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- author: ibnlive
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- 14th Lok Sabha
- 2011 census of India
- Agartala
- Agartala Airport
- Agarwood
- Aircel
- Airtel
- Aizawl
- Albizia
- Amarpur, Tripura
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-
Agartala
Agartala /ˌɑːɡərtəˈlɑː/ (Bengali: আগরতলা Agortôla, Kokborok: আগরতলা) is the capital of the Indian state of Tripura and is the second-largest city in North-east India after Guwahati in terms of municipal area as Well as population. It is situated in North-east India. It lies on the Haroa River and is located 2 km from Bangladesh. Agartala has temples and palaces. As per 2011 census, Population of Agartala city has exceeded 5,12,000. The population of Agartala was 3,67,822 in 2004 after the municipal expansion (1,89,327 in the 2001 census).
The ancient capital of the then Princely State ‘Swadhin Tripura’ was at Rangamati (Udaipur, South Tripura) by the bank of the river Gomati. In 1760 it was shifted by the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur (r.1829-1849) of Manikya Dynasty to present old Agartala by the bank of the river Howrah and was named ‘Haveli’. Due to frequent invasion of the Kuki's and also to keep easy communication with the British Bengal, the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya started the process of shifting the capital from Old Haveli to New Haveli (present Agartala) in 1849.
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Aizawl
Aizawl (Hindi: आइजोल) is the capital of the state of Mizoram in India. With a resident population 291,822, it is the largest city within the state. It is also the center of all important government offices, state assembly house and civil secretariat. The population of Aizawl strongly reflects the different communities of the ethnic Mizo people.
In 1890, Officer Dally of the Assam Police and his 400 men arrived at the site that is now Aizawl, to support Colonel Skinner's troops during a British military operation against the tribals. On Dally's recommendation, Aizawl was selected as the site of a fortified post that Colonel Skinner had been ordered to construct. The troops constructed stockades and buildings at the site.
Aizawl was the site of a tribal uprising in 1890, and was besieged from 9 to 28 September. Robert McCabe, Deputy Commissioner of the Lakhimpur district, restored order in the area and forced 15 tribal chiefs to surrender. After this, more troops were stationed at Aizawl. Another uprising in 1892 was also quelled by McCabe.
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Ambassa
Ambassa is a census town and the headquarters of the Dhalai district of the Indian state of Tripura.
As of 2001[update] India census, Ambassa had a population of 6052. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Ambassa has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 60% of the males and 40% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Oriya.
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Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh /ˌɑrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ is a state of India. Located in northeast India, Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the east and the People's Republic of China in the north.
Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn-lit mountains". It is also known as "land of the rising sun" ("pradesh" means "state", "territory" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Like other parts of Northeast India, a majority of the people native to the state are of Tibeto-Burman origin.[citation needed] A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state.[citation needed]
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Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
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Badharghat
Badharghat is a census town in West Tripura district in the state of Tripura, India.
Badharghat is located at 23°47′N 91°17′E / 23.79°N 91.28°E / 23.79; 91.28.
As of 2001[update] India census, Badharghat had a population of 47,660. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Badharghat has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 53% of the males and 47% of females literate. About 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Badharghat assembly constituency is part of Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency).
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Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (
i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world, forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the east.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – the Padma (a distributary of the Ganges), Meghna (a distributary of the Brahmaputra), Jamuna (a branch of the Brahmaputra), Ayeyarwady, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri – flow into the Bay of Bengal. Among the important ports are Cuddalore, Ennore, Chennai, Karaikal, Pondicherry, Tuticorin, Kakinada, Machilipatnam, Vishakhapatnam, Gangavaram, Krishnapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata, Mongla, Chittagong and Yangon.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:
On the East. A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E and thence along the Southwest limit of the Burma Sea [A line running from Oedjong Raja (5°32′N 95°12′E / 5.533°N 95.2°E / 5.533; 95.2) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].
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Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] (
listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
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Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India. Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.
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Chittagong Division
Chittagong Division (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম) is geographically the largest of the seven administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It covers the most south-eastern areas of the country, with a total area of 33,771.18 km² and a population at the 2011 Census (preliminary result) of 28,079,000.
The Division is subdivided into eleven districts (zilas) and thence into 99 sub-districts (upazilas). The first six districts listed below comprise the north-western portion (37.6%) of the Division, while the remaining five comprise the south-eastern portion (62.4%), the two portions being separated by the lower (or Bangladeshi) stretch of the Feni River; the upland districts of Khagrachhari, Rangamati and Bandarban together comprise that area previously known as the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
The Literacy rate is 22.08%.
Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.
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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ (
locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Dharmanagar
Dharmanagar is a district town and a Nagar Panchayat in the North East of India and the North Tripura district of the state of Tripura, India.
Most of the known history of Dharmanagar is derived from the ancient Rajmala scripts, which is the ancient Royal chronicles of the Kings of Tripura written in the 14th century. Initially unrecorded, it was in circulation in the ancient Kokborok language, which is the language of the Tripura Kings before it was translated and edited into Bengali in the late 14th century by pandit shukreshwar and Baneshwar, who were respected scholars of the time.
The origin of the name 'Dharmanagar' cannot be accurately traced back in time. The Rajmala refers to at least four known ancient kings whose names include the word 'Dharma'. So it remains a matter of speculation as to which king had lent his name to the town. Various uncovered documents however, indicate that the existence of Dharmanagar goes back deep into time. The Rajmala further indicates that the name 'Faticuli' was used to mean Dharmanagar back in those ancient times.
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East Pakistan
East Pakistan (Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান; Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان; Mashriqī Pākistān) was a provincial state of Pakistan that existed in Bengal region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent from 1955 until 1971, following the One Unit programme which laid the existence of East Pakistan.
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Feni River
Feni River (Bengali: ফেনী নদী Feni Nodi) is a river in the Indian state of Tripura and southeastern Bangladesh. It is a trans-boundary river with an on-going dispute.But recently India, Bangladesh finalised deal on Teesta, Feni river waters
Feni River originates in South Tripura district and flows through Sabroom town and then enters Bangladesh.Muhuri River, also called Little Feni, from Noakhali District joins it near its mouth. The river is navigable throughout the year by small boats up to Ramgarh, some 80 km upstream.
The question of sharing of the waters of the river between India and Pakistan was discussed way back in 1958.
Reports from Pakistan say, “India is trying to withdraw water from Feni River for irrigation projects in exchange of resolving erosion problem in Bangladesh side of this bordering river.”
According to statement on sharing of river waters with Bangladesh, released by India, “Feni River has been added to its mandate in the 36th JRC meeting. A decision was taken in the meeting that the Ministers of Water Resources of both the countries would visit the sites where developmental works have been held up. This Joint Inspection of various locations of developmental and flood protection works on common rivers was held from September 14–21, 2006.”
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Garjan
Garjan (Persian: گرجان, also Romanized as Garjān) is a village in Sardabeh Rural District, in the Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 936 in 233 families.
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Garo Hills
The Garo Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi range in Meghalaya, India. They are inhabited mainly by tribal dwellers, the majority of whom are Garo people. Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, is located in this range. It is one of the wettest places in the world. The range is part of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion.
Garo Hills comprises 3 districts. Tura is the largest town with a population of about 70,000 located at the foothills of often cloud covered Tura peak. The town is centrally located to other popular game/wild life sanctuaries in the district such as Balpakram and Nokrek, natural caves (the Siju cave being one of the longest in Asia). These places are rich reserves of natural flora and fauna.
Garo Hills known for its abundance of wildlife attracts naturalists and photographers to capture the multifaceted sights of a unique range of flora and fauna. Two mountain ranges - the Arabella range and the Tura range, pass through the Garo Hills, forming the great Balpakram valley in between. The headquarter town of Tura is 323 km via Guwahati, at an altitude of 657 km. The highest point in the Garo Hills is Nokrek Peak with elevation of 1412 m.
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Goa
Goai/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Guwahati
Guwahati (Assamese: গুৱাহাটী Guwāhāti (help·info)), and formerly known as Pragjyotishpura (Sanskrit:प्राग्ज्योतिषपुर) and Durjoya (Sanskrit:दुर्जय) in ancient Assam, and Gauhati in the modern era, is an ancient urban area, the largest city of Assam, the largest metropolitan area in north-eastern India and one of the fastest developing cities in India. It is said to be the "Gateway" of the North East Region. Dispur, the capital of the Indian state of Assam is located within the city and is the seat of the Government of Assam. Guwahati, formerly Prāgjyotishpura meaning City of Eastern Light, other view is Prāg meaning eastern and jyotish meaning astrology and Durjaya meaning impregnable were the capital's of ancient state of Kamarupa under Varman's and Pala's respectively. Many ancient Hindu temples are located within the city, Kamakhya Temple, Umananda Temple, Navagraha Temple, Sukreswar Temple, Basistha Temple, Lankeshwar Temple, Doul Govinda Temple, Dirgheshwari temple, Ugro Tara Temple, Rudreswar Temple, etc., are but a few; thus, the city is also known as the "The City of Temples."
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Haryana
Haryana /ˌhɑriˈɑːnə/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indomalaya ecozone
The Indomalaya ecozone is one of the eight ecozones that cover the planet's land surface. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.
Also called the Oriental Realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya extends from Afghanistan through the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China, and through Indonesia as far as Java, Bali, and Borneo, east of which lies the Wallace line, the ecozone boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalaya from Australasia. Indomalaya also includes the Philippines, lowland Taiwan, and Japan's Ryukyu Islands.
Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, mostly tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The tropical moist forests of Indomalaya are dominated by trees of the dipterocarp family (Dipterocarpaceae).
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) divides Indomalaya into three bioregions, which it defines as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)."
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Indranagar
Indranagar is a census town in West Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura.
As of 2001[update] India census, Indranagar had a population of 17,679. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Indranagar has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 72%. In Indranagar, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. An attraction of Indranagar is the Durga Puja celebrated with great pomp and show and also with dedication in the JuboSanstha Club.
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Jampui Hills
Jampui Hills is located at an altitude of approximately 1000 metres. The summit of the Jampui Hills commands a breathtaking natural view of the towns nearby. It is in North Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura.
The Jampui Hills can be accessed by road from Dharmanagar and Kailashahar. Orange plantations of Jampui Hills are very famous throughout India. Every year during December-January the Orange Festival is held. The people here are predominantly Lushais and Reangs.
During November every year, the unique Orange & Tourism festival is celebrated in the Jampui hill. A large number of tourists, both domestic and foreign, participate and enjoy this festival. The rainy season is no less charming. During this season the hill is covered with floating clouds and it provides a rare experience for the tourists. The formation of clouds at the bottom of the hill range and its gradual ascendance from the bottom to the top slowly engulfing the whole hill range in its mystic lap is an experience to treasure.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand /dʒɑrˈkɑːnd/[citation needed] (Hindi: झारखण्ड; Bengali: ঝাড়খন্ড; Urdu: جھاڑکھنڈ; Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [ˈdʒʱaːrkʰəɳɖ] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714 km2 49,821 sq mi (129,040 km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands. During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.
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Jogendranagar
Jogendranagar is a census town in West Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura.
As of 2001[update] India census, Jogendranagar had a population of 34,844. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jogendranagar has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 69%. In Jogendranagar, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Coordinates: 23°49′13″N 91°18′21″E / 23.82028°N 91.30583°E / 23.82028; 91.30583
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Kailashahar
Kailashahar town is the nagar panchayat and head-quarter of North Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura located along the border with Bangladesh.
The history of old Kailashahar is associated with Unakoti, a tourist place reputed for its 7th - 9th century AD stone and rock cut images. A 15th generation descendant of King Jujhar Fa, a Shiva disciple who started the Tripurabda (Tripuri Calendar), prayed for Lord Shiva in a village called Chhambulnagar on the banks of the river Mau. It is speculated that Chhambulnagar, which is mentioned in Rajmala, was situated near Unakoti Hill. The Prince prayed for Mahadeva in Unakoti. For this some people believe that the previous name of Kailashahar was Chhambulnagar. Some believers thought that Har (Shiva) resides in Kailash. Therefore the place was known as Kailash Har which was later on transformed to Kailashahar. A Tripura king named Adi-Dharmapha ruled here in 7th century. He performed a great yagna with much pomp and gaiety. The name Kailashahar found currency since that time.
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Karimganj
Karimganj Town (Bengali: করিমগঞ্জ) is a town in the Karimganj District of the Indian state of Assam. It is the administrative headquarter and main town of the district.
Karimganj town is located on the northern fringe of the district adjoining Bangladesh [1], flanked on two sides by the Kushiyara River and Longai river, Karimganj town is located just on the Bangladesh border with the river Kushiara flowing in between. One prominent feature of the place is a long and winding canal called Noti Khal meandering across the town. Earlier, it used to be a connecting river way between Kushiara and Longai facilitating river communication and also balancing of water-levels between the two rivers. Now, however, this canal has been blocked at several places through embankments and land-fills to pave way for road transport and construction works.
The distance of Karimganj town from Guwahati - the state capital of Assam - is approximately 330 km by road and about 350 km by rail. Distance of other important places are : Silchar - 55 km, Shillong - 220 km, Agartala - 250 km.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Khowai
Khowai is a town and a nagar panchayat in newly formed Khowai district in the Indian state of Tripura. It is named after the Khowai river passing by the town. It is near the bangladesh border.
As of 2001[update] India census, Khowai had a population of 17,621. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Khowai has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 88%, and female literacy is 85%. In Khowai, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Khowai is situated in a plain along the Khowai River and has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate with large amounts of rain almost all year. The city experiences long, hot and wet summers, lasting from April to October. Average temperatures are around 28 °C (82 °F), fluctuating with rainfall. There is a short, mild winter from mid-November to early March, with mostly dry conditions and average temperatures around 18 °C (64 °F).
The town mainly consists of Bengalis and tripuris, predominance of both bengali and kokborok language is there. The main festivals of the town such as Durga Puja and Saraswati puja reflect the influence of the culture of the Bengalis. There is a very good relationship between the different communities and tribes in Tripura. So more or less every festival is enjoyed by every community of people.
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Khowai River
Khowai River originates from the eastern part of the Atharamura Hills of Tripura in India. Flowing west and northward, the Khowai enters Bangladesh at Balla in Sylhet district. The river further flows beside the east of Habiganj town and debouches into the Meghna near the mouth of the Kalni at Nabiganj.
Coordinates: 24°23′N 91°25′E / 24.383°N 91.417°E / 24.383; 91.417
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Khumulwng
Khumulwng is a town in the West Tripura [1] district in Tripura [2], India. It is the headquarters and the largest town of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.
Khumulwng was established in 1991. The TTAADC headquarters was shifted to the town from 1996 onwards.
It is situated 25 km from Agartala.
The most beautiful landmark of the town is the Kaunsil Nok (Council House) located right in the heart of the town. This structure houses the legislative body of the TTAADC (Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council).
The ethnic population are the Tripuri people. The local language is Kokborok. They have a distinct identity of their own. They are different from the majority Bengali population of the state.
Various socio-cultural clubs are coming up to develop the local culture, flora and fauna. The cultural beauty and abundance in Khumulwng is invaluable. The town is a blend of tribal culture and the Christian influence. We see peoples celebrating the Goria Ter as well as the Christmas with much joyfulness. Most of the people, by profession, here are either government employees and their families or business oriented.
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Kolkata
Kolkata /kɒlˈkætə/, or Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product ranked third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, and the East India Company retook it in the following year and by 1772 assumed full sovereignty. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.
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Kumarghat
Kumarghat is a town and a nagar panchayat in North Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura.
As of 2001[update] India census, Kumarghat had a population of 11,591. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kumarghat has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 76%. In Kumarghat, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Kumarghat is a strategically an important place for India as this has the last railway station in the north-east part of India.
Coordinates: 24°09′30″N 92°01′47″E / 24.15833°N 92.02972°E / 24.15833; 92.02972
Kumarghat have a special attraction in food & beverages out of which a special mention to be made of "DESERTS" of Kwality Wall's, whose priority dealership belongs to Mr. Raja Bose, Contact No. 9862453866.The shop is just opposite to the Kumarghat Post Office. In case of Devotional places the chief locations are Bhabatarini mandir, Shib Mandir, Ramakrishna Ashram, Ramthakur Ashram, Satsangha Bihar and Radhakrishna Mandir.
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Lok Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′3″N 77°12′30″E / 28.6175°N 77.20833°E / 28.6175; 77.20833
The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult suffrage. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. The Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to a maximum of 552 members, including no more than 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two appointed non-partisan members to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if the President feels that that community is not adequately represented).
Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five-year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a proclamation of emergency. In such cases, the term may be extended by one-year increments. The 15th Lok Sabha was formed in May 2009.
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise, which was supposed to be carried out after every census, was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented. Today, the Lok Sabha has its own TV channel, Lok Sabha TV, head-quartered within the premises of Parliament.
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Lumding
Lumding (Assamese: লামডিং) is a town and a municipal board in Nagaon district in the Indian state of Assam. The word 'Lumding' owes its roots to a couple of Dimasa words 'Lum' and 'Ding' connoting 'Road/way/ path' and 'Round' respectively. So, in other words, Lumding is usually considered to be a town where there is little or no water. It is a historical reality that the railway township had always enjoyed scant rainfall during the rainy season every year, although the trend has significantly altered over the past few decades. It is famous for being one of the bigger divisional headquarters of the North East Frontier Railway and the biggest junction in the North-Eastern part of the country. The town is also the gateway to the visually enchanting Lumding-Badarpur hill-tract between Lumding and Badarpur. The track has been included as a UNESCO Heritage site a few years back.
Lumding is an important Railway Junction and Railway Division in the North East Frontier Railways as it connects Tripura to Assam.It has both Meter Gauge and Broad Gauge. The BG line is of Guwahati-Lumding-Dibrugarh Town and the MG line is the Lumding-Badarpur-Silchar/Agartala. It is a MG terminus. The Express connecting Tripura's capital city Agartala to the BG network of India terminates at Lumding. There are 2 MG services to Silchar also called the Chachar Express and Barak Valley Express.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Manipur
Manipur /mænɨˈpʊər/ (Pronunciation manipur (help·info)), literally meaning "a jeweled land", is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Paites and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State. Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.[citation needed]
Manipur state has taken Bengali script of writing but now-a-days started in their original scripts "Meetei/Meitei Mayek(Script)" at schools as well as in Newspapers.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya /ˌmɛɡəˈleɪə/ (Hindi: मेघालय; pronounced [meːˈɡʱaːləjə]) is a state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (east-west) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000.
About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.
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Mizoram
Mizoram /mɨˈzɔrəm/ (Mizo pronunciation: /mɪ.'zoʊ.'rʌm/) (from mi 'people', zo 'hill', ram 'country', Land of the Hill People / Mizo people") is one of the Seven Sister States listed as in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar Burma. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. Its capital is Aizawl. Mizoram is located in the northeast of India.
Mizoram has a mild climate, comfortable in summer 20 °C to 29 °C (68 °F to 84 °F) and never freezing during winter, with temperatures from 7 °C to 21 °C (44 °F to 70 °F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The average state rainfall is 254 cm (100 in.), per annum. In the capital, Aizawl rainfall is about 208 centimetres (82 in.) and in Lunglei, another major center, about 350 centimetres (138 in.)
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000 metres (3,281 feet). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,265 feet) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,251 feet).
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Nagaland
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579 km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator.
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.
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Orissa
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers. April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline (about 480 km long) and lacked good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population. The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
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Pondicherry
Puducherry /ˌpɒndɨˈtʃɛri/ is a Union Territory of India formed out four enclaves of former French India and named for the largest, Pondicherry.
In September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry to Puducherry, which means "New village" in the Tamil language. The territory is called புதுச்சேரி (Putuccēri) or பாண்டிச்சேரி (Pāṇṭiccēri) in Tamil, or Pondichéry in French. It is also known as "The French Riviera of the East" (La Côte d'Azur de l'Est).
Pondicherry consists of four small unconnected districts: Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam on the Bay of Bengal and Mahé on the Arabian Sea. Pondicherry and Karaikal are by far the larger ones and are both enclaves of Tamil Nadu. Yanam and Mahé are enclaves of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively. The territory has a total area of 492 km²: Pondicherry (city) 293 km², Karaikal 160 km², Mahé 9 km² and Yanam 30 km². It has 900,000 inhabitants (2001).
Some of those enclaves are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves, often called pockets in India. Thus, Pondicherry district is made of 12 pockets, some of whom are very small (see map) and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu. For its part, Mahe district is made of 3 pockets. This unusual geography is a legacy of the colonial period since the U.T. of Puducherry has retained the borders of former French India.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Rajya Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′0″N 77°12′30″E / 28.616667°N 77.20833°E / 28.616667; 77.20833
The Rajya Sabha (Hindi: राज्य सभा) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Rajya means state and Sabha means "assembly" in Sanskrit. Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of whom are chosen by the President of India for their expertise in specific fields of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are known as nominated members. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Terms of office are six years, with one third of the members retiring every two years.
The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the Lok Sabha, is not subject to dissolution. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held.
However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, it would normally hold the greater power in such joint sessions. Only three joint sessions have been held; the last one was for the passage of the anti-terror law POTA in 2002.
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Rakhine State
Rakhine State (Burmese: ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်, Rakhine pronunciation [ɹəkʰàiɴ pɹènè]; Burmese pronunciation: [jəkʰàiɴ pjìnɛ̀]; formerly Arakan) is a Burmese state. Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State in the north, Magway Region, Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region in the east, the Bay of Bengal to the west, and the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh to the northwest. It is located approximately between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and east longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The Arakan Mountains, which rise to 3,063 metres (10,049 ft) at Victoria Peak, separate Rakhine State from central Burma. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as Cheduba and Myingun Island. Rakhine State has an area of 36,762 square kilometres (14,194 sq mi) and its capital is Sittwe.
The term Rakhine is believed to have been derived from the Pali word "Rakkhapura" from "Rakkhita" meaning the land of the people of Rakhasa (Rakhasa > Rakkha > Rakkhaing > Rakhaing) who were given this name in honor of their preservation of their national heritage and ethics or morality. The word Rakhine means, "one who maintains his own race." In the Rakhine language, the land is called Rakhinepray, the ethnic Rakhine are called Rakhinetha.
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Sabroom
Sabroom (also spelt as Sabrum) is a town and a nagar panchayat in South Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura.
Sabroom is located in the banks of the river Feni, which separated India and Bangladesh. Most of the people there, speak in Noyakhali, a dialect of Bengali Language.
Sabroom is located at 23°00′N 91°44′E / 23.00°N 91.73°E / 23.00; 91.73. It has an average elevation of 26 m (85 ft).
As of 2001[update] India census, Sabroom had a population of 5766. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Sabroom has an average literacy rate of 82%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 78%. In Sabroom, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Sabroom assembly constituency is part of Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency).
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Sikkim
Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɨm/; Devanagari: सिक्किम, i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";Standard Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་, Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs) is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.
With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011[update], Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi). Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok.
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Silchar
Silchar (Bengali: শিলচর Shilchôr, Assamese: শিলচৰXilsôr, Sylheti: হিলচর Hilchor) is the headquarters of Cachar district in the state of Assam in India. It is the economic gateway to the state of Mizoram and part of Manipur.[citation needed] It is 343 kilometres (213 mi) south east of Guwahati. The city of Silchar is the second largest city in the state of Assam and an important commercial centre and consequently witnesses the settlement of a sizable population of traders from distant parts of India.
Being politically stable in the otherwise disturbed Northeast earned it the bon mot of "Island of Peace" from India's then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[citation needed]
During the British rule, ships were docked at the bank of the "River Barak" so a market developed at the bank and became a major place of economic activity. The bank was covered with stones to help dock ships and vessels, and the market developed at a place which was fully covered with stones. People started to refer to the place as "Shiler Chor", meaning a bank of stone. Gradually "Shiler Chor" became "Silchar" for linguistic simplification and, later on, British officials started to use "Silchar" in their official documents referring to the surrounding area of the market. "Silchar" became the official name of the place.
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Sonamura
Sonamura is a town and a sub-division in West Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura.
As of 2001[update] India census, Sonamura had a population of 9997. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sonamura has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 68%. In Sonamura, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Sonamura assembly constituency is part of Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency).
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Sylhet Division
Sylhet Division (Bengali: সিলেট বিভাগ, pronounced Sileṭ Bibhag), also known as Greater Sylhet or Sylhet region, is the northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet. It is bounded by Meghalaya State of India on the north, Tripura State on the south, Assam State of India on the east and Dhaka division on the west and Chittagong division on the southwest.
One of the most picturesque and archeologically rich regions in South Asia, is the Sylhet Division. Its bourgeoning economy has become a part of the attractions of the region, as landscapes are filled with fragrant orange and pineapple gardens and breathtaking tea plantations. Many Sylhet community members have found work and residence abroad, particularly in the United Kingdom and have been using remittances to fund projects and industries within the Sylhet Division, allowing the export industry and foreign investment sectors to grow.
The Division is subdivided into four districts (zilas) and thence into 36 sub-districts (upazilas).
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Teliamura
Teliamura is a town and a nagar panchayat in West Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura. It is on the National Highway No. 44 of India. It is also the head-quarters of the recently included sub-division of Teliamura. It is located 45 km from Agartala, Capital of Tripura, 35 km from Khowai and 42 km from Ambassa.
Teliamura is located at 23°43′N 91°44′E / 23.72°N 91.74°E / 23.72; 91.74.
As of 2011[update] India census GOI Teliamura has a population of 19,605. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Teliamura has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 78%. In Teliamura, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Teliamura assembly constituency is part of Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency).
Schools
Train
It is well connected by Railways. Teliamura Railway Station is situated at Trishabari distance from 3 km away from Teliamura main Town.
Road
National Highway 44 connects Teliamura to Assam and the rest of India by road. It is also connected to Khowai, Amarpur by Road.
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Tripura
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia. It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India. The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
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Udaipur
Udaipur pronunciation (help·info) (Rajasthani: उदैपर) (उदयपुर), also known as the City of Lakes, is a city, a Municipal Council and the administrative headquarters of the Udaipur district in the state of Rajasthan in western India. It is located 403 kilometres (250 mi) southwest of the state capital, Jaipur, 248 kilometres (154 mi) west of Kota, and 250 kilometres (155 mi) northeast from Ahmedabad. Udaipur is the historic capital of the kingdom of Mewar in the former Rajputana Agency. The Guhils (Sisodia) clan ruled the Mewar and its capital was shifted from Chittorgarh to Udaipur after founding city of Udaipur by Maharana Uday Singh. The Mewar province became part of Rajasthan after India became independent
Apart from its history, culture, and scenic locations, it is also known for its Rajput-era palaces. The Lake Palace, for instance, covers an entire island in the Pichola Lake. Many of the palaces have been converted into luxury hotels. It is often called the "Venice of the East", and is also nicknamed the "Lake City".Lake Pichola, Fateh Sagar Lake, Udai Sagar and Swaroop Sagar in this city are considered some of the most beautiful lakes in the state.
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Ujjayanta Palace
Ujjayanta Palace (Bengali: উজ্জয়ন্ত প্রাসাদ, Ujjoyonto Prashad) is a former royal palace situated in Agartala, the capital of the Indian state of Tripura, and currently serves as the meeting place of the Tripura Legislative Assembly. Ujjayanta Palace is a tourist attraction of Agartala, and tours are conducted by the Tripura Tourism Department. The name Ujjayanta Palace was given by Rabindranath Tagore.[citation needed]
Ujjayanta Palace was built by Maharaja Radha Kishore Manikya during 1899–1901 at a cost of 10 lakh (1 million) rupees despite financial constraints. The earlier royal palace of the Kingdom of Tripura was located 10 km (6 mi) away from Agartala. However, as a result of a devastating earthquake in 1897, the palace was destroyed and later rebuilt as Ujjayanta Palace in the heart of Agartala city.
Upon the merger of the Kingdom of Tripura with India in 1949, royal properties were nationalised. Ujjayanta Palace remained unoccupied for some time before beginning its current role as the State Legislative Building.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Ashoka
Ashoka (Devanāgarī: अशोक, IAST: Aśoka, IPA: [aˈɕoːkə], ca. 304–232 BC), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west, to the present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator. In the history of India, Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka – the "Emperor of Emperors Ashoka".
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Bengali people
The Bengali people are an ethnic community native to the historic region of Bengal (now divided between Bangladesh and India) in South Asia. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), which is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit and Sanskrit languages. In their native language, they are referred to as বাঙালী (pronounced Bangali). They primarily belong to Indo-Aryan and Mongolo-Dravidian stock,and are closely related to Austro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Assamese, Sinhalese, Munda, and Tibeto-Burman linguistic/ethnic stocks. As such, Bengalis are a homogeneous but considerably diverse ethnic group with heterogeneous origins. They are the second largest single ethnic group in the world[citation needed].
They are mostly concentrated in Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal and Tripura in India. There are also a number of Bengali communities scattered across North-East India, New Delhi, and the Indian states of Assam, Jharkhand, Bihar, Maharastra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. In addition, there are significant Bengali communities beyond South Asia; some of the most well established Bengali communities are in the United Kingdom and United States. Large numbers of Bengalis (mainly from Sylhet) have settled in Britain, mainly living in the East boroughs of London, numbering from around 300,000; in the USA there are about 150,000 living across the country, mainly in New York. There are also millions living across the Gulf States, majority of whom are living as foreign workers. There are also many Bengalis in Pakistan, Malaysia, South Korea, Canada, Japan, Australia and many other countries (see Bangladeshi diaspora).
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Dinesh Nandan Sahay
Dinesh Nandan Sahay (born February 2, 1936) is the former Governor of Tripura and Governor of Chhatisgarh.
He was born in Madhepur, Bihar and raised in Patna. He was a lecturer in the H.D. College of Arrah before joining Indian Police Service in 1960.
After retirement he joined the Samata Party. He was the first governor of Chhatisgarh state from 2000 to 2003. He became Governor of Tripura in June 2003.
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Garo people
The Garos are a tribal people in Meghalaya, India and neighboring areas of Bangladesh, who call themselves A·chik Mande (literally "hill people," from a·chik "hill" + mande "people") or simply A·chik or Mande. They are the second-largest tribe in Meghalaya after the Khasi and comprise about a third of the local population.
Garos are mainly Christians although there are some rural pockets where the traditional animist religion and traditions are still followed.
This book deals with the origin and migration of the Garos consisting of different tribal groups who settled in Garo hills, their ancient animestic religious beliefs and practices, numerous deities, which control their life and must be appeased with rituals, ceremonies and animal sacrificies to ensure welfare of the tribe. Although dubious, the Garo tribal religion is popularly known as sangsarik ( a word which possibly originates from Sanskrit root sangsar meaning family). The Garo people refer to their original religion as "dacbewal" relating to their most prominent cultural activities.
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Halam tribe
The Halam people are a Kuki tribe native to the state of Tripura in India. The name Halam is coined by the Tipra Raja. They are also known as Mizo, while some people called them Ranglong. They are further divided into 15 sub-clans.
The Halam people are one of the Kukish peoples, who are said to have lived in Tripura before the Tipra came to that land. Those of the Kuki who submitted to the authority of the Tipra Raja came to be known as Halam. Folklore have the Halam people come from Khurpuibabum, somewhere in Manipur. Mualţhuam, Kaihpeng and Bawngcher are the first group to enter Tripura, they are in record during the reign of Raja Omar Manikya, 1584–1586 A.D. Other sub-groups have immigrated from Cachar district of Assam, Mizoram and Chittagong Hill Tracts. It is evident from their folktales and folksongs that Halam people once passed through Mizoram on their way to reach Tripura.
In 1951, the Indian census showed 1,644 Halam living in Tripura. In 1961 the figure was 16,298. It rose slightly to 19,076 in 1971.
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Jamatia
Jamatia is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura [1] state of India. They are mainly dwelling in the West Tripura [2] and the South Tripura [3] districts. They speak the language Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Their appearance is mongoloid.
Jamatia clan is the third largest sub-tribe of among indigenous Tripuris, after the Tripuris(Debbarma), and the Reang sub-tribe in Tripura. The origin of the word Jamatia, in one opinion had derived from the word Jamat, which means collection or union of peoples. This later on turned to Jamatia. It is to be noted that the people of this clan live in unity and concentrated in any particular place even today.
According to other opinion Jamatia is conjugation of two Kokborok words, Jama, means tax and twiya means no need to pay. It is fact that the men of this clan were used to engaged in Tripura royal force as soldier by the kings of Tripura during the rule of Manikya Dynasty. So the peoples of Jomatia clan were exempted to pay any tax by the king for their loyalty, service and sacrifice for the royal regime. Later on the people of this clan had been known as Jamatia.
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Kirata
The Kirāta (Sanskrit: किरात) is a generic term in Sanskrit literature for people who lived in the mountains, particularly in the Himalayas and North-East India and who are postulated to have been Mongoloid in origin. It has been theorized that the word Kirata- or Kirati- means people with lion nature. It is derived from two words Kira (meaning Lion) and Ti (meaning people). The reference of lion as well as them staying in the Himalayan Mountains may suggest their possible relation to the mythical lion-headed tribe called Kimpurusha.
They are mentioned along with Cinas (Chinese), and were different from the Nishadas. They are first mentioned in the Yajurveda (Shukla XXX.16; Krisha III.4,12,1), and in the Atharvaveda (X.4,14) . In Manu's Dharmashastra (X.44) they are mentioned as degraded Kshatriyas, but outside the ambit of Brahminical influence. It is speculated that the term is a Sanskritization of a Sino-Tibetan tribal name, like that of Kirant or Kiranti of eastern Nepal.
Mythology gives an indication of their geographical position. In the Mahabharata, Bhima meets the Kiratas to the east of Videha, where his son Ghatotkacha is born; and in general the dwellers of the Himalayas, especially the eastern Himalayas, were called Kiratas. In general they are mentioned as "gold-like", or yellow, unlike the Nishadas or the Dasas, who were dark.
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Kisari Mohan Ganguli
Kisari Mohan Ganguli (also K. M. Ganguli) was an Indian translator, who is most known for the first complete English translation of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata published as The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose between 1883 to 1896 by Pratap Chandra Roy (1842–1895), a Calcutta bookseller, who owned a printing press, and collected funds for the project to translate 18 books of the Mahabharat.
The "Translator's Preface" in the Book 1: Adi Parva, Ganguli mentions the sequence of events that lead to the publication. Sometime in early 1870s, Pratapa Chandra Roy, with Babu Durga Charan Banerjee, visited Ganguli at his home in Shibpur in Howrah West Bengal requesting him to take up the translation project, which he took up after initial reluctance and a second meeting, when extensive plans were drawn, and the copy of a translation by Max Muller was left behind, made some thirty years ago, which on study Ganguli found to be literal and lacking in flow. Thus he started tweaking the text line by line, though "without at all impairing faithfulness to the original". Soon a dozen sheets of his first 'copy' were typed and sent to noted writers, both European and Indian, and only receiving a favorable response from them that the project was initiated.
wn.com/Kisari_Mohan_Ganguli -
Koloi
Koloi is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura state of India. They are mainly dwelling in the West Tripura districts. They speak the language Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Their appearance is mongoloid.
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Manik Sarkar
Manik Sarkar (Bengali: মানিক সরকার, born on January 22, 1949) is an Indian politician. He became Chief Minister of Tripura in March 1998, and is a Politburo Member of Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was a prominent leader of Students Federation of India.[citation needed] In March 2008, he was sworn in as leader of Left Front, the Tripura coalition government.
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Meitei people
The Meeteis or Meiteis are the majority ethnic group of Manipur, India, and because of this are sometimes referred to as Manipuris. Generally speaking, Meitei is an endonym and Manipuri is an exonym. The Meitei people are made up of seven clans, who trace their written history back to 33 AD.
The majority of the Meiteis follow Vaishnavite Hinduism, mixing it with their ancient Meitei religion, known as "Sanamahi Laining" (or simply Sanamahi). Most of the Meiteis view Sanamahi as a part of their livelihood. Vaishnavaism was made the state religion in 18th century by King "Pamheiba" and it remained as that till the defeat of Manipur by the British in 1891. Close to one-fifth of the Meiteis follow Sanamahism, estimated from the 2001 Census where nearly 11% of the population of Manipur were categorised under 'other ' religion.
On 14 May 1945, the Meetei Marup (Organisation of Meetei Body) was formed in Manipur, which led to the revival of Meetei traditional, cultures, scripts(Meetei Mayek), customary practices, and traditional religious ceremonies related to the Meetei society. Old beliefs and religious bindings were untied and the beliefs of emerging movement began to take their place. Many books on how to conduct religious ceremonies with rites and rituals are being published. Holy Books for Sanamahi religion were selected. On the other hand the influence of other religion like Hinduism, Christianity, Islam are increasing day by day in the Hills and Valleys which is simply indicated by the growing number of Hindu Temple, Church, Mosques etc. According to the Sanamahi mythology, the Meiteis are the descendants of the Lord Pakhangba, one of the Son of the Meiteis Almighty God Sidabamapu, the creator of the Universe.
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Munda people
The Munda are tribal (Adivasi) people of the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
They are found across Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Assam states of India, and into parts of Bangladesh. Their language is Mundari, which belongs to the Munda subgroup of the Austro-Asiatic language family.
There are estimated to be two million Munda people.
While they are Austro-Asiatic speakers, the Munda people are generally thought to be indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent. However, a study conducted by a team of biologists seem to suggest a genetic drift from an ancestral population having a genetic profile similar to present-day Austroasiatic populations from Southeast Asia, suggesting a possible origin in Southeast Asia.
The term Munda given to this community designates the name of the leader of the tribal community. The munda call themselves "Hodoko" which means "Human Beings".
Though nothing much exists in contemporary history, oral stories, myths, ballads and songs provide some minimal information here and there. The Munda People have been living in the same region/place for quite a long time, considering it their home from birth to death. However, many of their folk ballads and songs or festivals display traits alien to chotanagpur region.
wn.com/Munda_people -
Murasing
Murasing is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura state of India. They mainly dwell in the South Tripura district of Tripura state of India. They speak the language Kokborok, which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin.
Before customary law at first I like to inform the social institution of Murasing community. In every village have a social institution. Those institutional members are CHODIRI, KARBARI, KHANDAL, BANDARI, SIROMONI. The CHODIRI is the headman of the village. He is also perform as Justic. The KARBARI is a planner of social activities. He is also perform as Lawyer. The KHANDAL is a Treasurer of the village level organisation. BANDARI is as a storekeeper and SIROMONI is the leader of singer’s of the village.
In the Murasing community the clan is called KHIL. Those KHIL’s are MURASING, DONGRO, MOSBANG and TOTORAM. In every KHIL have social institution. This institution’s members are ROY, SANUAN, KASKO and SIROMONI. ROY is as like a President of the organisation and the SANUAN is as Secretary. KASKO is like a treasurer of the organisation and the SIROMONI is the leader of singer’s.
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Noatia
Noatia is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of the Tripura state of India. The tribe mainly lives in the hills of Dhalai and the North Tripura districts of the Tripura state of India. They speak the Noatia dialect of Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Their appearance is mongoloid.
Noatia is also exists in South Tripura and West Tripura district. At Garjee, Kalaban & Rothaicherra under Udaipur sub-division of South Tripura there are so many Noatia family exists and in west Tripura district at Chawndul,Tuiwandal, Khamarbari and Tyuisa khandal even in at Urmai kalakhet there are so many Noatia family exists but unluckyly these are not mentioned in the record.* Tripuri people
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Reang
Reang or Riangare one of the 21 scheduled tribes of the Indian state of Tripura. The correct nomenclature for this ethnic group is actually Bru although the name reang was accidentally incorporated by the Indian government during a census count. The Bru can be found mainly in the North Tripura, Dalai and the South Tripura districts of Tripura state in India. However, they may also be found in Mizoram, Assam, Manipur and Bangladesh. They speak the Reang dialect which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin and is locally referred to as Kau Bru. Like many of the tribes in the north east of India, the appearance of the Bru is mongoloid.
The Bru are the second most populous tribe of Tripura after the Tripuris. According to the legend, a Tripuri prince who was once exiled by the King made his way, along with his followers, to the Mayani Thalang area of Lushai hills and founded a state over there. He proclaimed himself King and his descendants too ruled over the break-away state for generations. As it sometimes happens, there came a time when there was no heir to succeed to the throne, leading to anarchy in the kingdom. At around the same time, bitter feud and internal vendetta saw four chiefs of the following sub tribes Twikluha, Yongsika, Paisika, Tuibruha leave their hearth and home along with their entourages to migrate back to the state of Tripura. It was a long and difficult journey, fraught with danger and the travellers had to make more than a couple of attempts before they successfully made their way up the Dombur hill.
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Tripuri people
Most popularly known as tripuri tribes The Tripuri (Tipra or Tipperah) people are the original inhabitants of the Kingdom of Tripura in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Royal family of the Debbarmas ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for more than 2000[citation needed] years till the kingdom joined the Indian Union in 1949.
The Tripuris live on the slopes of hills in a group of five to fifty families. Their houses in these areas are built of bamboo or ua as it is called in Kokborok and raised five to six feet height to save themselves from the dangers of the wild animals. Nowadays a considerable section of this community are living in the plains and erecting houses like the plains people, adopting their methods of cultivation, and following them in other aspects of life, such as dress, manners, and cosmetics. Tripuri women wear a scarp, called rignai, which reaches down just below the knee. They weave in their loin-loom a small piece of cloth, which they call risa, and they use this small piece of cloth as their breast garment.
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Uchoi
Uchoi is one of the 21 scheduled tribes of Tripura state of India. They are mainly dwelling in the Dhalai and the South Tripura districts of Tripura state of India. They speak the language Reang dialect of Kokborok which is of Tibeto-Burmese origin. Their appearance is mongoloid. They are the least in number among Tripuri tribes.
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Yayati
Yayati (Sanskrit: ययाति) was a Puranic king and the son of king Nahusha and one of ancestors of Pandavas. He had five brothers, Yati, Samyati, Ayati, Viyati and Kriti. He had two wives, Devayani and Sharmishtha. Devayani was the daughter of Shukracharya, the priest of Asuras (the demons). Sharmishtha was the daughter of the Demon King Vrishparva. Sharmishtha was a friend and servant of Devayani. After hearing of his relationship with second wife Sharmishtha from Devayani her father, sage Shukracharya, cursed Yayati to old age in the prime of life, but later allowed him to exchange it with his son, Puru. His story finds mention in the Mahabharata-Adi Parva and also Bhagavata Purana.
The story of Yayati comes in the Book Nine, 19th Chapter of Bhagavata Purana.
Devayani was the daughter of Sage Shukracharya, the guru of all Asuras, she had been cursed by sage Kacha that she would not marry another Brahmana. Sage Shukra was living in his palace of At that time the Asura king was Vrushaparva, whose daughter Sharmishta was close friend with Devayani.
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30 Minutes: Battle for Tripura
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:09
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
With assembly elections for Tripura, Meghalaya and Nagaland coming up, CNN-IBN focuses on real news for a better India.
http://wn.com/30_Minutes_Battle_for_Tripura
With assembly elections for Tripura, Meghalaya and Nagaland coming up, CNN-IBN focuses on real news for a better India.
Tripura Sundari Stotram. Udaipur Tripura .Udaipur , the City of Lakes ,Rajasthan.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Udaipur is a town and a nagar panchayat in the Indian state of Tripura. This city is famous for the Tripura Sundari temple. It is also the head-quarters of Gumati district. Udaipur is about 55 km from Agartala, the capital of Tripura. There are lots of artificial lakes (namely Dhani Sagar, Mahadev Dighi, Jaganath Dighi, Amar Sagar). Udaipur is the 2nd largest town of tripura on the bank of Gumati river. southtripura.gov.in Tripura Sundari Temple is situated in the ancient Udaipur, about 55 km from Agartala, believed to be one of the holiest Hindu shrines in this part of the country. Popularly known as Matabari, crowns in a small hillock and is served by the red-robed priests who traditionally, minister to the mother goddess Tripura Sundari. Considered to be one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, consists of a square type sanctum of the typical Bengali hut. It is believed that Sati's right foot fell here during Lord Shiva's Nataraj Dance. The temple consist a square type sanctum with a conical dome. It was constructed by Maharaja Dhanya Manikya Debbarma in 1501, there are two identical images of the same deity inside the temple. They are known as Tripura Sundari (5 feet high) and Chhotima (2 feet high) in Tripura. The idol of Maa Kali is worshiped at the temple of Tripura Sundari in the form of 'Soroshi'. One is made of kasti stone which is reddish black in colour. It is believed that the idol was Chhotima was carried by king in battlefield. This temple is also known as Kurma Pitha ...
http://wn.com/Tripura_Sundari_Stotram_Udaipur_Tripura_Udaipur_,_the_City_of_Lakes_,Rajasthan
Udaipur is a town and a nagar panchayat in the Indian state of Tripura. This city is famous for the Tripura Sundari temple. It is also the head-quarters of Gumati district. Udaipur is about 55 km from Agartala, the capital of Tripura. There are lots of artificial lakes (namely Dhani Sagar, Mahadev Dighi, Jaganath Dighi, Amar Sagar). Udaipur is the 2nd largest town of tripura on the bank of Gumati river. southtripura.gov.in Tripura Sundari Temple is situated in the ancient Udaipur, about 55 km from Agartala, believed to be one of the holiest Hindu shrines in this part of the country. Popularly known as Matabari, crowns in a small hillock and is served by the red-robed priests who traditionally, minister to the mother goddess Tripura Sundari. Considered to be one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, consists of a square type sanctum of the typical Bengali hut. It is believed that Sati's right foot fell here during Lord Shiva's Nataraj Dance. The temple consist a square type sanctum with a conical dome. It was constructed by Maharaja Dhanya Manikya Debbarma in 1501, there are two identical images of the same deity inside the temple. They are known as Tripura Sundari (5 feet high) and Chhotima (2 feet high) in Tripura. The idol of Maa Kali is worshiped at the temple of Tripura Sundari in the form of 'Soroshi'. One is made of kasti stone which is reddish black in colour. It is believed that the idol was Chhotima was carried by king in battlefield. This temple is also known as Kurma Pitha ...
- published: 02 Feb 2013
- views: 22
- author: mamtashivadhody
Lord Shiva - Destroying Tripura
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Lord_Shiva_Destroying_Tripura
TRIPURA Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
For more, "Like" us on www.facebook.com/ackanimation ACK Media's first feature length production produced in conjunction with Turner Entertainment Networks Asia and Animagic. After the death of their king Taraka at the hands of the devas, the asuras flee their kingdoms and spend years in hiding. Determined to provide a safe haven for them, the great asura architect Maya draws on his vast powers of sorcery to build three magnificent airborne cities, named Tripura, each to be ruled over by one of Taraka's three sons. Fuelling the asuric ambitions of the three young princes of Tripura, Brahma the Creator grants them a boon of indestructibility, as the cities can only be destroyed by the one and only Lord Shiva the Destroyer. Soon enough the asura kings begin craving greater and greater power. Unknown to Maya, they plan a secret invasion of Devlok, the kingdom of the devas. Now Indra, king of the devas, faces a formidable challenge—defeating an enemy who is protected by the gods themselves! Look for it airing on Cartoon Network India and DVDs in stores SOON!
http://wn.com/TRIPURA_Trailer
For more, "Like" us on www.facebook.com/ackanimation ACK Media's first feature length production produced in conjunction with Turner Entertainment Networks Asia and Animagic. After the death of their king Taraka at the hands of the devas, the asuras flee their kingdoms and spend years in hiding. Determined to provide a safe haven for them, the great asura architect Maya draws on his vast powers of sorcery to build three magnificent airborne cities, named Tripura, each to be ruled over by one of Taraka's three sons. Fuelling the asuric ambitions of the three young princes of Tripura, Brahma the Creator grants them a boon of indestructibility, as the cities can only be destroyed by the one and only Lord Shiva the Destroyer. Soon enough the asura kings begin craving greater and greater power. Unknown to Maya, they plan a secret invasion of Devlok, the kingdom of the devas. Now Indra, king of the devas, faces a formidable challenge—defeating an enemy who is protected by the gods themselves! Look for it airing on Cartoon Network India and DVDs in stores SOON!
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 9570
- author: ACKanimation
Seismic retrofit of ujjayanta palace, Agartala Tripura, India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
On going seismic retrofitting of ujjayanta palace, Agartala Tripura State, done by BBR India Pvt Ltd Bangalore for PWD Tripura,
http://wn.com/Seismic_retrofit_of_ujjayanta_palace,_Agartala_Tripura,_India
On going seismic retrofitting of ujjayanta palace, Agartala Tripura State, done by BBR India Pvt Ltd Bangalore for PWD Tripura,
- published: 01 Apr 2012
- views: 820
- author: veerabbr
Caught on camera: Tripura MLA threatens cops
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
An MLA from the ruling CPM in Tripura has been caught on camera threatening policemen while demanding the release of two of his party workers. Shankar Prasad Datta barged into an East Agartala police station on Wednesday afternoon and entered into an argument with the officer-in-charge of the police station. Mr Datta was later captured by cameras misbehaving with the cop and even forced the latter to free the two party activists who had been detained in a case related to firing in a busy market area earlier in the week.
http://wn.com/Caught_on_camera_Tripura_MLA_threatens_cops
An MLA from the ruling CPM in Tripura has been caught on camera threatening policemen while demanding the release of two of his party workers. Shankar Prasad Datta barged into an East Agartala police station on Wednesday afternoon and entered into an argument with the officer-in-charge of the police station. Mr Datta was later captured by cameras misbehaving with the cop and even forced the latter to free the two party activists who had been detained in a case related to firing in a busy market area earlier in the week.
- published: 16 Nov 2012
- views: 1316
- author: ndtv
Boom Show of Tripura | Unseen Hot Photoshoot Video of Tripura
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Boom Show of Tripura | Unseen Hot Photoshoot Video of Tripura Hot Photoshoot Video of Tripura
http://wn.com/Boom_Show_of_Tripura_|_Unseen_Hot_Photoshoot_Video_of_Tripura
Boom Show of Tripura | Unseen Hot Photoshoot Video of Tripura Hot Photoshoot Video of Tripura
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 3368
- author: Reel Baba
SHEIKH HASINA IN TRIPURA FRONTIERTV.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Updated: 10 Jan 2012
Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina's visit to Tripura. Saidul Khan takes you on a insight of the significance of the historic visit......Jan 11, 2012.
http://wn.com/SHEIKH_HASINA_IN_TRIPURA_FRONTIERTVmp4
Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina's visit to Tripura. Saidul Khan takes you on a insight of the significance of the historic visit......Jan 11, 2012.
- published: 10 Jan 2012
- views: 2221
- author: frontiertvindia
Tripura youth Cong leader who was arrested with arms released
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
In an embarrassment for the Congress ahead of the Tripura elections, youth party leader Sandeep Roy Barman was arrested with arms, Bangladeshi currency, and letterhead of the banned outfit, the National Liberation Front of Tripura. He is the brother of Tripura PCC chief Sudip Roy Barman. He was arrested by Assam Rifles near Agartala, but was released on a personal bond. "My brother has been released unconditionally as the preliminary probe found that he was nowhere linked with the incident. Congress does not believe in arms or violence. This is a conspiracy by the Tripura government to malign not just the family's image, but the party's image," Sudip Roy Barman said.
http://wn.com/Tripura_youth_Cong_leader_who_was_arrested_with_arms_released
In an embarrassment for the Congress ahead of the Tripura elections, youth party leader Sandeep Roy Barman was arrested with arms, Bangladeshi currency, and letterhead of the banned outfit, the National Liberation Front of Tripura. He is the brother of Tripura PCC chief Sudip Roy Barman. He was arrested by Assam Rifles near Agartala, but was released on a personal bond. "My brother has been released unconditionally as the preliminary probe found that he was nowhere linked with the incident. Congress does not believe in arms or violence. This is a conspiracy by the Tripura government to malign not just the family's image, but the party's image," Sudip Roy Barman said.
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 148
- author: ibnlive
Lord Shiva - Destroying Tripura. A real true story Shiva had to become the lord of the demons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Mahadeva Shiva. His powers and anger was so fearsome to shake all 3 world's Shiva had to become the lord of the demons (pashupati) to overpower them all and destroy the three cities of maya (illusion) otherwise sad the underworlds, all for the saving this holly planet mother earth and humanity. There is only One Religion, the Religion of LOVE There is only One God, and It is Omnipresent Maha-avatar Swayan Bhagavan Baba Ji Niels Melchizedek "In the Bhagavad Gita, the Lord says that whenever religion becomes corrupted and evil increases, He takes a human body and manifests in this world to destroy evil and to protect His devotees. ... So He has now come to reveal the lost Knowledge and to restore true peace. The Lord, the True Saint, the True Guru Swayan Bhagavan Babaji Niels Melchizedek incarnated in this world." ''G as Generator, O as Operator and D as Destroyer hence GOD'' Life is a challenge, meet it! Life is a dream, realize it! Life is a game, play it! Life is Love, enjoy it!"
http://wn.com/Lord_Shiva_Destroying_Tripura_A_real_true_story_Shiva_had_to_become_the_lord_of_the_demons
Mahadeva Shiva. His powers and anger was so fearsome to shake all 3 world's Shiva had to become the lord of the demons (pashupati) to overpower them all and destroy the three cities of maya (illusion) otherwise sad the underworlds, all for the saving this holly planet mother earth and humanity. There is only One Religion, the Religion of LOVE There is only One God, and It is Omnipresent Maha-avatar Swayan Bhagavan Baba Ji Niels Melchizedek "In the Bhagavad Gita, the Lord says that whenever religion becomes corrupted and evil increases, He takes a human body and manifests in this world to destroy evil and to protect His devotees. ... So He has now come to reveal the lost Knowledge and to restore true peace. The Lord, the True Saint, the True Guru Swayan Bhagavan Babaji Niels Melchizedek incarnated in this world." ''G as Generator, O as Operator and D as Destroyer hence GOD'' Life is a challenge, meet it! Life is a dream, realize it! Life is a game, play it! Life is Love, enjoy it!"
- published: 21 May 2012
- views: 4121
- author: Niels Shri Swayan Bhagavan
Powerful Tripura Sundari, Mahamari, Saraswathi, Maha Lakshmi and Sri Chakra, at Parashakthi Temple
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:02
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Importance of unique and powerful 450 Cosmic forces including Sri Chakra, Shakthi Garbha, Shiva Shakthi for global peace.
http://wn.com/Powerful_Tripura_Sundari,_Mahamari,_Saraswathi,_Maha_Lakshmi_and_Sri_Chakra,_at_Parashakthi_Temple
Importance of unique and powerful 450 Cosmic forces including Sri Chakra, Shakthi Garbha, Shiva Shakthi for global peace.
- published: 04 Dec 2012
- views: 440
- author: TheEternalMother
Tripura Pradesh Congress President beat Army Col1.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:27
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Tripura Pradesh Congress President Sri Sudip Roy Barman beat a Army Col. at Agartala for their familial business on 27 July 2012. Where an Army col. is not safe in the hand of PCC President how people will be safe in there hand.
http://wn.com/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_President_beat_Army_Col1mp4
Tripura Pradesh Congress President Sri Sudip Roy Barman beat a Army Col. at Agartala for their familial business on 27 July 2012. Where an Army col. is not safe in the hand of PCC President how people will be safe in there hand.
- published: 27 Oct 2012
- views: 2244
- author: test59200
Boystown Gives Poor Indian Boys HoPE: Tripura Foundation and Rotary Club Madras
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Donate Now: www.tripurafoundation.org Tripura Foundation takes you on a tour of the Boystown facility in Tambaram, the outskirts of Chennai. You will see the boys from morning newspaper reading, to lights out at bedtime. You can know more about our boys boy going to www.tripurafoundation.org. They are happy, healthy and have a HoPE-filled future. The song Ganesha Chant is courtesy of composer and singer Radha Jayne. Boystown and Girlstown are precursors to Tripura Foundation's visionary model for a scalable model to give Education to poor children in rural India- HoPE Centers - a sustainable approach for lifting people out of poverty by educating the children. Help us build HOPE. Tripura Foundation is a registered 501(c)3 non-profit corporation dedicated to to providing holistic upliftment, education, food and HoPE to the poor. youtu.be
http://wn.com/Boystown_Gives_Poor_Indian_Boys_HoPE_Tripura_Foundation_and_Rotary_Club_Madras
Donate Now: www.tripurafoundation.org Tripura Foundation takes you on a tour of the Boystown facility in Tambaram, the outskirts of Chennai. You will see the boys from morning newspaper reading, to lights out at bedtime. You can know more about our boys boy going to www.tripurafoundation.org. They are happy, healthy and have a HoPE-filled future. The song Ganesha Chant is courtesy of composer and singer Radha Jayne. Boystown and Girlstown are precursors to Tripura Foundation's visionary model for a scalable model to give Education to poor children in rural India- HoPE Centers - a sustainable approach for lifting people out of poverty by educating the children. Help us build HOPE. Tripura Foundation is a registered 501(c)3 non-profit corporation dedicated to to providing holistic upliftment, education, food and HoPE to the poor. youtu.be
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 406
- author: TripuraFoundation
Teerthayatra - Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada
http://wn.com/Teerthayatra_Sri_Bala_Tripura_Sundari_Alayam,_Kakinada_Part_2
Gaugo Dhamali Dance Song Tripura Election CPI(M) CPM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
CPIM CPM Gaugo Dhamali Dance Song Tripura Election
http://wn.com/Gaugo_Dhamali_Dance_Song_Tripura_Election_CPIM_CPM
CPIM CPM Gaugo Dhamali Dance Song Tripura Election
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 164
- author: susntatec2004
Steve Judge - Tripura (Original Mix) /All Mighty Records/
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
www.facebook.com www.facebook.com BOOKING:steve.judge82@gmail.com
http://wn.com/Steve_Judge_Tripura_Original_Mix_All_Mighty_Records_
www.facebook.com www.facebook.com BOOKING:steve.judge82@gmail.com
- published: 26 Aug 2012
- views: 8561
- author: Steve Judge
Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada Part 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada
http://wn.com/Sri_Bala_Tripura_Sundari_Alayam,_Kakinada_Part_5
Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada Part 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada
http://wn.com/Sri_Bala_Tripura_Sundari_Alayam,_Kakinada_Part_4
Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada Part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:46
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Sri Bala Tripura Sundari Alayam, Kakinada
http://wn.com/Sri_Bala_Tripura_Sundari_Alayam,_Kakinada_Part_3
Sri Vidya ascension Sri Chakra, Bala Tripura Sundari mantra, Maha Pratyangira devi on Sri Chakra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:56
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
www.drgkrishnakumar.com
http://wn.com/Sri_Vidya_ascension_Sri_Chakra,_Bala_Tripura_Sundari_mantra,_Maha_Pratyangira_devi_on_Sri_Chakra
Indian Temple - Tripura Sundari Jabalpur - Indian Temple Tours
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Take a tour of the ancient temple Tripura Sundari with this devotional video. Tripura Sundari Temple is known for the idol of the Goddess that emerged from ground. The temple is a sacred place for Jain community. It is suppose to be built in the Kalchuri dynasty. It was a very important place of worship in the 11th century. Subscribe to take the memorable Indian Temple Tours at www.youtube.com . Visit the ancient spiritual Indian temples and check out all tour videos here www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Indian_Temple_Tripura_Sundari_Jabalpur_Indian_Temple_Tours
Take a tour of the ancient temple Tripura Sundari with this devotional video. Tripura Sundari Temple is known for the idol of the Goddess that emerged from ground. The temple is a sacred place for Jain community. It is suppose to be built in the Kalchuri dynasty. It was a very important place of worship in the 11th century. Subscribe to take the memorable Indian Temple Tours at www.youtube.com . Visit the ancient spiritual Indian temples and check out all tour videos here www.youtube.com
- published: 21 Jan 2012
- views: 3273
- author: TheDivineIndia
Bala Tripura Sundari Gayathiri Mantram
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Bala_Tripura_Sundari_Gayathiri_Mantram
Bala Tripura Sundari
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Bala Tripura Sundari. One of Prince Rama Varma's mega super hits, composed by Prayaga Ranga Dasa, the maternal grandfather of Dr.Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna in folk style. Check out the video of the same song sung by the children of Perla too. Here Varmaji is accompanied by some of his favourite artists, Vinu, Harikumar, Karthick and Govindaprasad.
http://wn.com/Bala_Tripura_Sundari
Bala Tripura Sundari. One of Prince Rama Varma's mega super hits, composed by Prayaga Ranga Dasa, the maternal grandfather of Dr.Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna in folk style. Check out the video of the same song sung by the children of Perla too. Here Varmaji is accompanied by some of his favourite artists, Vinu, Harikumar, Karthick and Govindaprasad.
- published: 27 Jan 2011
- views: 8128
- author: musiquebox
photo: US Army / Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton
06 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "The art of war is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin." Sun Tzu, "The Art of War," 4th Century BCE. During confirmation hearings for the next U.S. Defense Secretary, it was appalling to observe several senators haggling with Chuck Hagel over whether the surge during the disastrous U.S.-Iraqi preemptive war and military occupation was a success or not ... The U.S....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / World Vision
07 Feb 2013
Aid workers struggled to reach remote, tsunami-ravaged villages in the Solomon Islands on Thursday, as the death toll rose with more bodies found in wrecked homes and debris in the South Pacific island chain ... Around 100 homes across five villages were damaged or destroyed ... Three more bodies were found Thursday, but Herming said details of how those victims died were not immediately available ... - AP. ....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.
07 Feb 2013
Updated. February 7, 2013 12.29AM. WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has directed the Justice Department to give Congress’ intelligence committees access to classified legal advice providing the government’s rationale for drone strikes against American citizens working with al-Qaida abroad, a senior administration official and Democratic lawmakers said Wednesday ... The unclassified memo says it is legal for the government to kill U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Adam Moss
07 Feb 2013
Juror in Texas case wishes he heard more evidence. 12 minutes ago. Blizzard threatens New England; 1 to 2 feet feared. 17 minutes ago. UN. US air raids kill hundreds of Afghan children. 27 minutes ago. Ohio Amish set for sentencing in beard attacks. 44 minutes ago. Add-ons let semi-autos fire like military weapons. 1 hour ago. Deals!. View All. . . . . . ... St ... ....(size: 15.7Kb)
photo: WN / Arturo Ubaub
06 Feb 2013
A powerful 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck near the Solomon Islands on Wednesday, triggering a small tsunami and prompting alerts across the South Pacific that were later cancelled. By News Wires (text). ... Damage reports were limited, and there were no reports of casualties. The quake struck 340 km (211 miles) east of Kira Kira in the Solomons, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii said ... Hot spot ... (REUTERS). Date created ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
Newstrack India
08 Feb 2013
Headlines India
08 Feb 2013
The Tripura government Friday slapped charges under the National Security Act (NSA) against top militant leader Ranjit Debbarma, 17 days after he was arrested when pushed into the Indian territory by Bangladesh authorities, officials here said ... Debbarma, chief of outlawed outfit All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF), was facing Interpol's red corner notice for a number of massacres and other crimes....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Times of India
08 Feb 2013
Mamata Banerjee is not contesting February 14 assembly elections in Tripura for a "greater cause" which will help her party dominating national politics after the parliamentary elections in 2014. Mamata's decision of not fighting the Tripura elections has upset thousands of her party supporters here including the party's Tripura unit president Manik Deb ... In fact, they have no presence in Tripura....(size: 3.0Kb)
Zeenews
08 Feb 2013
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has deferred his visit to Nagaland and Tripura to campaign for the Congress in the assembly elections slated for February 23 and February 14 respectively ... Meanwhile, a report from Tripura also said the Prime Minister had deferred his visit scheduled for tomorrow to the state ... Assembly polls will be held in Tripura on ......(size: 1.9Kb)
Headlines India
08 Feb 2013
Newstrack India
08 Feb 2013
Tweet. New Delhi, Feb 8 (ANI). Congress President Sonia Gandhi will inaugurate the South Asian Autism Network (SAAN) conference here on Monday. Representatives from India, Bangladesh, Thailand and WHO, SEARO will participate in the daylong conference. During the conference, representatives from India and Bangladesh will present the official SAAN charter for adoption by all network member States ... (ANI). Read More ... Bangladesh ... South Tripura ....(size: 3.4Kb)
Newstrack India
07 Feb 2013
Agartala, Feb 7 (IANS) Despite the 'paribartan' (change) slogan turning a disaster in Bengal, the Congress has been trying to impose it in vain in Tripura, said CPI-M politburo member Surya Kanta Mishra here Thursday ... Why are they raising the same in Tripura," he asked at a meet-the-press programme at the Agartala Press Club ... The election to the 60-member Tripura assembly will be held Feb 14....(size: 3.2Kb)
Indian Express
07 Feb 2013
The governance model in Tripura is an example for the country, and the Centre and other states have a lot to learn from it, CPI-M Politburo member and Leader of the Opposition in West Bengal Suryakanta Mishra said on Thursday ... The governance model in Tripura is an example and we have a lot of things to learn from ......(size: 1.6Kb)
Headlines India
07 Feb 2013
Newstrack India
07 Feb 2013
Agartala, Feb 7 (IANS) Saying that Communism has not lost its relevance, Tripura Chief Minister Manik Sarkar has asserted that the Left Front is supremely confident of returning to power for a seventh time ... Sarkar, who has completed 15 years as Tripura's chief minister, said his government could boast of "outstanding performance on all fronts" ... Tripura borders Bangladesh....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Telegraph India
07 Feb 2013
The Telegraph India
07 Feb 2013
This article is about the Indian state of Tripura. For the mythological city, see Tripura (mythology).
| Tripura ত্রিপুরা |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — State — | |||
|
|||
 |
|||
| Coordinates (Agartala): 23°50′N 91°17′E / 23.84°N 91.28°E / 23.84; 91.28Coordinates: 23°50′N 91°17′E / 23.84°N 91.28°E / 23.84; 91.28 | |||
| Country |  India |
||
| Established | 21 January 1972 | ||
| Capital | Agartala | ||
| Largest city | Agartala | ||
| Districts | 4 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Governor | D Y Patil[1] | ||
| • Chief Minister | Manik Sarkar[2] (CPI(M)) | ||
| • Legislature | Unicameral (60 seats) | ||
| • Parliamentary constituency | 2 | ||
| • High Court | Gauhati High Court - Agartala Bench | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 10,491.69 km2 (4,050.86 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 26th | ||
| Population (2011) | |||
| • Total | 3,671,032 | ||
| • Rank | 21st | ||
| • Density | 350/km2 (910/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | IN-TR | ||
| HDI |  0.608 (medium) |
||
| HDI rank | 23rd (2005) | ||
| Literacy | 87.75% (4th) | ||
| Official languages | Bengali, Kokborok | ||
| Website | tripura.nic.in | ||
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia.[3] It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India.[4] The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
Tripura lies in a geographically disadvantageous location in India, with only one major highway connecting it with the rest of India; this hinders the economic prospects of the state. An agrarian state, most of the residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although service sector contribute the most to the gross state domestic product. Forests cover more than half the area of the state, and provide remarkable biodiversity for a relatively small state and also source of livelihood for many tribes. Scheduled tribes are about 30% of the population, with Kokborok-speaking Tripuri people forming the major tribe; Bengali people form the ethno-linguistic majority of the population. The mainstream Indian cultural elements led by Bengali culture coexists along with tribal traditional practices.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Scholars postulated several etymological root of the name Tripura. Many scholars agree that Tripura is Sanskritized version of Tipra, the name of the aboriginal people inhabitaing the area.[5]:138 One popular theory suggests that Tripura is derived from two Kokborok words tui and pra. Tui means water, pra means near. In ancient time the boundaries of Tripura extended up to the Bay of Bengal when its ruler held sway from the Garo Hills to the Arakan.[6] According to another school of thought, the name Tripura was probably given to the state in honour of the temple of goddess Tripureshwari at Udaipur.[5]:138 The word Tripura may have originated from Tripura Sundari, the presiding deity of the land which is famous as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas, pilgrimage centres of Shakti worshippers of Hinduism.[7] Yet another myth suggests the word Tripura is attributable to the legendary tyrant king of Tripur who reigned in the region. According to legend, Tripur was the 39th descendant of Druhya, who was a descendant of Yayati, one of the lunar race kings.
History[link]
Main article: History of Tripura
See also: Twipra Kingdom and Kings of Tripura
The Indian epic Mahabharata mentions Tripura as the three cities constructed by Asura artificer Maya.[8] The Puranas and pillar inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka mention Tripura.[5]:138 An ancient name of Tripura is believed to be Kirat Desh,[5]:137 probably referring to the Kirata Kingdom or the more generic term Kirata.
Tripura was a princely state. The Tripuri Kings (bubagra) held the title of Manikya and ruled Tripura for 3000 years until its merger with the union of India. Udaipur, in South Tripura district, was the capital of the Kingdom. The capital was shifted to Old Agartala by King Krishna Manikya in the eighteenth century, and then to the present Agartala in the 19th century. The 19th century marked the beginning of Tripura's modern era, when King Bir Chandra Manikya Bahadur Debbarma modeled his administration on the pattern of British India and enacted various reforms.
The Ganamukti Parishad movement led to the integration of the kingdom with India signed by the Regent Maharani on September 9, 1947 and the administration of the state was actually taken over by the Govt. of India on October 15, 1949 within Assam state.[9]:3 Tripura became a Union Territory without legislature with effect from November 1, 1956 and a popular ministry was installed in Tripura on July 1, 1963. On January 21, 1972 Tripura attained statehood.[10] Tripura was heavily affected by the partition of India and the majority of the population now comprises Bengalis, many of whom came as refugees from East Pakistan after independence in 1947. The partition of India also resulted in major economic and infrastructural setback for the state, as the road transport between the state and other major cities of India became significantly longer and difficult. The road distance between Kolkata and Agartala before partition was less than 350 km (220 mi), which became 1,700 km (1,100 mi) following partition, as the road now winded around East Pakistan (later Bangladesh).[11] The geo-political isolation was aggravated by lack of rail transport.
Some parts of the state received shelling from Pakistan Army during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Migration of Bengali people and settlement by Hindu Bengali increased around the Bangladesh Liberation War. Reversal of demographics led to tribes becoming minority. Ethnic strife between the tribes and largely migrant Bengali community led to scattered violence in the state from 1970s, and ebb and flows of insurgency spanning decades. The insurgencies gradually abated following establishment of a tribal autonomous district council and strategic counter-insurgency activities,[12] aided by overall socio-economic progress of the state.
Geography and climate[link]
File:Tierecke tripura1.jpg
Tripura's landscape
.JPG)
Tripura is a landlocked state in northeastern India. With an area of 10,491.69 km2 (4,050.86 sq mi), Tripura is the third smallest state of the country. The state extends between 22°56'N and 24°32'N and 91°10'E and 92°21'E.[13] Its maximum stretch measures about 184 km (114 mi) from north to south and 113 km (70 mi) from east to west. Tripura is bounded by the country of Bangladesh in the west, south and north; the Indian states of Assam lies to the north-east while Mizoram forms the eastern boundary.[13] The state is accessible to the rest of India through the Karimganj district of Assam and Aizawl district of Mizoram in the east.
The physiography is characterized by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has several hill ranges running from north to south. From east to west, these ranges are—Boromura, Atharamura, Longtharai, Shakhan and Jampui.[13] Valleys such as Khowai, Dhalai, Manu, Deo run almost parallel to and in between these hill ranges in a north to south pattern.[9]:4 Betling Shib in the Jampui hill range with an altitude of 939 m (3,081 ft) is the highest point of the state.[9]:4 The small isolated hillocks interspersed in the state are known as tilla, whereas narrow fertile alluvial valleys mostly present in the western part of the state are called lunga.[9]:4 In geologic time scale, the rocks found in the state represent age from paleogene (approximately 40 million years ago) to recent (less than a million years) belonging to Pleistocene epoch.[13] The hills have red laterite soil that is porous. The flood plains and narrow valleys have alluvial soil.[9]:4 Some flood plains located in the western and southern part of the state form the major part of agricultural land.[9]:4 A number of rivers flow through the hilly regions carving valleys, and pass through the plains to enter Bangladesh.[9]:4 The rivers Khowai, Dhalai, Manu River, Juri and Langai flow towards north; Gomoti, Muhuri and Feni are the westward rivers.[13]
The state is overall subject to a tropical savanna climate that is designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification, although the undulating topography lead to local variations particularly in the hill ranges.[14] The four main seasons are as follows—Winter (December–February), Pre-monsoon or Summer (March–April), Monsoon (May–September) and Post Monsoon (October–November).[15] The southwest monsoon brings heavy rains during the monsoon season.[9]:4 According to data from 1977–2008, the average annual rainfall of the state is 2,196.4 mm (86.47 in).[16] Generally, the maximum and minimum temperatures during Winter (December–January) are around 27 °C (81 °F) and 13 °C (55 °F), and during Summer (March–April) are 36 °C (97 °F) and 24 °C (75 °F) respectively.[15]
Flora and fauna[link]
| State animal | Phayre's Langur[17] | |
| State bird | Green imperial pigeon | |
| State tree | Agar[17] | |
| State flower | Nagesar[17] |
Tripura—like the most of the Indian subcontinent—lies within the Indomalaya ecozone. According to the Biogeographic classification of India, the state is in biogeographic zone 9B— the North-East Hills.[18] Forests form 57.73% of the area of the state.[19] Tripura hosts different types of ecosystems including mountain, forest and freshwater ecosystems.[20] Hill slopes and sandy river banks have evergreen forest with species such as Dipterocarpus, Artocarpus, Amoora, Elaeocarpus, Syzygium and Eugenia dominating the canopy.[21] Moist deciduous forest form a major part of the forests in the state—moist deciduous mixed forest and Sal (Shorea robusta)-predominant forests are its two types.[21] A notable peculiarity of the flora in the state is the presence of large tracts of bamboo and some cane forests intersperesd with deciduous and evergreen flora.[21] Grassland and swamp are also present, particularly in the plains. The swamp lands are noted for herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees such as Albizia, Barringtonia, Lagerstroemia, Macaranga; shrubs and grasses include Schumannianthus dichotoma (shitalpati), Phragmites and Saccharum (sugarcane).[21]
A survey in 1989–90 concluded that Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders.[22] The main extant land mammal species include: elephant (Elephas maximus), bear (Melursus ursinus), binturong (Arctitis binturong), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), porcupine (Artherurus assamensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntajak), sambar (Cervus unicolor), wild boar (Sus scrofa), gaur (Bos gaurus), leopard (Panthera pardus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and many species of small cats and primates.[22] Out of 15 free ranging primates of India, 7 are found in Tripura; this is the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state.[22] There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state.[23]
Wildlife sanctuaries of the state include Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary, Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary, Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary, and Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary.[24] National parks of the state include Clouded Leopard National Park and Rajbari National Park.[24] These protected areas cover a total of 566.93 km2 (218.89 sq mi).[24] Gumti is also an Important Bird Area.[25] In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.[26]
Economy[link]
| Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Prices (2004–05 base)[27] figures in crores Indian rupee |
|
| Year | Gross State Domestic Product |
|---|---|
| 2004–05 | 8,904 |
| 2005–06 | 9,482 |
| 2006–07 | 10,202 |
| 2007–08 | 10,988 |
| 2008–09 | 11,596 |
| 2009–10 | 12,248 |
| 2010–11 | 12,947 |
.JPG)
Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2010–11 was 
12,947 crore (US$2.58 billion) at constant (2004–05) price,[27] recording 5.71% growth over the previous year. In the same period, the GDP of India was 4,877,842 crore (US$973.13 billion), with a growth rate of 8.55%.[27] Annual per capita income at current price of the state was 38,493 (US$767.94), compared to the national per capita income 44,345 (US$884.68).[28] In 2009, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98% of the state's economy compared to 23.07% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95% from secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[28]
Tripura is an agrarian state, with more than 50% of its population depending on agriculture and allied activities.[29] However, due to hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27% of land is available for cultivation.[29] Rice is overwhelmingly major crop of the state, with 91% of cropped area being sown with rice.[29] 2009–10 statistics reveal that potato, sugarcane, mesta, pulses and jute are other major crops, in terms of production.[30] Jackfruit and pineapple top the list of horticultural products.[30] Traditionally, most of the tribal population of the state practiced jhum method (a type of slash-and-burn) cultivation. The number of people dependent on jhum has declined over the years since Tripura joined the union of India.[31]:37–39
Pisciculture has made significant progress, since per capita consumption of fish in the state is high.[32] Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state. Tripura, known as the second rubber capital of India,[33] is the second largest producer of natural rubber in India, after Kerala.[34] The state is known for its handicraft, particularly hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products, are also important. High quality timber including sal, garjan, teak, and Gamar are found abundantly in the forests of Tripura.
According to the Economic Census 2005 report, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21% of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60%), public administration (14.54%), and education (14.40%).[35] Government-sponsored organized sector remains the primary avenue of employment in organized sector in the state, as private presence in organized sector is minimal, except some brick fields and tea industry.[35] Tripura has poor mineral resources, with meagre deposits of kaolin, iron ore, limestone, coal[citation needed] but this state has considerable amount of natural gas. According to estimate by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), the state has a reserve of 400 billion cubic meter natural gas, out of which 16 billion cubic meter is recoverable.[34] ONGC produced 480 million cubic meter natural gas in the state in 2006–07.[34] The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped. ONGC has its natural gas gathering station & Gas Authority of India Limited has marketing terminals of natural gas in north, west and south part of Tripura. Heavy industries are conspicuous by their absence in the state. Tourism industry has shown an increasing trend, with the revenue earned in tourism sector crossing Rs. 1 crore (US$ 199,500) for the first time in 2009–10, and surpassing Rs. 1.5 crore (US$ 299,250) in 2010–11.[36]
The Planning Commission estimates the poverty rate of all north east Indian states based on head count ratio in the state of Assam (the largest state in north east India). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22% of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, Tripura government's independent assessment based on consumption distribution data reports that 55% of the rural population was below the poverty line, as of 2001.[35] Geographic isolation and communication bottleneck coupled with insufficient infrastructure has restricted economic growth of the state.[29] High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent.[29]
Government and politics[link]
Tripura is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are three branches of government. The legislature, the Tripura Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Guwahati High Court (Agartala Bench) and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 60 Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs.[37] Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Tripura sends 2 representatives to the Lok Sabha and 1 representative to the Rajya Sabha. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. Tripura also has an autonomous tribal council, the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council which has it head-quarters in Khumulwng.
The main political parties are the Left Front and the Indian National Congress. Tripura is currently governed by Left Front, with Manik Sarkar as Chief Minister. Until 1977 the state was governed by the Indian National Congress. The left front governed from 1978 to 1988, and then returned in power in 1993. During 1988–1993 the state was governed by a coalition of the Congress and Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti. On the last elections (23 February 2008) the Left Front gained 49 out of 60 seats in the Assembly, 46 of which went to the CPI(M).[38]
Divisions[link]
See also: List of districts of Tripura
In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. Prior to these changes, Tripura had four districsts—Dhalai (headquarters Ambassa), North Tripura (headquarters Kailashahar), South Tripura (headquarters Udaipur), and West Tripura (headquarters Agartala). Four new districts were carved out of the existing four in January 2012—Khowai, Unakoti, Sipahijala& Gomati.[39] Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, usually appointed by the Indian Administrative Service. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. The eight districts of the state are subdivided into 29 subdivisions and 50 development blocks. National census and state statistical reports are available for the previous administrative divisions, as of April 2012. The largest city and capital is Agartala. Other major towns are Badharghat, Jogendranagar, Indranagar, Pratapgarh, Khowai, Teliamura, Bisramganj, Bishalgarh, Sonamura, Udaipur, Amarpur, Belonia, Sabroom, Ambassa, Kailashahar, and Dharmanagar.
Transport and communication[link]
.JPG)
Tripura is remarkable in that only one major road, the National Highway 44 (NH-44), connects it to the rest of India.[40] The national highway starts at Sabroom in southern Tripura, goes north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to enter the state of Assam. Locally known as Assam Road, the NH-44 is often called the lifeline of Tripura.[40] However, the highway is single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other disruptions on the highway cut off the state from its neighbours.[31]:44 Tripura Road Transport Corporation is the government agency overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.[40] The total length of national highways in the state is 448 km (278 mi); state highways 689 km (428 mi), as of 2009–10.[40]
Rail transport was absent in the state until 2008–09 when a rail connection was established between the capital Agartala and Lumding junction in Assam.[40] This is a meter gauge rail track connecting to the usual Indian gauge at Lumding. The major railways stations in this line are in Agartala, Dharmanagar, and Kumarghat. As of 2009–10, the total length of railway tracks in the state is 153 kilometres (95 mi). Extension of railway line from Agartala to the southernmost town of Sabroom is in progress, as of 2012.[40] Agartala Airport, which has flights to Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, and Silchar, is the main airport of the state. The Agartala–Kolkata and Agartala–Guwahati flights are particularly important for rapid connectivity with the rest of India.[40] Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Tripura and Gandacherra.[40] Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.[41]
Most of the major telecommunication companies of India are present in the state, with the state capital and regions of the state being served by Airtel, Aircel, Vodafone, Reliance, Tata Indicom, Idea and BSNL landline, mobile, and broadband networks. There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the state.[40]
Demographics[link]
| Population Growth | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1951 | 639,000 |
|
|
| 1961 | 1,142,000 | 78.7% | |
| 1971 | 1,556,000 | 36.3% | |
| 1981 | 2,053,000 | 31.9% | |
| 1991 | 2,757,000 | 34.3% | |
| 2001 | 3,199,203 | 16.0% | |
| 2011 | 3,671,032 | 14.7% | |
| Source:Census of India[42] | |||
Tripura is the second most populous state in North-East India, after Assam. According to the provisional results of 2011 census of India, Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and 1,799,165 females.[43] The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand males.[43] The density of population is 350 persons per square kilometer.[44] Tripura constitutes 0.3% of India's total population. The literacy rate of Tripura in 2011 was 87.75%,[43] higher than the national average of 74.04%.
In the 2001 census of India, Bengalis represented almost 70% of Tripura's population and the tribal population comprised 30% of Tripura's population.[citation needed] The tribal population comprises several different tribes and ethnic groups with diverse languages and cultures. The largest tribal group was the Kokborok-speaking tribe of the Tripuri who had a population of 543,848 in 2001 census,[45] representing 16.99% of the state population and 54.7% of the scheduled tribe population.[45] The other major tribes in order of decreasing population were Reang (16.6% of the tribal population), Jamatia (7.5%), Chakma (6.5%), Halam (4.8%), Mog (3.1%), Munda, Kuki tribes and Garo.[45] Bengali is the most spoken language, due to the predominance of Bengali people in the state. Kokborok is a prominent language among the tribes. Several other languages belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken by the different tribes.
Tripura ranks 23rd in the Human Development Index, according to 2005 HDI report, and 24th in the poverty index in India according to 1991 sources[citation needed]. According to 2001 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the state, with 85.6% of the population following the religion.[46] Muslims make up 7.9% of the population, Christians 3.2%, and Buddhists 3.1%.[46] The Muslim percentage in the state gradually declined from 1971 due to heavy influx of Hindu populations from and the migration of Muslim population to Bangladesh. Majority of the tribes in the state are Hindu and practice Hindu religious rites. They believe in the existence of God in all the elements of nature as they are animistic.[47] Mogs and Chakmas are the followers of Buddhism in Tripura. Christianity in the state is followed by Lushai, Kuki and Garo tribes.[41]
Culture[link]
Tripura has several diverse ethno-linguistic groups, which has given rise to a composite culture. The dominant cultures are Bengali, Manipuri, Tripuris, Jamatia, Reang, Noatia, Koloi, Murasing, Chakma, Halam, Garo, Kuki, Mizo, Mogh, Munda, Oraon, Santhal, and Uchoi.
Tripura has a rich cultural heritage of music, fine arts, handicrafts and dance. Music is an integral part of the tribal people of Tripura. Some of their indigenous instruments are the sarinda, chongpreng, and sumui (a kind of flute). Songs are sung during religious occasions, marriages, and other festivals. Agricultural festivals are integral to the culture of the state.
Dance is important to the tribal way of life. Dances are performed during Goria Puja. Hojagiri dance is performed by standing on a pitcher and is performed by the Reang clans. The Bizhu dance is performed by the Chakmas during the Bizhu festival (the last day of the month of Chaitra). Hindus believe that Tripureshwari is the patron goddess of Tripura and an aspect of Shakti. Several fertility gods are also worshipped by the tribes, such as Lam-Pra (the twin deities of sky and sea), Mailu-ma (goddess of corn, identified with Lakshmi), Khulu-ma (goddess of the cotton plant), and Burha-cha (god of healing). Durga Puja, Navaratri, Kali Puja, and the worship of the Chaturdasha deities are important festivals. In the Ganga festival, Tripura's tribal peoples worship the Ganges River.[48]
Football and cricket are the most popular sports in the state. The state capital Agartala has its own club football championships every year where many local clubs compete in a league and knockout format. Tripura participates as an eastern state team in the Ranji Trophy, the Indian domestic cricket competition. The state also is a regular participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern Games.
Education[link]
Tripura schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Kokborok and other tribal languages are also used. The schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the Tripura Board of Secondary Education.[49] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Tripura Board of Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science.[49] Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.
Notable education institutions of Tripura are Holy Cross College, MBB College, National Institute of Technology, Tripura Institute of Technology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura Medical College, Tripura Institute Of Paramedical Science, Tripura University, Indira Gandhi National Open University and ICFAI University all located in Agartala and outskirts of it.
References[link]
- ^ Tripura, State. "Our Governor". Information about state leaders. Tripura state government. http://tripura.nic.in/govr3.htm. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Tripura, State. "The Chief Minister". Information about state leaders. Tripura state government. http://tripura.nic.in/ocmm.htm. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Henry, Soszynsky (1996-2004). "Tripura (Princely State)". The Indian Princely States Website. Archived from the original on 5 June 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605163318/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/t/tripura.html. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ "Hill Tippera - History." (GIF). The Imperial Gazetteer of India 13: 118. 1909. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_124.gif. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d Singh, G.P. (2008). "The history and culture of ancient Tripura: a re-appraisement". Historical research into some aspects of the culture and civilization of North-East India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-212-1012-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=TAd-EiKwK9IC. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ Das, J.K. (2001). "Chapter 5: old and new political process in realization of the rights of indigenous peoples (regarded as tribals) in Tripura". Human rights and indigenous peoples. APH Publishing. pp. 208–209. ISBN 9788176482431.
- ^ "Tripura - A Profile". National Informatics Centre. http://tripura.nic.in/kt3.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2008) [1883–1896]. "Book 7 of 18: Drona Parva". The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Forgotten Books. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-60506-617-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=5jY875Yg0_4C. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "The state of human development" (PDF). Tripura Human Development Report 2009. Government of Tripura. 2007. http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Our State". Tripura Police. http://tripurapolice.nic.in/state.htm. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 3–6. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Sahaya, D.N. (19 September 2011). "How Tripura overcame insurgency". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2465348.ece. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, Shankarlal C., eds. (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 26. Tripura. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7835-382-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=wtlXBWKCcpcC. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Land, soil and climate". Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/land.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Agro climactic condition". Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/agro.htm. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Rainfall data for the state of Tripura" (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. http://www.agritripura.in/Agriculture/Pages/rain.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090304232302/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Wildlife Institute of India. Biogeographic classification of India (Map). http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/envisdec99/bzone.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ "Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Tripura" (PDF). India state of forest report 2011. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. pp. 225–229. http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/tripura.pdf. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Biodiversity". State of Environment Report of Tripura–2002. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. http://www.tripura.nic.in/tspcb/TSPCB-Websit/bioderversity.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Forest". State of Environment Report of Tripura–2002. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. http://www.tripura.nic.in/tspcb/TSPCB-Websit/forest.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ a b c Gupta, A.K. (December 2000). "Shifting cultivation and conservation of biological diversity in Tripura, Northeast India". Human Ecology 28 (4): 614–615. DOI:10.1023/A:1026491831856. ISSN 0300-7839. http://www.springerlink.com/content/m16w416706145187/. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2010). Recent ornithological records from Tripura, north-eastern India, with an annotated checklist. Indian Birds 6(3): 66-74.
- ^ a b c "Protected area network in India" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. p. 28. http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/protected-area-network.pdf. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2009). Gumti –Tripura’s remote IBA. Mistnet 10 (3): 7-8.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2008). Rudrasagar – a potential IBA in Tripura in north-east India. Mistnet 9 (2): 4-5.
- ^ a b c "Gross State Domestic Product of Tripura". North Eastern Development Finance Corporation. http://databank.nedfi.com/content/gross-state-domestic-product-tripura. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Economic review of Tripura 2009–2010" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. p. 9. http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 8–10. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Tripura at a glance—2010" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. Section: Agriculture 2009–10. http://destripura.nic.in/tripuraGlance2010.pdf. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b "The economy" (PDF). Tripura Human Development Report 2009. Government of Tripura. 2007. http://hdr.undp.org/en/nhdr/support/other/national/Tripura_india_hdr_2007.pdf. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 133–138. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Dholabhai, Nishit (25 June 2007). "After barbed wire, social fencing— ministry suggests extending border rubber plantations to stop smuggling". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070625/asp/northeast/story_7968300.asp. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 14–16. http://destripura.nic.in/review2009_10.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 77–82. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 228–230. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Tripura Legislative Assembly". Legislative Bodies in India. National Informatics Centre. http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/Tripura/tripura-w.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-21.
- ^ Das, Haripada (2008-03-16). "6th Left Front Govt Assumes Office". People's Democracy (Weekly Organ of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) 32 (11). http://www.cpim.org/pd/2008/0316_pd/03162008_leaded.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
- ^ "Four new districts, six subdivisions for Tripura". IBN Live. 26 October 2011. http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/876579.html. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Economic review of Tripura 2010–11" (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp. 195–201. http://www.destripura.nic.in/review2010_11.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b Bareh, Hamlet (2001). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura. Mittal Publications. p. 140. ISBN 978-81-7099-795-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Census population" (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ a b c "Provisional population totals paper 2 of 2011: Tripura" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/tripura/paper%202-Data%20Sheet.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ "Provisional population totals at a glance figure : 2011 – Tripura". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_tripura.html. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Tripura data highlights: the scheduled tribes" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_tripura.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Population by religious communities". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
- ^ Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, Shankarlal C. (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 26. Tripura. Gyan Publishing House. p. 29. ISBN 978-81-7835-382-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=wtlXBWKCcpcC&pg=PA13. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ "Tribals of Tripura celebrate Ganga festival"
- ^ a b "Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India". Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Jagadis Gan-Chaudhuri (1985), An Anthology of Tripura, Inter India Publications ISBN 81-210-0075-0
- Roychoudhury, N.R. (1977), Tripura Through the Ages: A Short History of Tripura from the Earliest Times to 1947 A.D., Bureau of Research & Publications on Tripura.
- Bhattacharjee, P.R. (1994), Economic Transition in Tripura (Hardcover), Vikas Publishing House ISBN 978-0-7069-7171-2
- Palit, P.K. (2004), History of Religion in Tripura (Hardcover) Kaveri Books ISBN 978-81-7479-064-4
- Debbarma, Chandramani (2006), Glory of Tripura Civilisation Parul Prakashani, Agartala
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tripura |
- Official website
- Tripura travel guide from Wikitravel
- Tripura at the Open Directory Project
- Tripura in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
- Tripuraindia.com
- Tripuri.org.in
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"Hasina" redirects here. For the Kannada film, see Hasina (film).
| Sheikh Hasina শেখ হাসিনা |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Prime Minister of Bangladesh | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 6 January 2009 |
|
| President | Iajuddin Ahmed Zillur Rahman |
| Preceded by | Fakhruddin Ahmed (Acting) |
| In office 23 June 1996 – 15 July 2001 |
|
| President | Abdur Rahman Biswas Shahabuddin Ahmed |
| Preceded by | Muhammad Habibur Rahman (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Latifur Rahman (Acting) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1947-09-28) 28 September 1947 (age 64) Tungipara, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) |
| Political party | Awami League Grand Alliance (2008–present) |
| Spouse(s) | Wazed Miah (1968–2009) |
| Children | Sajeeb Saima |
| Alma mater | Eden College University of Dhaka |
Sheikh Hasina (Bengali: শেখ হাসিনা Shekh Hasina) (born September 28, 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician and current Prime Minister of Bangladesh.[1] She has been the President of the Bangladesh Awami League, a major political party, since 1981. She is the eldest of five children of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding father (and first president) of Bangladesh and widow of a reputed nuclear scientist, M. A. Wazed Miah. Sheikh Hasina's party defeated the BNP-led Four-Party Alliance in the 2008 parliamentary elections, thus assuring her of the post of prime minister. Sheikh Hasina has once before held the office, from 1996 to 2001.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Sheikh Hasina's political career started as a student activist in Dhaka Government Intermediate College in the 1960s. While at College, she was elected vice president of the College Students Union for the term 1966–67.
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Hasina, then a young mother, was held under house arrest with her mother, brothers, sister and her son. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was imprisoned in West Pakistan during this period. After liberation, Hasina's involvement in politics was minimal as Sheikh Kamal, her brother, was touted as Mujib's successor.
Member of the National Assembly[link]
In the night of August 15, 1975, her father and almost her entire family, including her mother and three brothers, was assassinated in a coup d'état by a section of disgruntled officers of the Bangladesh Army, some of whom were freedom fighters during 1971.[2] Sheikh Hasina and her sister, Sheikh Rehana were on a goodwill tour of West Germany at that time. Hasina then sought refuge in United Kingdom and later, in India. She lived in exile in New Delhi, India, until May 17, 1981, when she was allowed to return to Bangladesh.
Movement against autocracy[link]
While living in self-exile in India, Sheikh Hasina was elected President of the Bangladesh Awami League in 1981. After she returned to the country, President Ziaur Rahman was assassinated in yet another coup in May, 1981. The following year, General Hossain Mohammad Ershad captured power through a bloodless coup and declared martial law. In 1983, Hasina formed the 15-party alliance to launch a movement to oust him from power. She was in and out of detention throughout the 1980s. Her party, along with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Ziaur Rahman's widow Khaleda Zia, was instrumental in the movement against the military rule. In 1984, Hasina was put under house arrest in February and then again in November. In March 1985, she was put under house arrest for three months.
In 1990, Hasina's 8-party alliance was instrumental along with another BNP-led alliance in finally removing the Ershad regime.
Leader of the opposition[link]
Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League participated in the 1986 Parliamentary elections held under President Lieutenant-General Hossain Mohammad Ershad. She served as the leader of the opposition in 1986–1987. Hasina's decision to take part in the election has been criticized by her opponents, since the election was held under dictatorial rule. Her supporters maintain that she used the platform effectively to challenge Ershad's rule. The parliament was dissolved in December 1987. Being the leader of the opposition Sheikh Hasina always pushed the govt. to render accountability and transparency in all sphere of life criticizing the activities of the cabinet.
The first democratic elections were held in 1991 after a long period of military rule. A caretaker government, headed by Shahabuddin Ahmed, the outgoing chief justice, oversaw the elections. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) won the election, and Hasina's Awami League emerged as the largest opposition party. Hasina was defeated in the Dhaka constituency that she contested by Sadeque Hossain Khoka, later Mayor of Dhaka, but was elected to the Parliament from her home constituency in Gopalganj. Hasina accused the BNP of "nuanced rigging" in elections. Hasina, nevertheless, offered to resign as the party president but later stayed on at the request of party leaders. Khaleda Zia of the BNP took office as the first female Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
Politics in Bangladesh took a decisive turn in 1994, after Magura by-elections. This election was held after the MP for that constituency, a member of Hasina's party, died. The Awami League was expected to win it back, but the seat was won by the BNP. The opposition parties accused the BNP of widespread rigging and the election commission of incompetence. The Awami League, with other opposition parties, demanded that the next general elections be held under a caretaker government, and that the notion of a caretaker government be incorporated in the constitution. The ruling party of Khaleda Zia, Hasina's arch rival, refused to give in to these demands.
Opposition parties launched an unprecedented campaign, calling strikes for weeks on end. The government accused them of destroying the economy while the opposition countered that BNP could solve this problem by acceding to their demands. In late 1995, the MPs of the Awami League and other parties lost their seats due to prolonged absence from parliament. The government declared elections on February 15, 1996, an election that was boycotted by all major parties except the ruling BNP. Hasina claimed that the election was a farce. The elected parliament, composed mostly of BNP members, finally amended the constitution to create provisions for a caretaker government. The next parliamentary elections were held under a caretaker government headed by Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman on June 30, 1996.
Prime minister[link]
The Awami League won 146 seats in the 1996 parliamentary elections. The support of the Jatiya Party and a few independent candidates were enough for the 150+ seats needed for the required majority. Hasina took the oath as Prime minister of Bangladesh. She vowed to create a Government of National Unity. Though some smaller parties and a few individuals from BNP did join the government, the distance between the main two political parties (as well as their leaders) remained as large as ever. Hasina did manage to convince Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed, who led the first caretaker government, to assume the post of President. This selection of an unbiased person as president was praised by her supporters as a proof of Hasina's goodwill to reach out to the opposition.
A major achievement of the new government was to strike a treaty between India and Bangladesh concerning the Farakka Barrage, a bone of contention between the two countries ever since it was built in the 1960s. According to the treaty, Bangladesh was to receive 33 thousand cubic feet per second (930 m³/s) of water. Hasina next went on to create a 'Peace Treaty' with the tribal rebels in the mountainous southeast of the country, thus seemingly solving a problem as old as Bangladesh itself. Though rebel activities have reduced greatly after the treaty, the region remains a hotbed of tension.
On the down side, the Awami League was criticized for harbouring gangsters turned politicians, most notably Jainal Hazari of Feni. Her government was also criticized for overusing Sheikh Mujibur Rahman—the country's founding leader and also father to Sheikh Hasina—in the media and naming many major public institutions and constructions after him. The Awami League maintained that previous governments had tried to systematically eradicate Sheikh Mujib's legacy from the country and that the honour he was getting was long overdue. The BNP also accused the Awami League of politicising the administration and state-owned media. Her party was also accused of being lenient towards India, especially after a shootout between border forces of India and Bangladesh left 16 Indian and 3 Bangladeshi border guards dead.
During the last year of her rule, Transparency International declared Bangladesh to be the most corrupt country in the world. Though Bangladesh had almost always been in the bottom five, the last position created an uproar and was seen by many as a major failure by Hasina. Though Hasina was voted out of office later, Bangladesh remained at the last position for some more years. The opposition demanded that Hasina resign and declare early elections, but Hasina refused to do so. She became the first democratically elected prime minister to complete her term.
Justice Latifur Rahman became the head of the caretaker government. Awami League alleged that he was biased towards BNP after he transferred a large number of civil servants immediately after taking office. Later, Hasina would also accuse President Shahabuddin Ahmed and election official Abu Sayeed of biased actions.
Landslide defeat (2001 election)[link]
See also: 2004 Dhaka grenade attack
The Awami League succumbed to a landslide defeat in the 2001 Parliament elections. It won only 62 seats in the Parliament, while the 'Four Party Alliance' led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party won 234 seats, giving them a two-thirds majority in Parliament. Hasina herself was defeated in a constituency in Rangpur, which happened to contain her husband's hometown, but won in two other seats. Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League rejected the results, claiming that the election was rigged with the help of the President and the Caretaker government. However, the international community was largely satisfied with the elections and the 'Four Party Alliance' went on to form the government.
The Awami League has been irregular in attending the Parliament ever since. Hasina maintains that the ruling party didn't give the opposition enough time on the floor. In late 2003, the Awami League started its first major anti-government movement, culminating in the declaration by party general secretary Abdul Jolil that the government would fall before April 30, 2004. This failed to happen and was seen as a blow to the party and Hasina herself, who had implicitly supported Jalil.
In her second term in opposition, Hasina had to face assassination attempts against herself and killings of important party personnel. Ahsanullah Master, an MP, was killed in 2004. This was followed by a grenade attack on Hasina in Dhaka, resulting in the death of 21 party supporters, including party women's secretary Ivy Rahman. Finally, her ex finance minister Shah M S Kibria was killed in a grenade attack in Sylhet.
In June 2005, the Awami League got a boost when Awami League-nominated incumbent mayor A.B.M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury won the important mayoral election in Chittagong, the port city and second largest city in Bangladesh. This election was seen as a showdown between the opposition and the ruling party.
The planned January 22, 2007, elections were marred by controversy. The Awami League and its allies protested, saying that the elections would not be fair because of alleged bias by the caretaker government in favor of Khaleda Zia and the BNP. Hasina demanded that the head of the caretaker government, President Iajuddin Ahmed, step down and on January 3, 2007, she announced that the Awami League and its allies would boycott the elections.[3] Later in the month a state of emergency was imposed, Ahmed stepped down, and the elections were postponed.
Extortion allegations and criminal charges[link]
On April 9, 2007, it was announced that Bangladesh police were investigating extortion charges against Hasina. She was accused of forcing Bangladeshi businessman Tajul Islam Farooq to pay bribes before his company could build a power plant in 1998. Farooq said that he paid Hasina 30 million takas (US$441,000, or €383,211) to get his project approved by the government, according to a police official.[4]
On April 11, murder charges were filed against her by the police, alleging that she masterminded the killing of four supporters of a rival political party in October 2006. The four alleged victims were beaten to death during clashes between the Awami League and rival party activists. Deputy police commissioner, Shahidul Haq Bhuiyan said "detective branch police submitted the charge-sheet of the case to a Dhaka court today after carrying out investigations and taking evidence."[5] She was visiting the United States at the time.[6]
The interim administration subsequently took steps to prevent Hasina's return to Bangladesh, with The New Nation newspaper reporting on April 17 that airlines had been asked not to allow her to return to Dhaka. She had been planning to return on April 23.[7] On April 18, the government barred Hasina from her planned return, saying that she had made provocative statements and that her return could cause disorder. This was described as a temporary measure.[8] Hasina vowed to return home anyway, and on April 22, a warrant was issued by a Bangladeshi court for her arrest.[9][10] On the same day, Hasina attempted to board a flight back to Bangladesh in London but was not allowed on the flight.[11] Labelling the case against her as "totally false and fake", Hasina said that she wanted to defend herself against the charges in court. On April 23, the arrest warrant was suspended,[12] and on April 25 the ban on Hasina's entry into the country was dropped.[13]
With her rival Khaleda Zia being pressured to go into exile at the same time, the government's actions against Hasina appeared to be an attempt to restructure the political system rather than an attempt to support her rival.
After spending 51 days in the United States and the UK, at 4:45 p.m. on 7 May 2007 Sheikh Hasina arrived at Airport in Dhaka, where she was greeted by a jubilant crowd of several thousands. At the airport Hasina told reporters that it was a mistake for the government to stop her from returning and that she hoped it would not make a bigger mistake", while acknowledging that its reversal was a positive gesture.[14]
July 2007 arrest[link]
On July 16, 2007, Hasina was arrested by state police at her home and taken before a local court in Dhaka.[15] She was accused of extortion and denied bail on the same day, and was held in a building converted into a jail on the premises of the National Parliament. According to the Awami League, the arrest was politically motivated.[16]
On July 17, the Anti-Corruption Commission sent a notice to Hasina, along with Zia, requesting that details of her assets be submitted to the Commission within one week.[17]
Hasina's son Sajeeb Wazed Joy stated that the caretaker government were going beyond their limits, saying he did not plan to return to Bangladesh immediately but would try to organize worldwide protest. The arrest was widely seen as move by the military-backed interim government to force Sheikh Hasina from Bangladesh into political exile.[18] Earlier attempts had been made to bar her from coming back to Bangladesh.[19] United Kingdom MPs condemned the arrest.[20]
On July 30, the Dhaka High Court suspended the extortion trial of her and ordered her release on bail.[21] On September 2, an additional case was filed against Hasina by the Anti-Corruption Commission regarding the awarding of a contract for the construction of a power plant in 1997, for which she allegedly took a bribe of 30 million takas and kept the contract from going to the lowest bidder; six others were also accused of involvement.[22][23] This coincided with a case filed against Zia on the same day.[22]
On January 13, 2008, she was indicted by a special court along with two of her relatives, her sister Sheikh Rehana and her cousin Sheikh Selim, on extortion charges.[24] On February 6, however, the High Court stopped the trial, ruling that she could not be prosecuted under emergency laws for alleged crimes committed prior to the imposition of the state of emergency.[25]
On June 11, 2008, Hasina was released on parole for medical reasons and the next day she flew to the United States to be treated for hearing impairment, eye problems and high blood pressure.[26] [27] Prof. Syed Modasser Ali, her personal physician, threatened to sue the caretaker government over negligence regarding Hasina's treatment during her detention.[28]
Landslide victory (2008 election)[link]
Main article: Bangladeshi general election, 2008
On November 6, 2008, Hasina returned to Bangladesh after having inter-relation with M U Ahmed to lead her party in general elections scheduled for December 29, 2008.[29] On December 11, 2008 Sheikh Hasina announced her party's election manifesto during a news conference. In her election manifesto she vowed to build a "Digital Bangladesh" by 2021.[30] Sheikh Hasina's Awami league won the elections on 29 December 2008 with an overwhelming majority for the game played by M U Ahmed.[31] in the 2008 Parliamentary Elections. Her party achieved a landslide victory reminiscent of the 1971 elections of Pakistan. Under her leadership, the party has achieved a supermajority in parliament, controlling 230 seats out of 299. She was sworn into office as the Prime Minister for the second time on 6 January 2009. The Prime Minister is the most powerful executive position in Bangladesh, although technically of lower seniority compared to the office of President. Begum Zia, however, rejected the results of the election, sarcastically thanking the Chief Election Commissioner "for stage-managing the parliamentary election" in a statement. But, according to the views expressed by foreign and local election observers, the general elections were free, fair and credible.[32]
After her election, members of the Jatiyo Sanghsad (National Parliament) exclaimed that the Prime Minister should be awarded a Nobel Peace Prize for her career wide efforts. Lawmaker Zunaid Ahmed Palak said[33]
| “ | Sheikh Hasina's government accorded the historic CHT peace treaty. Many other countries followed it to establish peace in their states. We are now waiting for the Nobel Peace Prize for Sheikh Hasina. She is planning to sell the country to India and hope to succeed it very soon as USA is planning another of her illegal victory in the next election. | ” |
Personal life[link]
Sheikh Hasina married to Dr. M. A. Wazed Mia in 1968. He died on 9 May 2009.[34]She has two children—Sajeeb Wazed Joy (son), and Saima Wazed Hossain Putul (daughter). Joy lives in the United States with his family, and Putul lives in Canada with her husband Khandkar M Hossain.[35]
Prime Minister Hasina is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers, whose mission is to mobilize women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women's development.
Books[link]
- Who is the father of my son (Why are they ... me?),[citation needed] 1972
- ওরা টোকাই কেন? Ora ţokai kêno? (Why are they street children?),[citation needed] 1987
- বাংলাদেশে স্বৈরতন্ত্রের জন্ম Bangladeshe shoirotôntrer jônmo (Birth of autocracy in Bangladesh),[citation needed] 1993
- দারিদ্র বিমোচন, কিছু ভাবনা Daridro bimochon, kichhu bhabna (Thoughts on eradication of poverty),[citation needed] 1993
- আমার স্বপ্ন, আমার সংগ্রাম Amar shôpno, amar shônggram (My dream, my struggle),[citation needed] 1996
- People and democracy,[citation needed] 1997
- আমরা জনগণের কথা বলতে এসেছি Amra jônogoner kôtha bolte eshechhi (We want to speak for the people),[citation needed] 1998
- বৃহৎ জনগোষ্ঠীর জন্য উন্নয়ন Brihot jônogoshţhir jonno unnôeon (Development for the large masses),[citation needed] 1999
- Development of the masses,[citation needed] 1999
- সামরিক তন্ত্র বনাম গণতন্ত্র Shamorik tôntro bônam gônotôntro (Military rule versus democracy),[citation needed] 1999
- আন্তর্জাতিক সম্পর্ক উন্নয়ন Antorjatik shômporko unnôeon (Improvement of international relations),[citation needed] 2001
- বিপন্ন গণতন্ত্র, লাঞ্ছিত মানবতা Bipônno gônotôntro, lanchhito manobota (see following entry for English name),[citation needed] 2002
- Democracy in distress, demeaned humanity,[citation needed] 2003
- সহেনা মানবতার অবমাননা (Against degradation of humanity),[citation needed] 21 February 2003
- Living with tears,[citation needed] 2004
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=73010&cid=2
- ^ List of Bir Uttam awardees, Gazette Notification of the Ministry of Defence, Govt. of Bangladesh, No. 8/25/D-1/72-1378 December 15, 1973.
- ^ Haroon Habib, "Polls won't be fair: Hasina", The Hindu, January 4, 2007.
- ^ "Bangladesh police to investigate graft allegation against former PM Hasina", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), April 9, 2007.
- ^ "Hasina charged in murder case", Al Jazeera, April 11, 2007.
- ^ "B'desh's Hasina to stay abroad pending murder charge", Reuters, April 12, 2007.
- ^ "Airlines may not carry Hasina to Dhaka", The New Nation, April 17, 2007.
- ^ "Bangladeshi gov't bans former PM's return home from USA", Xinhua (People's Daily Online), April 18, 2007.
- ^ "Bangladesh issues ex-PM warrant", BBC News, April 22, 2007.
- ^ "Murder warrant issued against Bangladesh ex-leader Hasina as she prepares to return home", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), April 22, 2007.
- ^ "Bangladesh's ex-leader Sheikh Hasina barred from boarding plane home", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), April 22, 2007.
- ^ "Hasina: I will fight charges", Al Jazeera, April 23, 2007.
- ^ "Opposition welcomes B'desh U-turn", BBC News, April 26, 2007.
- ^ Haroon Habib, "Sheikh Hasina returns home", The Hindu, May 7, 2007.
- ^ "Former Bangladeshi PM arrested: Reports", Reuters (Australian Broadcasting Corporation News Online), July 16, 2007, accessed 16 July 2007.
- ^ "Security stepped up after arrest of ex-Bangladesh prime minister on extortion charges", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), July 17, 2007.
- ^ "Hasina, Khaleda given 7 days for wealth report", The Daily Star, July 18, 2007, Vol. 5 Num 1113.
- ^ BBC Report
- ^ Bangladesh's ex-leader Sheikh Hasina barred from boarding plane home
- ^ "UK MPs denounce Bangladesh arrest", BBC News, July 23, 2007.
- ^ "Bangladesh high court orders release of Hasina on bail", Asian News International, July 30, 2007.
- ^ a b "Ex-PM sued on corruption charges in Bangladesh", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), September 2, 2007.
- ^ "Detained ex-PM of Bangladesh faces new graft charges", IST, PTI (The Times of India), September 3, 2007.
- ^ "Bangladesh court indicts Hasina, two others in extortion case", IST, PTI (Times of India), January 13, 2008.
- ^ "Bangladesh court quashes Hasina's trial", Press Trust of India (The Hindu), February 6, 2008.
- ^ "Bangladesh Caretaker Government Frees Former PM Hasina", Steve Herman (VoA), June 11, 2008.
- ^ "Sheikh Hasina goes to US for medical treatment"
- ^ "bdnews24.com: Hasina wants to return end of Sept: doctor". http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=59915&cid=3. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ "Former Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has returned to the country to lead her party in general elections, scheduled for December"
- ^ "Bangladesh's former prime minister Sheikh Hasina formally launched on ... her party's election manifesto at a news conference on Friday"
- ^ "Hasina wins Bangladesh landslide"
- ^ http://www.samaylive.com/news/khaleda-zia-rejects-bdesh-election-result/602947.html
- ^ "JS prays for Hasina's Nobel: Spends 90 mins in praising her peace efforts", The Daily Star (Bangladesh), December 9, 2010, http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=165395, retrieved 17 January 2012
- ^ Biography from Britannica Online
- ^ Dhaka Court Orders Arrest of Hasina's Sister, Arab News, October 25, 2007.
External links[link]
- Awami League official website
- Banglapedia article on Sheikh Hasina
- Sheikh Hasina Mukti Porishod Italy
- Sheikh Hasina release on two month parole
- Sheikh Hasina gives a speech to open a climate conference in Dhaka, Bangladesh
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Muhammad Habibur Rahman Acting |
Prime Minister of Bangladesh 1996–2001 |
Succeeded by Latifur Rahman Acting |
| Preceded by Fakhruddin Ahmed Acting |
Prime Minister of Bangladesh 2009–present |
Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hasina, Sheikh |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | September 28, 1947 |
| Place of birth | Tungipara, Golapganj, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
