Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
Official name	Olvera, Spain
Image seal	Escudo de Olvera.svg
Map caption	Location of Olvera
Subdivision type	Municipality
Subdivision name	Cádiz
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Fernando Fernández Rodríguez
Area magnitude	1 E9
Area total km2	194
Area land km2	194
Area water km2	0.00
Population as of	2005
Population total	8585
Population density km2	auto
Timezone	CET
Utc offset	+1
Timezone dst	CEST
Utc offset dst	+2
Lat d	36|lat_m 56|lat_s |lat_NS N
Long d	5|long_m 16|long_s |long_EW W
Coordinates type	region:ES_type:city
Coordinates display	title
Website	olvera.es
Footnotes	}}

Olvera is a city located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 8,585 inhabitants.

Overview

The start of the "Pueblo Blancos Route", the city of Olvera is located in the province of Cadiz, in the northwest of the Serranía Gaditana area, near the borders of the provinces of Seville and Malaga, on 36º56' north and 5º16' west, at a height of 643 meters above sea level and has a land surface of 194 km².

The distance between the capital and the Olvera is 139 km,. The number of inhabitants, according to the INE of 2005, is 8,585, although the number of "Olvereños" is possibly greater as migration to the coast (specifically to the Costa de la Luz) in search of employment where individuals decided to change their address to their place of work.

The hills surrounding Olvera are full of olive tree plantations that provide the best extraction of olive oils in Andalusia. In fact, in the last years it has received the award of the "Denominación de Origen de la Sierra de Cádiz", which is a standard that is recognised by participants; nearby towns like Setenil, Algonodales, Alcala del Valle, Torre Al-haquime etc. While olive groves are of great importance to the economy, the largest economic source of this colourful town is the "cooperative" and the prize "Arco Iris" of 1989 was won due to the town having the greatest number of cooperatives per inhabitant.

Of great interest within the municipality is a large colony of Andalusian leonado Vultures to be found within the natural reserve of the "Peñon de Zaframagón", a huge rock outcrop that is located 14 km to the northwest of the town centre.

History

There is a lack of specific data and studies into the true origin of the town. This means it is of conjecture to historians, some think that the present city was an establishment named Caricus, about the time of the Celts. Professor Ramos Santana posits that the legendary Cenosia, the original name of Olvera, located near the present city centre, was known as Vallehermoso (beautiful valley), existing at the time of the Visigoths.

In this area of the mountain range of Sierra de Lijar are numerous Roman camps and remains. The archaeologist Lorenzo Perdigones' report (1986) to show the existence of a Roman establishment in the area, dated the end of 3rd century B.C. Indeed the foundations of the city castle were found to be Roman, during the removal of some of the rubble. The original name of Olvera could be "Ilipa", (established by geographically adjusting in a map of Roman Spain, published in 1879, between Morón and Ronda). But what is certainly is that names such as Hippa and Hippo Nova, etc. are likely names of the original village.

But the first demonstrably, reliable origin of Olvera is within Muslim documentation, in the mid 12th Century when it is chronicled as an outpost in the mountains called "WUBIRA" or "URIWILA" (year 1327) when king Alfonso XI wrested it from the Arabs. As part of the Christian conquest plans from Seville, Olvera formed part of the advance strategy towards the Straits of Gibraltar to prevent the reinsurgence of Muslims. In one first expedition the Christians lost the banner of Seville that flew in Olvera castle. After the negotiations that followed the surrender of the town, Ibrahim-ibn-Utmain secured concessions, in respected of the Moors of Olvera, that each one of the inhabitants could keep their houses and goods.

The village was repopulated through a decree, a 'Letter of Population', issued on the 1 of August 1327, in which all criminals and debtors could, and had to, remain a year within the borders of Nazarí (Granada province?) in order that their debt to society be removed. This new acquisition for the King of Castilla was named Olivera to commemorate the sea of olive trees that surround it. With time, the "i" was phonetically lost giving rise to the present name.

In the middle of the 14th century the town passed to Don Alfonso Perez de Guzman. It is known that in 1395 Perez de Guzman arranged the marriage of his daughter with the son of the Muslim, Zunigaga.

Olvera was host to a detachment of Napoleonic troops, who were constantly harassed by the activities of guerrillas from the town until the French retreated in 1812.

Subsequently, two stately houses had the dominion over Olvera, the last of which was Tellez Giron and the Dukes of Osuna. The later was the feudal lord until 1843, when the family went bankrupt.

Some of the advances and episodes of great importance in Spanish history during the 19th century were echoed in Olvera, for instance the revolution of September 1868, (known as 'The Glorious One'), when (after a brief period as a Republic) the Monarchy granted Olvera, by Royal Decree on 8 May 1877, the title of "City" by Alfonso XII, in gratefulness to certain horses that sped him from the town of Olvera to one of the Carlist wars.

The most recent historic event for Olvera was that it was declared “A Protected Area of Artistic and Historical Importance” in 1983.

The years of the dictatorship of Franco provided opportunities for the Olvereños, who benefited from the building of the Jerez-Almargen railroad which terminated within the municipality. The project was never finished. This is now a well known "Via Verde" - a nature walk of some 40 km.

At the present time, Olvera is dedicated to agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, activities that are complemented by the tourist activities and the cooperatives.starting in Olvera and reaching Puerto Serrano.

Out of interest, the oldest street of Los Angeles, California is called Olvera Street, named after Agustin Olvera. It is a very popular market, visited by tourists worldwide, who have made the name Olvera a well known word. Also Nicholas de Ribera, 'the old one' El Viejo, who was born in Olvera in 1487 who took part in the conquest of Peru, and in 1535 was named the first mayor of Lima.

Economy

Nowadays Olvera largely survives through family cooperatives, based on agriculture, tourism and the construction industry at the coast.

Monuments of interest

The main monument of this city is itself. A phrase that exemplifies this reality is "OLVERA is a street, a churchand a castle, BUT what a street, what a church and what a castle!", for that reason Olvera was declared “A Protected Area of Artistic and Historical Importance” in 1983.

The Church

Dominating the area, like the top of a pyramid, is Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación (the Parish of Our Lady of the Incarnation) next to the Arabic Castle: it is the vertex of a white expanse of houses amongst olive groves. This church, in neoclassic style, was built by the orders of the Duke of Osuña in 1822 (which created a debt with the Olvera township by not investing the taxes in the improvement of the town) on the foundations of a small gothic- mudéjar (Andalucian Moorish) style church (conserving and incorporating a small baptismal room), which in turn was built on the foundations of an Arabic mosque. The work was finished in 1843, culminating in one of the greatest churches of the province, with dimensions worthy of cathedral. In 1936 republican revolutionaries burnt some of the icons and images along with the interior during the Spanish Civil War. In the interior are several frescos, stain glass windows of great value and images of the different phases of the death of Christ can be found, among them a Crucified Christ from the 16th century, discovered 15 years ago in the cellars of the building. The last restoration started in 1994 being closed to the congregation until the conclusion of works at the end of the 1999. At the moment the greater church of Olvera is again closed, due to a fire lasting 15 hours of an image/statue in September 2004, leaving the sacred place in lamentable condition. It is hoped that the necessary money will soon be obtained to reopen the church.

The Arab castle

as it stands was constructed at the end of 12th century, mostly in the 13th, on a strategic rock, giving the ability to communicate with other nearby castles through signals (e.g. reflecting light with mirrors). Its structure was created deliberately to disadvantage enemy to the maximum.

The Moorish Wall

There exists seven buttresses that support the wall, demolishen of some of the wall has emphasized the "Cilla", which served as a jail and a ducal barn, amongst other uses. Today it is a tourist office and a municipal museum, comprising four display rooms and a patio with a majestic view. In one of its rooms, we can find a permanent exhibition on "the Castles and Strengths of the Nazarí Kingdoms".

La Villa District

Near these other buildings, in the “Casco Antigüo” (the ancient town center) within the old town walls is la villa (the village). To walk its streets is to travel 700 years back, to when an older Olvera existed. This was where the Visigoth town called Wubira existed. The towns origins are evident here, (narrow streets, strategic corners, old cottages, etc.), exposing the visitor to the old architecture of the Muslim town entwined with the modern.

La plaza de Andalusia

The plaza, also called "La Alameda" (tree lined area), is one of the places we must not forget to visit, where there is a majestic stone fountain/waterfall constructed in 2004. Above this is el Peñón del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (the Rock of the Sacred Heart of Jesus), a great rock garden full of ivy, flowers, birds and animals. The reason for its name is the Christ statue, with arms raised, on the highest part of the rock carved by Jose Even Navas, in 1929.

El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Los Remedios

The Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Remedies is 2 km from the town centre. It was constructed in the 18th century, in Andalucian style on the foundations of a small hermitage. It venerates the patron of the locality, Nuestra Señora de Los Remedios, who is loved by the town of Olvera and many towns around, known collectively as “las cientos sierras” (the 100 mountain ranges). Unknown persons created an original statue to her during 16th century, which was restored 10 years ago. The head of the statue is in poor condition as the galleries became infested with termites for more than a century, however, the best possible restoration has been applied to it. The Archbishop of Seville, Don Good Jose Maria Monreal, was crowned here in 1966.

El Monasterio de Caño Santos

Located 7 km from Olvera, it was constructed in 1542. For many years it was the seat of the old patrona of the city, the Holy virgin of Caño, an image kept by the local Franciscan friars who inhabited the interior. In 1835 they were expelled and the monastery confiscated and abandoned. After many years, when the building was all but lost, the council of Andalusia decided to restore it. Although the monument is within the municipality of Olvera, this monastery is property of the city council of Alcala del Valle.

External links

Olvera - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía

http://www.360cities.net/image/olveracastle

References

Category:Municipalities in Cádiz Category:Populated places in Cádiz

ar:أولفيرا ca:Olvera de:Olvera es:Olvera eo:Olvera eu:Olvera fr:Olvera id:Olvera it:Olvera nl:Olvera pl:Olvera pt:Olvera ro:Olvera ru:Ольвера tr:Olvera uk:Ольвера vi:Olvera war:Olvera

The Dancing Man is the name given to the man who was filmed dancing on the street in Sydney, Australia, after the end of World War II. On 15 August 1945, a reporter took note of a man's joyful expression and dance and asked him to do it again. The man consented and was caught on motion picture film in an Australian edition of the newsreel Movietone News. The film and stills from it have taken on iconic status in Australian history and culture, and symbolise victory in the war.

Identity

There has been much debate as to the identity of the dancing man. The identity commonly accepted, though, is that he is Frank McAlary, a retired barrister who claims that he was the man photographed pirouetting in Elizabeth Street, Sydney, on 15 August 1945. A Queen's Counsel, Chester Porter, and a former Compensation Court judge, Barry Egan, both claim to have seen Mr. McAlary being filmed dancing.

The television programme ''Where Are They Now'', produced by Australia's Seven Network, attempted to solve the mystery of the dancing man's identity. The network hired a forensic scientist who examined the film reel and picture and came to the conclusion that it was indeed McAlary.

The Royal Australian Mint, however, chose to portray Ern Hill as the dancing man on a 2005 issue $1 coin commemorating 60 years since the World War II armistice. Mr. Hill has made a statement that, "The camera came along and I did a bit of a jump around." The coin does not bear any name.

Rebecca Keenan of Film World Pty. Ltd., says the dancer may be one Patrick Blackall. Mr. Blackall has claimed, "I'm the genuine dancing man," and has signed statutory declarations that he is the man in the film.

See also

V-J Day in Times Square, an image of V-J Day in Manhattan

Notes

References

"Dancing man still got the moves." St George Leagues Club, ''Leagues Club Journal.'' 25 July 2005

Macy, Richard. "Who is the dancing man?." ''Sydney Morning Herald,'' 8 December 2004

Stephens, Tony. "Famous pirouette of peace stepping up to a war dance" ''Sydney Morning Herald,'' 10 August 1995

Movietone clip with teacher's notes on australianscreen online

Category:Aftermath of World War II Category:History of Sydney Category:People from Sydney Category:Newsreels Category:1945 works Category:Black-and-white photographs Category:World War II photographs

Coordinates	3°8′51″N101°41′36″N
Name	Fernando Valenzuela
Position	Pitcher
Bats	Left
Throws	Left
Birth date	November 01, 1960
Birth place	Navojoa, Mexico
Debutdate	September 15
Debutyear	1980
Debutteam	Los Angeles Dodgers
Finaldate	July 14
Finalyear	1997
Finalteam	St. Louis Cardinals
Stat1label	Win–Loss record
Stat1value	173–153
Stat2label	Earned run average
Stat2value	3.54
Stat3label	Strikeouts
Stat3value	2,074
Teams	Los Angeles Dodgers (–) California Angels () Baltimore Orioles () Philadelphia Phillies () San Diego Padres (–) St. Louis Cardinals ()
Highlights	6× All-Star selection (1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986) World Series champion () Gold Glove Award winner (1986) 2× Silver Slugger Award winner (1981, 1983) 1981 NL Cy Young Award 1981 NL Rookie of the Year 1981 NL TSN Pitcher of the Year Pitched a no-hitter in 1990 }}

Fernando Valenzuela Anguamea (; born November 1, 1960) is a Mexican former left-handed pitcher, most notably with the Los Angeles Dodgers.

In 1981, the 20-year-old Valenzuela took Los Angeles (and Major League Baseball) by storm, winning his first 8 decisions and leading the Dodgers to the World Championship. That year, Valenzuela became the only player in Major League history to win the Rookie of the Year award and the Cy Young Award in the same season, adding the Silver Slugger Award and World Series championship for good measure. With his youthful charm, devastating screwball, "Ruthian physique", and a connection with Los Angeles' large Latino community, Valenzuela touched off an early '80s craze dubbed "Fernandomania".

Valenzuela was a Dodgers mainstay throughout the 1980s, winning 21 games in 1986 and pitching a no-hitter in 1990, though he was injured during the 1988 championship run. However, he faltered because of injuries in the 1990s, pitching ineffectively for several teams. After one last effective season with the San Diego Padres in 1996, he retired from Major League Baseball.

Since 2003, Valenzuela has worked as a Spanish-language color commentator for the Dodgers.

Early life

Valenzuela, the youngest of twelve children, was born in Etchohuaquila, a small town within the municipality of Navojoa, in the state of Sonora, Mexico. His birth date is officially listed as November 1, 1960, but during his phenomenal rookie season in 1981 several commentators questioned his age, guessing him to be significantly older than twenty.

Playing career

In 1978, 17-year-old Fernando Valenzuela began his professional baseball career with the Guanajuato Tuzos of the Mexican Central League, posting a 5-6 record with a 2.23 ERA. The following year, the Mexican Central League was absorbed into the expanded Liga Mexicana de Beisbol (Mexican Baseball League), automatically elevating then 18-year-old Valenzuela to the Triple-A level. Pitching for the Leones de Yucatán (Yucatan Lions) that year, Valenzuela went 10-12 with a 2.49 ERA and 141 strikeouts. A number of Major League teams scouted Valenzuela during this time, but it was the Los Angeles Dodgers who finally gambled on the young lefty, buying out his Liga contract on July 6, 1979, for $120,000.

Los Angeles Dodgers

After acquiring Fernando Valenzuela in the summer of 1979, the Dodgers assigned him to the Lodi Dodgers (now the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes) of the High-A level California League, where he posted a 1-2 record and a 1.13 ERA in limited action. In 1980 Valenzuela was promoted to the Double-A level San Antonio Missions. There Valenzuela led the Texas League with 162 strikeouts, and ranked third in ERA.

Valenzuela was called up to the Los Angeles Dodger bullpen in September 1980. In the last month of the season, Valenzuela helped the Dodgers to a Western Division tie with the Houston Astros, pitching 17 2/3 shutout innings of relief over the course of ten games, during which he earned two wins and a save. The Los Angeles Dodgers then lost a one-game playoff - and thus the division championship - to the Astros.

Fernandomania

Valenzuela's efforts made him the odds-on favorite to be the league's top rookie in 1981. He started the season 8-0 with five shutouts and an ERA of 0.50. Punctuating this dominance on the mound, Valenzuela had an extremely unusual but flamboyant wind-up (looking skyward just at the apex of every pitch), which drew attention of its own. It was a habit which he claims to have developed spontaneously, although not until joining the Dodgers. He became an instant media icon, drawing huge crowds from the Los Angeles Latino community every time he pitched and triggering high demand across the country for his rookie baseball cards. The craze surrounding Valenzuela came to be known as "Fernandomania."

Valenzuela was less dominant after the 1981 player strike wiped out the middle third of the season, but the left-hander still finished with a 13-7 record and a 2.48 ERA. He led all pitchers in complete games (11), shutouts (8), innings pitched (192.1) and strikeouts (180). That season Fernando Valenzuela became the only pitcher to win Rookie of the Year and Cy Young Award honors in the same year. In the post-season, Valenzuela became the youngest pitcher to start the first game of a series and pitched a complete Game 3 of the 1981 World Series against the New York Yankees. In total, he went 3-1 in the post-season as he helped the Dodgers to their first World Championship since 1965.

In addition to his skills on the mound, Valenzuela also displayed much better offensive skills than most pitchers. During his rookie season, Valenzuela batted .250 and struck out just nine times in 64 at bats, and was the recipient of the National League's Silver Slugger Award for pitchers.

El Toro

Following the outstanding debut, Valenzuela, nicknamed "El Toro" (the Bull) by fans, settled down into a number of years as a workhorse starter and one of the league's best pitchers. He had one of his best seasons in 1986, when he finished 21-11 with a 3.14 ERA and led the league in wins, complete games and innings pitched. He lost a narrow vote for the Cy Young Award to the Astros' Mike Scott.

At the 1986 All-Star Game, Valenzuela made history by striking out five consecutive American League batters, tying a record set by fellow left-handed screwballer Carl Hubbell in the 1934 contest.

In 1987 his performance declined, dropping off to 14-14 with a 3.98 ERA. In 1988 he won just five games and missed much of the season (a year in which the Dodgers won the World Series). He improved slightly in 1989 and went 10-13, and went 13-13 in 1990. He had one last great moment on June 29, 1990, when he threw a 6-0 no-hitter against the St. Louis Cardinals just hours after the Oakland Athletics' Dave Stewart had thrown one against the Toronto Blue Jays.

Early in his major league career, Valenzuela had trouble communicating with his catchers because he spoke very little English. Mike Scioscia, after being called up as a rookie, made the effort to learn Spanish and eventually became Valenzuela's "personal catcher" with the Dodgers before becoming the full-time catcher.

Post-Dodgers career

After pitching ineffectively in spring training in 1991, Valenzuela was released by the Dodgers. An abortive attempt at a comeback with the California Angels failed later that summer. He signed with the Detroit Tigers in the spring of 1992, but he never played for the team, and his contract was purchased by Jalisco of the Mexican League that summer. He pitched and played some first base when he wasn't on the mound, before making another brief comeback in 1993 with the Baltimore Orioles.

Jumping between the big leagues and Mexico for the next few seasons, he put together one more solid big-league season in 1996 for the San Diego Padres, going 13-8 with a 3.62 ERA. He retired a year later with a final record of 173-153 and a 3.54 ERA as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals.

The Los Angeles Dodgers invited him to spring training in 1999, but he declined the offer.

On June 29, 2004, Valenzuela announced he would return to the mound in the Liga Mexicana del Pacífico (the Mexican Pacific Coast League) to play for Los Aguilas de Mexicali in October at which time he was nearly 44 years old. He pitched again that Mexican winter league, during the 2005-06 season.

Hitting

Valenzuela was considered an exceptionally good hitter for a pitcher. His best year at the plate was 1990, his last year with the Dodgers, when he hit .304 with five doubles, one home run, and 11 RBI in 69 at-bats. In 936 career at-bats — roughly two full seasons worth of at-bats for a full-time position player — his career batting average was .200, with 10 homers, 26 doubles, and 84 RBI. Valenzuela was even used on a number of occasions as a pinch-hitter, batting .368 (7-for-19) in such situations. And on at least two occasions with the Dodgers, Valenzuela was called upon to play outfield and first base in marathon extra-inning games in which he did not pitch. He won the Silver Slugger award for pitchers in 1981 and 1983.

After retirement

In 2003, Valenzuela returned to the Dodgers organization as the Spanish-language radio color commentator for National League West games, joining Jaime Jarrin and Pepe Ýñiguez in the Spanish-language booth.

Valenzuela also served on the coaching staff of Team Mexico during the 2006 World Baseball Classic and 2009 World Baseball Classic.

Legacy

Fernando Valenzuela was inducted into the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame on August 23, 2003, in a pregame on the field ceremony at Dodger Stadium.

In 2005, he was named one of three starting pitchers on Major League Baseball's Latino Legends Team.

Dodgers clubhouse manager Mitch Poole has unofficially kept Valenzuela's jersey number 34 out of circulation out of respect for him.

On October 26, 2010, ESPN broadcast a documentary commemorating Valenzuela's arrival with the Dodgers titled ''Fernando Nation'' as part of their ''30 for 30'' documentary series.

Family

Valenzuela's son, Fernando Jr., played in the San Diego Padres organization as a first baseman. In 2006, Fernando Jr. moved to the Kannapolis Intimidators, a Class A League team in the South Atlantic League affiliated with the Chicago White Sox and located in Kannapolis, North Carolina, as a first baseman. In 2008 season, he played first base for the Leones de Yucatán, of the Mexican Baseball League, and was still playing for them in 2011, primarily as a DH, however he came in to pitch in a blowout loss on May 11, the opposite of what his father occasionally did, a position player pitching, rather than a pitcher playing a position.

References

External links

Fernando Valenzuela at:

* Baseball Almanac

* Baseball Library

* BR Bullpen

* Los Angeles Dodgers Online

* MLB.com

* Retrosheet

}}

Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Los Angeles Dodgers players Category:Baltimore Orioles players Category:California Angels players Category:Philadelphia Phillies players Category:San Diego Padres players Category:St. Louis Cardinals players Category:National League All-Stars Category:National League strikeout champions Category:National League wins champions Category:Major League Baseball players from Mexico Category:Cy Young Award winners Category:Gold Glove Award winners Category:Major League Baseball announcers Category:People from Navojoa Category:People from Sonora Category:Los Angeles Dodgers announcers Category:Águilas de Mexicali players Category:Mayos de Navojoa players Category:Lodi Dodgers players Category:San Antonio Dodgers players Category:Palm Springs Angels players Category:Midland Angels players Category:Edmonton Trappers players Category:Bowie Baysox players Category:Rochester Red Wings players Category:Mexican expatriates in the United States

de:Fernando Valenzuela (Baseballspieler) es:Fernando Valenzuela fr:Fernando Valenzuela ko:페르난도 발렌수엘라 ja:フェルナンド・バレンズエラ