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  Changsha
  Changsha (simplified Chinese: 长沙; traditional Chinese: 長沙; pinyin: Chángshā; Wade–Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital city of Hunan, in south-central China, located on the lower reaches of Xiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. Its municipality covers an area of 11,819 sq. kilometers and, according to the 2010 Census, a population of 7,044,118 inhabitants.
  Changsha was important from the time of the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC). In AD 750–1100 Changsha was an important commercial city, and its population increased greatly. Under the Qing dynasty, from 1664, it was the capital of Hunan province, and it was a major rice market. It was besieged during the Taiping Rebellion but never fell. Changsha was the site of Mao Zedong's conversion to communism. It was the scene of major battles in the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45 and was briefly occupied by the Japanese. Rebuilt since 1949, the city is now a major port and a commercial and industrial center.
  The origins of the name "Changsha" are lost in antiquity. The name first appears in the 11th century BC, during the reign of King Cheng of the Zhou dynasty, a vassal lord from the Changsha area sent a type of softshell turtle known as "Changsha softshell turtle" (Chinese: 长沙鼈) as tribute to the Zhou king. In the 2nd century AD, historian Ying Shao wrote that the Qin dynasty use of the name Changsha for the area was a continuance of its old name.
  
  wn.com/Changsha
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  Chongqing
  Chongqing (simplified Chinese: 重庆; traditional Chinese: 重慶; Chinese Postal Map Romanization: Chungking) is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality in inland China.
  The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the sub-provincial city administration that was part of Sichuan province. As of November 2010, the municipality had a population of 28,846,200, although the urbanized area is estimated to have a population of only 6 or 7 million. Chongqing is the largest direct-controlled municipality, and comprises 19 districts, 15 counties, and 4 autonomous counties.
  The official abbreviation, 渝 (Yú), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997. Chongqing was also a municipality of the Republic of China administration, serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Its abbreviated name is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds the Yangtze River.
  
  wn.com/Chongqing
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  Empire of Japan
  The Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国; Romaji: Dai Nippon Teikoku; literally Great Imperial State of Japan; officially Great Japan or Empire of Great Japan; commonly as Imperial Japan or the Japanese Empire) was an empire and world power that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of Japan on 3 May 1947.
  Imperial Japan's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei (富国強兵^?, "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Army") led to its emergence as a world power, eventually culminating in its membership in the Axis alliance and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific region. At the height of its power in 1942, the Japanese Empire ruled over a land area spanning 7,400,000 square kilometres (2,857,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest maritime empires in history.
  After several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples of the countries it conquered. After suffering many defeats and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, however, the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on 2 September 1945. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, and a new constitution was created with American involvement. The constitution came into force on 3 May 1947, officially dissolving the Empire. American occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose title is simply that ("the nation of Japan" Nippon-koku) or just "Japan" .
  
  wn.com/Empire_of_Japan
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  Guangzhou
  Guangzhou (Chinese: 广州; Mandarin pronunciation: [kwɑ̀ŋʈʂóʊ̯]), known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port. One of the five National Central Cities, it holds sub-provincial administrative status.
  Guangzhou is the third largest city in China and southern China's largest city. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 12.78 million. Some estimates place the population of the entire Pearl River Delta Mega City built up area as high as 40 million including Shenzhen (10.36 million), Dongguan (8.22 million) and most parts of Foshan (7.19 million), Jiangmen (4.45 million), Zhongshan (3.12 million) and a small part of Huizhou adjoining Dongguan and Shenzhen, with an area of about 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) (about the size of US state of New Jersey). In 2008 Guangzhou was identified as a Beta World City by the global city index produced by GaWC.
  
  wn.com/Guangzhou
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  Hanoi
  Hanoi (Hà Nội;  listen), is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts, 6.5 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế during the Nguyen dynasty as the capital of Vietnam, but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam.
  The city is located on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is located at 1,760 km (1,090 mi) north of Ho Chi Minh City.
  October 2010 officially marked 1000 years since the establishment of the city.
  Turtle Tower in Hoan Kiem Lake, in central Hanoi
  Emperor Lý Thái Tổ made Thăng Long (Hanoi) his capital in the 11th century
  Colonial Hanoi
  Modern Hanoi
  Hanoi has been inhabited since at least 3000 BC. One of the first known permanent settlements is the Co Loa citadel (Cổ Loa) founded around 200 BC.
  Hanoi has had many names throughout history, all of them of Sino-Vietnamese origin. During the Chinese domination of Vietnam, it was known first as Long Biên, then Tống Bình (Chinese: 宋平, Sòngpíng, "Song Peace") and Long Đỗ (Chinese: 龍肚, Lóngdù, "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (Chinese: 大羅, Dàluó, "Big Net").
  
  wn.com/Hanoi
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  Huanggutun Incident
  Huanggutun Incident (Chinese: 皇姑屯事件; Japanese: Zhang Zuolin Assassination Incident (張作霖爆殺事件, Chosakurin bakusatsu jiken^?)) was an assassination plotted by the Japanese Kwantung Army that targeted Fengtian warlord Zhang Zuolin. It took place on June 4, 1928 at Huanggutun rail station near Shenyang in which Zhang's train was destroyed by an explosion. This incident was concealed in Japan at the time and was referred only as "満州某重大事件" (Manshuboujudaijiken A Certain Important Incident in Manchuria).
  Following the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, China dissolved in spontaneous devolution, with local officials and military leaders assuming power independent of control by the weak central government. In north China, the once powerful Beiyang Army split up into various factions after the death of Yuan Shikai in 1916. Zhang Zuolin, being the leader of the Fengtian clique, was one of the most powerful warlords as he managed to seize control of the three northeastern provinces of Manchuria.
  At the time of the First United Front in 1924, the foreign support in China was generally divided as below:
  
  wn.com/Huanggutun_Incident
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  Nagoya
  Nagoya (名古屋市, Nagoya-shi^?) is the largest city in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan. (Tokyo is not a single incorporated city - see Tokyo for more information on the definition and makeup of Tokyo.)
  Located on the Pacific coast on central Honshu, it is the capital of Aichi Prefecture and is one of Japan's major ports along with those of Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe, Yokohama, Chiba, and Kitakyushu. It is also the center of Japan's third largest metropolitan region, known as the Chūkyō Metropolitan Area. As of 2000, Chūkyō Metropolitan Area has 8.74 million people, of which 2.27 million live in the city of Nagoya.
  The city's name was historically written as 那古野 or 名護屋 (both read as Nagoya). One possible etymology for the city's name is the adjective なごやか (nagoyaka), meaning 'peaceful'. [2]
  The name Chūkyō (中京) is also used (chū (middle) + kyō (capital)), since it is the main city of the central Chūbu region. Various things are named after Chūkyō, for example the Chūkyō Industrial Area, Chūkyō Metropolitan Area, Chūkyō Television Broadcasting, Chukyo University and the Chukyo Racecourse.
  
  wn.com/Nagoya
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  Nanjing
   Nanjing (Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions. Its present name means "Southern Capital" and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking until the Pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman alphabet.
  Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has long been one of China's most important cities. It is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It was the capital of Sun Quan's Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period and the capital of the Republic of China prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has long been a national center of education, research, transport networks, and tourism. The city will host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.
  
  wn.com/Nanjing
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  Sanshui District
  Sanshui District (Chinese: 三水区; pinyin: Sānshǔi Qū; Cantonese: Saam¹seoi²), formerly Sanshui City, is a district with about 120,000 inhabitants in Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. Sanshui is part of Foshan City.
  Average temperature 5n January is 13°C, and average temperature in June is at 27°C. Annual precipitation is approximately 1700 mm.
  Oil, coal, and slate are found in the surrounding area. However, Sanshui is also an important producer of food for Guangdong Province, especially fruit. The mainstay of the former city's economy was the Jianlibao Company, which produced a soft drink made from oranges and honey. During the 1990s, Jianlibao was a popular drink throughout China and it even made it into the Hong Kong market. However, embezzlement by the company's senior management has reduced its success. Despite Sanshui's proximity to Guangzhou and other Pearl River Delta cities, it remains a relatively poor place with many people only earning a few hundred yuan a month.
  
  wn.com/Sanshui_District
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  Wuhan
  Wuhan (simplified Chinese: 武汉; traditional Chinese: 武漢; pinyin: Wǔhàn [wùxân] ( listen)) is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is the most populous city in Central China. It lies at the east of the Jianghan Plain, and the intersection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze and Han rivers. Arising out of the conglomeration of three districts, Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, Wuhan is known as "the nine provinces' leading thoroughfare"; it is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. Because of its key role in domestic transportation, Wuhan was sometimes referred to as the "Chicago of China." It is recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, educational and transportation center of central China. The city of Wuhan, first termed as such in 1927, has a population of 10,020,000 people (Census 2011), with about 6,434,373 residents in its urban area. In the 1920s, Wuhan was the national capital of a leftist Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek, as well as wartime capital in 1937.
  
  wn.com/Wuhan
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  Zhejiang
  Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5
  Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: Zhèjiāng; Wade–Giles: Che-chiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The name of the province is often abbreviated to its first character, "浙".
  Zhejiang borders Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
  The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth century to eleventh century BC). Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Yue, such as the Dongyue and the Ouyue. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Yue emerged in northern Zhejiang. The Yue state was heavily influenced by the Chinese civilization further north. Under King Goujian of Yue, Yue reached its zenith and was able to wipe out the powerful state of Wu to its immediate north, in 473 BC. Then, in 333 BC, Yue was in turn conquered by the state of Chu, which was to the west. In 221 BC, the state of Qin completed the conquest of the last of the formerly independent states of China, including the state of Chu. This conquest made what is now Zhejiang part of a unified Chinese empire.
  
  wn.com/Zhejiang

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  Adolf Hitler
  Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
  A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
  
  wn.com/Adolf_Hitler
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  Benedict Arnold
  Benedict Arnold V (January 14, 1741 [O.S. January 3, 1740] – June 14, 1801) was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and plotted to surrender it to the British forces. After the plot was exposed in September 1780, he was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general.
  Born in Connecticut, Arnold was a merchant operating ships on the Atlantic Ocean when the war broke out in 1775. After joining the growing army outside Boston, he distinguished himself through acts of intelligence and bravery. His actions included the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775, defensive and delaying tactics despite losing the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain in 1776, the Battle of Ridgefield, Connecticut (after which he was promoted to major general), operations in relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in 1777, in which he suffered leg injuries that ended his combat career for several years.
  
  wn.com/Benedict_Arnold
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  Central Plains War
  Central Plains War (simplified Chinese: 中原大战; traditional Chinese: 中原大戰; pinyin: Zhōngyúan Dàzhàn) was a civil war within the factionalised Kuomintang (KMT) that broke out in 1930. It was fought between the forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the coalition of three military commanders who had previously allied with Chiang: Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, and Li Zongren. The war spread wide across Central Plains, a core region of China.
  In consolidating power for the Kuomintang in the Northern Expedition of 1927–1928, Chiang had forged alliances with the warlord armies of Yan, Feng, and Li. However, relations between Chiang and his warlord allies soon soured, resulting in the war. This war almost bankrupted Chiang's Nationalist Government and cost over 300,000 casualties on both sides. However, Chiang's victory allowed him to further consolidate power as the undisputed leader of most of China.
  Compared to other senior party officials like Hu Hanmin and Wang Jingwei, Chiang Kai-shek in contrast was rather a junior official in the Kuomintang (KMT) . He began to rise to prominence in 1917 in the Guangzhou government with his militaristic talent. In 1923, Chiang reached the turning point of his life when Chen Jiongming launched a rebellion against Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou. Chiang helped Sun to retreat out of Guangzhou which gained Sun's ultimate trust.
  
  wn.com/Central_Plains_War
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  Chen Cheng
  Chen Cheng (traditional Chinese: 陳誠; simplified Chinese: 陈诚; pinyin: Chén Chéng; January 4, 1897 – March 5, 1965), was a Chinese political and military leader, and one of the main National Revolutionary Army commanders during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. After moving to Taiwan at the end of the Civil War, he served as the Governor of Taiwan Province, Vice President and Premier of the Republic of China. He represented the Republic of China in visits to the United States. He also helped to initiate land reforms and tax reduction programs that caused Communism to become unattractive in Taiwan, where peasants were able to own land. His good reputation endures even to today. His alias was Chen Tsyr-shiou (traditional Chinese: 陳辭修; simplified Chinese: 陈辞修; pinyin: Chén Cíxiū).
  Born in Qingtian, Zhejiang, he graduated from Baoding Military Academy (保定軍校) in 1922, and entered Whampoa Academy two years later. It is here where he met Chiang Kai-shek for the first time, Then Commandant of the Academy. Chen later joined National Revolutionary Army to participate in the Northern Expedition.
  
  wn.com/Chen_Cheng
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  Chen Duxiu
  Chen Duxiu (simplified Chinese: 陈独秀; traditional Chinese: 陳獨秀; pinyin: Chén Dúxiù; October 8, 1879 – May 27, 1942) played many different roles in Chinese history. He was a leading figure in the anti-imperial Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement for Science and Democracy. Along with Li Dazhao, Chen was a co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. He was its first General Secretary. Chen was an educator, philosopher, and politician. His ancestral home was in Anqing (安慶), Anhui, where he established the influential vernacular Chinese periodical La Jeunesse.
  Chen Duxiu was born in the city of Anqing (安慶), in Anhui (安徽) province. He was born to a wealthy family of officials, the youngest of four children. In his youth, he was described as volatile, emotional, intuitive, non-intellectual, and a defender of the underdog. His father died when Chen was two years old, and he was raised primarily by his grandfather; and, later, by his older brother.
  Chen was given a traditional Confucian education by his grandfather, several private tutors, and his elder brother. A thorough knowledge of Confucian literary and philosophical works was the pre-requisites for civil service in Imperial China. Chen was an exceptional student, but this poor experiences taking the Confucian civil service exams resulted in a lifelong tendency to advocate unconventional beliefs and to criticize traditional ideas.
  
  wn.com/Chen_Duxiu
• Chen Gongbo
  Chen Gongbo (simplified Chinese: 陈公博; traditional Chinese: 陳公博; pinyin: Chén Gōngbó; Wade-Giles: Ch'en Kung-po, October 19, 1892 - June 3, 1946) was a Chinese politician, noted for his role as second (and final) President of the collaborationist pro-Japanese Nanjing Nationalist Government during World War II.
  Chen Gongbo was born in Guangzhou (Canton), Qing Empire in 1892. His father was an official in the Qing Dynasty administration. As a student at Beijing University, he participated in the May Fourth Movement and studied Marxism under Chen Duxiu. Chen Gongbo was one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of its First Congress in Shanghai in July 1921, but left the party the following year. He then moved to the United States, where he obtained a master’s degree in Economics at Columbia University in 1925. On his return to China, he joined the Kuomintang (KMT) and was named head of the Department of Peasants and Workers under Liao Zhongkai, and was considered a member of the KMT leftist clique together with Wang Jingwei, with whom he developed a close political and personal relationship. Although he played a significant role under Chiang Kai-shek’s Northern Expedition, he strongly opposed Chiang and sided with Wang in political rivalry as Chiang began to exercise dictatorial power. He felt it particularly unfair for Chiang to replace Wang in KMT leadership through a military coup in 1926. However, during a period of Chiang-Wang cooperation, he was named Minister of Enterprises by the Kuomintang government in 1932-36. Some of the fundamental national economic policies he helped set in this period remained in practice under various Chinese political regimes until the 1970s. As director of the Kuomintang Sichuan branch, he helped organize the evacuation of the Kuomintang government to Chongqing after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
  
  wn.com/Chen_Gongbo
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  Chen Jitang
  Chen Jitang (traditional Chinese: 陳濟棠; simplified Chinese: 陈济棠; pinyin: Chén Jìtáng) (January 23, 1890 - November 3, 1954), also spelled Chen Chi-tang, was born into a Hakka family in Fangcheng, Guangxi, China. He joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance in 1908 and began serving in the Guangdong Army in 1920, rising from battalion to brigade commander. He was designated commander of the 11th Division within the 4th Army in 1925 and took up the garrison of Qinzhou city, Guangxi, in 1926, thus staying in the south during the Northern Expedition. In 1928 he was made Commander of the 4th Route Army.
  In addition to his military position, Chen also held governing authority over the Guangdong province. From 1929 to 1936, he made tremendous contributions to the province’s development, growth, and modernization. He paved the city streets and built high-rise commercial centers, numerous factories, and the first modern bridge across the Pearl River. He oversaw the establishment of a public school system with modern elementary and high schools and prestigious colleges and universities (including the Sun Yat-Sen University). People of the province fondly referred this period as the Golden Age of Guangdong and called him 南天王 (the Celestial King of the South).
  
  wn.com/Chen_Jitang
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  Chen Mingshu
  Chen Mingshu (陈铭枢, 1889–May 15, 1965) was a Chinese general and politician. He graduated from Baoding Military Academy and participated in the Northern Expedition. He was briefly premier after Chiang Kai-shek stepped down in December 1931. He took part in the Battle of Shanghai (1932), defending the city against the Japanese Empire.
  He was one of the principal leaders of the Fujian Rebellion and the Productive People's Party, the failure of which forced him into exile in Hong Kong. In 1948, he joined the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang's central standing committee. After the People's Republic of China was founded, he sat on the standing committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the National People's Congress. He was forced out of politics by the Anti-Rightist Movement in 1957.
  
  wn.com/Chen_Mingshu
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  Du Xigui
  Du Xigui (杜錫珪) (Wade-Giles Tu Hsi-Kuei) (1875-December 28, 1933) was a Chinese admiral during the warlord era.
  Born in Fuzhou, he graduated from Nanjing's naval college in 1902. In 1922, he was made chief of the navy and helped the Zhili clique defeat Zhang Zuolin. In the spring of 1923, Shanghai's fleet rebelled and Du took responsibility by resigning but was recalled in November. In 1924, he commanded the Yangtze fleet of Jiangsu and defeated the Anhui clique's Zhejiang fleet led by Lin Jianzhang. Several ships defected to his side giving him control of Shanghai's waters.
  In 1926, he served concurrently as acting president, premier, and minister of the navy. The Nanjing based Nationalist government later employed him and sent him on an inspection tour of foreign navies.
  
  wn.com/Du_Xigui
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  Duan Qirui
  Duan Qirui (Chinese: 段祺瑞; pinyin: Duàn Qíruì; Wade–Giles: Tuan Ch'i-jui) (6 March 1865; November 2, 1936) was a Chinese warlord and politician, commander in the Beiyang Army, and the Provisional Chief Executive of Republic of China (in Beijing) from November 24, 1924 to April 20, 1926. He was arguably the most powerful man in China from 1916 to 1920.
  Born in Hefei as Duan Qirui (段啟瑞), his courtesy name was Zhiquan (芝泉). His grandfather was Duan Pei (段佩), an officer in Li Hongzhang's privately raised Huai Army (Huai Jun, 淮军). Duan Qirui's father died early and Duan Qirui was raised by his maternal grandmother.
  In 1881, Duan Qirui entered Baoding Military Academy specializing in artillery, and graduated at the top of his class. After graduation, he was sent to Lushun to oversee the construction of artillery fortifications and came to the attention of Li Hongzhang, who sent him to study military science in Germany for two years. After returning to China, he was first named as a commissioner to the Beiyang Armory (北洋军械局) and then as an instructor of Weihai military academy. Soon he was able to gain the sponsorship of Yuan Shikai, who named him as an artillery commander in the New Army.
  
  wn.com/Duan_Qirui
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  Feng Yuxiang
  Feng Yuxiang (simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥; traditional Chinese: 馮玉祥; pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; Wade–Giles: Feng Yü-hsiang; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948) was a warlord and leader in Republican China. He was also known as the Christian General for his zeal to convert his troops and the Betrayal General for his penchant to break with the establishment. In 1911, he was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army but joined forces with revolutionaries against the Qing Dynasty. He rose to high rank within Wu Peifu's Zhili warlord faction but launched the Beijing coup in 1924 that knocked Zhili out of power and brought Sun Yat-sen to Beijing. He joined the Nationalist Party (KMT), supported the Northern Expedition and became blood brothers with Chiang Kai-shek, but resisted Chiang's consolidation on power in the Central Plains War, and broke with Chiang again in resisting Japanese incursions in 1933. He spent his later years supporting the left-wing of the KMT which cooperated with the Chinese Communists.
  
  wn.com/Feng_Yuxiang
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  Frank Hsieh
  Frank Hsieh Chang-ting (traditional Chinese: 謝長廷; simplified Chinese: 谢长廷; pinyin: Xiè Chángtíng; Wade-Giles: Hsieh Ch'ang T'ing; Pe̍h-oē-jī: Siā Tiông-têng or Chiā Tiông-têng; born May 18, 1946 in Tataocheng, Taipei, Taiwan) is a Taiwanese politician of the Democratic Progressive Party in the Republic of China. He was the mayor of Kaohsiung City until his appointment as President of the Executive Yuan by president Chen Shui-bian on February 1, 2005. He announced his resignation from the post of premier on January 17, 2006. Hsieh was the DPP nominee in the 2008 presidential election and was defeated by Ma Ying-jeou.
  Hsieh received his Bachelor of Laws degree from National Taiwan University. He also received a master's degree and then completed doctoral coursework (all but dissertation) in jurisprudence from Kyoto University. He was a practicing attorney from 1969 to 1981, serving as a defense attorney in the martial courts following the Kaohsiung Incident of 1980.
  Hsieh is married to Yu Fang-chih (游芳枝); together, they have a daughter and an adopted son.
  
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  Gao Lingwei
  Gāo Língwèi (高凌霨, Wade-Giles Kao Ling-wei) (1868–1939) was a Chinese politician during the late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China.
  A Tianjin native, he was appointed to Hubei where he held many offices relating to finance and education including a stint as superintendent of the provincial military academy. There he became a protege of Zhang Zhidong in China's modernization effort and was appointed governor of Hunan.
  After the Xinhai Revolution broke out at Hubei, he returned to Tianjin and help modernize the banking system. He later became minister in many militarist cabinets. In 1923, he became the Acting President while Cao Kun was "campaigning" for the presidency by bribing the National Assembly. He served briefly as Cao's first premier.
  In 1935, he became the Mayor of Tianjin. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he collaborated with the invaders in exchange for the governorship of Hebei.
  
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  Gong Xinzhan
  Gong Xinzhan (traditional Chinese: 龔心湛; simplified Chinese: 龚心湛; pinyin: Gōng Xīnzhàn; Wade–Giles: Kung Hsin-chan) (1871-December 1943) was a politician in the end of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. He was a professional of finance in the Beijing Government, and was regarded a member of the Anhui clique. He also worked as the acting Prime Minister temporarily. His adult-name was Xianzhou (仙洲) and Xiandan(仙丹). He was born in Hefei, Anhui.
  In the end of Qing, Gong Xinzhan was became a Jiansheng (監生； student of Guozijian), after graduating he went to study to Great Britain. He successively held the positions of Attendant of legations in Japan, United States, France, Italy and Philippine. Later he returned to China, he was appointed to the governor of prefecture (府) and the acting Provincial Judge in Guangdong. He also worked for local official in Yunnan.
  After establishing the Republic of China, Gong Xinzhan successively held the positions of Chief of the Minting Factory in Wuchang, Manager of the Hankou branch, Bank of China, etc. In 1914, he was appointed to the Chief of the Financial Agency in Anhui Province. On next June, he was promoted to the Vice-Minister for Finance in Beijing Government, and also held the governor of the Salt Affairs Agency. On December, he was appointed to the Governor of the Border of Rice Lands Affairs Bureau (督辦經界局事務). In April 1916, he was transferred to the Councilor of the National Council (參政院).
  
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  Hanjian
  In Chinese culture, a Hanjian is a derogatory and pejorative term for a race traitor to the Han Chinese nation or state, and to a lesser extent, Han ethnicity. The word Hanjian is distinct from the general word for traitor, which could be used for any race or country. As a Chinese term, it is a digraph of the Chinese character for "Han" and "traitor".
  During the Qing Dynasty, the Han Chinese were the majority of the population but the Qing Dynasty was founded by the Manchus. Initially, the Qing government used the term to name Han Chinese who rebelled against Manchu rule. During the late Qing period, anti-Manchu nationalists used the term for Hans who collaborated with the Qing government and thus were traitors of the Han people. The word was often used retroactively for historical Han traitors, such as Wu Sangui, who opened the gates of Shanhai Pass because of mistreatment of his family and his concubine Chen Yuanyuan at the hands of the peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng (the peasant rebels were Han Chinese, but Wu decided to ally with the Manchus).
  
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  He Yingqin
  He Yingqin (simplified Chinese: 何应钦; traditional Chinese: 何應欽; pinyin: Hé Yìngqīn; April 2, 1890 - October 21, 1987), also spelled Ho Ying-chin, was one of the most senior generals of the Kuomintang (KMT) during Republican China, and a close ally of Chiang Kai-shek.
  A native of Guizhou, He was healthy and bookish in his childhood. In 1907 he was enrolled by the Guiyang Military Elementary School, and transferred to the more famous Wuchang Third Army Middle School in the following year. In the same year, he was chosen by the Defense Department of Qing Dynasty to study in Imperial Japanese Army Academy for his excellent performance.
  When studying in the Imperial Japanese Army Academy, he became acquainted with fellow student Chiang Kai-shek. He learned military skills and was influenced by the anti-Qing Dynasty theories of the Tongmenghui. He soon joined this secret organization. In 1911 after the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising, He came back to China with other members of Tongmenghui, to work for Chen Qimei, who was governor of Shanghai and also known as Chiang's mentor. When the war waged by the Tongmenghui against Yuan Shikai failed, He had to take refuge in Japan and proceed his military training.
  
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  Hu Hanmin
  Hu Hanmin (traditional Chinese: 胡漢民; simplified Chinese: 胡汉民; pinyin: Hú Hànmín; born in Panyu, Guangdong, China, December 9, 1879; died in Guangdong, China, May 12, 1936) was one of the early leaders of Kuomintang (KMT), and a very important right-winger in Kuomintang.
  Hu Hanmin was qualified as juren at 21 years of age. He studied in Japan since 1902, and joined Tongmenghui as an editor of 《Minbao》 in 1905. From 1907-1910, he participated in several armed revolutions. Shortly after Xinhai Revolution in 1911, he was appointed the governor of Guangdong and chief secretary of the Provisional Government. He participated in the Second Revolution in 1913, and followed Sun Yat-sen to Japan after the failure of that revolution. There they established the Chinese Revolutionary Party. Hu lived in Guangdong between 1917 and 1921 and worked for Sun Yat-sen, as the minister of transportation first and principal consultant later.
  Hu was elected to be a central executive committee member in the first conference of Kuomintang in January, 1924. In September, he acted as vice generalissimo, when Sun Yat-sen left Guangzhou to Shaoguan. Sun died in Beijing in March, 1925, and Hu was one of the three most powerful figures in Kuomintang. The other two were Wang Jingwei and Liao Zhongkai. Liao was assassinated in August of the same year, and Hu was suspected and arrested. After the Ninghan split in 1927, Hu supported Chiang Kai-Shek and was head of Legislative Yuan in Nanjing.
  
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  Hu Weide
  Hú Wéidé (Chinese: 胡惟德; Wade–Giles: Hu Wei-te) (1863–1933), was a Chinese politician and diplomat during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China.
  Though related by marriage to the Qing, he accepted the republic and served in its foreign ministry. He served as ambassador to Russia, Japan, and France and was a rival of Wu Tingfang. He also represented China in the Permanent Court of International Justice.
  After Duan Qirui was ousted from Beijing in 1926, Hu served briefly as acting president and premier.
  
  
  
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  Huang Fu
  Huáng Fú (黃郛) (1883-1936) was a general and politician in early republican China. He was born in Hangzhou.
  Huang studied at Zhejiang Military College and Qiushi Academy (current Zhejiang University), later went to Japan. Huang came in contact with the Revolutionary Alliance while studying in a military academy in the Empire of Japan. During the Xinhai Revolution, he and Chen Qimei declared Shanghai independent and became blood brothers of Chiang Kaishek.
  He was forced to flee abroad after the failed Second Revolution of 1913 against Yuan Shikai and returned after Yuan's death to represent Zhejiang's military government in Beijing. When Sun Yatsen ordered Kuomintang members to swear personal loyalty to him, Huang objected and left.
  He supported China's entry into World War I hoping it would regain lost territories. He worked with President Xu Shichang as a diplomat, co-wrote books about economics and foreign affairs and would often guest lecture at universities. He was part of China's delegation to the Washington Naval Conference which secured the Beiyang government's greatest diplomatic triumph, the return of Shandong.
  
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  Huang Yiguang
  Huang Yiguang (黄逸光) took part in one of a number of assassination attempts on the life of the Chinese politician Wang Jingwei, during the Japanese occupation of China (1937–1945). An aviator and explorer, he travelled widely with strong connections with the Chinese community in the United Kingdom. A former associate of Wang, he was welcomed in Wang's inner circle but his assassination attempt failed when his radio equipment was discovered. He was executed on 17 December 1940.
  
  
  
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  Jia Deyao
  Jia Deyao (simplified Chinese: 贾德耀; traditional Chinese: 賈德耀; pinyin: Jiǎ Déyào; Wade–Giles: Chia Te-yao; 1880–1940) was a Chinese military commander and politician, member of the Anhui clique during the Beiyang Government.
  After graduating the Baoding Military Academy and the Imperial Japanese Army Academy with a government scholarship, he returned to China and joined the army as a minor commander. He became a brigadier general, head of the Board of Military Academy of the Department of Army in 1916, and a commander at Xia Nan. In 1918, he became a lieutenant general and principal of the Baoding Military Academy. In November 1925, he became assistant secretary of the Department of Army, and soon was promoted to Secretary of Army and commander of the national guard.
  On February 15, 1926, he was temporarily appointed to Premier of the Republic of China after his predecessor, Xu Shiying, resigned. On March 4 of the same year, the government underwent reorganization and he was officially given the position. Two days after the March 18 Massacre's weakening of warlord control over China, Deyao tried to resign, but his request was not accepted. On April 20, following a successful resignation, he left Bejing with former president Duan Qirui. The two exiled themselves in Tianjin, Deyao withdrawing himself completely from public life. He died in 1940 of natural causes.
  
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  Jin Yunpeng
  Jin Yunpeng (simplified Chinese: 靳云鹏; traditional Chinese: 靳雲鵬; pinyin: Jìn Yúnpéng; 1877-1951) was a Chinese General and politician of the Warlord Era of the Republic of China. He served as both Minister of War and then Premier of China several times.
  
  wn.com/Jin_Yunpeng
• Lee Huan
  Lee Huan (traditional Chinese: 李煥; simplified Chinese: 李焕; pinyin: Lǐ Huàn; September 24, 1917 – December 2, 2010) was a politician in the Republic of China. He was Premier of the Republic of China from 1989 to 1990, serving for one year under former President Lee Teng-hui. He was the father of current KMT legislators Lee Ching-hua and Diane Lee. He was born in Hankou, Hubei.
  He received his Bachelor of Laws at Fudan University and his Master of Arts in education from Teachers College, Columbia University. Lee also received an honorary doctorate from Dongguk University in South Korea.
  In 1972, Lee Huan was appointed as Director General of the Department of Organization for the Kuomintang (KMT) when Chiang Ching-kuo was Premier. In 1976, then-Premier Chiang Ching-kuo instructed Lee Huan to select several dozen young party leaders for the highest level cadre training program at the party school. Among the 60 individuals chosen for the training, half were Taiwanese, including Lien Chan (a member of the KMT’s Central Standing Committee member and Minister of Foreign Affairs), Wu Po-hsiung (a CSC member and Mayor of Taipei), Shih Ch’iyang (a CSC member and Vice Premier). This opening of the KMT’s cadre program was an unprecedented opening for native Taiwanese, and was an important step in Chiang Ching-kuo’s program of loosening mainlander control of the KMT by integrating native Taiwanese into its leadership.
  
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  Liang Shiyi
  Liang Shiyi (Chinese: 梁士詒; 1869-April 9, 1933) was premier of China's Beiyang government from 1921 to 1922.
  Liang Shiyi was born in Sanshui, Guangdong in 1869. In the Qing dynasty, he was put in charge of railways, the most profitable ministry of the government. This allowed him to create the influential Communications Clique. He was a close supporter of Yuan Shikai, served as his finance minister, and supported Yuan during the National Protection War.
  After Yuan's death, President Li Yuanhong ordered the arrest of the eight top monarchists of Yuan's regime, this caused Liang to flee to Hong Kong. He returned in 1918 to run for the National Assembly of the Republic of China.
  His Communications Clique was a distant second compared to Duan Qirui's Anfu Club but nevertheless he became speaker of the Senate. He then became premier when Jin Yunpeng was forced to resign in December 1921.
  His month-long premiership was the subject of dispute between his supporter, Zhang Zuolin, and his detractor, Wu Peifu. When Wu forced his resignation on January 25, 1922, it caused the First Zhili-Fengtian War. Liang was fortunate to avoid the war himself in that he left Beijing under the excuse of illness as soon as he resigned. The Northern Expedition forced him to flee once again to Hong Kong in 1928 ,then he shuttled between Shanghai and Hongkong for coping with the Japanese invaded Manchuria 1931, for tired of those,he died at Shanghai in 1933.
  
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  Lien Chan
  Lien Chan (traditional Chinese: 連戰; simplified Chinese: 连战; pinyin: Lián Zhàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Liân Chiàn) (born August 27, 1936, in Xi'an, China) is a politician in Taiwan. He was Premier of the Republic of China from 1993 to 1997, Vice President of the Republic of China from 1996 to 2000, and was the Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 2000 to 2005. Upon his retirement as chairman in August 2005, he was given the title Honorary Chairman of the Kuomintang.
  Lien Chan was born in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China as the only child of Lien Chen-tung (連震東) and Chao Lan-k'un (趙蘭坤). His paternal grandfather, Lien Heng (連橫), was the writer of The General History of Taiwan (台灣通史), a book that is often cited for the quote, "Taiwan's sorrow is that it has no history." Although he was born in Mainland China, because of his family roots in Taiwan, he is not usually considered a member of the Mainlander group in Taiwan.
  Lien earned a Bachelor's degree in political science from the National Taiwan University in 1957 and a Master of Arts in International Law and Diplomacy in 1961. He received a Ph.D. in political science in 1965 from the University of Chicago and married former Miss Republic of China Fang Yu the same year. Lien is also currently a Trustee Emeritus on the Board of Trustees to the University of Chicago.
  
  wn.com/Lien_Chan
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  Lin Sen
  Lin Sen (Chinese: 林森; pinyin: Lín Sēn; 1868 – August 1, 1943), courtesy name Zichao (子超), sobriquet Changren (長仁), was President of the National Government of the Republic of China from 1931 until his death.
  Born to a middle class family in Shangan Township (尚幹鄉), Minhou County (閩侯縣), Fujian, Lin was educated by American missionaries. He later worked in the Telegram Bureau of Taipei, Taiwan in 1884. After the First Sino-Japanese War, he engaged in guerrilla activities against the Japanese occupiers. He returned to the mainland and worked in the Shanghai customs office in 1902. He later lived in Hawaii and San Francisco.
  There he was recruited by the Tongmenghui in 1905, and was an overseas organizer for the Kuomintang. During the Xinhai Revolution, he was in charge of the Jiangxi revolt. He became speaker of the senate in the National Assembly. After the failed Second Revolution against President Yuan Shikai, Lin fled with Sun Yat-sen to Japan and joined his Chinese Revolutionary Party. He was sent to the United States to raise funds from the party's local branches. In 1917, he followed Sun to Guangzhou where he continued to lead its "extraordinary session" during the Constitutional Protection Movement. When the assembly defected to the Beiyang government, he remained with Sun and later served as governor of Fujian.
  
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  Ma clique
  The Ma clique or Ma family warlords is a collective name for a group of Hui (Muslim Chinese) warlords in Northwestern China who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia from the 1910s until 1949. There were 3 families in the Ma clique ("Ma" being a common Hui rendering of the common Muslim name "Muhammad"), each of them respectively controlled 3 areas, Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia. The three most prominent members of the clique were Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui, and Ma Hongbin, collectively known as the Xibei San Ma (Chinese: 西北三马, Three Mas of the Northwest). Some contemporary accounts, such as Edgar Snow's, described the clique as the "Four Ma" (rather than Three), adding Ma Bufang's brother Ma Buqing to the list of the top warlords. Other prominent Mas included Ma Anliang, Ma Qi, Ma Lin, Ma Hu-shan, and Ma Zhongying.
  The Ma Clique warlords were all Generals in the military of the Republic of China. The clique was begun by Muslim generals who served in the military of the Qing dynasty, most notably in the Kansu Braves army, who fought in the Boxer Rebellion against invading foreign forces. It was continued by two generations of their descendants.
  
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  Mao Zedong
  Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung  listen (help·info), and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism.
  Mao rose to power by commanding the Long March, forming a Second United Front with Kuomintang (KMT) during the Second Sino-Japanese War to repel a Japanese invasion, and leading the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. After solidifying the reunification of China through his Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Mao enacted sweeping land reform, by using violence and terror to overthrow the feudal landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes. During the years when Mao was China’s 'Great Helmsman', a range of positive changes came to China. These included promoting the status of women, improving popular literacy, doubling the school population, providing universal housing, abolishing unemployment and inflation, increasing health care access, and dramatically raising life expectancy. In addition, China's population almost doubled during the period of Mao's leadership (from around 550 to over 900 million). As a result, Mao is still officially held in high regard by many in China as a great political strategist, military mastermind, and savior of the nation. Maoists further promote his role as a theorist, statesman, poet, and visionary, while anti-revisionists continue to defend most of his policies.
  
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  Pan Fu
  Pan Fu (November 22, 1883 - September 9, 1961) was a Chinese politician.
  
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  Qian Nengxun
  Qian Nengxun (1869 - June 5, 1924) was a Chinese politician.
  
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  Sa Zhenbing
  Sa Zhenbing KCMG (simplified Chinese: 萨镇冰; traditional Chinese: 薩鎮冰; pinyin: Sà Zhènbīng) (30 March 1859 - 10 April 1952) was a prominent Chinese admiral. He lived through four governments in China, and had been appointed to various senior naval and political offices.
  Sa Zhenbing was born in Fuzhou, Fujian province, to a Semu family who had lived in the area since the late Yuan Dynasty. Between 1869 and 1872 he attended the Fuzhou Naval Academy; Deng Shichang was among his classmates. Between 1877 and 1880 Sa Zhenbing was among the first group of Fuzhou Naval Academy alumni sent abroad to study at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in Britain.
  After serving as a Chief Mate in the Nanyang Fleet, Sa Zhenbing became the youngest captain in the Beiyang Fleet. In 1895 he participated in the Battle of Weihaiwei during the First Sino-Japanese War, leading a group of sailors from the training ship Kangji in a ten-day defence of an island coastal fortress off Weihaiwei.
  At that time the Japanese Admiral Ito Sukeyuki appealed to the Beiyang Fleet Admiral Ding Ruchang to surrender, promising him political asylum in Japan; Admiral Ding chose to commit suicide by handgun in his office at the Liugong Island headquarters. His deputy, Admiral Liu, after ordering that his warship be scuttled by explosives, also committed suicide by taking poison. Command of the Chinese Forces fell to Scottish-born Vice-Admiral John McClure, who completed the surrender negotiations with Admiral Ito. As the only captain still alive at the end of the battle, Sa Zhenbing was given the unenviable task of formally surrendering to Admiral Ito.
  
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  Song Jiaoren
  Song Jiaoren (Chinese: 宋教仁; pinyin: Sòng Jiàorén; Wade–Giles: Sung Chiao-jen; Given name at birth: Liàn 鍊; Courtesy name: Dùnchū 鈍初) (5 April 1882 – 22 March 1913) was a Chinese republican revolutionary, political leader and a founder of the Kuomintang (KMT). He was assassinated in 1913 after leading his Kuomintang party to victory in China's first democratic elections. Evidence strongly implied that China's provisional president, Yuan Shikai, was responsible for his assassination.
  Song Jiaoren was born and educated in Hunan. When he was six years old, Song Jiaoren began his education at a private school. When Song was seventeen years old, he graduated and began enrollment at Taoyuan Zhangjiang College. Due to the influence of his teachers, Huang Shouyi and Qu Fangmei, Song made no effort to pursue the civil service examinations, and was interested mainly in world event and the counterculture of his time. Song received excellent grades in college.
  In August 1902, the revolutionary Huang Xing met Song Jiaoren in Wuchang, and the two quickly became lifelong friends. Huang was soon forced to leave Wuchang due to his revolutionary activities, and returned to his hometown of Changsha. After Huang left, Song continued his organization of revolutionary groups in Hunan, especially in Changsha and Changde.
  
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  Sun Baoqi
  Sun Baoqi (Traditional Chinese: 孫寶琦; Simplified Chinese: 孙宝琦; Hanyu Pinyin: Sūn Bǎoqí; Wade-Giles: Sun Pao-ch´i) (26 April 1867 – 3 February 1931) was a government official, foreign minister, and premier of the Republic of China. His courtesy name was Mu-han (慕韓)
  Sun was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in 1867, the eldest son of Sun Yijing, assistant Imperial tutor to the Xianfeng Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. He received a classical Chinese education and was awarded the title of second grade yinsheng. He then married a relative of Yikuang, the future Prince Qing. In 1886, Sun became a junior secretary of the Board of Punishments, a post he held until 1895. He was listed for assignment to a foreign post in 1898, but his appointment was delayed because of the Boxer Rebellion. In 1902, he briefly served as secretary of legation in Vienna, Berlin, and Paris, was then appointed Minister to France. Sun returned to China in 1906 and became chief secretary of the Grand Council, which was tasked with reorganizing the country's administrative system. In 1907, he became Minister to Germany. In January 1909, Sun was appointed assistant director of the Tianjin-Pukou railroad, and in June of that year he was appointed governor of Shandong Province. Sun was a supporter of constitutional government for China. In 1910, he urged the imperial authorities that a cabinet system be established, and in 1911 he recognized the independence of Shandong from Manchu rule. However, after Yuan Shikai secured power, Sun was forced to retract this declaration and resign.
  
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  Sun Fo
  Sun Fo or Sun Ke (Chinese: 孫科; pinyin: Sūn Kē; Cantonese Yale: Syun¹ Fo¹; October 21, 1891 – September 13, 1973), courtesy name Zhesheng (哲生), was a high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China. He was the son of Sun Yat-sen and his first wife Lu Muzhen.
  Sun was born in Xiangshan (now Zhongshan), Guangdong, China. He travelled abroad to study, earning a Bachelor of Arts from the University of California, Berkeley in 1916 and a Master of Science from Columbia University in 1917. He also received an honorary LL.D. from Columbia. He married Chen Suk-ying and had two sons (Sun Tse-ping and Sun Tse-kiong) and two daughters (Sun Sui-ying and Sun Sui-hwa).
  After returning to China, Sun was appointed Mayor of Guangzhou (Canton), where the Kuomintang's government headed by his father was headquartered, serving from 1920 to 1922 and again from 1923 to 1925 (between 1922 and 1923, Sun Yat-sen was exiled by Chen Jiongming). As recorded in a China Mail (a Chinese newspaper) on June 4, 1923, there was controversy in relation to a case involving 50,000 yuan and Sun Fo. The case was voiced in public through Mr. Po-Yin Chan (陳步賢, 1883-1965), a Senator of Guangzhou . In the Nationalist government, Sun served as Minister of Communications from 1926 to 1927, as Minister of Finance from 1927 to 1928 and Minister of Railways from 1928 to 1931.
  
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  Tan Yankai
  Tan Yankai (traditional Chinese: 譚延闓; simplified Chinese: 谭延闿; pinyin: Tán Yánkǎi; Wade–Giles: T'an Yen-k'ai) (January 25, 1880 - September 22, 1930) was a Chinese politician from Hunan.
  A member of Liang Qichao's Constitutionalist Party, he campaigned for a parliament and restrained monarchy. As the party renamed itself the Progressive Party after the Xinhai Revolution, he was a major leader.
  He left and joined the Kuomintang and became military governor of his home province. He remained neutral during Sun Yatsen's attempt to overthrow President Yuan Shikai in the 1913 Second Revolution but Yuan removed him anyways. He returned to power after Yuan's death and lead his province into resisting the Beiyang Army in 1917's Constitutional Protection War which saved Sun's Guangdong base. After a brief attempt in spearheading federalism, his subordinates forced him to resign. When Chen Jiongming was driven out of Guangzhou, Tan was made home minister by Sun.
  He served as Chairman of the National Government during the first half of the Northern Expedition and again during its conclusion. Tan was a member of Wang Jingwei's Wuhan faction. He was the first internationally recognized head of state of the Nanjing based Kuomintang government. The United States was the first major power to give recognition on October 1, 1928, though they had already given de facto recognition back in July. After the Organic Law came to effect on the Double Ten Day, he was succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek. Tan then became premier, a post he would hold until he died in office. He is entombed near the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.
  
  wn.com/Tan_Yankai
• Tang Fei
  Tang Fei (traditional Chinese: 唐飛; simplified Chinese: 唐飞; pinyin: Táng Fēi; born March 15, 1933 in Taicang, Jiangsu, Republic of China) is a retired ROC Air Force General and the Premier of the Republic of China between May 20 and October 6, 2000 under the Chen Shui-bian Government, even though he was a member of the Kuomintang (KMT) during his tenure as premier.
  Tang Fei was born on March 15, 1932, in Taitsang County, Jiangsu Province, on the Chinese mainland. He enrolled in the Chinese Air Force Preparatory School at the age of 12 and graduated in 1950. He later studied at the ROC Air Force Academy from which he graduated in 1952. He completed advanced military education at the Air Force Squadron Officers' Course in 1963, Air Force Command and General Staff College of the Armed Forces University in 1971, and the War College in 1979.
  He served in a wide range of combat, staff, and overseas positions during his military career, starting as a pilot from 1953 to 1960, then moving to operations officer from 1960 to 1961, flight leader from 1961 to 1965, and squadron commander from 1968 to 1970.
  
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  Tang Shaoyi
  Táng Shàoyí (simplified Chinese: 唐绍仪; traditional Chinese: 唐紹儀; pinyin: Táng Shàoyí; Wade–Giles: T'ang Shao-i; Yale: Tong4 Siu6 Yee4; changed to 唐绍怡 to avoid taboo of Puyi's name, later restored; Courtesy Shaochuan 少川) (January 2, 1862 — September 30, 1938), was a Chinese diplomat, politician. He was the father-in-law of Wellington Koo and Lee Seng Gee.
  He was a native of Xiangshan, Guangdong, studied in the United States on the Chinese Educational Mission, educated at Queen's College, Hong Kong and studied at Columbia University in New York. He was the first president of Shandong University, one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China. Tang was a friend of Yuan Shikai; and, during the Xinhai Revolution, negotiated on the latter's behalf in Shanghai with the revolutionaries' Wu Tingfang, ending up with the recognition of Yuan as President of the Republic of China.
  Widely respected, he became the Republic's first Prime Minister in 1912, but quickly grew disillusioned with Yuan's lack of respect for the rule of law and resigned. He later took part in Sun Yatsen's government in Guangzhou. Tang Shaoyi opposed, on constitutional grounds, Sun's taking of the "Extraordinary Presidency" in 1921; and Shaoyi resigned his position.
  
  wn.com/Tang_Shaoyi
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  Vidkun Quisling
  Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (Norwegian: [ˈʋɪdkʉn ˈkʋɪʃlɪŋ]  (listen); 18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian politician. On 9 April 1940, with the German invasion of Norway in progress, he seized power in a Nazi-backed coup d'etat.
  From 1942 to 1945 he served as Minister-President, working with the occupying forces. His government, known as the Quisling regime, was dominated by ministers from Nasjonal Samling, the party he had founded in 1933. The collaborationist government participated in Germany's Final Solution. Quisling was put on trial during the post-war legal purge in Norway and found guilty of charges including embezzlement, murder and high treason. He was executed by firing squad at Akershus Fortress, Oslo, on 24 October 1945. During World War II, quisling became a synonym for traitor.
  The son of a Church of Norway pastor, Quisling blended Christian fundamentals, scientific developments and philosophy into a new theory he called Universism. Before going into politics, he proved himself in the military, joining the General Staff in 1911 and specialising in Russian affairs. He was posted to Russia in 1918, and worked with Fridtjof Nansen during the 1921 famine in the Ukraine, returning to Russia to work with Frederik Prytz in Moscow. When Prytz left in 1927, Quisling stayed on as the Norwegian diplomat responsible for managing British diplomatic affairs. For these services he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) by King George V, though the honour was later rescinded. He returned to Norway in 1929, and served as Minister of Defence during the Agrarian governments (1931–33). Although Quisling achieved some popularity after his attacks on the political left, his party never polled well and was little more than peripheral at the time of his 1940 coup.
  
  wn.com/Vidkun_Quisling
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  Vincent Siew
  Vincent C. Siew (Siew Wan-chang) (traditional Chinese: 蕭萬長; simplified Chinese: 萧万长; pinyin: Xiāo Wàncháng; Wade–Giles: Hsiao Wan-ch'ang; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Siau Bān-tióng) (born 3 January 1939) was the Vice President of the Republic of China from 2008 to 2012. He was the first Taiwanese-born Premier of the Republic of China and former vice-chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT).
  Born in Chiayi City in the then Japanese colony of Taiwan, Siew graduated from the Department of Diplomacy at National Chengchi University in 1961, and received a master's degree from the Graduate Institute of International Law and Diplomacy at National Chengchi University in 1965. Although he was accepted to Harvard University, Siew chose to remain in Taiwan heeding his mother's wishes.
  He worked at the ROC's Consulate General in Kuala Lumpur from 1966 to 1972. He was named to the Central Committee of the Kuomintang in 1988. He was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs from 1990 to 1993. As Chairman for Economic Planning Development, he represented President Lee Teng-hui, who was forbidden to attend personally, at the 1993 and 1994 annual APEC leaders' summits.
  
  wn.com/Vincent_Siew
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  Wang Jingwei
  Wang Jingwei (4 May 1883 – 10 November 1944), alternate name Wang Zhaoming, was a Chinese politician. He was initially known as a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT), but later became increasingly anti-Communist after his efforts to collaborate with the CCP ended in political failure. His politics veered sharply to the right later in his career, after he joined the Japanese.
  A close associate of Sun Yat-sen, Wang is most noted for disagreements with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and for his formation of a Japanese-supported collaborationist government in Nanjing. For this role he has often been labeled as a Hanjian. His name in mainland China is also now a term used to refer to a traitor, similar to "Benedict Arnold" for Americans or "Quisling" for Norwegians.
  Born in Sanshui, Guangdong, but of Zhejiang origin, Wang went to Japan as an international student sponsored by the Qing Dynasty government in 1903, and joined the Tongmenghui in 1905. As a young man, Wang came to blame the Qing dynasty for holding China back, and making it too weak to fight off exploitation by Western imperialist powers. While in Japan, Wang became a close confidant of Sun Yat-sen, and would later go on to become one of the most important members of the early Kuomintang.
  
  wn.com/Wang_Jingwei
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  Wang Shizhen
  Wang Shizhen (Chinese: 王士珍; 1861–1930) was a Chinese general and politician of the Republic of China.
  Wang was born in Zhengding, Hebei in 1861. He was the Minister of War in the Republic of China three times, 1915–1916 and twice in 1917. He was the Premier of China from 1917 to 1918.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Wang_Shizhen
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  Weng Wenhao
  Weng Wenhao (Simplified Chinese:翁文灏; Traditional Chinese:翁文灝; pinyin:Wēng Wénhào) (1889 – 27 January 1971) was a Chinese geologist, educator, and paramount politician.
  He was one of the earliest modern Chinese geologists, and is regarded as the founder of modern Chinese geology and the father of modern Chinese oil industry in many literature.
  From May to Nov. 1948, Weng served as the President of the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China. The position is most commonly referred to as prime minister or premier.
  He was born in 1889 in Cixi (town), Ningbo (city), Zhejiang Province in late Qing Dynasty, and his courtesy name was Yongni (咏霓). His father was a locally-famous businessman.
  In 1902, he was only a 13-year old boy but won the title of "skillful writer" (秀才) in the Imperial Examination. Later, he went to Shanghai and then entered a French-speaking Catholic school there.
  He obtained his doctor's degree on geology from the Catholic University of Leuven, Flanders, Belgium, in 1912. He was the first Chinese who held the western doctor's degree in geology.
  
  wn.com/Weng_Wenhao
• Wikipedia Persondata
  wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata
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  Wu Tingfang
  Wu Tingfang (* 1842 in Singapore, † 23 June 1922) was a Chinese diplomat and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and briefly as Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China. He is also known under his Cantonese name Ng Choy
  Wu studied at the Anglican St. Paul's College, in Hong Kong where he learned to read and write English. After serving as an interpreter in the Magistrate's Court from 1861 to 1874, marrying Ho Miu-ling (sister of Sir Kai Ho) in 1864, he studied law in England at University College London and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn (1876). Wu became the first ethnically Chinese barrister in history. After being called to the bar in England, he returned in 1877 to practise law in Hong Kong. Later, Wu became the first ethnically Chinese Unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (appointed 1880).
  He served under the Qing Dynasty as Minister to the United States, Spain, and Peru from 1896 to 1902 and from 1907 to 1909. In this role he lectured widely about Chinese culture and history, in part working to counter discrimination against Chinese emigrants by increasing foreign appreciation of their background. To further this end, he published America, through the spectacles of an Oriental diplomat in English in 1914.
  
  wn.com/Wu_Tingfang
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  Xiong Xiling
  Xiong Xiling (Simplified Chinese: 熊希龄; Hanyu Pinyin: Xióng Xĩ Líng; 1870-1937), Premier of the Republic of China from July 1913 to February 1914.
  Born in Fenghuang, Xiangxi prefecture of Hunan, China Xiong was a Chinese scholar, reformist, politician and philanthropist of the late Qing Dynasty and the new Republic.
  On July 1913, Xiong was appointed by Yuan Shikai as the Premier and Finance Minister. However, after a few months the relationship between Xiong and Yuan began to deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance. On February 1914, Xiong resigned from the Premiership.
  After he left politics, Xiong involved in some education and charity institutions to help the unfortunates of Beijing and Shanghai. Xiong was in Shanghai helping the refugees during the Japanese's invasion. After the falls of Shanghai, he went to Hong Kong. He died in Hong Kong on December 1937.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Xiong_Xiling
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  Xu Shichang
  Xu Shichang (Chinese: 徐世昌; pinyin: Xú Shìchāng; Wade–Giles: Hsü Shih-ch'ang, Styled Ju-ren [菊人]) or (October 20, 1855-June 5, 1939) was President of the Republic of China (Beijing government) from October 10, 1918 to June 2, 1922.
  Xu's ancestral hometown was Yinxian County (current Yinzhou District), Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. Born in Weihui, Henan, he was Yuan Shikai's closest friend. He was at one time the Viceroy of Manchuria and at the end of the Qing dynasty he was made chief of the general staff despite being a civilian. He resigned as secretary of state (premier) in protest to Yuan's imperial ambition in late 1915. He resumed his post after Yuan abandoned monarchism.
  His election as president was largely engineered by Duan Qirui and his Anhui clique. He was chosen because he was a civilian yet had close ties to the Beiyang Army and was neutral to both its Zhili and Anhui cliques. Lacking any military power of his own, he had to play Duan, Zhili leader Cao Kun, and Fengtian leader Zhang Zuolin against each other to stay in power.
  
  wn.com/Xu_Shichang
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  Xu Shiying
  Xu Shiying (1873 - October 13, 1964) was a chinese politician.
  
  wn.com/Xu_Shiying
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  Yan Huiqing
  Yan Huiqing (Wade-Giles: Yen Hui-Ching, (also known as W.W. Yen) 顏惠慶 (1877-1950) was a Chinese writer, politician, and diplomat from Shanghai.
  A graduate of the University of Virginia, he taught the English language at Saint John's University, Shanghai in a short time after coming back from the United States and then went to Beijing to start his political career. It was in the US he became a Freemason.
  He served as premier five times and simultaneously as acting president on his last premiership in 1926. Wu Peifu handpicked him for the acting presidency to pave the way for Cao Kun's restoration but he was unable to take office due to Zhang Zuolin's objection. When Yan finally took his post, he immediately resigned and appointed navy minister Du Xigui as his successor.
  He was also China's first ambassador to the Soviet Union and he was a delegate in the League of Nations. During World War II, he translated and compiled Stories of Old China in Hong Kong while under Japanese house-arrest in 1942. He took his first plane trip in 1949 to Moscow in hopes of resolving the Chinese Civil War.
  
  wn.com/Yan_Huiqing
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  Yan Xishan
  Yan Xishan, (traditional Chinese: 閻錫山; simplified Chinese: 阎锡山; pinyin: Yán Xíshān; Wade–Giles: Yen Hsi-shan) (8 October 1883 – 22 July 1960) was a Chinese warlord who served in the government of the Republic of China. Yan effectively controlled the province of Shanxi from the 1911 Xinhai Revolution to the 1949 Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. As the leader of a relatively small, poor, remote province, Yan Xishan survived the machinations of Yuan Shikai, the Warlord Era, the Nationalist Era, the Japanese invasion of China, and the subsequent civil war, being forced from office only when the Nationalist armies with which he was aligned had completely lost control of the Chinese mainland, isolating Shanxi from any source of economic or military supply. Yan has been viewed by Western biographers as a transitional figure who advocated using Western technology to protect Chinese traditions, while at the same time reforming older political, social, and economic conditions in a way that paved the way for the radical changes that would occur after his rule.
  
  wn.com/Yan_Xishan
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  Yuan Shikai
  Yuan Shikai (courtesy Wèitíng 慰亭; pseudonym: Róng'ān 容庵, also named after birthplace Yuán Xiàngchéng 袁項城) (16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was an important Chinese general and politician, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China (following Sun Yatsen), and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chinese monarchy, with himself as the "Great Emperor of China."
  Yuan Shikai was born in the village of Zhangying (張營村), Xiangcheng County, Chenzhou Prefecture, Henan, though the clan later moved 16 kilometers southeast of Xiangcheng to a hilly area that was easier to defend. There the Yuans had built a fortified village, Yuanzhaicun (Chinese: 袁寨村; literally "the fortified village of the Yuan family").
  Yuan's family was affluent enough to provide Yuan with a traditional Confucian education. As a young man he enjoyed riding, boxing, and entertainment with friends. Though hoping to pursue a career in the civil service, he failed the Imperial examinations twice, leading him to decide an entry into politics through the Huai Army, where many of his relatives served. His career began by purchasing a minor official title in 1880, which was a common method of official promotion in the late Qing. Using his father's connections, Yuan travelled to Tengzhou, Shandong, and sought a post in the Qing Brigade. Yuan's first marriage was in 1876 to a woman of the Yu family who bore him a first son, Keding, in 1878. Yuan Shikai married nine further concubines throughout the course of his life.
  
  wn.com/Yuan_Shikai
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  Zhang Shaozeng
  Zhang Shaozeng (Chinese: 張紹曾, Wade-Giles Chang Shao-ts'eng) (1879-March 21, 1928) was a Beiyang Army general in charge of the 20th Division.
  He was born in Zhili province and graduated from a Japanese military academy in 1901. He was a known radical who advocated constitutional monarchy and supported Wu Luzhen's mutiny during the Xinhai Revolution. He became the Progressive Party boss of Tianjin.
  In 1912, he secured the loyalty of the Inner Mongolian tribes to Yuan Shikai. He broke with Yuan during the National Protection War and was one of the first to fight against Zhang Xun's attempt to restore the Qing dynasty in 1917.
  He became affiliated with Cao Kun's Zhili clique and ruled Rehe. He and Wu Peifu advocated the return of the original National Assembly. He served as Li Yuanhong's premier in 1923. He opposed Cao and Wu's plan to invade Guangdong to defeat Sun Yatsen's rival government, preferring to negotiate unification. His tenure as premier in the Beiyang government was marked by greed and self-glorification and he was forced to flee to the British legation in Tianjin after his resignation.
  
  wn.com/Zhang_Shaozeng
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  Zhang Xueliang
  Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang (3 June 1901,Haicheng County, Fengtian Province – 14 October 2001, Honolulu, Hawaii), occasionally called Peter Hsueh Liang Chang in English, nicknamed the Young Marshal (少帥), was the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of North China after the assassination of his father, Zhang Zuolin, by the Japanese on 4 June 1928. As an instigator of the Xi'an incident he spent over 50 years under house arrest, but is regarded by the People's Republic of China as a patriotic hero.
  Zhang was educated by private tutors and, unlike his father, felt at ease in the company of westerners. Zhang Xueliang graduated from Fengtian Military Academy, was made a Colonel in the Fengtian Army, and was appointed commander of his father's bodyguards in 1919. In 1921, he was sent to Japan to observe military maneuvers, where he developed a special interest in aircraft. Later, he developed an air corps for the Fengtian Army, which was widely used in the battles which took place within the Great Wall during the 1920s. In 1922, he was advanced to Major General and commanded an army-sized force, two years later he was also made commander of the air units. Upon the death of his father in 1928, he succeeded him as the strongest warlord in Manchuria. In December of the same year he proclaimed his allegiance to the Kuomintang (KMT).
  
  wn.com/Zhang_Xueliang
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  Zhao Bingjun
  Zhao Bingjun (赵秉钧) (1859-February 26, 1914) was the third premier of the Republic of China from 25 September 1912 to 1 May 1913. Zhao was previously a public security official during the Qing dynasty and became minister of the interior during the republic before becoming premier. He was directly implicated in the assassination of Song Jiaoren, the man most likely to be his successor. The murder was most likely ordered by the provisional president, Yuan Shikai, who was angry that Song wanted to fill the cabinet with Nationalists that will obstruct Yuan's policies. Zhao protested his and Yuan's innocence but resigned to protect Yuan's government. He was made governor of Zhili. Zhao was mysteriously poisoned in 1914, most likely by Yuan to prevent him from leaking more details of Song's death to the press.
  
  wn.com/Zhao_Bingjun
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  Zhou Fohai
  Zhou Fohai (Chinese: 周佛海; May 29, 1897 – February 28, 1948), Chinese politician, and second in command of Wang Jingwei's collaborationist Nanjing Nationalist Government Executive Yuan.
  Zhou was born in Hunan Province in the Empire of China, where his father was an official in the Qing Dynasty administration. After the Xinhai Revolution, he was sent to Japan for studies, attending the No. 7 Military Preparatory School (the predecessor of Kagoshima University), followed by Kyoto Imperial University. During his stay in Japan, he became attracted to Marxism, and on his return to China, became one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party. He attended the First Congress in Shanghai in July 1921, but quit the Communist Party in 1924 to join the Kuomintang. He was assigned as a secretary to the Public Relations Department of the central government, but maintained strong ties with the party’s leftist clique, headed by Wang Jingwei and Liao Zhongkai. He strongly opposed Chiang Kai-shek’s Northern Expedition and Chiang Kai-shek’s conduct of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
  
  wn.com/Zhou_Fohai
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  Zhou Ziqi
  Zhōu Zìqí (Wade-Giles Chou Tzu-ch'i) 周自齊 (1871–1923), was a Chinese politician in the late Qing dynasty and early republican period. He was a member of the Communications Clique.
  He was born in Guangzhou and spoke both Cantonese and Mandarin but he later moved back to his ancestral province of Shandong. He received higher education in the United States at Columbia University. Upon returning to China, he founded Tsinghua University for the purpose of preparing students (in English and science and math) to study in America, while he was in charge of sending students to study in America. He also served as president of the university in 1911.
  As the governor of Shandong Province, he supported Yuan Shikai to reverse China from a (people-governing) republic to an empire (monarch) because he believed that the Chinese people, with 98% illiteracy, were not ready to govern themselves. They could only be manipulated by politicians and bring instability and chaos to the country. He later held the following positions: President of Bank of China, Minister of Communication, Minister of Military, Minister of Finance, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, and the Inspector General of Salt.
  
  wn.com/Zhou_Ziqi

Ci sha Wang Jingwei (1988)

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