Coordinates: 21°15′S 165°18′E / 21.25°S 165.30°E / -21.25; 165.30
New Caledonia (French: Nouvelle-Calédonie[5]) is a special collectivity of France located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) east of Australia and about 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi) from Metropolitan France.[6] The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of Pines and a few remote islets.[7] The Chesterfield Islands in the Coral Sea are also part of New Caledonia. Locals refer to Grande Terre as "Le Caillou", the rock.[8]
New Caledonia has a land area of 18,576 square kilometres (7,172 sq mi). The population (2011 estimate) is 256,275.[2] The capital of the territory is Nouméa.[6]
The earliest traces of human presence in New Caledonia date back to the Lapita period.[9] The Lapita were highly skilled navigators and agriculturists with influence over a large area of the Pacific.[10]
Two Kanak warriors posing with
penis gourds and spears, c.1880
The British first sighted New Caledonia on September 4, 1774, during the second voyage of Captain James Cook.[11] He named the territory New Caledonia, as the north-east of the island reminded him of Scotland.[11] The west coast of Grande Terre was approached by Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse in 1788, shortly before his disappearance, and the Loyalty Islands were first visited in 1796.[11] From then until 1840, only a few sporadic contacts with the archipelago were recorded.[11] Contacts became more frequent after 1840, because of the interest in sandalwood from New Caledonia.[9]
As trade in sandalwood declined, it was replaced by a new form of trade, "Blackbirding", a euphemism for enslaving people from New Caledonia, the Loyalty Islands, New Hebrides, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands to work in sugar cane plantations in Fiji and Queensland.[12] The trade ceased at the start of the 20th century.[12] The victims of this trade were called Kanakas like all the Oceanian people, after the Hawaiian word for 'man'.[12]
The first missionaries from the London Missionary Society and the Marist Brothers arrived in the 1840s.[13] In 1849, the crew of the American ship Cutter was killed and eaten by the Pouma clan.[14] Cannibalism was widespread throughout New Caledonia.[15]
On September 24, 1853, under orders from Napoleon III, Admiral Febvrier Despointes took formal possession of New Caledonia and Port-de-France (Nouméa) was founded June 25, 1854.[11] A few dozen free settlers settled on the west coast in the following years.[11] New Caledonia became a penal colony, and from the 1860s until the end of the transportations in 1897, about 22,000 criminals and political prisoners were sent to New Caledonia, among them many Communards, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel.[16] Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were "relegated" in New Caledonia.[11] Only forty of them settled in the colony, the rest returned to France after being granted amnesty in 1879 and 1880.[11]
Chief "King Jacques" and his wives
In 1864 nickel was discovered on the banks of the Diahot River and with the establishment of the Société Le Nickel in 1876 mining began in earnest.[17] The French imported labourers to work in the mines, first from neighbouring islands, then from Japan, the Dutch East Indies and French Indochina.[16] The French government also attempted to encourage European immigration, without much success.[16]
The indigenous population was excluded from the French economy, even as workers in the mines, and they were ultimately confined to reservations.[16] This sparked a violent reaction in 1878 as High Chief Atal of La Foa managed to unite many of the central tribes and launched a guerrilla war which cost 200 Frenchmen and 1,000 Kanaks their lives.[17] The Kanak population declined from around 60,000 in 1878 to 27,100 in 1921, and their numbers did not increase again until the 1930s.[17]
In June 1940, after the fall of France, the Conseil General of New Caledonia voted unanimously to support the Free French government, and in September the pro-Vichy governor was forced to leave for Indochina.[17] In March 1942, with the assistance of Australia,[18] the territory became an important Allied base,[17] and Nouméa the headquarters of the United States Navy and Army in the South Pacific.[19] The fleet which turned back the Japanese navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942 was based at Noumea.[17] American troops counted up to 50,000 men, the equivalent of the contemporary population.[11] In 1946 New Caledonia became an overseas territory.[11] By 1953 French citizenship had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnicity.[20]
The European and Polynesian populations gradually increased in the years leading to the nickel boom of 1969–72, and the Melanesians became a minority, though they were still the largest single ethnic group.[20] Between 1976 and 1988, New Caledonia adopted five different statutes, with each proving to be a source of discontent and, at times, serious disorder,[11] culminating in 1988 with a bloody hostage taking in Ouvéa. The Matignon Agreements, signed on June 26, 1988, ensured a decade of stability. The Noumea Accord signed May 5, 1998, set the groundwork for a 20-year transitional period that will gradually transfer competences to the local government.[11]
Logo of the Territorial Congress
New Caledonia is a sui generis collectivity that has been gradually transferred certain powers from France.[21] It is governed by a 54-member Territorial Congress, a legislative body composed of members of three provincial assemblies.[22] The French State is represented in the territory by a High Commissioner.[22] At a national level, New Caledonia is represented in the National Assembly by two deputies and a senator.[23] At the 2007 French presidential election the voter turnout in New Caledonia was 68.14%.[24]
For 25 years, the party system in New Caledonia was dominated by the anti-independence The Rally–UMP.[22] This dominance ended with the emergence of a new party, Avenir Ensemble, also opposed to independence but considered more open to dialogue with the Kanak movement,[22] which is part of FLNKS, a coalition of several pro-independence groups.[22]
The Kanak society has several layers of customary authority, from the 4,000-5,000 family-based clans to the eight customary areas (aires coutumières) that make up the territory.[25] Clans are led by clan chiefs and constitute 341 tribes, each headed by a tribal chief. The tribes are further grouped into 57 customary chiefdoms (chefferies), each headed by a Head Chief, and forming the administrative subdivisions of the customary areas.[25]
Jean Lèques during a ceremony honoring U.S. service members who helped ensure the freedom of New Caledonia during World War II.
The Customary Senate is the assembly of the various traditional councils of the Kanaks, and has jurisdiction over the law proposals concerning the Kanak identity.[26] The Customary Senate is composed of sixteen members appointed by each traditional council, with two representatives per each customary area.[26] In its advisory role, the Customary Senate must be consulted on law proposals "concerning the Kanak identity" as defined in the Noumea Accord.[26] It also has a deliberative role on law proposals that would affect identity, the civil customary statute and the land system.[26] A new President is appointed each year in August or September, and the presidency rotates between the eight customary areas.[26]
Kanak people recourse to customary authorities regarding civil matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, and some land issues.[25] The French administration typically respects decisions made in the customary system.[25] However, their jurisdiction is sharply limited in penal matters, as some elements of the customary justice system, including the use of corporal punishment, are seen as clashing with the human rights obligations of France.[25]
The Armed Forces of New Caledonia (French: Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie) include about 2,000 soldiers, mainly deployed in Koumac, Nandi, Tontouta, Plum and Noumea.[27] The land forces consist of a regiment of the Troupes de marine, the Régiment d’infanterie de marine du Pacifique. The naval forces include two P400 class patrol vessels, a BATRAL and a patrol boat of the Maritime Gendarmerie.[27] The air force is made up of three Casa transport aircraft, four Puma helicopters and a Fennec helicopter, based in Tontouta.[27] In addition, 760 gendarmes are deployed on the archipelago.[27]
Second official national flag
Since 1986 the United Nations Committee on Decolonization has included New Caledonia on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.[citation needed]
Under the Noumea Accord, signed in 1998 following a period of secessionist unrest in the 1980s, New Caledonia is to hold a referendum on independence between 2014 and 2018.[28]
The official name of the territory, Nouvelle-Calédonie, could be changed in the near future due to the accord, which stated that "a name, a flag, an anthem, a motto, and the design of banknotes will have to be sought by all parties together, to express the Kanak identity and the future shared by all parties."[29] To date, however, there has been no consensus on a new name for the territory.[30]
New Caledonia has increasingly adopted its own symbols, choosing an anthem, a motto, and a new design for its banknotes.[31] In July 2010, New Caledonia adopted the Kanak flag, alongside the existing French tricolor, as the dual official flags of the territory.[32] The adoption made New Caledonia one of the few countries or territories in the world with two official national flags.[32] The decision to use two flags has been a constant battleground between the two sides and led the coalition government to collapse in February 2011.[28]
The institutional organization is the result of the organic law and ordinary law passed by the Parliament on February 16, 1999.[21]
The archipelago is divided into three provinces:
New Caledonia is further divided into 33 municipalities:[21] One commune, Poya, is divided between two provinces. The northern half of Poya, with the main settlement and most of the population, is part of the North Province, while the southern half of the commune, with only 127 inhabitants in 2009, is part of the South Province.
New Caledonia is part of Zealandia, a fragment of the ancient Gondwana super-continent. Zealandia separated from Australia 60–85 million years ago.[33] New Caledonia itself separated from Australia 65 million years ago, subsequently drifting in a north-easterly direction, reaching its present position about 50 million years ago.[34]
The mainland is divided in length by a central mountain range whose highest peak are Mount Panié (1629 m) in the north and Mount Humboldt (1618 m) in the southeast.[35] The east coast is covered by a lush vegetation.[35] The west coast, with its large savannahs and plains suitable for farming, is a drier area. Many ore-rich massifs are found along this coast.[35]
The Diahot River is the longest river of New Caledonia, flowing for some 100 kilometres (62 mi).[36] It has a catchment area of 620 square kilometres and opens north-westward into the Baie d'Harcourt, flowing towards the northern point of the island along the western escarpment of the Mount Panié.[36][37] Most of the island is covered by wet evergreen forests, while savannahs dominate the lower elevations.[38] The New Caledonian lagoon, with a total area of 24,000 square kilometers is one of the largest lagoons in the world. It is surrounded by the New Caledonia Barrier Reef.[35]
The climate is tropical, with hot and humid period from November to March with temperatures between 27°C and 30°C,[35] and a cooler, dry period from June to August with temperatures between 20°C and 23°C,[35] linked by two short transition periods.[11] The tropical climate is strongly moderated by the oceanic influence and the trade winds that attenuates humidity, which can be close to 80%.[35] The average annual temperature is 23°C, with historical extremes of 2.3°C and 39.1°C.[11]
The rainfall records show that precipitations differ greatly within the island. The 3000 mm of rainfall recorded in Galarino are three times the average of the west coast. There are also dry periods, because of the effects of El Niño.[11] Between December and April, tropical depressions and cyclones can cause winds to exceed a speed of 100 km/h with gusts of 250 km/h and very abundant rainfall.[11] The last cyclone affecting New Caledonia was Cyclone Vania (2011), in January 2011.
New Caledonia has many unique animals, especially birds[39] It has the richest diversity in the world per square kilometre.[39]and plants. In its botany not only species but entire genera and even families are unique to the island, and survive nowhere else. The biodiversity is caused by Grande Terre's central mountain range, which has created a variety of niches, landforms and micro-climates where endemic species thrive.[39]
Bruno Van Peteghem who was in 2001 awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize for his efforts on behalf of the Caledonian ecological protection movement in the face of "serious challenges" from Jacques Lafleur's RPCR party.[40] Progress has been made in a few areas in addressing the protection of New Caledonia's ecological diversity from fire, industrial and residential development, unrestricted agricultural activity and mining (such as the judicial revocation of INCO's mining license in June 2006 owing to claimed abuses).[41]
Typical terrain in the south of the islands at Grand Terre
New Caledonia’s fauna and flora derive from ancestral species isolated in the region when it broke away from Gondwana many tens of millions of years ago.[42] Not only endemic species have evolved here, but entire genera and even families are unique to the islands.
More tropical Gymnosperm species are endemic to New Caledonia than to any similar region on Earth. Of the 44 indigenous species of gymnosperms, 43 are endemic, including the only known parasitic Gymnosperm (Parasitaxus usta).[43] Again, of the 35 known species of Araucaria, 13 are endemic to New Caledonia.[39]
The world's largest extant species of fern, Cyathea intermedia, also is endemic to New Caledonia. It is very common on acid ground, and grows about one metre per year on the east coast, usually on fallow ground or in forest clearings. There also are other species of Cyathea, notably Cyathea novae-caledoniae.[44]
New Caledonia also is one of five regions on the planet where species of Nothofagus are indigenous; five species are known to occur here.[43]
New Caledonia has its own version of maquis (maquis minier) occurs on metalliferous soils, mostly in the south.[38] The soils of ultramafic rocks (mining terrains) have been a refuge for many native flora species because they are toxic and their mineral content is poorly suited to most foreign species of plants.[43]
New Caledonia is home to the New Caledonian crow, a bird noted for its tool-making abilities, which rival that of primates.[45] These crows are renowned for their extraordinary intelligence and ability to fashion tools to solve problems, and make the most complex tools of any animal yet studied apart from humans.[46]
The endemic Kagu, agile and able to run fast, is a flightless bird, but it is able to use its wings to climb branches or glide. It is the surviving member of monotypic family Rhynochetidae, order Gruiformes.[47]
There are 11 endemic fish species and 14 endemic species of decapod crustaceans in the rivers and lakes of New Caledonia. Some exist only in small areas such as Neogalaxias.[48] The Nautilus, considered a living fossil and close to the Ammonites which became extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era, occurs in Pacific waters around New Caledonia.[48]
Several species of New Caledonia are remarkable for their size: the Ducula goliath is the largest extant species of pigeon; Rhacodactylus leachianus, the largest gecko in the world; the Phoboscincus bocourti the largest skink in the world, thought to be extinct but rediscovered in 2003.[48]
| Historical populations |
| Year |
Pop. |
±% |
| 1956 |
68,480 |
— |
| 1963 |
86,519 |
+26.3% |
| 1969 |
100,579 |
+16.3% |
| 1976 |
133,233 |
+32.5% |
| 1983 |
145,368 |
+9.1% |
| 1989 |
164,173 |
+12.9% |
| 1996 |
196,836 |
+19.9% |
| 2004 |
230,789 |
+17.2% |
| 2009 |
245,580 |
+6.4% |
| ISEE[3] |
At the last census in 2009 New Caledonia had a population of 245,580.[49] Of these, 17,436 live in the Loyalty Islands Province, 45,137 in the North Province, and 183,007 in the South Province.[6] Population growth has slowed down since the 1990s, but remains strong with a yearly increase of 1.7% between 1996 and 2009.[49]
Natural growth is responsible for 85% of the population growth, while the remaining 15% is attributable to net migration.[49] The population growth is strong in the Southern province (2.3% per year between 1996 and 2009), moderate in the Northern Province (0.7%), but negative in the Loyalty Islands, which are losing inhabitants (- 1.3%).[49]
Over 40% of the population is under 20,[6] although the rate of older people on the total population is increasing.[49] Two residents of New Caledonia out of three live in Greater Nouméa.[49] Three out of four were born in New Caledonia.[49] The total fertility rate went from 3.2 children per woman in 1990 to 2.2 in 2007.[49]
| Communities, 2009[50] |
| Kanak |
99,078 |
40.34% |
| European |
71,721 |
29.20% |
| Wallisian, Futunan |
21,262 |
8.66% |
| Tahitian |
4,985 |
2.03% |
| Indonesian |
3,985 |
1.62% |
| Vietnamese |
2,357 |
0.96% |
| Ni-Vanuatu |
2,327 |
0.95% |
| Other Asian |
1,857 |
0.76% |
| Other |
14,743 |
6.00% |
| Multiple communities |
20,398 |
8.31% |
| Not declared |
2,867 |
1.17% |
| Total |
245,580 |
100.00% |
In 2009, 40.3% of the population reported belonging to the Kanak community, 29.2% to the European community and 8.7% to the community originating from Wallis and Futuna. The remaining identified communities represented 7.3% of the population, and included Tahitians (2.0%), Indonesians (1.6%), Vietnamese (1.0%), Ni-Vanuatu (0.9%) other Asian (0.8%) and other (1.0%). 8.3% belonged to multiple communities, 5% declared their community as "Caledonian", 1.2% did not respond.[51] The question on community belonging, which had been left out of the 2004 census, was reintroduced in 2009 under a new formulation, different from the 1996 census, allowing multiple choices and the possibility to clarify the choice "other".[51]
The Kanak people, part of the Melanesian group, are indigenous to New Caledonia.[52] Their social organization is traditionally based around clans, which identify as either “land” or “sea” clans, depending on their original location and the occupation of their ancestors.[52] According to the 2009 census, the Kanak constitute 94% of the population in the Loyalty Islands Province, 74% in the North Province and 27% in the South Province.[52] The Kanak live in relatively poor socio-economic situations.[52]
Europeans first settled in New Caledonia when France established a penal colony on the archipelago.[52] Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle.[52] According to the 2009 census, of the 71,721 Europeans in New Caledonia 32,354 were native-born, 33,551 were born in other parts of France, and 5,816 were born abroad.[50] The Europeans are divided into several groups: the Caldoche are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers.[53] They often settled in the rural areas of the western coast of Grande Terre, where many continue to run large cattle properties.[53]
Distinct from the Caldoches are those were born in New Caledonia from families that had settled more recently, and are called simply Caledonians.[53] The French-born immigrants who come to New Caledonia are called métros, indicating their origins in metropolitan France.[53] There is also a community of about 2,000[53] pieds noirs,[54] some of them prominent in anti-independence politics, including Pierre Maresca, a leader of the RPCR.[55]
The French language began to spread with the establishment of French settlements, and French is now spoken even in the most secluded villages. The level of fluency, however, varies significantly across the population as a whole, primarily due to the absence of universal access to public education before 1953, but also due to immigration and ethnic diversity.[56] At the 2009 census, 97.3% of people aged 15 or older reported that they could speak, read and write French, whereas only 1.1% reported that they had no knowledge of French.[57]
The 28 Kanak languages spoken in New Caledonia are part of the Oceanic group of the Austronesian family.[58] Kanak languages are taught from kindergarten (4 languages are taught up to the bachelor's degree) and an academy is responsible for their promotion.[59] The three most widely spoken languages are Drehu (spoken in Lifou), Nengone (Maré) and Paicî (north of Grande Terre).[59] At the 2009 census, 35.8% of people aged 15 or older reported that they could speak (but not necessarily read or write) one of the indigenous Melanesian languages, whereas 58.7% reported that they had no knowledge of any of them.[57]
The Roman Catholic Church claims half of the population as adherents, including almost all of the Europeans, Uveans, and Vietnamese and half of the Melanesian and Tahitian minorities.[20] Of the Protestant churches, the Free Evangelical Church and the Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands have the largest number of adherents; their memberships are almost entirely Melanesian.[20] There are also numerous other Christian groups and small numbers of Muslims.[20]
New Caledonia has one of the largest economies in the South Pacific, with a GDP per capita slightly higher than New Zealand, though there is significant inequality in income distribution,[60] and long-standing structural imbalances between the economically dominant South Province and the less developed North Province and Loyalty Islands.[22] The currency in use in New Caledonia is the CFP franc, pegged to the euro at a rate of 100 CFP to 0.84 euros. It is issued by the Institut d'Emission d'Outre-Mer.[61]
GDP grew by only 1.1% in 2009, a result affected by a contraction of domestic demand and a deflationary situation brought about by a drastic fall in nickel prices.[62] In the same year, GDP per capita stood at 3.1 million CFP francs.[62]
Financial support from France is substantial, representing more than 15% of the GDP, and contributes to the health of the economy.[2] Tourism is underdeveloped, with 100,000 visitors a year, compared to 400,000 in the Cook Islands and 200,000 in Vanuatu.[31] Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture, and food accounts for about 20% of imports.[2] According to FAOSTAT, New Caledonia is one of world's largest producers of: yams (33rd); taro (44th); plantains (50th); coconuts (52nd).[63] The exclusive economic zone of New Caledonia covers 1.4 million square kilometres.[7] The construction sector accounts for roughly 12% of GDP, employing 9.9% of the salaried population in 2010.[60] Manufacturing is largely confined to small-scale activities such as the transformation of foodstuffs, textiles and plastics.[60]
In 2007, exports from New Caledonia amounted to 2.11 billion US dollars, 96.3% of which were mineral products and alloys (essentially nickel ore and ferronickel).[64] Imports amounted to 2.88 billion US dollars.[64] 26.6% of imports came from Metropolitan France, 16.1% from other European countries, 13.6% from Singapore (essentially fuel), 10.7% from Australia, 4.0% from New Zealand, 3.2% from the United States, 3.0% from Japan, and 22.7% from other countries.[64] The trade deficit is very high at over 130 billion CFP francs.[62]
A creek in southern New Caledonia. Red colours reveal the richness of the ground in
iron oxides and nickel.
New Caledonian soils contain about 25% of the world's nickel resources.[65] The late-2000s recession has gravely affected the nickel industry, as the sector faced a significant drop in nickel prices (-31.0% year-on-year in 2009) for the second consecutive year.[62] The fall in prices has led a number of producers to reduce or stop altogether their activity, resulting in a reduction of the global supply of nickel by 6% compared to 2008.[62]
This context, combined with bad weather has forced the operators in the sector to revise downwards their production target.[62] Thus, the activity of mineral extraction has declined by 8% in volume year on year.[62] The share of the nickel sector as a percentage of GDP fell 3%, to 5% in 2009 compared with 8% in 2008.[62] A trend reversal and a recovery in demand, have been recorded early in the second half of 2009, allowing a 2.0% increase in the local metal production.[62]
Caldoche, white people born in New Caledonia
Wood carving, especially of the houp (Montrouziera cauliflora), are a contemporary reflection of the beliefs of the traditional tribal society, and include totems, masks, chambranles, or flèche faitière,[66] a kind of arrow which adorns the roofs of Kanak houses. Basketry is a craft widely practiced by tribal women, creating objects of daily use.[66]
The Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano and opened in 1998, is the icon of the Kanak culture.[66]
The Kaneka is a form of local music, inspired by reggae and originating in the 1980s.[66]
The Mwâ Ka is a 12m totem pole commemorating the French annexation of New Caledonia, and was inaugurated in 2005.[67]
Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes is the only daily newspaper in the archipelago.[68] A monthly publication, Le chien bleu, parodies the news from New Caledonia.[68]
There are five radio stations: the public service broadcaster RFO radio Nouvelle-Calédonie, Océane FM, Radio Djido (established by Jean-Marie Tjibaou), NRJ and Radio Rythmes Bleus.[68]
As for television, the public service broadcaster RFO Nouvelle-Calédonie has two channels: Télé Nouvelle-Calédonie, dedicated partly to local programming and newscasts and Tempo, which retransmits French programmes.[68] Canal+ relays the programming of Canal + France, and CanalSat proposes 17 digital channels in French.[68] Analogue television broadcasts ended in September 2011, completing the digital television transition in New Caledonia.[69] The French broadcasting authorities are considering bids for two new local television stations, NCTV and NC9, planned to be launched in 2012.[70]
The media are considered to be able to operate freely, but Reporters Without Borders raised concerns in 2006 about "threats and intimidation" of RFO staff by members of a pro-independence group.[71]
The largest sporting event to be held in New Caledonia is a round of the FIA Asia Pacific Rally Championship (APRC).
The New Caledonia football team began play in 1951, and was admitted into FIFA, the international association of football leagues, in 2004.[72] Prior to joining FIFA, New Caledonia held observer status with the Oceania Football Confederation, and became an official member of the OFC with its FIFA membership. They have won the South Pacific Games five times, most recently in 2007, and have placed third on two occasions in the OFC Nations Cup. Christian Karembeu is a prominent New Caledonian former footballer, while Alex Khadivi also played a few games in Noumea.
Horse Racing is also very popular in New Caledonia.
Women's cricket matches are also popular.[73]
The Rugby league team participated in the Pacific Cup in 2004. Marie Ezoe Canel is the captain of the New Caledonia Women's rugby team.
New Caledonia also has a national synchronised swimming team which tours abroad.
New Caledonia is hosting the Oceanias in 2012.
La Tontouta International Airport, the main international airport of New Caledonia
Tontouta International Airport is located 50 km north of Noumea, and connects New Caledonia with the airports of Paris, Tokyo, Sydney, Auckland, Brisbane, Osaka, Papeete, Fiji, Wallis, Port Vila, Seoul, and St. Denis.[74] Most internal air services are operated by the domestic carrier Air Calédonie.[75] Cruise ships dock at the Gare Maritime in Noumea.[76] The passenger and cargo boat Havannah sails to Port Vila, Malicolo and Santo in Vanuatu once a month.[76]
New Caledonia's road network consists of:
- ^ a b La Nouvelle-Calédonie se dote d'un hymne et d'une devise - LeMonde.fr
- ^ a b c d New Caledonia entry at The World Factbook
- ^ a b Population des communes et provinces de la Nouvelle-Calédonie de 1956 à 2009
- ^ a b En bref 10
- ^ Previously known officially as the "Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies" (French: Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances), then simply as the "Territory of New Caledonia" (French: Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), the official French name is now only Nouvelle-Calédonie (Organic Law of 19 March 1999, article 222 IV — see [1]). It should be noted that French courts often continue to use the appellation Territoire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie.
- ^ a b c d Présentation / La Nouvelle-Calédonie / Accueil
- ^ a b Présentation - L'Outre-Mer
- ^ South Pacific handbook - David Stanley at Google Books
- ^ a b Histoire / La Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ New Caledonia, p. 13, Leanne Logan and Geert Cole at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Rapport annuel 2010 IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ a b c De Kanaka à Kanak: l'appropriation d'un terme générique au profit de la revendication identitaire
- ^ Charting the Pacific - Places
- ^ New Caledonia, p. 15, Leanne Logan and Geert Cole at Google Books
- ^ From primitive to postcolonial in Melanesia and anthropology at Google Books
- ^ a b c d France's Overseas Frontier: Départements Et Territoires D'outre-mer at Google Books By Robert Aldrich, John Connell
- ^ a b c d e f South Pacific handbook at Google Books By David Stanley
- ^ "Hasluck: Clearing A Way To Total War" (PDF). http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/30/chapters/06.pdf. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ World War II Pacific Island Guide, p. 71, Gordon L. Rottman, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002
- ^ a b c d e New Caledonia at Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ a b c Présentation - L'Outre-Mer
- ^ a b c d e f Concluding session, Special Committee on Decolonization approves two texts on New Caledonia, Tokelau; hears appeals to heed criticism of its work
- ^ 2011, Année des Outre-mer - Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ (French) Minister of the Interior, Government of France. "Resultats de l'election presidentielle — Nouvelle Caledonie". http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/resultats-elections/PR2007/000/988/988.html. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e The situation of Kanak people in New Caledonia, France. - Country Reports - UNSR James Anaya, page 8
- ^ a b c d e Sénat coutumier / Les Elus / La Nouvelle-Calédonie / Accueil
- ^ a b c d Les Forces armées de Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ a b Sarkozy calls for dialogue over New Caledonia violence - FRANCE - FRANCE 24
- ^ (French) Government of New Caledonia. "Les accords de Nouméa" (PDF). Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080405032022/http://www.gouv.nc/static/pages/outils/telechargement/accordsNoumea.pdf. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ^ (French) RFO. "Société : La Nouvelle-Calédonie choisit un hymne et une devise". Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080731091549/http://nouvellecaledonie.rfo.fr/article424.html. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
- ^ a b Nouvelle-Calédonie : où en est le processus d'indépendance ? - LeMonde.fr
- ^ a b Malkin, Bonnie (20 July 2010). "New Caledonia adopts second flag in compromise over French rule". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/newcaledonia/7900494/New-Caledonia-adopts-second-flag-in-compromise-over-French-rule.html. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ Keith Lewis; Scott D. Nodder and Lionel Carter (11 January 2007). "Zealandia: the New Zealand continent". Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/OceanStudyAndConservation/SeaFloorGeology/1/en. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
- ^ Boyer & Giribet 2007: 355
- ^ a b c d e f g Données Géographiques / La Nouvelle-Calédonie / Accueil
- ^ a b Diahot River at Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ "The impacts of opencast mining in New Caledonia". The United Nations University. http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/nzdl;jsessionid=9C07FFA7400A6C3C823F1ACAF98A3D9D?a=d&d=HASH01e0de34b153f45530bc1736.5.pp&c=ccgi&sib=1&dt=&ec=&et=&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse&p.sa=. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ a b New Caledonia: a very old Darwinian island?
- ^ a b c d New Caledonia at Google Books By Leanne Logan, Geert Cole
- ^ Bruno Van Peteghem, Goldman Environmental Prize website
- ^ "Indigenous Kanaks Take On Inco in New Caledonia", MiningWatch Canada, 19 July 2006
- ^ Alan S. Collins, Sergei A. Pisarevsky, Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens, Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 71, Issues 3–4, August 2005, Pages 229-270, ISSN 0012-8252, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.02.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825205000231)
- ^ a b c Dossier > La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie - Première partie
- ^ Dossier > La flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie - Deuxième partie
- ^ Weir, A.A.S.; Chappell, J.; Kacelnik, A. (2002). "Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows". Science 297 (5583): 981. DOI:10.1126/science.1073433. PMID 12169726. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5583/981?ijkey=2kJDaHqe6c11A&keytype=ref&siteid=sci.
- ^ BBC - Earth News - Clever New Caledonian crows go to parents' tool school
- ^ Kagu — Oiseaux-birds.com
- ^ a b c endemia.nc - La BIODIVERSITÉ
- ^ a b c d e f g h Insee - Population - Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009 - 50 000 habitants de plus en 13 ans
- ^ a b ISEE - Population 2009
- ^ a b Recensement de la population 2009
- ^ a b c d e f The situation of Kanak people in New Caledonia, France. - Country Reports - UNSR James Anaya, page 5
- ^ a b c d e Leanne Logan; Geert Cole (5 July 2001). New Caledonia. Lonely Planet. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-86450-202-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=lly95WF8n-cC&pg=PA39. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
- ^ David A. Chappell (2005). "New Caledonia". The Contemporary Pacific 17 (2): 435–448. DOI:10.1353/cp.2005.0043. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/contemporary_pacific/v017/17.2chappell02.html.
- ^ Henry Kamm (26 July 1988). "Noumea Journal; On an Island in the Pacific, but Far From at Peace". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DC1E3FF935A15754C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all.
- ^ Situation linguistique en Nouvelle-Calédonie - Vice-Rectorat de Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ a b Principales caractéristiques des individus de 15 ans et plus, par province de résidence et sexe
- ^ Académie des Langues Kanak - Langues
- ^ a b La maison de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ a b c Countries - Pacific - New Caledonia - Information Paper - NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- ^ Vie pratique - L'Outre-Mer
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Les comptes économiques rapides de Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ "FAOSTAT 2008 by Production". faostat.fao.org. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
- ^ a b c (French) Institut de la statistique et des études économiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie (ISEE). "Bilan économique et social 2007 – Échanges Extérieurs (on page 23)" (PDF). http://www.isee.nc/telechargement/bilan2007.pdf. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
- ^ "Nickel gleams again in New Caledonia", Metal Bulletin, 3 December 2001
- ^ a b c d Découvrez - La Culture | Tourisme Nouvelle-Calédonie
- ^ Mwâ Ka in Noumea, New Caledonia - Lonely Planet
- ^ a b c d e Vivre en Nouvelle-Calédonie | Gîtes Nouvelle Calédonie
- ^ L'Outre-mer dit adieu à l'analogique - AUDIOVISUEL - Info - Nouvelle-Calédonie - La 1ère
- ^ Two new New Caledonia television channels proposed
- ^ BBC News - Regions and territories: New Caledonia
- ^ "New Caledonia joins the world football community". FIFA.com. 24 May 2004. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/news/newsid=92706.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Lonely Planet
- ^ Aéroport international de Nouméa la Tontouta - Présentation
- ^ ISEE — Transport
- ^ a b Transport in New Caledonia - Lonely Planet Travel Information
- ^ Site de la DITTT – Infrastructures routières
- Di Giorgio Wladimir, member of the Pontifical Academy, in "Francs et Kanaks" (Purpose of the n° 51495 résolution).2009.
- Boyer, S.L. & Giribet, G. (2007): A new model Gondwanan taxon: systematics and biogeography of the harvestman family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi), with a taxonomic revision of genera from Australia and New Zealand. Cladistics 23(4): 337–361. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00149.x
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List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
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| Broad culture |
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| Geo-specific, general |
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| Canoes |
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| Dance |
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| Languages |
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| Literature |
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| Mythology |
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| Religion |
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_receives_a_wreath_to_lay_at_the_U.S._war_memorial_during_a_ceremony.jpg)
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