor Diyerek Soz ve Muzik: Mahsuni Serif...

published: 23 Nov 2006

author: maviboran

Mehmet Özbek Urfa Divani

...

published: 25 Nov 2010

author: dodiyez3

urfa yemeği - harran kubbesi - fırıncının tepsi çilesi - ali şekeroğlu - komik -.mp4

urfa yemeği - harran kubbesi - fırıncının çilesi - ali şekeroğlu - komik - herif ağziya sı...

published: 03 Jun 2012

author: kannebahe

YEZDA URFA - 3, Almost 4, 6 Yea

from Boris (1975)...

published: 09 Aug 2009

author: ErichTheTorrnentor

URFA SIRA GECESİ-SÜPER Bİ ŞARKI

RECEP...

published: 18 Oct 2007

author: amert2121

Bayanlar güldür ma çiçektir - Urfalı Komik Röportaj :)

- Bayanlara haksızlık yapıyor musunuz? + Yoh canım heç olır mı bayanlar güldür ma çiçektir...

published: 17 Mar 2012

author: Komikoloji Kanalı

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photo: AP / Ariel Schalit

Israeli troops patrol along the border between Israel and Syria

Israeli jets targeted military research center: Syria

Zeenews

31 Jan 2013

Zeenews Bureau. Damascus. The Syrian Army has confirmed that Israeli Air Force fighter planes carried out strikes in its territory, but denied reports of a convoy carrying weapons to Lebanon was bombed. The Syrian Army statement says that the IAF jet fighters’ target was a military research centre near the border with Lebanon. Two people have been reported to be dead and five others injured in the attack ... First Published ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)

photo: AP / Aleppo Revolution Against Assad Regime

This citizen journalism image provided by Aleppo Revolution Against Assad's Regime which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, shows dead bodies on a street in Aleppo, Syria Tuesday, Jan. 29, 2013.

Syria Massacre: Group Says At Least 65 Found Shot In Head, With Hands Bound In Aleppo

Huffington Post

29 Jan 2013

By Alexander Dziadosz and Oliver Holmes. BEIRUT, Jan 29 (Reuters) - At least 65 people were found shot dead with their hands bound in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo on Tuesday in a "new massacre" in the near two-year revolt against President Bashar al-Assad, activists said. Opposition campaigners blamed the government but it was impossible to confirm who was responsible ... The U.N ... State media did not mention the incident ... STALEMATE ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)

photo: AP / ESPN Images, Eric Lards Bakke

In this photo taken Jan. 25, 2012 and released by ESPN Images, snomobiler Caleb Moore smiles while attending a news conference at the Winter X Games in Aspen, Colo.

Caleb Moore dies after X-Games snowmobile crash

BBC News

31 Jan 2013

A freestyle snowmobile rider hurt in a crash at last week's Winter X Games in Colorado has died at the age of 25. Caleb Moore was attempting a backflip when his snowmobile caught the edge of a landing area, sending him over the handlebars. The 450-lb (204-kg) snowmobile rolled over him ... 'Deeply saddened' ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

photo: AP / Korea Aerospace Research Institute

In this photo released by Korea Aerospace Research Institute, South Korea's rocket lifts off from its launch pad at the Naro Space Center in Goheung, South Korea, Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013.

South Korea launches rocket carrying satellite in battle for space supremacy

The Guardian

30 Jan 2013

Launch of 140-tonne rocket likely to anger North Korea, which incurred tougher UN sanctions after December launch. The rocket takes off from its launchpad at Naro, south of Seoul. South Korea has twice before failed to put a satellite into space. Photograph. Kari/AFP/Getty Images ... Relief greeted the Naro rocket's flawless liftoff from a space centre on the south coast at 4pm local time ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)

photo: AP / Patrick Semansky

Obama calls for swift overhaul on immigration

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

30 Jan 2013

LAS VEGAS -- Seizing an opening to rewrite the nation's immigration laws, President Barack Obama challenged Congress on Tuesday to act swiftly to put 11 million illegal immigrants living in the United States on a clear path to citizenship ... The response suggests that reaching consensus on immigration law changes remained difficult despite a new bipartisan push since the November elections ... Mr ... Sen ... He continued ... Although Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)

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Land before time - south-eastern Turkey

The Star

18 Jan 2013

Sand soon gave way to concrete as the bus rumbled past rows of unsightly apartment blocks that scars nearly every town, signalling that we were close to Urfa, one of Southeastern Anatolias largest towns ... Once the stomping ground of Prophet Abraham, Urfa is replete with biblical and Quranic lore and ancient Islamic edifices ... Everything is delightfully antique in these parts, and Urfa and its surroundings are no exception....(size: 9.4Kb)

A one stop resource for the ingredients of global cuisine (Photos)

The Examiner

09 Jan 2013

He gets paid to do two of the best things in life. travel and eat. It is an enviable position, particularly for those who have a fondness for food and adventure, like Jim Feldman, The Ingredient Finder ... A one stop resource for the ingredients of global cuisine. Grandma Flora makes a toast. Photo credit.  ... The Mediterranean Pepper Collection spans Spain to the Middle East, and features Spanish Pimenton, Aleppo Pepper, and Urfa Pepper ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)

Eastern Turkey's ancient wonders

The Guardian

21 Dec 2012

Urfa, in eastern Turkey, is, at 11,000 years old, the oldest monument ever found, yet was only discovered a decade ago ... What better moment could there be to delve into? And now, thanks to some incredible recent discoveries close to the ancient city of Urfa (officially now Sanlıurfa, but usually called simply Urfa), we have a tangible physical trace of that momentous turning point in humanity's development ... A pastry shop in Urfa....(size: 14.4Kb)

Urfa, eastern Turkey: a food guide

The Guardian

19 Dec 2012

Kevin Rushby samples regional Turkish dishes on a food tour of Urfa, said to be the birthplace of the modern diet, due to the nearby ruins of Gobëkli Tepe, where 12,000 years ago man began the transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers ......(size: 1.5Kb)

Shadow of Military Removed, Turkey Seeks a Spiritual Leader’s Remains

The New York Times

19 Dec 2012

ISTANBUL — On the night of July 12, 1960, tanks rumbled into Urfa, the military imposed a curfew on the town, and armed troops cordoned off the shrine of Abraham at the heart of the city. Connect With Us on Twitter ... Twitter List ... The body was that of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, a charismatic Islamic scholar, whose grave had been drawing thousands of pious mourners to Urfa since he had been laid to rest there in March of that year ... U.N....(size: 9.9Kb)

NATO to survey Patriot missile sites in Turkey

Newstrack India

27 Nov 2012

Tweet ... The NATO delegation includes 30 experts from the US, Germany and the Netherlands, all of whom have Patriots in their arsenals ... Among the most possible sites for the Patriot deployment are Diyarbakir, Urfa and Malatya in southeastern Turkey ... ??IANS/RIA Novosti. sd. Post comments.. ) .. ).. Comments.. HOME . . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.3Kb)

Like a Kid in a Vegetable Store

The New York Times

27 Nov 2012

DID you hear the one about the rutabaga? No, probably not. Vegetables don’t tend to inspire great jokes ... Details & Reader Reviews. Dirt Candy ». Multimedia. Slide Show. Dirt Candy ... “It’s the wino of the vegetable world ... A new item on the menu, Beans!, surrounds haricots verts and crisp tofu with a deeply intriguing sauce in which saffron, ginger, cilantro, coriander seed, cumin and Urfa biber pepper offer echoes of Morocco....(size: 12.2Kb)

Budesonide conversion

IMC

21 Nov 2012

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Candy bar poems for a 50th birthday party

IMC

18 Nov 2012

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Contoh blackberry storm autotext

IMC

18 Nov 2012

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Satisfying the special diets

Philadelphia Daily News

15 Nov 2012

Gallery. Satisfying the special diets. Anna Herman, For The Inquirer. Posted. Wednesday, November 14, 2012, 10.10 PM. Thanksgiving conjures up a centerpiece of a perfectly browned turkey on a platter with a multitude of side dishes. But if your family is like many, there will be folks around your table who forgo meat or gluten or animal products of all sorts ... Â ... Makes 6 to 10 servings ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 2 teaspoons Urfa pepper (or Â½ teaspoon cayenne)....(size: 23.0Kb)

Invitations by serendipity soiree

IMC

13 Nov 2012

Submitted by vuifengeigece1978 on Tue, 2012-11-13 13.10. http.//a4u.one.pl/Fsdw.html Pictureview passes. http.//nezw.one.pl/Fagc.html Short inspirational foot tattooshort inspirational foot tattoos. http.//bz9.one.pl/Jnve.html Vlad models images. http.//2zbf.one.pl/Kcdi.html Good questions for people bingo. http.//428sa.one.pl/Topx.html Milf toons milky 3 ... topless ... com ... http.//d029.one.pl/Urfa.html Guide to operating systems chapter answers....(size: 256.0Kb)

Turkey says 8,000 Syrians flee in past 24 hours

Reuters

09 Nov 2012

ANKARA (Reuters) - About 8,000 refugees fleeing violence in Syria have crossed into Turkey in the last 24 hours, a Turkish foreign ministry official said on Friday, following a rebel offensive along the border ... refugee agency, said in Geneva there had been a "large movement" of Syrian refugees into Turkey's Urfa province, which borders Ras al-Ain, in the past 24 hours, a period coinciding with the rebel offensive ... MILITARISED CAPITAL....(size: 4.9Kb)

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Şanlıurfa
The mosque built on the site where prophet Abraham is believed to have been born.
Şanlıurfa Location of Şanlıurfa within Turkey.
Coordinates: 37°09′N 38°48′E / 37.15°N 38.8°E / 37.15; 38.8
Country	Turkey
Region	Southeastern Anatolia
Province	Şanlıurfa
Government
• Mayor	Ahmet Eşref Fakıbaba (SP)
• Governor	Nuri Okutan
Elevation	518 m (1,699 ft)
Population (2010)^[1]
• Urban	498,111
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code	63x xx
Area code(s)	0414
Licence plate	63
Website	http://www.sanliurfa.bel.tr/

Şanlıurfa, pronounced [ʃanˈlɯuɾfa], often simply known as Urfa in daily language (Kurdish Riha, Arabic الرها al-Ruhā, Syriac ܐܘܪܗ Urhoy, Armenian Ուռհա Owr'ha), in ancient times Edessa, is a city with 482,323 inhabitants (2009 estimate^[2]) in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. It is a city with a predominant Kurdish and Turkmen population. Urfa is situated on a plain under big open skies, about eighty kilometres east of the Euphrates River. The climate features extremely hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters.

1 Name
2 History
3 Climate
4 Şanlıurfa today
- 4.1 Politics
- 4.2 Economy
5 Cuisine
6 Cultural Notes
7 Places of interest
8 Famous people
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Name [link]

Costumes of the rich women of Urfa in the early 20th Century.

The city has been known by many names in history: Ուռհա Owr'ha in Armenian, ܐܘܪܗܝ Urhai in Syriac, ره, الرها, al-Ruhā in Arabic and Ορρα, Orrha in Greek (also Ορροα, Orrhoa). For a while it was named Callirrhoe or Antiochia on the Callirhoe (Ancient Greek: Αντιόχεια η επί Καλλιρρόης). During Byzantine rule it was named Justinopolis. Prior to Turkish rule, it was often best known by the name given it by the Seleucids, Εδεσσα, Edessa.

Şanlı (from Arabic shan (شأن) "dignity" + Turkish adjectival suffix -lı) means "great, glorious, dignified" in Turkish, and Urfa was officially renamed Şanlıurfa (Urfa the Glorious) by the Turkish Grand National Assembly in 1984, in recognition of the local resistance in the Turkish War of Independence. The title was achieved following repeated requests by the city's members of parliament, desirous to earn a title similar to those of neighbouring cities 'Gazi' (veteran) Antep and 'Kahraman' (Heroic) Maraş.

History [link]

The history of Şanlıurfa is recorded from the 4th century BC, but may date back to 9000 BC, when there is ample evidence for the surrounding sites at Duru, Harran and Nevali Cori.^[3] It was one of several cities in the Euphrates-Tigris basin, the cradle of the Mesopotamian civilization. According to Turkish Muslim traditions Urfa (its name since Byzantine days) is the biblical city of Ur of the Chaldees, due to its proximity to the biblical village of Harran. However, some historians and archaeologists claim the city of Ur is in southern Iraq, and the true birthplace of Abraham is still in question. Urfa is also known as the birthplace of Job.

File:Fish-ebrahim-turkey.jpg

According to tradition, Nimrod had Abraham immolated on a funeral pyre, but God turned the fire into water and the burning coals into fish.

The pool of sacred fish remains to this day.

Urfa was conquered repeatedly throughout history, and has been dominated by many civilizations, including the Ebla, Akkadians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Hittites, Hurri-Mitannis, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Macedonians (under Alexander the Great), Seleucids, Armenians, Arameans, Osrhoenes, Romans, Sassanids, Byzantines, and Crusaders.

The city of Edessa [link]

Main article: Edessa, Mesopotamia

In the Byzantine period Edessa was a powerful regional centre with churches, schools and monasteries.

The age of Islam [link]

Islam first arrived in Urfa around 638 C.E., when the Rashidun army conquered the region without a fight. Islam was then established permanently in Urfa by the empires of the Ayyubids (see: Saladin Ayubbi), Seljuks and Ottoman Turks. In March of 1098, the Crusader Baldwin of Boulogne established the County of Edessa. The city remained in Christian hands until 1144, when it was captured by the Turk Zengui who had most of its inhabitants slaughtered together with the Latin archbishop (see Siege of Edessa). By the end December of 1145, a Second Crusade was launched to recapture the city, but failed in this objective.^[4] Subsequently, Urfa was ruled by Zengids, Ayyubids, Sultanate of Rum, Ilkhanids, Memluks, Akkoyunlu and Safavids before Ottoman conquest in 1516.

Under the Ottomans Urfa was a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery. There were three Christian communities: Assyrians, Armenian, and Latin. According to Lord Kinross,^[5] 8,000 Armenians were massacred in Urfa in 1895. The last Syrian Christians left in 1924 and went to Aleppo (where they settled down in a place that was later called Hay al-Suryan "The Syriac Quarter").^[6]

The First World War and after [link]

In 1914 Urfa was estimated to have 75,000 inhabitants: 45,000 Muslims, 25,000 Armenians and 5,000 Syrian Christians. There was also a Jewish presence in the town, most of whom fled to Istanbul, Egypt and other countries.^{[citation needed]}

At the end of World War I, with the Ottoman Empire defeated, and European armies attempting to grab parts of Anatolia, first the British and then the French occupied Urfa. The British occupation of the city of Urfa started de facto on 7 March 1919 and officially as of 24 March 1919, and lasted till 30 October 1919. French forces took over the next day and their uncomfortable presence, met by outbursts of resistance, lasted until 11 April 1920, when they were defeated by local resistance forces (the new Turkish government in Ankara not being established, with the National Assembly declared on 23 April 1920).

The French retreat from the city of Urfa was conducted under an agreement reached between the occupying forces and the representatives of the local forces, commanded by Captain Ali Saip Bey assigned from Ankara. The withdrawal was meant to take place peacefully, but was disrupted by an ambush on the French by irregular forces at the Şebeke Pass on the way to Syria, leading to 296 casualties among the French, and more among the ambushers.

Climate [link]

Şanlıurfa has a semi-arid climate. Şanlıurfa is very hot during the summer months. Temperatures in the height of summer usually reach 41.5°C (108°F). Rainfall is almost non-existent during the summer months. Winters are cool and wet. Spring and autumn are mild and also wet.

Climate data for Şanlıurfa
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	10.1 (50.2)	11.9 (53.4)	16.7 (62.1)	22.3 (72.1)	28.8 (83.8)	34.8 (94.6)	38.8 (101.8)	38.3 (100.9)	33.9 (93.0)	27.0 (80.6)	18.4 (65.1)	11.9 (53.4)	24.41 (75.93)
Average low °C (°F)	2.3 (36.1)	3.0 (37.4)	6.3 (43.3)	10.7 (51.3)	15.8 (60.4)	21.0 (69.8)	24.5 (76.1)	24.0 (75.2)	20.2 (68.4)	15.0 (59.0)	8.3 (46.9)	4.0 (39.2)	12.93 (55.27)
Precipitation mm (inches)	73.0 (2.874)	69.1 (2.72)	65.0 (2.559)	47.0 (1.85)	25.4 (1)	4.5 (0.177)	2.7 (0.106)	4.6 (0.181)	5.4 (0.213)	25.6 (1.008)	47.0 (1.85)	72.9 (2.87)	442.2 (17.409)
% humidity	74	72	61	51	43	27	22	24	28	43	57	72	47.8
Avg. rainy days	11.9	11.1	10.7	9.5	6.5	1.5	0	0	0.9	5.2	8.5	10.9	76.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	127.1	137.2	195.3	228	310	363	378.2	350.3	300	238.7	174	124	2,925.8
Source no. 1: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü^[7]
Source no. 2: Weatherbase^[8]

Şanlıurfa today [link]

Şanlıurfa's old town.

The skyline of Şanlıurfa as viewed from the Castle which dominates the City Centre.

Modern Şanlıurfa presents stark contrasts between its old and new quarters. The old town is one of the most evocative and romantic in Turkey, with an ancient bazaar still visited by local people to buy fruit and vegetables, where traditionally dressed and scarfed Arab and Turkish villagers arrive in the early morning to sell their produce. Much of the old town consists of traditional Middle Eastern houses built around courtyards, invisible from the dusty streets, many of which are impassable to motor vehicles. In the narrow streets of the bazaar people scurry to and from carrying trays of food, which is eaten on newspapers spread on low tables in a corner of the little shops, many people drinking water from the same cup. This very oriental atmosphere is bewitching but below the surface parts of the old city are very poor indeed, with people still living in cave houses (built into the side of the rock).

Şanlıurfa's newer districts are a sprawl of modern concrete apartment blocks, with many surprisingly tidy leafy avenues, containing modern restaurants, sports facilities and other amenities with air-conditioning.

Politics [link]

It is a stronghold of the governing Justice and Development Party.

Economy [link]

The climate of the region being mostly arid, the plains of Urfa and Harran are hot and dry. However, since the early 1990s Şanlıurfa has made huge leaps of development thanks to the Southeastern Anatolia Project, that provided a reliable supply of water for local farmers and fostered a real agricultural boom in every cultivar, but especially organic cotton production. This in turn is driving significant development of medium and light industry in the city itself. Hence, unemployment and poverty are present on a way smaller scale than in other Eastern Turkish cities, and many luxury cars can be spotted on the streets of Urfa. The huge reservoir is also a spectacular sight, hosting regular water-sports tournaments, also offering the commodity of many waterfront restaurants.

Cuisine [link]

As the city of Urfa is very deeply rooted in history, so is its unique cuisine, an amalgamation of the cuisines of many civilizations that have ruled in Urfa, since the Prophet Abraham and the Sumerian times and many dishes carry names in Arabic, Armenian, Syriac, and Turkmen. At the first glance, it carries the staple of the Eyalet of Aleppo in a very classic, albeit in a very spicier manner;

There are very important pieces of work done on the Urfa cuisine as it is widely believed that Urfa is the birthplace of many dishes, including Raw Kibbé (Çiğ Köfte), that according to the legend, was crafted by no-one else but the Prophet Abraham himself from the ingredients he had in hand.^[9]

Urfa is also known throughout Turkey and the bordering Syria for its very rich kebab culture, making large use of lamb meat, fat and offal.

The offal has also a primordial place in the regular Urfa cuisine, being prepared in more than two hundred different ways.

Urfa's meze menu is also very rich, and carries a great variety, mostly unknown in other parts of Turkey, such as the "Ağzı Yumuk" or the "Semsek".

One will note, from the vegetables used in the Urfa cuisine, a lot of endemic varieties like the "'Ecır" or the "Kenger", and of course, the "İsot", the legendary local red capsicum that is a smaller and darker cultivar of the Aleppo pepper that takes a purplish black hue when dried and cured, used to flavor a lot of dishes, even a variety of ice cream.

The cuisine also makes an extensive use of the eggplant and attributes more than a hundred recipes to that item only.

Unlike most of the Turkish cities that use different versions of regular butter in their regional cuisine, Urfa is, together with Antep, Mardin and Siirt a big user of clarified butter, made exclusively from sheep's milk, called locally "Urfayağı" ("Urfabutter"). Other than that, Urfa is a heavy consumer of quality Olive oil, that mostly arrives into the city from nearby Syria.

Among Urfa's classic sweets, one should definitively count the "Şıllık", that is a coarse walnut ground covered in sweet pastry, the Kahke, flavored with aniseed and baked in a steamer, and the "Külünçe", that is a masonry oven baked pastry item in a way similar to the Iraqi Kleyça.

The bitter Arab coffee "Mırra" and the coffee substitute drink made from wild terebinth "Menengiç kahvesi" are among the most common hot beverages of Urfa.

Cultural Notes [link]

-The legend of the "isot" goes that during the French invasion and subsequent occupation of the early 1920s, the people of Urfa were at first not much concerned about their city being invaded and their homes looted. They apparently only began the armed resistance when they heard the French were marching in their capsiucum fields.

-Although well connected to the Turkey's highways and with a decent industrial production, Urfa is not a huge metropolis, but still a large city. Known for its relative conservatism (most restaurants do not serve Alcohol), many coffee-houses have separate sections for families or groups of single-men (unlike the most of Turkey).

-An important local tradition usually associated with Urfa and Mardin is the "Sıra Gecesi", where groups of young men gather at each others home following a preestablished sequence, especially in winter evenings, to play Ottoman Instruments such as Kanun Ud and Bağlama, sing regional classics and to eat together. Kebabs, Rakı and Çiğ Köfte are the indispensable staples of these evenings.

Places of interest [link]

The birthplace of the prophet Abraham – a cave to the south of the lake
Urfa castle – built in antiquity, the current walls were constructed by the Abbasids in 814 AD.
The legendary Pool of Sacred Fish (Balıklıgöl) where Abraham was thrown into the fire by Nimrod. The pool is in the courtyard of the mosque of Halil-ur-Rahman, built by the Ayyubids in 1211 and now surrounded by attractive gardens designed by architect Merih Karaaslan. The courtyard is where the fishes thrive. A local legend says seeing a white fish will open the door to the heavens.
Rızvaniye Mosque – a more recent (1716) Ottoman mosque, adjoining the Balıkligöl complex.
'Ayn Zelîha – A source nearby the historical center, named after Zulaykha, a follower of Abraham.
The Great Mosque of Urfa was built in 1170, on the site of a Christian church the Arabs called the "Red Church," probably incorporating some Roman masonry. Contemporary tradition at the site identifies the well of the mosque as that into which the towel or burial cloth (mendil) of Jesus was thrown (see Image of Edessa and Shroud of Turin). In the south wall of the medrese adjoining the mosque is the fountain of Firuz Bey (1781).
Ruins of the ancient city walls.
Eight Turkish baths built in the Ottoman period.
The traditional Urfa houses were split into sections for family (harem) and visitors (selâm). There is an example open to the public next to the post office in the district of Kara Meydan.
The Temple of Nevali Çori – Neolithic settlement dating back to 8000BC, now buried under the waters behind the Atatürk Dam, with some artefacts relocated above the waterline.
Göbekli Tepe – The world's oldest known temple, dated 10th millennium BC (ca 11,500 years ago).^[10]
Have breakfast at the wonderful "Zahter Kahvalti" in Köprübasi Caddesi opposite to the entrance of "Otel Ipek Palace"

Famous people [link]

Yusuf Nabi – 17th century Ottoman poet
İbrahim Tatlıses (Ibo) – Famous Turkish entertainer
Bedih Yoluk (b 1929 – d. 2004)- folk singer, known nationally for his contributions to the Eşkiya film soundtrack.
Bekir Yıldız – Columnist in Hürriyet
Bekir Coşkun – Columnist in Hürriyet
Bekir Fırat – Columnist in Güneydoğuhaber
Nejat Kırbulut – Columnist in Bursahaber
UR – Band formed in the 1940s.
Matthew of Edessa – Historian
Ahmet Özhan – Singer of Turkish Sufi music, and movie actor
Knai Thomman
Neodim – Rapper
Müslüm Gürses- Turkish singer.
Seyyal Taner- Turkish pop singer.
Ferhat Göçer – popular pop singer.
Mahmut Tuncer- Turkish singer.
Mirkelam- Turkish pop singer.

References [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Urfa

^ [1]
^ [2]
^ Segal, J. B. (2001) [1970]. "I. The Beginnings". Edessa:'The Blessed City' (2 ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey, United States: Gorgias Press. pp. 5. ISBN 0-9713097-1-X. "It is certainly surprising that no obvious reference to Orhay has been found so far in the early historical texts dealing with the region, and that, unlike Harran, its name does not occur in cuneiform itineraries. This may be accidental, or Orhay may be alluded to under a different name which has not been identified. Perhaps it was not fortified, and therefore at this time a place of no great military significance. With the Seleucid period, however, we are on firm historical ground. Seleucus I founded—or rather re-founded—a number of cities in the region. Among them, probably in 303 or 302 B.C., was Orhay."
^ Roberts, J. M. (1996). "II/4. Frontiers and neighbours". The Penguin History of Europe. London: Penguin Books. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-0-14-026561-3.
^ Kinross, Lord (1977). The Ottoman Centuries, The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. United States: Harper Perennial. pp. 560. ISBN 0-688-08093-6.
^ Joseph, John (1983). Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. United States: State University of New York Press. pp. 150. ISBN 0-87395-612-5.
^ http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=SANLIURFA
^ http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=7271&refer=&units=us&cityname=Urfa-Turkey
^ From Kâtib el Bağdadî in p.196Urfa'da Pişer Bize de Düşer, Halil & Munise Yetkin Soran, Alfa Yayın, 2009, Istanbul ISBN 978-605-106-065-1
^ http://sanliurfa.meteor.gov.tr/ortasayfa/sanliurfa/sanliurfaorta.htm

External links [link]

v t e Şanlıurfa in Şanlıurfa Province (in the Southeastern Anatolia region) of Turkey

Urban districts	Şanlıurfa

Rural districts	Akçakale - Birecik - Bozova - Ceylanpınar - Halfeti - Harran - Hilvan - Siverek - Suruç - Viranşehir

Regions	Provinces

Aegean	Afyonkarahisar - Aydın - Denizli - Izmir - Kütahya - Manisa - Muğla - Uşak

Black Sea	Amasya - Artvin - Bartın - Bayburt - Bolu - Çorum - Düzce - Giresun - Gümüşhane - Karabük - Kastamonu - Ordu - Rize - Samsun - Sinop - Tokat - Trabzon - Zonguldak

Central Anatolia	Aksaray - Ankara - Çankırı - Eskişehir - Karaman - Kayseri - Kırıkkale - Kırşehir - Konya - Nevşehir - Niğde - Sivas - Yozgat

Eastern Anatolia	Ağrı - Ardahan -Bingöl - Bitlis - Elâzığ - Erzincan - Erzurum - Hakkâri - Iğdır - Kars - Malatya - Muş - Siirt - Tunceli - Van

Marmara	Balıkesir - Bilecik - Bursa - Çanakkale - Edirne - Istanbul - Kırklareli - Kocaeli - Sakarya - Tekirdağ - Yalova

Mediterranean	Adana - Antalya- Burdur - Hatay - Isparta - Kahramanmaraş - Mersin - Osmaniye

Southeastern Anatolia	Adıyaman - Batman - Diyarbakır - Gaziantep - Kilis - Mardin - Şanlıurfa - Şırnak

Coordinates: 37°09′N 38°48′E / 37.15°N 38.8°E / 37.15; 38.8

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2010)

İbrahim Tatlıses

Background information
Also known as	İbo
Born	1/1/1952
Occupations	Singer, actor, director, writer, producer, businessman
Instruments	davul, zurna, violin
Years active	1970 - present
Labels	Various
Website	İbrahim Tatlıses

İbrahim Tatlıses, also known as İbo (born January 1, 1952), is a Kurdish pop-folk singer (singing in Kurdish & Turkish) and actor. He was born in the city of Şanlıurfa, in southeastern Anatolia. Tatlıses has recorded 25 albums, including notable albums such as Ayağında Kundura and Selam Olsun. He is also the host of the television programme İbo Show and is a leading actor who has appeared in several dozen films. He has directed most of the films he acted in. Also, he is a businessman involved in the restaurant and tourism businesses, as well as in construction projects in Iraqi Kurdistan.^[1] He has been the target of a serious assassination attempt in 2011

1 Biography
2 Shootings
- 2.1 2011 Shooting
3 Discography
4 Filmography
5 References

Biography [link]

İbrahim Tatlıses was born in the south-eastern town of Sanliurfa and is of Arabic and Kurdish descent. His father died when he was a child, and Tatlıses was raised by his Mother Leyla. He began singing at weddings when he was young.

Then while he was working in constructions as a normal worker, singing, his singing was heard by a businessman from Adana, and he started appearing in nightclubs.

Ayağında Kundura, released in 1975 helped him spread his name throughout Turkey.

He now has a lot of companies in various industries and had been a candidate in the 2007 General Elections in Turkey, in which his party, Genç Parti could not overcome the election threshold of 10% which further resulted in him not being elected.

Shootings [link]

He was shot in the leg in 1990, and survived an assassination attempt in 1998. In March 2011, he was attacked and was wounded seriously in the headshot.^[2] ^[3]

2011 Shooting [link]

On Monday March 14, 2011, at 00:30 local time, Ibrahim Tatlises and his spokeswoman Buket Çakıcı were shot at by unknown assailants after leaving the offices of the private Turkish channel Beyaz TV following his weekly television show. While entering their vehicle Tatlises was hit with a bullet that entered the back of his skull and exited through the front. His spokeswoman was also hit in the neck, but survived the attack. The perpetrators carried Kalashnikov rifles and escaped in a black car ^[4]. He was taken to the Acıbadem Hospital in Istanbul for emergency treatment.^[5] He underwent a four-hour surgery to have the bullet removed and slowly recovered from his critical condition.^[6] After Tatlises's operation, he was in a stable condition and put to rest for a week. Then the doctors made the announcement saying he is recovering well and healing. Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited him to see how he was coping. He then made an announcement publicly reporting he is in a good condition and his traveling along fine. The police in Turkey have reported to have caught around 20 criminals involved in the attack. On Thursday April the 7th, Tatlıses left Acıbadem Hospital with a police escort and travelled to the Atatürk International Airport where he boarded the Ministry of Health’s Hawker 900XP air ambulance. He left for Germany, where he will receive six months of physical rehabilitation in a condensed period of one month.^[7] He returned from Germany.

Ibrahim got married to Ayşegül Yıldız in the Dar al Shifa Hospital on Sept. 27th 2011.

Filmography [link]

Actor

1978: Sabuha
1978: Ayaginda Kundura
1978: Toprağın Oğlu
1979: Kara Yazma
1979: Kara Çadırın Kızı
1979: Fadile
1980: Çile
1980: Ayrilik Kolay Degil
1981: Seni Yakacaklar
1981: Yaşamak Bu Değil
1981: Tovbe
1982: Yalan
1982: Alişan
1982: Nasil Isyan Etmem
1983: Yorgun
1983: Günah
1983: Futboliye
1984: Yalnizim
1984: Sevdalandim
1984: Ayşem
1985: Mavi Mavi
1985: Sevmek
1985: Yalnızım
1986: Gülümse Biraz
1986: Yıkılmışım Ben
1986: Sarhoş
1987: Gülüm Benim
1987: Dertli Dertli
1988: Hülya
1988: Aşıksın
1988: Bir Kulum İşte
1988: Kara Zindan
1988: Ben İnsan Değil Miyim
1989: Ceylan
1989: Fosforlu
1992: Aşık Oldum
1993: Tetikçi Kemal
1997: Fırat (mini) TV Series
2003: Hayat Bilgisi (Mini) TV Series

Director

1982: Yalan
1983: Yorgun
1983: Günah
1984: Ayşem
1986: Sarhoş
1986: Gülümse Biraz
1986: Gülüm Benim
1987: Dertli Dertli
1988: Hülya
1988: Aşıksın
1997: Fırat (mini) TV Series

Writer

1983: Günah

Producer

1982: 'Yalan
2009: Mikail Aliyev anadili Atlanta Georgia 1 yerde

References [link]

^ CNN: Turkey Singer Shot
^ "Kurşun sıkanlar en az 2 kişi". ntvmsnbc.com. http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25192018/. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12730390
^ Famous Turkish singer Ibrahim Tatlises headshot (UPDATE)
^ http://www.internethaber.com/iste-ibrahim-tatlisesin-son-durumu-334455h.htm
^ http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=wounded-turkish-singer-in-critical-condition-2011-03-15
^ Tatlises arrives in Germany - http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=press-scanner--hurriyet-2011-04-07

Persondata
Name	Tatlises, Ibrahim
Alternative names	Ibo, Imperator
Short description	Turkish singer
Date of birth	January 1, 1952
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

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Ara Dinkjian
Born	1958 (age 53–54)
Origin	New Jersey, United States
Genres	Folk, Armenian folk
Occupations	Musician, songwriter, performer
Instruments	Oud, guitar, cumbus, mandolin, kanun, saz, kaval
Years active	1986–present
Labels	RCA/BMG, PolyGram/Universal, Traditional Crossroads
Associated acts	Night Ark
Website	www.aradinkjian.com

Ara Dinkjian (Armenian: Արա Տինքճեան; born 1958)^[1]^[2] is an Armenian-American musician. He is the founder of the band Night Ark. Ara Dinkjian is considered one of the top oud players in the world, his compositions have been recorded in thirteen different languages, which include the multi-platinum hit "Dinata", it was performed in the closing ceremonies of the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens.^[3]

Ara has written songs for Eleftheria Arvanitaki,^[4] and Sezen Aksu ("Vazgeçtim", "Sarışın", "Yine Mi Çiçek", "Hoş Geldin", among others). Turkish singers Gülşen, Kibariye, Mine Koşan, Ahmet Kaya, Coşkun Sabah, Burcu Güneş have recorded his songs.

1 Biography
2 Festivals
3 Night Ark
4 Discography
- 4.1 Night Ark
- 4.2 Ara Dinkjian - solo and with friends
5 References
6 External links

Biography [link]

Born in New Jersey to Armenian parentage, Dinkjian made his professional debut at the 1964 New York City World's Fair playing on the doumbag—aged five. He accompanied John Berberian and George Mgrdichian. Married to Margo Sarkisian, mother of his three children: 18 year old, Arev Dinkjian, 29 year old Simone` Soultanian, and 20 year old Kyle Dinkjian. His earliest professional musical experience was accompanying his father Onnik Dinkjian, a renowned Armenian folk and liturgical singer.^[5] He was enrolled at The Hartt School, a specialized performing arts college in Hartford, Connecticut and was offered a scholarship to attend at the age of 18. Ara learned several western and eastern instruments (piano, guitar, darbuka) and in 1980 graduated from the Hartt College of Music, earning the country’s first and only special degree in the instrument for which he has become most well-known, the oud.

He formed his band Night Ark in 1986, which introduced listeners to a new blend of Anatolian roots music fused with jazz.

His first album under the Night Ark band name was "Picture" released in 1986.

In 2002, Dinkjian was chosen to represent Armenia in the First International Meeting Of The Oud, where twelve of the world’s top oud players gathered in Thessaloniki, Greece for three days of solo concerts, master classes, and exchange of information.^[3]

His newest album and first solo CD, "An Armenian in America", comprising 12 tracks, was recorded live at the 2005 International Oud Festival in Jerusalem.^[6]

At the 2008 Oud Festival in Israel, he recorded an album with Sokratis Sinopoulos – lyra (Greece), Tamer Pinarbasi – kanun (Turkey), Rimon Haddad – bass (Palestina) and Zohar Fresco – percussion (Israel), and name it "Peace on Earth".

On the 11/11/2010 he has gathered the Night Ark band to an outstanding performance of re-union in the Jerusalem Ud festival.

Festivals [link]

Dinkjian has performed in several festivals, mostly in Israel, where his music is very popular:^[7]

Ethnic music festival: Songs of the oud^[7]
Jerusalem International Oud Festival^[8]^[9]
ArmenStock 2004
Días del laúd Festival
1980 Montreux Jazz Festival^[10]

Night Ark [link]

Ara Dinkjian's band, Night Ark, came together in 1986 after Steve Backer, a producer for RCA, heard a demo of one of Dinkjian's original compositions and promptly issued an invitation to record.

Members of his band Night Ark include, Arto Tunçboyacıyan on the percussion as well as pianist/composer Armen Donelian and Marc Johnson. He is accompanied by the world-class musicians Zohar Fresco on percussion and Adi Rennert on keyboards.

They have recorded 6 albums.

Discography [link]

Night Ark [link]

1986 - Picture, RCA/Novus
1988 - Moments, RCA/Novus
1998 - In Wonderland, Polygram
2000 - Petals on your Path, EmArcy
2000 - Treasures, Traditional Crossroads

Ara Dinkjian - solo and with friends [link]

2006 - An Armenian In America, Krikor Music
2008 - Peace on Earth, Krikor Music

References [link]

^ "Life in the Armenian Diaspora: Ara Dinkjian". 2007-06-01. http://www.cilicia.com/2007/06/ara-dinkjian.html. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ Ara's biography on his website
^ ^a ^b "Three Ouds: Arab, Greek and Armenian". Alwan For The Arts. 2007-11-21. http://www.alwanforthearts.org/event/142. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ "Ara Dinkjian Is One of Featured Musicians in Eleftheria Arvanitaki's New CD to Be Launched with Series of Concerts Starting Next Sunday". Armenian Reporter. 2001-05-12. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79125830.html. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ Ara's bio on Alwan for the Arts website
^ Ara Dinkjian's page on CD Baby
^ ^a ^b Fiske, Gavriel (2007-11-01). "Ethnic music festival: Songs of the oud". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1192380712216&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ Fiske, Gavriel (Oct 26, 2006). "A lute for all seasons". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1161811209693. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ Levin, Jenny A (2007-12-24). "Call of the Oud (Extract)". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1196847419726&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ "NYIAMA ENSEMBLE" Roster of the 42nd Montreaux Jazz Festival

External links [link]

Ara Dinkjian at the Internet Movie Database

Persondata
Name	Dinkjian, Ara
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1958
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Ara_Dinkjian

http://pl.wn.com/Ara Dinkjian

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Dinkjian

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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