The Barbican Centre is the largest performing arts centre in Europe.^[1] Located in the City of London, England, the Centre hosts classical and contemporary music concerts, theatre performances, film screenings and art exhibitions. It also houses a library, three restaurants, and a conservatory. The London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra are based in the Barbican Centre's concert hall.

The Barbican Centre is owned, funded, and managed by the City of London Corporation, the third-largest arts funder in the United Kingdom. It was built as the city's gift to the nation at a cost of £161 million (equivalent to £400 million in 2007),^[2] and opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 3 March 1982.

Performance halls and facilities[link]

• Barbican Hall: capacity 1,949; home of the London Symphony Orchestra and the BBC Symphony Orchestra.
• Barbican Theatre: capacity 1,166
• The Pit: flexible 200-seat theatre venue
• Barbican Art Gallery and the free new-commission gallery The Curve
• Barbican Film – 3 cinema screens with seating capacity of 288, 255 and 155
• Informal performance spaces
• Restaurants: 3
• Conference halls: 7
• Trade exhibition halls: 2

The second-floor library is one of the five City of London libraries. It is one of the largest public libraries in London and has a separate arts library, a large music library and a children's library which regularly conducts free events. The Barbican Library houses the 'London Collection' of historical books and resources, some of which date back 300 years, all being available on loan. The library presents regular literary events^[3] and has an art exhibition space for hire. The music library has a free practice piano for public use.

History and design[link]

Barbican Arts Centre and lakeside terrace

Interior – concert hall foyer; library and gallery above

The Centre had a long development period, only opening long after the surrounding Barbican Estate housing complex had been built. It is situated in an area which was badly bombed during World War II.

The Centre, designed by Chamberlin, Powell and Bon in the Brutalist style, has a complex multi-level layout with numerous entrances. Lines painted on the ground help would-be audience members avoid getting lost on the walkways of the Barbican Housing Estate on the way to the Centre. The Centre's design – a concrete ziggurat – has always been controversial and divides opinion. It was voted "London's ugliest building" in a Grey London poll in September 2003.^[4]

In September 2001, arts minister Tessa Blackstone announced that the Barbican complex was to be a Grade II listed building. It has been designated a site of special architectural interest for its scale, its cohesion and the ambition of the project.^[5] The same architectural practice also designed the Barbican Housing Estate and the nearby Golden Lane Estate. Project architect John Honer later worked on the British Library at St Pancras – a red brick ziggurat.

In the mid-1990s a cosmetic improvement scheme by Theo Crosby, of the Pentagram design studio, added statues and decorative features reminiscent of the Arts and Crafts movement. In 2005-6, the Centre underwent a more significant refurbishment, designed by architects Allford Hall Monaghan Morris, which improved circulation and introduced bold signage in a style in keeping with the Centre's original 1970s Brutalist architecture. That improvement scheme added an internal bridge linking the Silk Street foyer area with the lakeside foyer area. The Centre's Silk Street entrance, previously dominated by an access for vehicles, was modified to give better pedestrian access. The scheme included removing most of the mid-1990s embellishments.

Outside, the main focal point of the Centre is the lake and its neighbouring terrace. The theatre's fly tower has been surrounded by glass and made into a spectacular high-level conservatory. The Barbican Hall's acoustic has also been controversial: some praised it as attractively warm, but others found it too dry for large-scale orchestral performance.

In 1994, Chicago acoustician Larry Kirkegaard oversaw a £500,000 acoustic re-engineering of the hall "producing a perceptible improvement in echo control and sound absorption", music critic Norman Lebrecht wrote in October 2000^[6] – and returned in 2001 to rip out the stage canopy and drop adjustable acoustic reflectors, designed by Caruso St John, from the ceiling, as part of a £7.5 mn refurbishment of the hall. Art music magazine Gramophone still complained about "the relative dryness of the Barbican acoustic" in August 2007.^[7]

The theatre was built as the London home of the Royal Shakespeare Company, which was involved in the design, but the RSC left in 2002 after a series of allegedly^{[weasel words]} poor seasons and because the then artistic director, Adrian Noble, wanted to develop the company's touring performances. The theatre's response was to extend its existing six-month season of international productions, Barbican International Theatre Event, to the whole year.^[8]

The Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the City of London's Barbican Library, neither part of the centre, are also on the site. The Museum of London, is nearby at Aldersgate, and is also within the Barbican Estate.

Nearby railway stations[link]

• Barbican tube station
• Farringdon station
• Moorgate tube station
• Liverpool Street railway station

See also[link]

• List of concert halls
• Barbican Estate
• Museum of London

References[link]

1. ^ ""About Barbican", from the Barbican's website". http://www.barbican.org.uk/about-barbican. Retrieved 29 August 2007. 
2. ^ History of the Barbican Estate from the City of London website, accessed: 1 February 2009
3. ^ See City of London libraries
4. ^ "Barbican tops ugly buildings poll", BBC News, 22 September 2006 accessed 11 January 2007
5. ^ Listing of the Barbican complex (City of London) accessed: 11 January 2007
6. ^ Concert-Hall Blues – Oh for an Acceptable Symphonic Environment – Lebrecht Weekly, 11 October 2000.Retrieved on 16 August 2007.
7. ^ August 2007 Gramophone quoted at LSO CD Reviews, London Symphony Orchestra website, undated.Retrieved on 16 August 2007.
8. ^ Shenton, Mark (22 October 2005). "Barbican box office upsurge follows identity make-over". The Stage. http://blogs.thestage.co.uk/shenton/2005/10/barbican-box-office-upsurge-follows/. Retrieved 28 November 2007. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Barbican Arts Centre

• The Barbican Centre official website
• The history of the Barbican Estate
• "Martin Kettle, "Good Old Barbican", The Guardian (London), 2 March 2002 Analysis of the Centre after 20 years.
• The Barbican Centre, Quicktime VR
• Interview with Alex Webb at The Barbican

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An art centre or arts center is distinct from an art gallery or art museum. An arts centre is a functional community centre with a specific remit to encourage arts practice and to provide facilities such as theatre space, gallery space, venues for musical performance, workshop areas, educational facilities, technical equipment, etc.^[1]

In the United States, "art centers" are generally either establishments geared toward exposing, generating, and making accessible art making to arts-interested individuals, or buildings that rent primarily to artists, galleries, or companies involved in art making.

In Britain, art centres began after World War II and gradually changed from mainly middle-class places to 1960s and 1970s trendy, alternative centres and eventually in the 1980s to serving the whole community with a programme of enabling access to wheelchair users and disabled individuals and groups.

In the rest of Europe it is common among most art centres that they are partly government funded, since they are considered to have a positive influence on society and economics according to the Rhineland model philosophy. A lot of those organisations originally started in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s as squading spaces and were later on legalized.

List of Arts centres[link]

US[link]

• Atlanta, Eyedrum
• NYC, Apexart
• NYC, Exit Art
• NYC, Knitting Factory

Europe[link]

Austria[link]

• Vienna, Moë

Belgium[link]

• Aalst, Netwerk
• Gent, Vooruit

France[link]

• Nantes, Le Lieu Unique

Ireland[link]

• Dublin, The Joinery

The Netherlands[link]

• Amsterdam, OT301
• Groningen, Galerie Sign
• Groningen, Galerie Owsum
• Rotterdam, WORM
• Rotterdam, Roodkapje

United Kingdom[link]

• Birmingham, MAC
• Canton, Cardiff, Chapter Arts Centre
• Milton Keynes, MK Gallery

See also[link]

• Artivism
• Cultural centre
• Infoshop
• Music venue
• Social centre

References[link]