Look up Ilya in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ilya, Illya, Iliya, Ilja, or Ilia is the Slavic form of the male Hebrew name Eliyahu (Elijah), meaning "My god is He". It is pronounced with stress on the second syllable. The diminutive form is Ilyusha or Ilyushenka. The Russian patronymic for a son of Ilya is "Ilyich", and a daughter is "Ilyinichna".

Ilya is also a Kurdish name meaning great and glorious.

Places[link]

• Ilya, Belarus

Famous namesakes[link]

Real people[link]

• Ilya Averbukh, Russian ice dancer
• Ilja Bereznickas, Lithuanian animator, illustrator scriptwriter and caricaturist
• Ilya Bryzgalov, Russian ice hockey goalie for the Philadelphia Flyers
• Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer and Soviet cultural ambassador
• Ilya Ilf, Russian author of Twelve Chairs and the Golden Calf
• Ilya Kabakov, Russian-American conceptual artist of Jewish origin
• Ilya Kovalchuk, Russian ice hockey winger for the New Jersey Devils
• Ilia Kulik, Russian figure skater
• Elia Abu Madi, Lebanese-American poet
• Ilya Mechnikov, Russian Nobel Prize-winning microbiologist
• Ilya Prigogine, Nobel Prize-winning physicist
• Ilya Yefimovich Repin (1844–1930), Russian painter
• Ilya Salkind, movie producer
• Ilja Szrajbman, Polish swimmer
• Ilya Ulyanov, father of Soviet revolutionary Vladimir Lenin
• Ilja Ylikangas, Finnish film director, screenwriter
• Ilya Zhitomirskiy American/Russian founder of Diaspora

Mythical/Biblical figures[link]

• Ilya Muromets, Russian folk hero
• Elijah, a Hebrew prophet of the ninth century BC
• Elias, another name for the prophet Elias (St Ilya in Russian)
• Ali (Arabic, Persian ایلیا), cousin, son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the first Imam of shias. (There is a quote from Imam Ali "I'm called Elia among jews, Ilya among christians, Ali for my father, and Heydar for my mother"),^[1][2]

Fictional characters[link]

• Ilya Pasternak, fictional character from the video game Ace Combat 6: Fires of Liberation
• Illya Kuryakin, a main character in the TV show The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
• Ilya Tretiak, a character in the 1997 film The Saint
• Ilya in the book Letters from Rifka
• Ilya Afanasyevich Shamrayev, a character in Anton Chekhov's The Seagull
• Ilya Stepanovich Igolkin, a character in Vladimir Obruchev's Plutonia
• Ilia, daughter of King Priam of Troy, in Mozart's opera Idomeneo
• Ilya Prakenskii, seventh son of a seventh son and husband of Joley Drake, in Christine Feehan's Turbulent Sea

Music[link]

• Ilya (Bristol band), from Bristol
• Ilya (San Diego band)
• "Ilya", a song by Martina Topley-Bird from Quixotic
• Ilya Kaler, violinist
• Ilya Grubert, violinist
• Ilya Lagutenko, lead singer of the Russian rock band Mumiy Troll
• Ilya Petrov, Ceremonial Perfection band, bass guitarist

References[link]

Related[link]

• Branch, in East African languages
• "There is" (il y a), in French
• "Irya" (Powerful, Energy, Glorious, Sun), in Sanskrit

See also[link]

• Elia
• Ilias (disambiguation)
• Ilyin
• Ilyinka
• Ilyinsky (disambiguation)
• Ilyino

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia. (February 2009) Don't speak German? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the German article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|de|Paul Ehrlich}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich
Born	14 March 1854 (1854-03-14) Strehlen, Lower Silesia, German Kingdom of Prussia
Died	20 August 1915 (1915-08-21) (aged 61) Bad Homburg, Hesse, Germany
Citizenship	Germany
Fields	Immunology
Known for	Autoimmunity
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908)

 Paul Ehrlich (help·info) (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and a Nobel laureate. He is noted for discovering the syphilis treatment salvarsan, the first drug targeted against a specific pathogen; and for his research in autoimmunity, calling it "horror autotoxicus". He coined the term chemotherapy and popularized the concept of a magic bullet.

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Paul Ehrlich was born into a Jewish family in Strehlen, in the German Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Silesia (now in Poland). As a schoolboy (inspired by his cousin Karl Weigert who owned one of the first microtomes), he became fascinated by the process of staining microscopic tissue substances. He kept that interest during his studies at the universities of Breslau, Straßburg, Freiburg im Breisgau and Leipzig.

Research[link]

In his dissertation at the University of Leipzig, he picked up the topic again ("Contributions to the Theory and Practice of Histological Staining", Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der histologischen Färbung). He married Hedwig Pinkus (then aged 19) in 1883. The couple had two daughters, named Stephanie and Marianne. After his clinical education and habilitation ("The Need of the Organism for Oxygen", Das Sauerstoffbedürfnis des Organismus) at the Charité in Berlin in 1886, he received a call from Robert Koch to join the Institute of Infectious Diseases in Berlin (1891).

Ehrlich spent two years in Egypt, recovering from tuberculosis. Thereafter he worked with his friend Emil Adolf von Behring on the development of a diphtheria serum. The serum was successfully used during an epidemic in Germany. Ehrlich skillfully transformed diphtheria antitoxin into an effective preparation, his first world-renown achievement. However, von Behring cheated Ehrlich out of both recognition and financial reward. Only von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in Medicine, in 1901, for contributions in research of diphtheria.^[1]

Dr Paul Ehrlich & Dr Sahachiro Hata

These works inspired Ehrlich's famous side-chain theory (Seitenkettentheorie) from 1897. This theory explained the effects of serum and enabled measurement of the amount of antigen. In 1896 Ehrlich became the director of the newly founded Institute of Serum Research and Examination (Institut für Serumforschung und Serumprüfung) in Steglitz (Berlin). In 1899 the institute was moved to Frankfurt (Main) and extended into the Royal Institute of Experimental Therapy (Institut für experimentelle Therapie). Here Ehrlich researched chemotherapy and infectious diseases. In 1904 Ehrlich became honorary professor of the University of Göttingen.^[2]

Ehrlich received the Nobel Prize for Medicine together with Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov in 1908.^[3] In 1906 he discovered the structural formula of atoxyl, a chemical compound which had been shown to be able to treat sleeping sickness. Following this discovery, he tried to create a less toxic version of the medicament. In 1909 he and his student Sahachiro Hata developed Salvarsan, a treatment effective against syphilis. Discovered in the fall of 1909, Salvarsan was in clinical use by 1910. Salvarsan proved to be amazingly effective, particularly when compared with the conventional therapy of mercury salts. Manufactured by Hoechst AG, Salvarsan became the most widely prescribed drug in the world. It was the most effective drug for treating syphilis until penicillin became available in the 1940s.^[3][4] Ehrlich's work illuminated the existence of the blood–brain barrier.

Personal life[link]

Ehrlich's daughter Marianne was married to the great German-Jewish mathematician Edmund Landau. Ehrlich died of a stroke in Bad Homburg in 1915, age 61. He is buried in the Jewish cemetery on Rat-Beil-Straße in Frankfurt am Main.^[5]

Magic bullet[link]

The concept of a "magic bullet" drug comes from the experience of 19th century German chemists with selectively staining tissues for histological examination, and in particular, selectively staining bacteria (Ehrlich was an exceptionally gifted histological chemist, and invented the precursor technique to Gram staining bacteria). Ehrlich reasoned that if a compound could be made that selectively targeted a disease-causing organism, then a toxin for that organism could be delivered along with the agent of selectivity. Hence, a "magic bullet" would be created that killed only the organism targeted.

A problem with the use of the magic bullet concept as it emerged from its histological roots is that people confused the dye with the agent of tissue selectivity and antibiotic activity. Prontosil, a sulfa drug whose active component is sulfanilamide, is a classic example of the fact that color is not essential to antibacterial activity.

The concept of a "magic bullet" was to some extent realized by the invention of monoclonal antibodies as they provide a very specific binding affinity.

The name "magic bullet" was used in the 1940 movie Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet, which depicts his life and focuses on Salvarsan (arsphenamine, "compound 606"), his cure for syphilis.

Legacy[link]

1996 series 200 Deutsche Mark banknote

The German Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines (Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, abbreviated PEI) is named after Paul Ehrlich.^[6]

See also[link]

• Ehrlich's reagent
• German inventors and discoverers
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References[link]

This article incorporates information from the equivalent article on the German Wikipedia.

External links[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Ehrlich, Paul.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paul Ehrlich

• Nobel Museum: Biography of Paul Ehrlich
• Paul Ehrlich, pharmaceutical achiever
• Paul Ehrlich's publications (ordered chronologically, as full-text PDF)
• Film Annotations Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet
• Bernhard Witkop (1999) Paul Ehrlich and His Magic Bullets—Revisited Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 143:4 p. 540–557.