This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011)

Biała Lądecka, a right tributary of Nysa Kłodzka in Poland, located in the village of Bielice in Lower Silesia.

A tributary or affluent^[1] is a stream or river that flows into a main stem (or parent) river or a lake.^[2] A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the mainstem river serve to drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater by leading the water out into an ocean or sea.

A confluence, where two or more bodies of water meet together, usually refers to the joining of tributaries.

Reciprocal to a tributary is a distributary, a river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream. Distributaries are most often found in river deltas.

Terminology[link]

The Pfinz, a right tributary of the Rhine, located in Baden-Württemberg.

Walton Creek, a small tributary of the Lochsa River in northeastern Idaho, flowing slightly upstream of its confluence with a larger stream.

'Right tributary' and 'left tributary' (or 'right-bank tributary' and 'left-bank tributary') are terms stating the orientation of the tributary relative to the flow of the mainstem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream (in the direction the water current of the main stem is going).

Where tributaries have the same name as the river into which they feed, they are called forks. These are typically designated by compass direction. For example, the American River receives flow from its north, middle, and south forks.

Forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here, the "handedness" is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream. For instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek.

Ordering and enumeration[link]

Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river and ending with those to those nearest to the mouth of the river. The Strahler Stream Order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third, and higher orders, with the first order tributary being typically the least in size. For example, a second order tributary would be the result of two or more first order tributaries combining to form the second order tributary.

Another method is to list tributaries from mouth to source, in the form of a tree structure, stored as a tree data structure.^{[citation needed]}

In Norway, the river Glomma meets its main tributary Vorma.

See also[link]

• Estuary

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up tributary, confluent, or affluent in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Justin Vernon
Vernon performing with Bon Iver in Gothenburg, Sweden.
Background information
Birth name	Justin DeYarmond Edison Vernon
Born	(1981-04-30) April 30, 1981 (age 31) Eau Claire, Wisconsin, U.S.[1]
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Associated acts	Bon Iver DeYarmond Edison All Tiny Creatures The Shouting Matches Mount Vernon Megafaun Volcano Choir Gayngs Kanye West The Throne The Rosebuds St. Vincent Kathleen Edwards James Blake

Justin DeYarmond Edison Vernon (born April 30, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter and the frontman for Bon Iver.^[2][3][4]

Early life[link]

Vernon attended Memorial High School in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, graduating in 1999. He then attended college at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. Vernon majored in Religious Studies and minored in Women's Studies. In an interview with Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report, he said that he was not ready to study music.^[5]

Career[link]

While in high school and college, Vernon founded the bands Mount Vernon and DeYarmond Edison – both indie-rock bands which originated from Eau Claire, Wisconsin, where he still resides.^[6][7] DeYarmond Edison's core consisted of Vernon, Brad and Phil Cook, and Joe Westerlund. The band saw varying line-up changes during its five years of existence.

After a long period of success in the Eau Claire music scene, the four band mates decided to leave their longtime home and move to Raleigh, North Carolina to try their musical hand in a new place. The band released two records themselves, the first self-titled and the second titled Silent Signs^[8] and an EP of unreleased material is available on their Myspace page.^[9] After nearly a year in Raleigh, Vernon left for Wisconsin after a breakup with the band and a girlfriend. The remaining members of DeYarmond Edison went on to form a new band called Megafaun and remain good friends with Vernon.^[10]

Vernon came to international prominence with For Emma, Forever Ago, his first album as Bon Iver.

Vernon is a part of other musical groups, including Volcano Choir, which consists of Vernon and the members of the band Collections of Colonies of Bees. In 2009 Unmap was released. The collaborative group Gayngs, which includes multiple other established artists, including Megafaun, The Rosebuds and P.O.S., released Relayted in 2010.^[11] Vernon contributed to seven songs on Anaïs Mitchell's 2010 album Hadestown, based on the Greek legend Orpheus and Eurydice. He is half of The Shouting Matches, a blues-garage rock duo, along with Laarks and Peter Wolf Crier drummer Brian Moen. They have recorded but not yet released a 5-track EP, Mouthoil.^[12]

Vernon agreed to let Kanye West use samples from his song "Woods" on his 2009 EP Blood Bank for West's 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and has contributed vocals to several songs in collaboration with West since.^[13] In 2009, Vernon collaborated with Aaron Dessner on the song "Big Red Machine" for the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization.

He has produced albums for other artists, including Land of Talk's 2008 album Some Are Lakes^[14] and Kathleen Edwards' 2012 album Voyageur.^[15]

Bon Iver won Best New Artist and Best Alternative Album at the 2012 Grammys.^[16]

Personal life[link]

Since 2011, Vernon has been in a relationship with Canadian singer-songwriter Kathleen Edwards.^[17]

Discography[link]

with Gayngs[link]

• 2010 Relayted

with Bon Iver[link]

• 2008 For Emma, Forever Ago
• 2009 Blood Bank (EP)
• 2011 Bon Iver

with Volcano Choir[link]

• 2009 Unmap

with Eau Claire Memorial Jazz I Ensemble[link]

• 2009 A Decade With Duke

with The Shouting Matches[link]

• 2008 Mouthoil (Unreleased 5-track EP)

as Justin Vernon[link]

• 2005 Self Record
• 2006 Hazeltons

with DeYarmond Edison[link]

• 2004 DeYarmond Edison
• 2005 Silent Signs
• 2006 The Bickett Residency
• 2006 Unreleased EP

as JD Vernon[link]

• 2001 Feels Like Home

with Mount Vernon[link]

• 1998 We Can Look Up
• 2000 All of Us Free

References[link]

1. ^ "Justin Vernon". AskMen.com. December 13, 2008. http://www.askmen.com/celebs/men/entertainment/justin-vernon.html. 
2. ^ Grammy Winners 2011
3. ^ Judki, Maura (February 13, 2012). "Bon Iver’s Best New Artist win confuses Grammy viewers". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/click-track/post/bon-iver-best-new-artist-win-confuses-grammy-viewers/2012/02/12/gIQAkunz9Q_blog.html?tid=pm_entertainment_pop. Retrieved February 13, 2012. 
4. ^ Caramanica, Jon (June 3, 2011). "Who, What and Where is Bon Iver?". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/magazine/who-what-and-where-is-bon-iver.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved February 13, 2012. 
5. ^ Colbert, Stephen (June 20, 2011). "Interview of Justin Vernon". Colbert Report. http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/390018/june-20-2011/justin-vernon. Retrieved February 14, 2011. 
6. ^ Foley, Ryan (September 11, 2007). "Bon Iver – For Emma, Forever Ago". Stylus Magazine. http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/bon-iver/for-emma-forever-ago.htm. 
7. ^ Deusner, Stephen (October 4, 2007). "Bon Iver: For Emma, Forever Ago". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/45817-for-emma-forever-ago. 
8. ^ Indy Week Article on DeYarmond Edison
9. ^ DeYarmond Edison on MySpace
10. ^ Allen, Dustin (February 11, 2008). "Out of the Bungalow: An Interview With Bon Iver". Treblezine.com. http://www.treblezine.com/features/143.html. Retrieved 2011-08-29. 
11. ^ http://jagjaguwar.com/blog/2010/02/jagjaguwar-introduces-gayngs-new-album-relayted-coming-in-may/
12. ^ http://fortifiedwithoptimism.blogspot.com/2009/12/shouting-matches.html
13. ^ http://pitchfork.com/news/39752-justin-vernon-talks-kanye-collaboration-gayngs/
14. ^ http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/land-talk-some-are-lakes/
15. ^ "Kathleen Edwards Unveils 'Voyageur'". Exclaim!, October 11, 2011.
16. ^ Wappler, Margaret (February 12, 2012). "Grammys 2012: Bon Iver wins for best new artist". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2012/02/grammy-awards-2012-new-artist.html. Retrieved February 13, 2012. 
17. ^ http://6thfloor.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/justin-vernon-the-good-boyfriend/

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Justin Vernon

• Official Bon Iver website
• Justin Vernon scores two Charlie Chaplin shorts with Chris Rosneau of Volcano Choir
• Official Volcano Choir website