Parameswara
1st Ruler of Malacca
An artist's impression of Parameswara, who ruled Singapore in the 1390s.
Reign	Temasek: c.1399–1401, Malacca Sultanate: c. 1400–1414
Titles	Prince of Srivijaya, Raja of Temasek
Born	1344
Died	1414 (aged 71)
Place of death	Malacca, Sultanate of Malacca
Buried	Disputed
Predecessor	Paduka Seri Rana Wira Kerma, Raja of Temasek
Successor	Megat Iskandar Shah (Sultan of Malacca)
Offspring	Megat Iskandar Shah (Sultan of Malacca)
Royal House	Srivijaya
Father	Paduka Seri Rana Wira Kerma, Raja of Temasek

Parameswara (1344–1414), also called Iskandar Shah (Jawi: إسكندر شه ) or Sri Majara, was a Malay–Hindu prince from Temasek (modern-day Singapore) who founded the Malacca Sultanate around 1402.

Etymology[link]

The name Parameswara is derived from the Sanskrit word Parameśhvara, a Hindu concept literally meaning the "Supreme Lord". The word "parama" meaning "the supreme" is added to Ishvara to intensify the title of God. Parameśhvara is also one of the names of Lord Shiva. The name is believed to be a small part of a longer regnal title which was something common among Malay royals until present day. Apart from Parameswara the founder of Malacca, there were two other rulers from the same lineage that use Parameswara in their regnal title, they are Sang Nila Utama, the founder of ancient Singapura (titled "Sri Maharaja Sang Utama Parameswara Batara Sri Tri Buana") and Abu Syahid Shah, the fourth Sultan of Malacca (titled "Raja Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah").

Life[link]

• 1344: Born as Dharmaraja (Desia Raja), a prince of Paduka Sri Rana Wira Kerma, Raja of Singapura (1386–1399). His mother was a daughter of Tun Perpatih Permuka Berjayar, Bendahara of Singapura.^[1]
• 1399: Succeeded his father and officially styled as Paduka Sri Maharaja Parameswara, Raja of Singapura.
• 1401: Expelled from Singapura
• 1402: Founded Malacca
• 1405: Visited the Ming Emperor
• 1409: Married Pasai's princess, Sultanate of Malacca founded.
• 1411: Visited the Ming Emperor
• 1414: Died at the age of 69 or 70.

Discovery of Malacca[link]

In the 14th century, Srivijaya was losing its influence and faced threats from various corners of the Maritime Southeast Asia. The Majapahit empire, centered in Java, was expanding its borders beyond Java. The Srivijayan empire had previously controlled parts of Java but it was driven out of in 1290 by the increasingly powerful Singhasari, a predecessor to Majapahit. He later attacked the Srivijaya palace in the Malayu. As a result, Srivijaya had to move its court from Palembang, on the bank of Musi River in southern Sumatra, to Malayu (now Jambi province) on Batang Hari River bank. Although the royal court had moved to Malayu, Palembang remained an important imperial city. Some time in the later half of the 14th century, Singhasari sent its navy towards Palembang and Malayu, thus conquering the cities. This invasion ended the 1000-year old empire.^{[citation needed]}

According to the Malay Annals, after the sacking of Palembang, the descendants of the Srivijaya ruling house took refuge on the island of Bintan. Although the empire had been destroyed and its capital sacked, Malay and Orang Laut populations inhabiting the surrounding islands and the Malay peninsula remained loyal to the Srivijayan royals. In 1324, a Srivijayan prince, Sang Nila Utama removed himself from Bintan to Temasek where he defeated and killed the Ayuthaya-appointed local ruler, Temagi.^[2]

Sang Nila Utama later founded Singapura Lama: Old Lion Island. He maintained control over the island for 48 years and recognized as ruler by an envoy of the Chinese Emperor in 1366. He was officially styled Sri Maharaja Sang Utama Parameswara Batara Sri Tri Buana (meaning: "Lord Central King Batara of "Sri Tri Buana" 'Three world Realm'" signifying Lordship over Palembang, Bintan and Singapura).^[2]

Sang Nila Utama was succeeded by son Paduka Sri Pekerma Wira Diraja (1372–1386) who was in turn succeeded by grandson, Paduka Seri Rana Wira Kerma (1386–1399). In 1401, his great grandson, Paduka Sri Maharaja Parameswara fled from Singapura after a retaliatory invasion by Majapahit.^[2]

Parameswara fled north to found a new settlement. At Muar, Parameswara contemplated establishing his new kingdom at either Biawak Busuk or at Kota Buruk. Finding that the Muar location was not suitable, he continued northwards. Along the way, he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (former name of present day Sungai Ujong) before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (former name of the Malacca River). This evolved over time to become the location of modern day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, it was here that he witnessed a small white mouse deer outwitting his hunting dog while resting under an Indian gooseberry tree. He took this as a good omen and decided there to establish a kingdom called Malacca, building and improving facilities for the purpose of trade. More credible accounts argue the name "Malacca" was a local folk-adaptation of the Arabic word 'mulaqa' meaning 'meeting place': which the port of Malacca indeed was.^{[citation needed]}

The Sultanate of Malacca ultimately succeeded Srivijaya as the next most important Malay political entity of the Maritime Southeast Asia.^[3][4]

Marriage[link]

It was generally believed that in the year 1409 he married princess of Pasai and he adopted the Persian title Iskandar Shah after his son's conversion to the faith.^[5]

Supposed conversion to Islam[link]

Parameswara's conversion to Islam was unclear so far with no evidence as to whether Parameswara had actually converted. According to a theory by Sabri Zain [1], Parameswara became a Muslim when he married a Princesss of Pasai and he took the fashionable Persian title "Shah", calling himself Iskandar Shah. There are also references that indicate that some members of the ruling class and the merchant community residing in Malacca were already Muslims. The Chinese chronicles mention that in 1414, the son of the first ruler of Malacca visited Ming to inform them that his father had died. Parameswara's son was then officially recognised as the second ruler of Malacca by the Chinese Emperor and styled Raja Sri Rama Vikrama, Raja of Parameswara of Temasik and Melaka, and he ruled Malacca from 1414 to 1424. [2] [3]

Death[link]

In 1414, Parameswara died at age 70. It is generally believed that he was buried on top of a hill at Tanjung Tuan (also known as Cape Rachado) , near Port Dickson or either Fort Canning in Singapore. A symbolic Muslim grave exists near Fort Canning. If he had remained a Hindu, it is also likely that his body was cremated in accordance to Hindu rites which would explain the missing grave. Parameswara was succeeded by his son, Megat Iskandar Shah who in turn ruled Malacca until 1424.

Successor[link]

The Malays refer to the third ruler of Malacca as Raja Tengah (or Radin Tengah) with the title Seri Maharaja but according to the Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals), he then embraced Islam and took the title Muhammad Shah. Scholars believe it could have been due to him marrying a Tamil Muslim wife. On his death, he was succeeded by the son of a princess coming from Rokan: Raja Ibrahim.

Hindu-Malay and Tamil-Muslim conflict[link]

During the time of Raja Ibrahim, tension occurred in Melaka between the growing Tamil Muslim community and the traditional Hindu Malay because Raja Ibrahim only has islamic name but did not embraced the new religion but instead adopted the traditional Hindu title Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah. As a result, Raja Ibrahim ruled for less than seventeen months and he was stabbed to death in a palace coup de dat by Raja Kasim who was exiled earlier by Raja Ibrahim.

Raja Ibrahim's elder half-brother, Raja Kasim, by a Tamil Muslim mother, assumed the throne and taking on the Islamic title Sultan Mudzafar Shah. This signalled a new era for the Melaka Sultanate sealing the fate of Hindus and Hinduism. [4]

Foreign relations and tribute to Ming Dynasty[link]

The relation with Ming China started in the early 15th century [5] when Parameśwara embarked on several voyages to visit the Yǒnglè Emperor Yǒnglè (Chinese: 永樂)(Wade-Giles Yung-lo) Zhū Dì 朱棣. In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy lead by Admiral Yǐn Qìng 尹慶 (Wade-Giles:Yin Ch'ing) arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameśwara was escorted by Zhèng Hé 郑和, (Wade-Giles: Cheng Ho) and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with Ming granted protection to Malacca against attacks from Siam and Majapahit and Malacca officially submitted as a protectorate of Ming China. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and India, Middle East, Africa and Europe.

In 1411, Parameswara and his wife together with 540 officials from Malacca went to China to pay homage to the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424). Upon arriving, a grand welcoming ceremony was held with sacrification of animals. The historical meeting between Parameswara and Yongle was recorded accurately in the Ming chronicle. The Geoff Wade translations: [6]

Tributes that Malacca paid to Ming included: agate, carnelian, pearl, hawksbill, coral, crane beak, golden female crane beak, suit, white cloth, Western fabric, Sa-ha-la, rhino horn, ivory, black bear, black ape, white muntjac, turkey, parrot, pian-nao, rosebush dew, su-he oil, gardenia flower, wu-ye-ni, aromatic wood, incense sticks, gold silver incense sticks.

Parameswara's trading port[link]

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Melaka grew into an international trading port and heralded the golden age of Nusantara. 80 languages were reportedly spoken in Malacca. Malacca became an important port in the far east during the 16th century. It became so rich that the Portuguese writer and trader Tome Pires said "Whoever is lord of Malacca shall have his hands on the throat of Venice.".^{[citation needed]}

Parameswara Maharaja of Malacca (as a prosperous international port) changed the entire Maritime Southeast Asia. Its success was admired by kings from neighbouring kingdoms. Melaka's dominance in the region also influenced the spread of Islam in the Maritime Southeast Asia. In 1447, Kertawijaya became King of Majapahit and converted to Islam on the advice of his wife, Darawati, a princess of Champa. The nephew of Kertawijaya, Sunan Ampel works to spread Islam around Surabaya, and around the same time, Palembang converted to Islam. In 1459, Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca sent Tun Perak to conquer Kedah and Pahang. Pahang became an Islamic sultanate under Malacca. In 1470, Dai-Viet captured Vijaya, the capital of Champa, killing 60,000 Cham and caused a mass Cham emigration to Malacca and Cambodia. The Islamic Kingdom of Demak was founded in 1478 by Raden Patah, son of King Kertawijaya and his Champa wife. An Islamic Sultanate was founded at Cirebon in Sunda too.^{[citation needed]}

Sources[link]

1. Sejarah Melayu a Malay literature written by Tun Sri Lanang in 1621. (see Sang Nila Utama)
2. Suma Oriental written by Portuguese Tom Pires during the conquering of Melaka in early 16th century.
3. The Ming Shi-lu [7] (Chinese: 明實錄) also known as the Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty, has a comprehensive 150 records or more on Parameswara (Bai-li-mi-su-la 拜里迷蘇剌) and Melaka. The massive translation work was contributed by Dr.Geoff Wade, a senior researcher in the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. [8]

Ming Shi-lu:

• 28 Oct 1403: eunuch Yǐn Qìng 尹慶 was sent to Melaka [9]
• 3 Oct 1405: Bai-li-mi-su-la, the native ruler of the country of Melaka followed the Imperial envoy Yin Qing and visit the Ming court to offer tribute. [10]
• 16 Feb 1409: envoy A-bu-la Jia-xin 阿卜剌賈信 sent by Bai-li-mi-su-la visit Ming court and offered tribute of local products...[11]
• 4 Aug 1411: Bai-li-mi-su-la, on banquet in reward him on visit to Ming court. [12]
• 14 Aug 1411: Bai-li-mi-su-la, and his wife, children and attendant ministers, a total of over 540 persons, visit Ming Court. [13]
• 17 Aug 1411: banquet was conferred upon Bai-li-mi-su-la and his consort Bā-ér-mí-sū-lǐ 八兒迷蘇里 and others in the Interpreters Institute. [14]
• 5 Oct 1414: son of the king of the country of Melaka, Mǔ-gàn Sā-yúgān-dí ér Shā 母幹撒于干的兒沙 visit Ming court and memorialized that his father Bai-li-mi-su-la had died. And the Imperially commanded that Mǔ-gàn Sā-yúgān-dí ér Shā should inherit his father's title as king. [15]

Unsourced information[link]

Coming from the unpublished Palembang royal records, Parameswara (1344–1414) whose full title was Paduka Sri Maharaja, Raja Parameswara of Temasik. He was called Desa Raja at birth and was the son of Paduka Sri Maharaja Vikramavira, Raja of Temasik. He was officially styled Raja Kecil Besar Paduka Sri Pekerma Di Raja and was a Hindu Malay prince-consort whose family originally hailed from the Palembang district of Srivijaya Empire. Parameswara supposedly formally settled on a hill in the Malacca town area around 1402.

The early rulers of Melaka always bestowed the title of Raja Parameswara of Temasik on their eldest sons who usually went on to become the Raja Parameswara (later Sultans) of Melaka.^{[specify][citation needed]}

[edit] Controversy

The historical Malay literary work Sejarah Melayu written 5 centuries ago has sparked controversy by claiming that Parameswara was a descendant of Raja Iskandar Dhul-Qarnayn (Iskandar of the two horns).

The story of Dhul-Qarnayn can be found in the Muslim's holy book of Qur'an. Dhul-Qarnayn appears in sixteen verses of the Qur'an, specifically in verses 18:83–98.

The real identity of Dhul-Qarnayn has become a matter of great controversy in modern times. Most western scholars held the belief that Dhul-Qarnayn was the Macedonian King, Alexander the Great (336–323 BC). However, the prominent contemporary theory reveals that the Dhul-Qarnayn mentioned in the Qur'an was none other than Cyrus the Great of Achaemenid Persia (559–530 BC).^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

• Strait of Malacca
• Orang Laut
• Moken
• Hang Tuah

References[link]

Other references[link]

• The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages & Literature, edited by Prof. Dato' Dr Asmah Haji Omar (2004) ISBN 981-3018-52-6

External links[link]

• The history of spices is the history of trade
• Parameswara at Sejarah Melayu
• Malacca Genealogy by Christopher Buyers
• Beyond the Monsoon
• Genealogy of Malacca Sultanate
• The Travels Of Marco Polo
• The Golden Chersonese and The Way Thither. Isabella L. Bird
• Parameswara at National Library of Malaysia
• Article by Muzaffar Tate in Star Online 1999

M.S.Subbulakshmi
An EMI record of Subbulakshmi
Background information
Born	(1916-09-16)September 16, 1916 Madurai, Madras Presidency, India
Origin	India
Died	December 11, 2004(2004-12-11) (aged 88) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Genres	Indian classical music
Occupations	Classical Vocalist
Years active	1930–2004
Labels	HMV

Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi (Tamil: மதுரை சண்முகவடிவு சுப்புலட்சுமி, Madhurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi ^? 16 September 1916 – 11 December 2004), also known as M.S., was a renowned Carnatic vocalist. She was the first musician ever to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[1] She is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award, Asia's highest civilian award, in 1974 with the citation reading "Exacting purists acknowledge Srimati M. S. Subbulakshmi as the leading exponent of classical and semi-classical songs in the Karnataka tradition of South India."^[2][3]

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Subbulakshmi (Kunjamma to her family) was born in Madurai, Madras Presidency, India to veena player Shanmukavadiver Ammal and Subramania Iyer. Her grandmother Akkammal was a violinist.

She started learning Carnatic music at an early age and trained in Carnatic music under the tutelage of Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer and subsequently in Hindustani music under Pandit Narayanrao Vyas. She also learned Sanskrit and Telugu under Dr. Nedunuri Krishnamurthy.

Her mother, from the devadasi community, was a music exponent and a regular stage performer, and Subbulakshmi grew up in an environment very conducive to musical learning. Her musical interests were also shaped by regular interactions with Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer, Mazhavarayanendal Subbarama Bhavathar and Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar.^[4] Subbulakshmi gave her first public performance in 1929 when she was 13 years old at the prestigious Madras Music Academy. The performance consisted of singing bhajans (Hindu hymns).^[5] The academy was known for its discriminating selection process, and they broke tradition by inviting a young girl as a key performer. Her performance was described as spellbinding and earned her many admirers and the moniker of musical genius from critics. Soon after her debut performance Subbulakshmi became one the leading Carnatic vocalists.^[6][7]

Move to Madras[link]

In 1936 Subbulakshmi moved to Madras (now Chennai).^[7] She also made her film debut in Sevasadan in 1938,.^[8]

Musical style and performance[link]

M.S. Subbulakshmi (left) with S. Varalakshmi in Sevasadhanam (1938)

Singing career[link]

M.S. Subbulakshmi began her Carnatic classical music training under her mother Shanmugavadivu; and later in Hindustani classical training under Pandit Narayan Rao Vyas. Subbulakshmi first recording was released when she was 10 years old. She gave her first public performance, at the age of eleven, in the 100 pillar hall inside the Rockfort Temple, Tiruchirappalli; with Mysore Chowdiah on the violin and Dakshinamurthy Pillai on the mriganga. ^[9] By the age of 17, Subbulakshmi was giving concerts on her own, including major performances at the Madras Music Academy, a prestigious centre for the study and promotion of Carnatic music. Performance in Carnatic music concerts, was until then, a domain, traditionally reserved for men. She performed a vast variety of devotional musical forms in different languages including Tamil, Kannada, Sanskrit, Panjabi, Hindi, Malayalam, Telugu, Bengali, Gujarati and Marathi.

When the governor of Madras wanted the famous spiritual leader, Mata Sri Anandamayi Ma, to reside in his residence, Anandamayi Ma replied, "I will stay in the house of Subbulakshmi. She is Meera to me." Within two days, Sadasivam had special quarters built in their garden for Mata to give darshan and arranged for a new well to be dug nearby for fresh drinking water. Every evening thousands of people gathered there.

She traveled to London, New York, Canada, the Far East, and other places as India's cultural ambassador. Her concerts at

• Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama in 1963
• Carnegie Hall, New York; the UN General Assembly on UN day in 1966
• Royal Albert Hall, London in 1982
• Festival of India in Moscow in 1987

were significant landmarks in her career.^[10] In 1969 she was accompanied by Indian Railways Advisor SN Venkata Rao to Rameshwaram, where she famously sang several songs in front of each idol in the Rameshwaram temple.

After the death of her husband Kalki Sadasivam in 1997, she stopped all her public performances.

Films[link]

M.S. also acted in a few Tamil films in her youth. Her first movie Sevasadanam was released in 1938. MS Subbulakshmi also played the male role of Narada in "Savitri" (1941) to raise money for launching Kalki, her husband's nationalist Tamil weekly. Her title role of the Rajasthani saint-poetess Meera in the eponymous 1945 film gave her national prominence. This movie was re-made in Hindi in 1947. The movie had M.S Subbulakshmi. sing the famous Meera bhajans, with Dilipkumar Roy as the music director. Later, she quit films and turned wholly to concert music.

Awards and honours[link]

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had this to say about M.S. Subbulakshmi- "Who am I, a mere Prime Minister before a Queen, a Queen of Music". While Lata Mangeshkar called her Tapaswini (the Renunciate), Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan termed her Suswaralakshmi (the goddess of the perfect note), and Kishori Amonkar labeled her the ultimate eighth note or Aathuvaan Sur, which is above the seven notes basic to all music. The great national leader and poet Sarojini Naidu called her "Nightingale of India". Her many famous renditions of bhajans include the chanting of Bhaja Govindam, Vishnu sahasranama (1000 names of Vishnu), Hari Tuma Haro and the Venkateswara Suprabhatam (musical hymns to awaken Lord Balaji early in the morning).

She was widely honored, praised and awarded. Some of the more popular ones include^[11]

• Padma Bhushan in 1954
• Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1956
• Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 1968 (literally, Treasure Chest of Music. She was the first woman recipient of the title)
• Ramon Magsaysay award (often considered Asia's Nobel Prize) in 1974
• Padma Vibhushan in 1975
• Kalidas Samman in 1988
• Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1990
• Bharat Ratna in 1998.

She was honored as the court-singer[Asthana Vidhwan] of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.^[12] Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) has installed a bronze statue of M.S. Subbulakshmi at the Poornakumbham circle in the temple town. It was unveiled by Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy on 28 May 2006.^[13]

The famous Kancheepuram Saree shade known as MS Blue was named after her^[14] by the well known Congress party member and philanthropist, Sri Muthu Chettiyar when they met at the residence of Sri R. Aiyadurai and Smt. Thangam Aiyadurai at Lady Desikachari Road, Madras, who were close friends of MS and Sadasivam.

She was bestowed with enormous prize moneys with these awards, she donated most of them to charity. She has given more than 200 charity concerts and raised well over Rs. 10,000,000. She was awarded honorary degree degrees from several Universities.

She was an ardent devotee of Kanchi Mahaswamigal and she rendered his composition Maithreem Bhajatha (O World! Cultivate peace) in her concert at the UN in 1966. Venkatesa Suprabhatam in Gramaphone record of HMV, the royalty from which goes to the Veda Patasala run by the Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanam.^[15] She donated many of the royalties on several best sold records to many charity organizations.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• M.S. Subbulaksmi, the Voice Divine (79 pages) by V. Gangadhar.
• MS - A Life in Music, T. J. S. George. 2004, HarperCollins. ISBN 978-81-7223-527-7
• Gowri Ramnarayan (Dec. 18–31, 2004), "Cover Story: The M.S. phenomenon", Frontline 21 (26), http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2126/stories/20041231006400900.htm 
• MS & Radha - Saga of Steadfast Devotion - by Gowri Ramnarayan - http://www.msstribute.org/

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: M. S. Subbulakshmi

• "Artists: M.S.Subbulakshmi, Nat Geo Music". National Geographic Society. http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/ms_subbulakshmi. 
• Biography at the official site of Ramon Magsaysay award
• M.S. Subbulakshmi at the Internet Movie Database
• Photo of MS, Sadhasivam and Ellis R. Dungan
• M.S. Subbulakshmi: Portraits of a diva - The Hindu

See also[link]

Indian classical music portal

v t e Bharat Ratna laureates Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) C. Rajagopalachari (1954) C. V. Raman (1954) Bhagwan Das (1955) Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya (1955) Jawaharlal Nehru (1955) Govind Ballabh Pant (1957) Dhondo Keshav Karve (1958) Bidhan Chandra Roy (1961) Purushottam Das Tandon (1961) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1962) Dr. Zakir Hussain (1963) Pandurang Vaman Kane (1963) Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966) Indira Gandhi (1971) V. V. Giri (1975) K. Kamaraj (1976) Mother Teresa (1980) Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1983) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) M. G. Ramachandran (1988) B. R. Ambedkar (1990) Nelson Mandela (1990) Rajiv Gandhi (1991) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) Morarji Desai (1991) Abul Kalam Azad (1992) J. R. D. Tata (1992) Satyajit Ray (1992) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997) Gulzarilal Nanda (1997) Aruna Asaf Ali (1997) M. S. Subbulakshmi (1998) Chidambaram Subramaniam (1998) Jayaprakash Narayan (1998) Ravi Shankar (1999) Amartya Sen (1999) Gopinath Bordoloi (1999) Lata Mangeshkar (2001) Bismillah Khan (2001) Bhimsen Joshi (2008)