Bhutan

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A gewog, or geog (Dzongkha: རྒེད་འོག་; Wylie: rged-'og; "block") refers to a group of villages in Bhutan. Gewogs form a geographic administrative unit below dzongkhag districts (and dungkhag subdistricts, where they exist), and above thromde municipalities. Bhutan comprises 205 gewogs, which average 230 km² in area. The gewogs in turn are divided into chewogs for elections and thromdes (municipalities) for administration. The Parliament of Bhutan passed legislation in 2002 and 2007 on the status, structure, and leadership of local governments, including gewogs. The most recent legislation by parliament regarding gewogs is the Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009.^[1][2][3] In July 2011, the government slated 11 gewogs across Bhutan for reorganization, including both mergers and bifurcations, to be debated in dzongkhag local governments. These changes are contemplated to promote ease of travel to gewog capitals and to equitably allocate development resources.^[4]

Gewog administration[link]

Under the Local Government Act of 2009, each gewog is administered by a Gewog Tshogde (gewog council), subordinate to the Dzongkhag Tshogdu (district council). The Gewog Tshogde is composed of a Gup (headman), Mangmi (deputy), and between five and eight democratically elected Tshogpas from among villages or village groups. All representatives serve five-year terms, unless the local electorate petitions for an election (by a simple majority of the voting population) to vote no confidence in the local government (by at least two-thirds of the voting population). Representatives must be citizens between the ages of 25 and 65, be a resident of their constituency for at least one year, gain certification by the Election Commission, and otherwise qualify under Electoral Law.^[3]

While the Gewog Tshogde has powers to regulate resources, manage public health and safety, and levy taxes on land, grazing, cattle, entertainment, and utilities, the gewog administration and all other local governments are prohibited to pass laws. The gewog administration has jurisdiction over roads, buildings (including architecture), recreational areas, utilities, agriculture, and the formulation of local five-year development plans. The Gewog Tshogde also prepares, reports, and expends its own gewog's budget under the supervision and approval of the Minister of Finance.^[3]

History[link]

Gewogs of Bhutan ahead of local government elections, 2011^[5]

Beginning in the late 1980s, the King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck pursued a long-time programme of decentralization. In 1991, following this principle, the King enacted the first Geog Yargay Tshogchung as a framework for local administration.^[1] Under the first Geog Yargay Tshochung, gewogs became official administrative units, each headed by a Gup or headman. The first-ever elections in Bhutan were held at that time, with a representative from each household voting to select their local Gup.

In 2002, the Parliament of Bhutan enacted a second, more comprehensive Chathrim (Act) also called the Geog Yargay Tshochung. Under the Geog Yargay Tshochung of 2002, gewog administration included the Gup, Mangmi (deputy), Tshogpa (village or village cluster representative), and the non-voting Chupon (village messenger) and Gewog Clerk. Gup and Mangmi sat for three-year terms while normal representatives sat for one year. The body had a two-thirds quorum requirement, and voted by simple majority. The Chathrim of 2002 empowered gewogs to levy rural taxes, maintain and regulate natural resources, and manage community and cultural life.^[1]

The Chathrim of 2002 was superseded by the Local Government Act of 2007, which expanded local bureaucracy and vested more powers in gewog administrators, including enforcement of driglam namzha.^[6] Under the Act of 2007, additional levels of local administration were carved out from gewogs, namely Dzongkhag Thromde Tshogdes and Gyelyong Thromde Tshogdus. The former were democratically elected bodies under direct dzongkhag management; the latter were democratic autonomous urban areas, or special cities, independent of dzongkhag management. Up through the enactment of the Local Government Act of 2009, gewogs were subdivided administratively into chiwogs, comprising several villages.^[2]

Since the Act of 2009, Dzongkhag Thromde Tshogdes, Gyelyong Thromde Tshogdus, and chiwogs have been replaced by thromdes (municipalities) as tertiary administrative divisions. Depending on the population and development of each thromde, it either has an independent bureaucracy ("Class A" Thromdes) or is directly administered by the gewog or dzongkhag ("Class B" and "Dzongkhag Yenlag" Thromdes).^[3]

Gewog changes since 2000[link]

In 2002, there were 199 gewogs in Bhutan's 20 dzongkhags;^[7] by 2005, there were 205.^[8]

In Tsirang District, Chanautey, Gairigaun, Tshokhana, and Tsirang Dangra Gewogs were disestablished; in the meanwhile Barshong, Rangthangling, Tsholingkhar, and Tsirangtoe Gewogs were created. Likewise, in Sarpang District, Sarpangtar Gewog was disestablished. Chukha District no longer contains Bhulajhora Gewog, but now contains Sampheling Gewog. Samtse District no longer contains Ghumauney, Mayona, and Nainital Gewogs; it now contains Ugentse and Yoeseltse Gewogs. In Thimphu District, Bapbi Gewog disappeared. In Samdrup Jongkhar District, Bakuli and Hastinapur Gewogs disappeared, replaced by Dewathang, Langchenphu, Pemathang, Phuntshothang, Serthi, and Wangphu Gewogs. Trashiyangtse District saw the creation of three additional gewogs: Bumdeling, Khamdang, and Ramjar.^[7][8]

Since 2005, gewogs and dzongkhags have continued to evolve. On April 26, 2007, Lhamozingkha Dungkhag (subdistrict) was formally transferred from Sarpang Dzongkhag to Dagana Dzongkhag,^[9] affecting the town of Lhamozingkha and three constituent gewogs – Lhamoy Zingkha, Deorali and Nichula (Zinchula) – that formed the westernmost part of Sarpang and now form the southernmost part of Dagana.^[10]

The gewogs of Bhutan[link]

The following is a list of 205 gewogs of Bhutan by dzongkhag:

Dzongkhag	Gewog
Bumthang[11]	Chhoekhor ཆོས་འཁོར་
	Chhume ཆུ་མིག་
	Tang སྟང་
	Ura ཨུ་ར་
Chhukha[12]	Bjachho བྱག་ཕྱོགས་
	Bongo སྦོང་སྒོར་
	Chapcha སྐྱབས་ཆ་
	Darla དར་ལ་
	Dungna གདུང་ན་
	Geling དགེ་གླིང་
	Getana གད་སྟག་ན་
	Lokchina ལོག་ཅི་ན་
	Metakha སྨད་བཏབ་ཁ་
	Phuentsholing ཕུན་ཚོགས་གླིང་
	Sampheling བསམ་འཕེལ་གླིང་
Dagana[13]	Dorona རྡོ་རོ་ན་
	Drujegang འབྲུག་རྗེས་སྒང་
	Gesarling གེ་སར་གླིང་
	Goshi སྒོ་བཞི་
	Kana བཀར་ན་
	Karmaling ཀརྨ་གླིང་
	Khebisa ཁེ་སྦིས་ས་
	Lajab ལ་རྒྱབ་
	Lhamoi Zingkha ལྷ་མོའི་རྫིང་ཁ་
	Nichula ནི་ཅུ་ལ་
	Trashiding བཀྲིས་ལྡིང་
	Tsangkha གཙང་ཁ་
	Tsendagang བཙན་མདའ་སྒང་
	Tseza བརྩེ་ཟ་
Gasa[14]	Khamaed ཁ་སྨད་
	Khatoe ཁ་སྟོད་
	Laya ལ་ཡ་
	Lunana ལུང་ནག་ན་
Haa[15]	Bji སྦྱིས་
	Gakiling དགའ་སྐྱིད་གླིང་
	Katsho སྐར་ཚོགས་
	Samar ས་དམར་
	Sangbay གསང་སྦས་
	Uesu དབུས་སུ་
Lhuentse[16]	Gangzur སྒང་ཟུར་
	Khoma མཁོ་མ་
	Jarey རྒྱ་རས་
	Kurtoed ཀུར་སྟོད་
	Menbi སྨན་སྦིས་
	Metsho སྨད་མཚོ་
	Minjay སྨིན་རྒྱས་
	Tsenkhar སཙན་མཁར་
Mongar[17]	Balam བ་ལམ་
	Chali ཅ་གླིང་
	Chaskhar ལྕགས་ས་མཁར་
	Drametse དགྲ་མེད་རྩེ་
	Drepong འབྲེས་སྤུངས་
	Gongdue དགོངས་འདུས་
	Jurmey འགྱུར་མེད་
	Kengkhar སྐྱེངས་མཁར་
	Mongar མོང་སྒར་
	Narang ན་རང་
	Ngatshang སྔ་ཚང་
	Saling ས་གླིང་
	Shermuhoong ཤེར་མུ་ཧཱུྃ་
	Silambi སི་ལམ་སྦི་
	Thangrong ཐང་རོང་
	Tsakaling ཙ་ཀ་གླིང་
	Tsamang རྩ་མང་
Paro[18]	Dokar རྡོ་དཀར་
	Dopshari རྡོབ་ཤར་རི་
	Doteng རྡོ་སྟེང་
	Hungrel ཧཱུྃ་རལ་
	Lamgong ལམ་གོང་
	Lungnyi ལུང་གཉིས་
	Naja ན་རྒྱ་
	Shapa ཤར་པ་
	Tsento བཙན་ཏོ་
	Wangchang ཝང་ལྕང་
Pema Gatshel[19]	Chimoong ཕྱི་མུང་
	Chokhorling ཆོས་འཁོར་གླིང་
	Chongshing ལྕོང་ཤིང་
	Dechheling བདེ་ཆེན་གླིང་
	Dungmaed གདུང་སྨད་
	Khar མཁར་
	Nanong ན་ནོང་
	Norbugang ནོར་བུ་སྒང་
	Shumar ཤུ་མར་
	Yurung ཡུ་རུང་
	Zobel བཟོ་སྦལ་
Punakha[20]	Barp བརཔ་
	Chhubug ཆུ་སྦུག་
	Dzomi འཅོམས་མི་
	Goenshari དགོམ་ཤ་རི་
	Guma གུ་མ་
	Kabisa དཀར་སྦི་ས་
	Lingmukha གླིང་མུ་ཁ་
	Shenga Bjemi ཤེལ་རྔ་_སྦྱེ་མི་
	Talog རྟ་ལོག་
	Toepisa སཏོད་པའི་ས་
	Toewang སྟོད་ཝང་
Samdrup Jongkhar[21]	Dewathang དབེ་བ་ཐང་
	Gomdar སྒམ་དར་
	Langchenphu གླང་ཅན་ཕུ་
	Lauri ལའུ་རི་
	Martshala མར་ཚྭ་ལ་
	Orong ཨོ་རོང་
	Pemathang པདྨ་ཐང་
	Phuntshothang ཕུན་ཚོགས་ཐང་
	Samrang བསམ་རང་
	Serthi གསེར་ཐིག་
	Wangphu ཝང་ཕུག་

Dzongkhag	Gewog
Samtse[22]	Dungtoe གདུང་སྟོད་
	Dophoogchen རྡོ་ཕུག་ཅན་
	Duenchukha བདུམ་ཅུ་ཁ་
	Namgaychhoeling རྣམ་རྒྱས་ཆོས་གླིང་
	Norbugang ནོར་བུ་སྒང་
	Norgaygang ནོར་རྒྱས་སྒང་
	Pemaling པདྨ་གླིང་
	Phuentshogpelri ཕུན་ཚོགས་དབལ་རི་
	Samtse བསམ་རྩེ་
	Sangngagchhoeling གསང་སྔགས་ཆོས་གླིང་
	Tading རྟ་སྡིང་
	Tashicholing བཀྲིས་ཙོས་གླིང་
	Tendruk བསྟང་འབྲུག
	Ugentse ཨྱོན་རྩེ་
	Yoeseltse འོད་གསལ་རྩེ་
Sarpang[23]	Chhuzagang ཆུ་འཛག་སྒང་
	Chhudzom ཆུ་འཛོམས་
	Dekiling བདེ་སྐྱིད་གླིང་
	Gakiling དགའ་སྐྱིད་གླིང་
	Gelephu དགེ་ལེགས་ཕུ་
	Jigmechholing འཇིགས་མེད་ཆོས་གླིང་
	Samtenling བསམ་གཏན་གླིང་
	Senggey སེ་ངྒེ་
	Sherzhong གསེར་གཞོང་
	Shompangkha ཤོམ་སྤང་ཁ་
	Tareythang རྟ་རས་ཐང་
	Umling ཨུམ་གླིང་
Thimphu[24]	Chang ལྕང་
	Darkala དར་དཀར་ལ་
	Genye དགེ་བསྙེན་
	Kawang ཀ་ཝང་
	Lingzhi གླིང་གཞི་
	Mewang སྨད་ཝང་
	Naro ན་རོ་
	Soe སྲོས་
Trashigang[25]	Bartsham བར་མཚམས་
	Bidung སྦིས་གདུང་
	Kanglung བཀང་ལུང་
	Kangpar རྐང་པར་
	Khaling ཁ་གླིང་
	Lumang ཀླུ་མང་
	Merag མེ་རག་
	Phongmed ཕོངས་མེད་
	Radi ར་དི་
	Sagteng སག་སྟེང་
	Samkhar བསམ་མཁར་
	Shongphoog ཤོང་ཕུག་
	Thrimshing ཁྲིམས་ཤིང་
	Uzorong ཨུ་མཛོ་རོང་
	Yangnyer ཡངས་ཉེར་
Trashi Yangtse[26]	Bumdeling བུམ་སྡེ་གླིང་
	Jamkhar འཇམ་མཁར་
	Khamdang ཁམས་དྭངས་
	Ramjar རམ་སྦྱར་
	Toetsho སྟོད་མཚོ་
	Tomzhang སྟོང་མི་གཞང་ས་
	Yalang ཡ་ལང་
	Yangtse གཡང་རྩེ་
Trongsa[27]	Dragteng བྲག་སྟེང་
	Korphoog སྐོར་ཕུག་
	Langthil གླང་མཐིལ་
	Nubi ནུ་སྦིས་
	Tangsibji སྟང་སི་སྦྱིས་
Tsirang[28]	Barshong བར་གཤོང་
	Dunglegang དུང་ལ་སྒང་
	Gosarling སྒོ་གསར་གླིང་
	Kikhorthang དཀྱིལ་འཁོར་ཐང་
	Mendrelgang མནྜལ་སྒང་
	Patshaling པ་ཚ་གླིང་
	Phuntenchu སྤུང་རྟེན་ཆུ་
	Rangthangling རང་ཐང་གླིང་
	Semjong སེམས་ལྗོངས་
	Sergithang གསེར་གྱི་ཐང་
	Tsholingkhar མཚོ་གླིང་མཁར་
	Tsirangtoe རྩི་རང་སྟོད་
Wangdue Phodrang[29]	Athang ཨ་ཐང་
	Bjendag སྦྱེད་ནག་
	Darkar དར་དཀར་
	Dangchu དྭངས་ཆུ་
	Gangteng སྒང་སྟེང་
	Gasetsho Gom དགའ་སེང་ཚོ་གོངམ་
	Gasetsho Wom དགའ་སེང་ཆོ་འོགམ་
	Kazhi ཀ་གཞི་
	Nahi ན་ཧི་
	Nyisho ཉི་ཤོག་
	Phangyul ཕངས་ཡུལ་
	Phobji ཕོབ་སྦྱིས་
	Ruepisa རུས་སྦིས་ས་
	Sephu སྲས་ཕུག་
	Thedtsho ཐེད་ཚོ་
Zhemgang[30]	Bardo བར་རྡོ་
	Bjoka འབྱོག་ཀ་
	Goshing སྒོ་ཤིང་
	Nangkor ནང་སྐོར་
	Ngangla ངང་ལ་
	Phangkhar ཕང་མཁར་
	Shingkhar ཤིང་མཁར་
	Trong ཀྲོང་

See also[link]

• Dzongkhag
  • Dungkhag
• Chiwog
• Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009
• List of terms for country subdivisions

References[link]

External links[link]

• "[Ninth Five Year Plan] Part Three: Dzongkhag and Geog Health Sector" (PDF). Government of Bhutan, Ministry of Health. 2002. http://www.health.gov.bt/healthFYP/9FYP/PartThree.pdf. Retrieved 2011-01-22. , listing 199 Gewogs existing through 2002.
• "The Kingdom of Bhutan – Administrative Units". Geo Hive. http://www.geohive.com/cntry/bhutan.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-22. , listing 205 Gewogs according to a census in 2005.
• Namgyal, Gembo (2010-05-11). "Farm road goes to Dechiling Gewog". Bhutan Observer online. http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/farm-road-goes-to-dechiling-gewog/. Retrieved 2011-02-12.  reporting Nganglam Gewog in 2010, absent in older gewog lists.

v t e Gewogs of Bhutan Central Dagana District Dorona Drujegang Gesarling Goshi Kana Karmaling Khebisa Lajab Lhamoy Zingkha Nichula Tashiding Tsangkha Tsendagang Tseza Gasa District Goenkhamae Goenkaatoe Laya Lunana Punakha District Barp Chhubu Dzomo Goenshari Guma Kabjisa Lingmukha Shenga Bjime Talo Toepisa Towang Tsirang District Barshong Dunglegang Goseling Kikhorthang Mendrelgang Patshaling Phutenchhu Rangthangling Semjong Sergithang Tsholingkhar Tsirangtoe Wangdue Phodrang District Athang Bjena Daga Dangchu Gangte Gasetsho Gom Gasetsho Om Kazhi Nahi Nyisho Phangyuel Phobji Ruepisa Sephu Thedtsho Southern Bumthang District Chhume Choekor Tang Ura Sarpang District Chhuzagang Chhudzom Dekiling Gakiling Gelephu Jigmechhoeling Samtenling Senghe Serzhong Shompangkha Tareythang Umling Trongsa District Dragteng Korphu Langthil Nubi Tangsibji Zhemgang District Bardho Bjoka Goshing Nangkor Ngangla Phangkhar Shingkhar Trong Western Chukha District Bjacho Bongo Chapcha Dala Dungna Geling Getena Logchina Metakha Phuentsholing Sampheling Haa District Bji Gakiling Katsho Sama Sangbay Uesu Paro District Doga Dopshari Doteng Hungrel Lamgong Lungnyi Naja Shapa Tsento Wangchang Samtse District Dungtoe Dophoogchen Duenchukha Namgaychhoeling Norbugang Norgaygang Pemaling Phuentshogpelri Samtse Sangngagchhoeling Tading Tashicholing Tendu Ugentse Yoeseltse Thimphu District Chang Dagala Genyekha Kawang Lingzhi Mewang Naro Soe. Eastern Lhuntse District Gangzur Jaray Khoma Kurtoe Menbi Metsho Minjay Tsenkhar Mongar District Balam Chaskhar Chhali Drametse Drepung Gongdue Jurmey Kengkhar Mongar Narang Ngatshang Saleng Sherimung Silambi Thangrong Tsakaling Tsamang Pemagatshel District Chhimung Choekhorling Chongshing Borang Dechenling Dungme Khar Nanong Norbugang Shumar Yurung Zobel Samdrup Jongkhar District Dewathang Gomdar Langchenphu Lauri Martshala Orong Pemathang Phuntshothang Samrang Serthi Wangphu Trashigang District Bartsham Bidung Kanglung Kangpara Khaling Lumang Merak Phongmey Radhi Sakteng Samkhar Shongphu Thrimshing Uzorong Yangneer Trashiyangtse District Bumdeling Jamkhar Khamdang Ramjar Toetsho Tomzhangtshen Trashiyangtse Yalang Former gewogs Dagana District Deorali Chukha District Bhulajhora Pemagatshel District Nganglam Samtse District Bara Biru Chargharey Chengmari Denchukha Dorokha Ghumauney Lehereni Mayona Nainital Pagli Sipsu Sarpang District Bhur Doban Hilley Taklai Thimphu District Bapbi Tsirang District Beteni Chanautey Gairigaun Tshokhana Tsirang Dangra Samdrup Jongkhar District Bakuli Hastinapur

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Stefan George (1910)

Stefan Anton George (12 July 1868 – 4 December 1933) was a German poet, editor, and translator.

Biography[link]

George was born in Bingen in Prussia in 1868. He spent time in Paris, where he was among the writers and artists who attended the Tuesday soireés held by the poet Stéphane Mallarmé. He began to publish poetry in the 1890s, while in his twenties. George founded and edited an important literary magazine called Blätter für die Kunst. He was also at the center of an influential literary and academic circle known as the George-Kreis, which included many of the leading young writers of the day, (for example Friedrich Gundolf and Ludwig Klages). In addition to sharing cultural interests, the circle reflected mystical and political themes. George knew and befriended the "Bohemian Countess" of Schwabing, Fanny zu Reventlow, who sometimes satirized the circle for its melodramatic actions and views. George and his writings were identified with the Conservative Revolutionary movement. He was a homosexual, yet exhorted his young friends to lead a celibate life like his own.^[1][2]

In 1914 at the start of the war he foretold a sad end for Germany, and between then and 1916 wrote the pessimistic poem Der Krieg (The War). The outcome of the war saw the realization of his worst fears.

In 1933 after the Nazi takeover Joseph Goebbels offered him the presidency of a new Academy for the arts, which he refused. He also stayed away from celebrations prepared for his 65th birthday. Instead he travelled to Switzerland, where he died near Locarno. After his death, his body was interred before a delegation from the National Socialist government could attend the ceremony.^[3]

Work[link]

George's poetry is characterized by an aristocratic and remote ethos; his verse is formal in style, lyrical in tone, and often arcane in language, being influenced by Greek classical forms, in revolt against the realist trend in German literature at the time. Believing that the purpose of poetry was distance from the world—he was a strong advocate of art for art's sake —George's writing had many ties with the French Symbolist movement and he was in contact with many of its representatives, including Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Verlaine.

George was an important bridge between the 19th century and German modernism, even though he was a harsh critic of the then modern era. He experimented with various poetic metres, punctuation, obscure allusions and typography. George's "evident homosexuality"^[4] is reflected in works such as Algabal and the love poetry he devoted to a gifted adolescent of his acquaintance named Maximilian Kronberger,^[5] whom he called "Maximin", and whom he identified as a manifestation of the divine. The relevance of George's sexuality to his poetic work has been discussed by contemporary critics, such as Thomas Karlauf and Marita Keilson-Lauritz.^[6]

Algabal is one of George's best remembered collections of poetry, if also one of his strangest; the title is a reference to the effete Roman emperor Elagabalus. George was also an important translator; he translated Dante, Shakespeare and Baudelaire into German.

Das neue Reich[link]

George's late and seminal work, Das neue Reich (The New Empire), was published in 1928. He dedicated the work, including the Geheimes Deutschland ("Secret Germany") written in 1922, to Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg ^[7] (who in 1944 took part in the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler). It outlines a new form of society ruled by hierarchical spiritual aristocracy. George rejected any attempts to use it for mundane political purposes, especially National Socialism.

Influence[link]

George was thought of by his contemporaries as a prophet and a priest, while he thought of himself as a messiah of a new kingdom that would be led by intellectual or artistic elites, bonded by their faithfulness to a strong leader. In his memoirs, Albert Speer claims to have seen George in the early 1920s and that his elder brother, Hermann, was a member of his inner circle: George "radiated dignity and pride and a kind of priestliness... there was something magnetic about him."

His poetry emphasized self-sacrifice, heroism and power, and he thus gained popularity in National Socialist circles. The group of writers and admirers that formed around him were known as the Georgekreis. Although many National Socialists claimed George as an important influence, George himself was aloof from such associations and did not get involved in politics. Shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, George left Germany for Switzerland where he died the same year.

Some critics considered his work to be proto-fascist, though many of the leading members of the German Resistance to the Nazis were drawn from among his followers, notably the Stauffenberg brothers who were introduced to George by the poet and classical scholar Albrecht von Blumenthal. Also, although some members of the circle were explicitly anti-semitic (for example, Klages), it also included Jewish writers such as Gundolf, the historian Ernst H. Kantorowicz, and the Zionist Karl Wolfskehl. George was fond enough of his Jewish disciples, but he expressed reservations about their ever becoming a majority in the Circle.

Perhaps the most eminent poet who collaborated with George, but who ultimately refused membership in the Circle, was Hugo von Hofmannsthal, one of Austria's outstanding literary modernists. Later in life, Hofmannsthal wrote that no one had influenced him more deeply than George. Those closest to the "Master," as George had his disciples call him, included several members of the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler, among them Claus von Stauffenberg himself. Stauffenberg frequently quoted George's poem Der Widerchrist (The Anti-Christ) to his fellow members of the July 20th Plot.^[8]

Outside the Circle, George's poetry was a major influence on the music of the Second Viennese School of composers, particularly during their Expressionist period. Arnold Schönberg set George's poetry in such works as his String Quartet No. 2 Op. 10 of 1908 and The Book of the Hanging Gardens Op. 15 of 1909, while his student Anton Webern made use of George's verse in his early choral work Entflieht auf leichten Kähnen Op. 2 as well as in two sets of songs, Opp. 3 and 4 of 1909, and in several posthumously published vocal works from the same period.

In Rainer Werner Fassbinder's 1976 film Satansbraten the protagonist Walter Kranz attempts to model his life on that of George.

Online texts[link]

• Some poems in both German and English

Bibliography[link]

Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article (except for Tage und Taten, a prose work):

• 1890: Hymnen ("Hymns"), 18 poems written reflecting Symbolism; dedicated to Carl August Klein; limited, private edition^[9]
• 1891: Pilgerfahrten ("Pilgrimages") limited, private edition^[9]
• 1892: Algabal (1892); illustrated by Melchior Lechter; limited, private edition^[9]
• 1897: Das Jahr der Seele ("The Year of the Soul")^[9]
• 1899: Teppich des Lebens ("The Tapestry of Life")^[9]
• 1900: Hymnen, Pilgerfahrten, and Algabal, a one-volume edition published in Berlin by Georg Bondi which first made George's work available to the public at large^[9]
• 1901: Die Fibel ("Primer"), poems written from 1886-1889^[9]
• 1903: Tage und Taten ("Days and Works"; cf. Hesiod's Works and Days)^[9]
• 1907: Der siebente Ring ("The Seventh Ring")^[9]
• 1913: Der Stern des Bundes ("The Star of the Covenant")^[9]
• 1917: Der Krieg ("The War")^[9]
• 1928: Das neue Reich ("The Kingdom Come")^[9]

Studies[link]

• Breuer, Stefan (1996). Ästhetischer Fundamentalismus: Stefan George und der deutsche Antimodernismus. Darmstadt: Primus.
• Capetanakis, D., 'Stefan George', in Demetrios Capetanakis A Greek Poet In England (1947), p.72-89
• Frank, Lore & Sabine Ribbeck (2000). Stefan-George-Bibliographie 1976-1997. Mit Nachträgen bis 1976. Auf der Grundlage der Bestände des Stefan-George-Archivs in der Württembergischen Landesbibliothek. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
• Goldsmith, Ulrich (1951). Stefan George and the theatre. New York: The Modern Language Association (PLMA Publications LXVI:2).
• Goldsmith, Ulrich (1959). Stefan George: A study of his early work. Boulder: University of Colorado Press (University of Colorado Studies Series in Language and Literature 7).
• Goldsmith, Ulrich (1970). Stefan George. New York: Columbia University Press (Essays on Modern Writers).
• Goldsmith, Ulrich (1974). Shakespeare and Stefan George: The sonnets. Berne: Franke.
• Kluncker, Karlhans (1985). "Das geheime Deutschland": Über Stefan George und seinen Kreis. Bonn: Bouvier (Abhandlungen zur Kunst-, Musik- und Literaturwissenschaft 355).
• Norton, Robert E. (2002). Secret Germany: Stefan George and his Circle. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• Schmitz, Victor (1978). Stefan George und Rainer Maria Rilke: Gestaltung und Verinnerlichung. Berne: Wild.
• Rieckmann, Jens (ed.) (2005). A Companion to the Works of Stefan George. Camden House.
• Lacchin, Giancarlo (2006). Stefan George e l'antichità. Lineamenti di una filosofia dell'arte. Lugano: University Words.
• Schefold, Bertram. (2011). Politische Ökonomie als Geisteswissenschaft. Edgar Salin und andere Ökonomen um Stefan George, in Studien zur Entwicklung der ökonomischen Theorie, XXVI. Edited by Harald Hagemann, Duncker & Humblot

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stefan George

• Concise overview
• A biographical article on George's homosexuality
• The Writings of Stefan George Online (In German)
• Stefan George letters to Ernst Morwitz, 1905-1956. Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.