A glacial period (or alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate within an ice age. The last glacial period ended about 15,000 years ago;^[1] The Holocene epoch is the current interglacial.

Look up glaciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Quaternary ice age[link]

Glacial and interglacial cycles as represented by atmospheric CO₂, measured from ice core samples going back 800,000 years. The stage names are part of the North American and the European Alpine subdivisions. The correlation between both subdivisions is tentative.

Within the Quaternary glaciation (2.58 Ma to present), there have been a number of glacials and interglacials.

In the British Isles the Pleistocene extent of the Quaternary ice age, has been subdivided into the following stages and superstages.

• Preludhamian
• Ludhamian
• Thurnian
• Antian
• Bramertonian
• Prepastonian
• Pastonian
• Beestonian (glacial)
• Cromerian
• Anglian (glacial)
• Hoxnian
• Wolstonian (glacial)
• Ipswichian
• Devensian (glacial)

The Cromerian consists of multiple glacial and interglacial periods. Other stages, the Anglian and Hoxnian, consist either of single glacial or interglacial periods. This subdivision is valid for the British Isles and hence has a local significance. Other areas have different subdivisions that partly correlate with the British subdivision.

Last glacial period[link]

The last glacial period was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, occurring in the Pleistocene epoch, which began about 70,000 and ended about 12,500 years ago. The glaciations that occurred during this glacial period covered many areas of the Northern Hemisphere, and have different names, depending on their geographic distributions: Wisconsin (in North America), Devensian (in Great Britain), Midlandian (in Ireland), Würm (in the Alps), Weichsel (in northern central Europe) and Llanquihue in Chile. The glacial advance reached its maximum extent about 18,000 BP. In Europe, the ice sheet reached northern Germany.

Next glacial period[link]

Since orbital variations are predictable,^[2] computer models that relate orbital variations to climate can predict future climate possibilities. Two caveats are necessary: that anthropogenic effects (global warming) are likely to exert a larger influence over the short term; and that the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not well understood. Work by Berger and Loutre suggests that the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.^[3]

See also[link]

References[link]

Riyu Kosaka (小坂 りゆ（小坂 梨由）, Kosaka Riyu^?) (born January 17, 1985 in Kanagawa, Japan ) is a J-pop singer, as well as a member of the Konami-produced J-Pop group BeForU. Riyu Kosaka was born in the Kanagawa Prefecture on January 17, 1985.

Career[link]

Discovery by Konami[link]

On November 20, 2000, Konami and Toshiba-EMI staff held auditions to form a J-pop group, which would eventually become BeForU. Many talented people auditioned, and Riyu Kosaka, who was then fifteen years old, was one of four who went on to join the group.^[1][2] The group, produced by Naoki Maeda, originally made songs specifically for Bemani games—their first song, Dive, was promoted intensely in the time leading up to the release of Dance Dance Revolution 5thMix.^[3]

[edit] True...

After Dive's success in 5thMix, BeForU produced more tracks for inclusion in DDRMAX Dance Dance Revolution 6thMix, including Dive: More Deep and Deeper Style and Firefly.^[4] This is where Riyu Kosaka got her first solo track, True.... Two different versions were included in the game, True... (radio edit) and True...: Trance Sunrise Mix.^[4] For the first time for any member of BeForU, a CD single was released. including a long version of both the radio edit and the trance sunrise mix, as well as a remix of a solo performance of Dive, renamed Dive to the Night.^[5] True... was a success in the DDR community, and Kosaka continued to release other songs for use in Bemani both with BeForU and as a solo singer.

Breaking out from Bemani[link]

While they continued to make music for Konami, BeForU began to put more emphasis on themselves as legitimate musicians, and this included Kosaka. In 2004, the band's first CD was released, containing some solo work by Kosaka; in the same year, her first full solo album, Begin, was released.^[6] Begin contained three original songs, as well as eleven re-recorded Bemani songs, some of which were covers of other artists. A year later, she released Riyu Kosaka First Live at O-EAST 2005, a CD+DVD set of her first full-blown concert. (This cannot actually be considered her first live performance, as she did limited performances to promote her single True....^[7] ) Since that time, Kosaka has released a number of singles both on her own and with BeForU, as well as a new album with BeForU.

In 2005 and 2006, she also collaborated with Ryo Horikawa as a radio personality for Pakedio Channel, Archived October 23, 2005 at the Wayback Machine and her song Little Wings is available on the album Pakedio Channel Vol. 1.^[8]

In 2007, Riyu Kosaka recorded a song for the film Kamen Rider The Next, Platinum Smile. The song is an insert song for the movie with Kosaka providing the singing voice for Erika Mori, who portrays Chiharu Kazami, the younger sister of Shiro Kazami/Kamen Rider V3. In December 2007, Riyu released her sixth single, Kokoro no ato. The song was used as the introduction song in the anime Mokke.

In 2008, Riyu released her second studio album, Every Struggle, which was also her debut album on a major record label. The album contained her four most recent singles at the time and 7 new tracks, for a total of 11 tracks overall. Due to the break-up of BeForU in late 2008, Riyu did not produce any solo works for some time.

In 2010, Riyu announced the release of her song 'キミが聞こえる' which would be featured on 'あまつみそらに!' as the ending theme and was also released as part of the soundtrack in June 2010. This release, however, was not on avex trax but on 5pb. which may indicate she has switched labels. Kosaka will also be performing at the 'Live5pb.2010' concert.^[9]

Discography[link]

This is a discography of Kosaka's solo work outside of Bemani. For her complete discography see BeForU discography.

Singles[link]

• True... (2001)
• Yamato Nadeshiko (2006) (Yamato Nadeshiko Spirit or Perfect Japanese Woman Spirit)^[10]
• Danzai no Hana: Guilty Sky (2007) (Danzai no Hana or Flower of Conviction, for the anime Claymore) ^[10][11]
• Dober Man (2007) ^[10]
• Platinum Smile (2007) ^[12]
• Kokoro no ato (2007) (Kokoro no Ato or Traces of heart, for the anime Mokke)
• Saisho no Melody (2011) (First Melody or Beginning Melody, Ending theme for the PSP Game Hakugin no Karu to Soku no Jo'ou.^[13]

Albums[link]

• Begin (2004) ^[6]
• Every Struggle (2008) ^[14]

Other CDs[link]

• Baby's Tears (2006) (as part of the Sky Girls Original Soundtrack) ^[6]
• I-revoミュージックICE限定配信曲 (2006) (available for download only from BeForU's i-revo homepage, this digital album is referred to by fans as Little Wings or Startup.) ^[15]
• Platinum Smile (2007) as featured on the Kamen Rider the Next original soundtrack) ^[16]
• あまつみそらに! Soundtracks (2010) Riyu provides vocals for the ending theme 'キミが聞こえる.' ^[17]

DVDs[link]

• Riyu Kosaka First Live at O-EAST 2005 (2005) ^[18]
• Riyu's Summer Vacation (2007)
• BeForU / Four Piece Riyu Kosaka / Live 2008 (2008)

References[link]

• "BeForU4ever ☆ Website for Fans". DaEv. http://www.freewebs.com/beforu4ever. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 
• "Beat Revolution Artis 小坂りゆ". Internet Revolution/Konami Digital Entertainment. http://beatrevolution.i-revo.jp/artists/riyu_kosaka/index.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "Dance Dance RevolutionN--アーティストオーディション 2001 - page 4". Konami. http://www.konami.jp/am/AM/DDR_ad/v_report4.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "BeForU ☆ Site for BeForU fans". Hidoki/NeoIvAn. http://www.freewebs.com/beforu/b4uhistory.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "Dance Dance Revolution--アーティストオーディション 2001 - page 5". Konami. http://www.konami.jp/am/AM/DDR_ad/v_report5.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "BeForU: Official Website Discography". Konami. http://www.konami.jp/am/AM/beforu/disco.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "小坂りゆ「true...」（CD）". Konami Digital Entertainment Co., Ltd.. http://www.konamistyle.jp/ecitem/item15581.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "小坂りゆSpecial Live". Konami. http://www.konami.jp/am/AM/AMshow39/report/live/center.html. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "Pakedio". WMS. 2005-10-23. Archived from the original on 2005-10-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20051023002740/http://www.pkdio.jp/pc/. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "Pakedio Channel Vol.1-Various Artist". Usen Corporation. http://www.ongen.net/search_detail_album/album_id/al0000040731/. Retrieved 2007-01-06. 
• "BeForU: Official Website Discography - Single". Internet Revolution/Konami Digital Entertainment. http://beatrevolution.i-revo.jp/beforu/disco_single.html. Retrieved 2007-03-21. 
• "BeForU: Official Website Discography - Album". Internet Revolution/Konami Digital Entertainment. http://beatrevolution.i-revo.jp/beforu/disco_album.html. Retrieved 2007-03-21. 
• "BeForU: Official Website Discography - Download". Internet Revolution/Konami Digital Entertainment. http://beatrevolution.i-revo.jp/beforu/disco_dl.html. Retrieved 2007-03-21. 
• "BeForU: Official Website Discography - DVD". Internet Revolution/Konami Digital Entertainment. http://beatrevolution.i-revo.jp/beforu/disco_dvd.html. Retrieved 2007-03-21. 

External links[link]

• (Japanese) Riyu Kosaka's official website (Now Closed)
• (Japanese) Riyu Kosaka's page on the BeForU Official Website^{[dead link]}
• (Japanese) Riyu Kosaka's page at Avex (Site no longer exists)
• (Japanese) Riyu Kosaka's official blog
• [1]
• Riyu Kosaka discography at Discogs
• Riyu Kosaka discography at MusicBrainz