Degrees Brix (symbol °Bx) is the sugar content of an aqueous solution. One degree Brix is 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution and represents the strength of the solution as percentage by weight (% w/w) (strictly speaking, by mass). If the solution contains dissolved solids other than pure sucrose, then the °Bx is only approximate the dissolved solid content. The °Bx is traditionally used in the wine, sugar, fruit juice, and honey industries.

Comparable scales for indicating sucrose content are the degree Plato (°P), which is widely used by the brewing industry, and the degree Balling, which is the oldest of the three systems and therefore mostly found in older textbooks, but also still in use in some parts of the world.^[1]

A sucrose solution with an apparent specific gravity (20°/20°C) of 1.040 would be 9.99325 °Bx or 9.99359 °P while the representative sugar body, the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA), in favor of mass fraction, would report the solution strength as 9.99249%. Because the differences between the systems are of little practical significance (the differences are less than the precision of the instruments) and wide historical use of the Brix unit, modern instruments calculate mass fraction using ICUMSA official formulas but report the result as °Bx.

Background[link]

First Karl Balling, then Adolf Brix and finally the Normal-Eichungskommission under Fritz Plato prepared pure sucrose solutions of known strength, measured their specific gravities and prepared tables of percent sucrose by weight vs. measured specific gravity. Balling measured specific gravity to 3 decimal places, Brix to 5 and the Normal-Eichungskommission to 6 with the goal of the Kommission being to correct errors in the 5th and 6th decimal place in the Brix table.

Equipped with one of these tables, a brewer wishing to know how much sugar was in his wort could measure its specific gravity and enter that specific gravity into the Plato table to obtain °Plato which is the same as % sucrose w/w. A vintner could measure the specific gravity of his must and enter the Brix table to find the must °Bx value i.e. its % sucrose w/w. It is important to point out that neither wort nor must is a solution of pure sucrose in pure water. Many other compounds are dissolved as well but these are either sugars, which behave very similarly to sucrose with respect to specific gravity as a function of concentration, or compounds which are present in small amounts (minerals, hop acids in wort, tannins, acids in must). In any case, even if °Bx are not representative of the exact amount of sugar in a must or fruit juice they can be used for comparison of relative sugar content.

Measurement[link]

As specific gravity was the basis for the Balling, Brix and Plato tables dissolved sugar content was originally estimated by measurement of specific gravity using a hydrometer or pycnometer. In modern times hydrometers are still widely used but where greater accuracy is required an electronic oscillating U-tube meter will be employed. Whichever means are used, the analyst enters the tables with specific gravity and takes out (using interpolation if necessary) the sugar content in percent by weight. If he uses the Plato tables (maintained by the American Society of Brewing Chemists^[2]) he reports in °P. If using the Brix table (the current version of which is maintained by NIST and can be found on their website)^[3] he reports in °Bx. If using the ICUMSA tables,^[4] he would report in mass fraction (m.f.). It is not, typically, actually necessary to consult tables as the tabulated °Bx or °P value can be printed directly on the hydrometer scale next to the tabulated value of specific gravity or stored in the memory of the electronic U-tube meter or calculated from polynomial fits to the tabulated data. Both ICUMSA and ASBC have published suitable polynomials, in fact the ICUMSA tables are calculated from the polynomials. The opposite is true with the ASBC polynomial. Also note that the tables in use today are not those published by Brix or Plato. Those workers measured true specific gravity reference to water at 4 °C using, respectively, 17.5 and 20 °C, as the temperature at which density of the sucrose solutions was measured. Both NBS and ASBC converted to apparent specific gravity at 20°C/20°C. The ICUMSA tables are based on more recent measurements on sucrose, fructose, glucose and invert sugar and tabulate true density and weight in air at 20 °C against mass fraction.

Dissolution of sucrose and other sugars in water changes not only its specific gravity but its optical properties in particular its refractive index and the extent to which it rotates the plane of linearly polarized light. The refractive index, nD, for sucrose solutions of various strengths by weight has been measured and tables of nD vs. °Bx published. As with the hydrometer, it is possible to use these tables to calibrate a refractometer so that it reads directly in °Bx. Calibration is usually based on the ICUMSA tables,^[5] but the user of an electronic refractometer should verify this.

Sugars also have known infrared absorption spectra and this has made it possible to develop instruments for measuring sugar concentration using NIR (Near Infra Red) and FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry) techniques. In the former case, in line instruments are available which allow constant monitoring of sugar content in sugar refineries, beverage plants, wineries, etc. As with any of the other instruments NIR and FT-IR instruments can be calibrated against pure sucrose solutions and thus report in °Bx but there are other possibilities with these technologies as they have the potential to distinguish between sugars and interfering substances.

Tables[link]

Approximate values of °Bx can be computed from 261.3 × (1 − 1/S), where S is the apparent specific gravity of the solution 20°C/20°C. More accurate values are available from °Bx = (((182.4601*S -775.6821)*S +1262.7794)*S -669.5622), derived from the NBS table with S as above. This should not be used above S = 1.17874 (40 °Bx). RMS disagreement between the polynomial and the NBS table is 0.0009 °Bx. The Plato scale can be approximated by the Lincoln Equation °P = (463-205*S)*(S-1) or values obtained with high accuracy with respect to the ASBC table from the ASBC polynomial °P = (((135.997*S - 630.272)*S + 1111.14)*S - 616.868).

The difference between the °Bx and °P as calculated from the respective polynomials is: °P - °Bx = (((-2.81615*S +8.79724)*S - 9.1626)*S +3.18213). The difference is generally less than ±0.0005 °Bx or °P with the exception being for weak solutions. As 0 °Bx is approached °P tend towards as much as 0.002 °P higher than the °Bx calculated for the same specific gravity. Disagreements of this order of magnitude can be expected as the NBS and the ASBC used slightly different values for the density of air and pure water in their calculations converting to apparent specific gravity. It should be clear from these comments that Plato and Brix are, for all but the most exacting applications, the same. Note: all polynomials in this article are in a format that can be pasted directly into a spreadsheet.

When a refractometer is used, the Brix value can be obtained from the polynomial fit to the ICUMSA table: Bx = (((((11758.74*nD -88885.21)*nD + 270177.93)*nD - 413145.80)*nD + 318417.95)*nD -99127.4536) where nD is the refractive index, measured at the wavelength of the sodium D line (589.3 nm) at 20 °C. Temperature is very important as refractive index changes dramatically with temperature. Many refractometers have built in "Automatic Temperature Compensation" (ATC) which is based on knowledge of the way the refractive index of sucrose changes. For example, the refractive index of a sucrose solution of strength less than 10 °Bx is such that a 1 °C change in temperature would cause the Brix reading to shift by about 0.06 °Bx. Beer, conversely, exhibits a change with temperature about three times this much. It is important, therefore, that users of refractometers either make sure the sample and prism of the instrument are both at very close to 20 °C or, if that is difficult to insure, readings should be taken at 2 temperatures separated by a few degrees, the change per degree noted and the final recorded value referenced to 20°C using the Bx vs. Temp slope information.

Usage[link]

The three scales are often used interchangeably since the differences are minor.

• Brix is primarily used in fruit juice, wine making, carbonated beverage industry, starch and the sugar industry.
• Plato is primarily used in brewing.
• Balling appears on older saccharimeters and is still used in the South African wine industry and in some breweries.

Brix is used in the food industry for measuring the approximate amount of sugars in fruits, vegetables, juices, wine, soft drinks and in the starch and sugar manufacturing industry. Different countries use the scales in different industries; in the UK brewing is measured with specific gravity X 1000, European brewers use Plato degrees, and US industries use a mix of specific gravity, Brix, degrees Baumé and Plato degrees. For fruit juices, 1.0 degree Brix is denoted as 1.0% sugar by weight. This usually correlates well with perceived sweetness.

Modern optical Brix meters are divided into two categories. In the first are the Abbe based instruments in which a drop of the sample solution is placed on a prism; the result is observed through an eyepiece. The critical angle (the angle beyond which light is totally reflected back into the sample) is a function of the refractive index and the operator detects this critical angle by noting where a dark-bright boundary falls on an engraved scale. The scale can be calibrated in Brix or refractive index. Often the prism mount contains a thermometer which can be used to correct to 20°C in situations where measurement cannot be made at exactly that temperature. These instruments are available in bench and hand held versions.

Digital refractometers also find the critical angle, but the light path is entirely internal to the prism. A drop of sample is placed on its surface (at the center of the circular well in the accompanying photograph) and so the critical light beam never penetrates the sample. This makes it easier to read turbid samples. The light/dark boundary, whose position is proportional to the critical angle, is sensed by a CCD array. These meters are also available in bench top (laboratory) and portable (pocket) version. These are the easiest to use of all the methods for estimating Brix and can be used on location with minimal training. A drop of distilled water is placed on the prism and the calibrate button pressed. The distilled water is now replaced by a drop of juice from the fruit being measured. The read button is pressed and the display indicates °Bx directly. This ability to easily measure Brix in the field makes it possible to determine ideal harvesting times of fruit and vegetables so that products arrive at the consumers in a perfect state or are ideal for subsequent processing steps such as vinification.

Brix and Actual Dissolved Solids Content[link]

When a sugar solution is measured by refractometer or densitometer, the °Bx or °P value obtained by entry into the appropriate table only represents the amount of dry solids dissolved in the sample if the dry solids are exclusively sucrose. This is seldom the case. Grape juice (must), for example, contains little sucrose but does contain glucose, fructose, acids and other substances. In such cases the °Bx value clearly cannot be equated with the sucrose content but it may represent a good approximation to the total sugar content. For example, an 11.0 %w/w D-Glucose ("grape sugar") solution measured 10.9 °Bx using a hand held instrument similar to the one in the photograph. For these reasons, the sugar content of a solution obtained by use of refractometry with the ICUMSA table is often reported as "Refractometric Dry Substance" (RDS)^[6] which could be thought of as an equivalent sucrose content. Where it is desirable to know the actual dry solids content empirical correction formulas can be developed based on calibrations with solutions similar to those to be tested. For example in sugar refining dissolved solids can be accurately estimated from refractive index measurement corrected by an optical rotation (polarization) measurement.

Alcohol has a higher refractive index at 1.361 than water at 1.333. As a consequence, a refractometer measurement made on a sugar solution once fermentation has begun will result in a reading substantially higher than the actual solids content. Thus, an operator must be certain that the sample he is testing has not begun to ferment, if the results are to be relied upon. Brix or Plato measurements based on specific gravity are also affected by fermentation, but in the opposite direction. As ethanol is less dense than water, an ethanol/sugar/water solution gives a Brix or Plato reading which is low compared to the actual dissolved sugar content.

See also[link]

• Baumé scale
• Oechsle scale
• Sweetness of wine
• polarimetry
• Plato Scale

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Boulton, Roger; Vernon Singleton, Linda Bisson, Ralph Kunkee (1996). Principles and Practices of Winemaking. Chapman & Hall.  ISBN 0-412-06411-1
• Rene Martinez VitalSensors Technologies LLC. "VS1000B Series In-Line Brix Sensors for the Beverage Industry". http://vitalsensorstech.com/PDF%27s/VS-1000B%20Brix%20Sensor%20Data%20Sheet.pdf. — Martinez describes the theory and practice of measuring brix on-line in beverages.

External links[link]

• Brix vs relative density
• Brix to Specific Gravity Table
• Brix, Plato, Balling, Specific gravity

Jan Fedder
Jan Fedder
Born	Jan Fedder (1955-01-14) January 14, 1955 (age 57)
Occupation	Actor

Jan Fedder (born 14 January 1955 in Hamburg, Germany) is a German actor. He is best known for his role as police officer Dirk Matthies in the German television show "Großstadtrevier". He is also known for his role as the crude Petty Officer Pilgrim in Wolfgang Petersen's film, Das Boot.

While filming a scene in which the U-96 is caught in a storm, Fedder lost his footing and was nearly swept off the conning tower set. Bernd Tauber (who played Navigator Kriechbaum) noticed Fedder was suddenly missing and cried out "Mann-über-Bord!" (man overboard). With the cameras still rolling, Tauber helped him to the conning tower hatch. Peterson did not realize at first that it was an accident and said "Good idea, Jan. We'll do that one more time!" before it came upon him. Fedder was hospitalized and his role was partially rewritten so that he was bed-ridden for a short portion of the film. The footage was developed and the scene in which Pilgrim is nearly swept off the submarine is one of the most memorable moments in the film.

External links[link]

• Jan Fedder at the Internet Movie Database

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