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The Heptarchy (Greek: ἑπτά + ἀρχή seven + realm) is a now discredited^{[by whom?]} collective name applied to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of south, east, and central Great Britain during late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, conventionally identified as seven: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms eventually unified into the Kingdom of England.

The term has been in use since the 16th century, but the initial idea that there were seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms is attributed to the English historian Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century and was first used in his Historia Anglorum.^[1]

The heptarchy does not include any of the Sub-Roman Brythonic realms such as Elmet, Rheged, Strathclyde, Ebrauc, Bryneich and Gododdin, and during the same period, what are now Ireland, Scotland and Wales were also divided into comparable petty kingdoms.

Unification[link]

By convention the label is considered to cover the period from 500 CE to 850 CE, often referred to as the Dark Ages, which approximately represents the period following the departure of Roman legions from Britain until the unification of the kingdoms under Egbert of Wessex.

Though heptarchy implies the existence of seven kingdoms, the number fluctuated, as kinglets contended for supremacy at various times within the conventional period.^[2] In the late sixth century the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south; in the seventh century the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful; in the eighth century Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms. Yet as late as the reigns of Eadwig and Edgar (955–75), it was still possible to speak of separate kingdoms within the English population.

In reality the end of the Heptarchy was a gradual process. The 9th century Viking raids that led to the establishment of a Danish-controlled enclave at York, and ultimately to the Danelaw, gained considerable advantage from the petty rivalries between the old kingdoms. The need to unite against the common enemy was recognised, so that by the time Alfred of Wessex resisted the Danes in the late 9th century, he did so essentially as the leader of an Anglo-Saxon nation. Successive kings of Wessex (and especially Athelstan) progressively reinforced the English unitary state, until, with the simultaneous dissolution of Mercia and submission of Northumbria upon Edgar's succession in 959, the old constituent kingdoms in effect became consolidated into one.

Recent research has revealed that some of the Heptarchy kingdoms (notably Essex and Sussex) did not achieve the same status as the others. Conversely, there also existed alongside the seven kingdoms a number of other political divisions which played a more significant role than previously thought. Such were the kingdoms (or sub-kingdoms) of: Bernicia and Deira within Northumbria; Lindsey in present-day Lincolnshire; the Hwicce in the southwest Midlands; the Magonsæte or Magonset, a sub-kingdom of Mercia in what is now Herefordshire; the Wihtwara, a Jutish kingdom on the Isle of Wight, originally as important as the Cantwara of Kent; the Middle Angles, a group of tribes based around modern Leicestershire, later conquered by the Mercians; the Hæstingas (around the town of Hastings in Sussex); and the Gewisse, a Saxon tribe in what is now southern Hampshire later developing into the kingdom of Wessex.

Certainly the term Heptarchy has been considered unsatisfactory since the early 20th century, and many professional historians no longer use it, feeling that it does not accurately describe the period to which it refers.^{[citation needed]} However, it is still sometimes used as a label of convenience for a phase in the development of England.

Anglo-Saxon England heptarchy[link]

The Heptarchy, according to Bartholomew's A literary & historical atlas of Europe (1914)

The four main kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England were:

• Wessex
• East Anglia
• Mercia
• Northumbria, including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira

The other main kingdoms which were conquered by others entirely at some point in their history are:

• Kent
• Sussex
• Essex

Other minor kingdoms and territories[link]

• Isle of Wight, also known as the Wihtwara
• The Meonwara a Jutish tribe in Hampshire
• Surrey
• Kingdom of the Iclingas, a precursor state to Mercia
• Lindsey
• The Hwicce
• Magonsæte
• Pecsæte
• Wreocensæte
• Tomsæte
• Haestingas
• Middle Angles
• Dumnonia (only subject to Wessex at a later date)

Attributed arms[link]

Arms were attributed to the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. The Kingdom of Essex, for instance, was assigned a red shield with three notched swords (or "seaxes"). This coat was used by the counties of Essex and Middlesex until 1910, when the Middlesex County Council applied for a formal grant from the College of Arms (The Times, 1910). Middlesex was granted a red shield with three notched swords and a "Saxon Crown". The Essex County Council was granted the arms without the crown in 1932.

• 

  Kingdom of Wessex

• 

  Kingdom of Northumbria

• 

  Kingdom of Kent

• 

  Kingdom of East Anglia

• 

  Kingdom of Essex

• 

  Kingdom of Sussex

• 

  Kingdom of Mercia

See also[link]

• History of Anglo-Saxon England
• Related terms : Bretwalda, High King for hegemons among Kings
• Compare : Tetrarchy
• Cornovii (Cornish)

Notes[link]

External material[link]

Reference[link]

• Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte

Further reading[link]

• Stenton, F. M. (1971) Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd edition. Oxford U. P.
• Campbell, J. et al. (1991) The Anglo-Saxons. Harmondsworth: Penguin

External links[link]

• Monarchs of Britain, Encyclopædia Britannica
• The Burghal Hidage - Wessex's fortified burhs

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