This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011)

This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject History may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2011)

Horology (from Greek: ὥρα, "hour, time" and Greek: λόγος, logos, "study, speech"; lit. the study of time) is the art or science of measuring time. Clocks, watches, clockwork, sundials, clepsydras, timers, time recorders and marine chronometers are all examples of instruments used to measure time.

People interested in horology are called horologists. That term is used both by people who deal professionally with timekeeping apparatus (watchmakers, clockmakers), as well as aficionados and scholars of horology. Horology and horologists have numerous organizations, both professional associations and more scholarly societies.

Horological museums and libraries[link]

Horology has a long history^{[chronology citation needed]} and there are many museums and several specialized libraries devoted to the subject. An example is the Royal Greenwich Observatory, which is also the source of the Prime Meridian (longitude 0° 0' 0"), and the home of the first marine timekeepers accurate enough to determine longitude (made by John Harrison). Other horological museums in the London area include the Clockmakers' Museum, and the horological collections at the British Museum, the Science Museum (London) and at the Wallace Collection.

One of the more comprehensive museums dedicated to horology is the Musée international d'horlogerie in La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland). The Musée d'Horlogerie du Locle is a bit smaller but located nearby. One of the better horological museums in Germany is the Deutsches Uhrenmuseum. The two leading specialised horological museums in North America are the National Watch and Clock Museum in Columbia, Pennsylvania, and the American Clock and Watch Museum in Bristol, Connecticut.

An example of a museum devoted to one particular type of clock is the Cuckooland Museum, in the U. K., which hosts the world's largest collection of antique cuckoo clocks.

One of the most comprehensive horological libraries open to the public is the National Watch and Clock Library in Columbia, PA (USA). Other good horological libraries providing public access are at the Musée international d'horlogerie in Switzerland, at the Deutsches Uhrenmuseum in Germany, and at the Guildhall Library in London.

Horological organizations[link]

The leading scholarly horological organizations are:

• American Watchmakers-Clockmakers Institute - AWCI (United States of America)
• Antiquarian Horological Society - AHS (United Kingdom)
• Association Française des Amateurs d'Horlogerie Ancienne - AFAHA (France)
• British Horological Institute - BHI (United Kingdom)
• Chronometrophilia (Switzerland)
• Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie - DGC (Germany)
• HORA Associazione Italiana Cultori di Orologeria Antica (Italy)
• National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors - NAWCC (United States of America)
• American Watch Guild - AWG

World Exhibitions[link]

• BaselWorld
• Geneva Time Exhibition ^[1]
• Salon International de la Haute Horlogerie (SIHH) ^[2]

List of horological terms[link]

See also[link]

• Hora (astrology)
• List of clock manufacturers
• System time
• WatchTime Magazine

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Berner, G.A., Illustrated Professional Dictionary of Horology, Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH 1961 - 2012

External links[link]

Look up horology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• American Watchmakers-Clockmakers Institute
• BHI - The British Horological Institute
• Tendance Horlogerie: Watches Portal in french and english versions
• Horological Portal
• Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH
• Musée d'horlogerie du Locle (Château des Monts)
• Musée International d'Horlogerie
• NAWCC: National Association of Watch & Clocks Collectors (USA)
• Horology Patents
• A Rudimentary Treatise on Clocks, Watches and Bells by Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe, 1903, from project Gutenberg
• Application horlogère

v t e Time Major concepts Time Eternity Arguments for eternity Immortality History Past Present Future Futures studies Deep time Time Portal Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Second Minute Hour Sidereal time Solar time Time zone Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Clock Astrarium History of timekeeping devices Horology Marine chronometer Sundial Water clock Calendar Day Week Month Year Tropical year Gregorian Islamic Julian Intercalation Leap second Leap year Chronology Astronomical chronology Calendar era Chronicle Dating methodologies Geochronology Geologic Time Geological history Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion and mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Philosophy A-series and B-series B-Theory of time Causality Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Physical sciences Time in physics Absolute time and space Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Planck epoch Planck time Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain T-symmetry Biology Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Psychology Mental chronometry Sense of time Specious present Sociology and anthropology Long Now Foundation Time discipline Time use research Economics Time value of money Time-based currency Time Banking Related topics Carpe diem Duration Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time signature Time travel

Steven Richardson
Personal information
Full name	Steven Richardson
Born	(1966-07-24) 24 July 1966 (age 45) Windsor, Berkshire, England
Height	6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight	210 lb (95 kg; 15 st)
Nationality	England
Residence	Havant, Hampshire, England
Career
Turned professional	1989
Former tour(s)	European Tour
Professional wins	3
Number of wins by tour
European Tour	3
Best results in Major Championships
Masters Tournament	T31: 1992
U.S. Open	T58: 1994
The Open Championship	T32: 1991
PGA Championship	T5: 1991

Steven Richardson (born 24 July 1966) is an English professional golfer.

Richardson was born in Windsor, Berkshire. He won the English Amateur in 1989 and turned professional later that year. He made a strong start to his professional career, finishing in 29th place on the European Tour Order of Merit in his rookie season. The following year he won the Girona Open and the Portuguese Open, tied for 5th in the USPGA Championship, and finished second on the Order of Merit to Seve Ballesteros. He also ended the 1992 and 1993 seasons inside the top 20 on the money list, while picking up his third career victory in the Mercedes German Masters.

However Richardson's form began to decline, as he slipped outside the top 50 on the European Tour Order of Merit in 1994. He fell outside the top 100 two years later, and had to visit qualifying school in 1998, 1999 and 2000 to regain his tour card. He finally lost his place on the European Tour at the end of 2001 having failed to come through the qualifying school by a single shot.^[1] He revisited qualifying the following year, but was again unsuccessful.^[2]

Richardson was a member of Europe's losing Ryder Cup team in 1991. He won two points in partnership with Mark James but lost his singles match to Corey Pavin. In 1992 he was a member of the winning English team at the Alfred Dunhill Cup.

Amateur wins[link]

• 1989 English Amateur Championship

Professional wins[link]

European Tour wins (3)[link]

No.	Date	Tournament	Winning score	Margin of victory	Runner-up
1	24 Feb 1991	Girona Open	–16 (71-64-67-70=272)	2 strokes	Miguel Ángel Jiménez
2	Mar 24 1991	Portuguese Open	–5 (71-67-71-74=283)	3 strokes	Vicente Fernández
3	3 Oct 1993	Mercedes German Masters	–17 (67-66-70-68=271)	2 strokes	Robert Karlsson

Results in major championships[link]

DNP = Did not play
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.

Professional team appearances[link]

• Ryder Cup: (representing Europe) 1991
• Alfred Dunhill Cup: (representing England) 1991, 1992 (winning team)
• World Cup: (representing England) 1991, 1992
• Four Tours World Championship: 1991 (winning team)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Steven Richardson at the European Tour official site

v t e European Ryder Cup team – 1991 Seve Ballesteros · Paul Broadhurst · Nick Faldo · David Feherty · David Gilford · Mark James · Bernhard Langer · Colin Montgomerie · José María Olazábal · Steven Richardson · Sam Torrance · Ian Woosnam Bernard Gallacher (non-playing captain) Lost: 13.5 – 14.5

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since February 2011. It is an autobiography, or has been extensively edited by the subject or an institution related to the subject, and may not conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. Tagged since February 2011. It may have been edited by a contributor who has a close connection with its subject. Tagged since February 2011. It is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Tagged since February 2011. It may contain original research. Tagged since February 2011. It has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Tagged since February 2011.

Franck Muller (born July 1958) is a noted Swiss watchmaker and the company of the same name. The brand of watches carries the slogan "Master of Complications". Franck Muller's watches are worn by various celebrities, among them Demi Moore,^[1] Robin Williams, Elton John, 50 Cent, and José Mourinho. Franck Muller timepieces are famous for their fusion of "modern" style, mostly inspired by American watches from the thirties, like "Elgin tonneau", and traditional Swiss watch manufacturing. The president of the company is Franck Muller himself. He claims to design the mechanism of every watch by himself.

Biography[link]

Franck Muller was born in 1958. He spent his childhood in La Chaux-de-Fonds with his Italian mother and Swiss-born father. When 15, he enrolled in a watchmaking school. In the early 1980s, he graduated from the Watchmaking School of Geneva (French: Ecole d'Horlogerie de Genève). Afterwards he began repairing top-quality pocket watches. Close to an independent watchmaker by the name of Svend Andersen, Franck Muller became responsible for handling watches from the collection of Patek Philippe. Most of the clientele were private individuals and museums. While he was working with complicated timepieces, he became passionate about their mechanisms and began to think of building his own workshop.

Business[link]

Soon after, in 1984, Franck Muller designed his own tourbillon wristwatch.^[2] In the 1980s, few watchmakers were capable of creating such complicated timepieces, among them Patek Philippe and Vacheron Constantin. The private clients of Franck Muller continued to come for new timepieces, and thus his business started growing. The House of Franck Muller opened in 1991,^[3] and his ultra complicated timepieces instantly became famous in Europe and the United States. Today, his factory, which is also the headquarters of Franck Muller, produces a limited number of watches for private clientele. Franck Muller's collections include a variety of designs and price ranges. Now the company has five sites (Genthod, Lajoux, Les Bois, Plan-les-Ouates, Meyrin).

World premieres[link]

Franck Muller is also known for its "World Premiers". Each year, the manufacturer launches at least one new line of timepieces, featuring something special and exclusive, that has never seen before in the watchmaking industry. The first such world premiere was launched in 1993. The watches had split seconds chronograph, minute repeater, and a perpetual calendar. In addition, the watches included an indicator showing the internal temperature. Many of the world premieres from Franck Muller are patented. All his watches are mechanical, having either a manual or self-winding movements. Some of their watches use movements based on standard ETA calibers.

Notable products[link]

Notable timepieces include Revolution2, Revolution3, Crazy Hours and Colour Dreams. Further examples of Franck Muller's watches include the Endurance, which is a simple chronograph, the Master Banker, which is a tonneau-shaped watch capable of multiple time zone indication, and the Curvex Minute Repeater Tourbillon, whose production is limited to 25 pieces.

• Aeternitas
• Revolution2
• Revolution3
• Curvex
• Crazy Hours
• Color Dreams
• Casablanca
• Conquistador

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Official US website
• Official UK website
• Official Japanese website
• Interview with Franck Muller
• Franck Muller designer profile at Fashion Model Directory

v t e Purveyors to the Russian Imperial Family Ararat · Breguet · Chichelev · Chopard · Cristal · F. Meltzer & Co. · Farina gegenüber · Franck Muller · Gus-Khrustalny Crystal Factory · House of Fabergé · Imperial Porcelain Factory · Khlebnikov · Mikimoto Kōkichi · Ovchinnikov · Patek Philippe & Co. · Sazikoff · Shustov & Sons · Smirnoff · Steinway & Sons · Stepan Razin Brewery · Tiffany & Co. Category