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![Surah Rahman - Beautiful and Heart trembling Quran recitation by Syed Sadaqat Ali [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130301032954im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Hod05lHgsMg/default.jpg "Download the video from here: www.al-masumeen.com THE RECITOR IS SADAQAT ALI Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: 'Everything has a bride, and the bride of the Qur'an is Surrah Al Rahman' The Holy Prophet has also said:")
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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British Museum
Coordinates: 51°31′10″N 0°07′37″W / 51.519459°N 0.126931°W / 51.519459; -0.126931
The British Museum, in London, is widely considered to be one of the world's greatest museums of human history and culture. Its permanent collection, numbering some eight million works, is amongst the finest, most comprehensive, and largest in existence and originates from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury, on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of an expanding British colonial footprint and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum (Natural History) in South Kensington in 1887. Some objects in the collection, most notably the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon, are the objects of intense controversy and of calls for restitution to their countries of origin.
wn.com/British_Museum -
Caliphate of Córdoba
The Caliphate of Córdoba (Arabic: خلافة قرطبة; trans. Khilāfat Qurṭuba) ruled the Iberian peninsula (Al-Andalus) and part of North Africa, from the islamic Qurtuba (Córdoba) city, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable success in trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Islamic Iberia were constructed in this period, including the famous Great Mosque of Córdoba. In January 929, Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph (Arabic: خليفة) of Qurtuba in place of his original title Emir of Córdoba (Arabic: أمير قرطبة 'Amīr Qurṭuba). Abd-ar-Rahman III was a member of the Umayyad dynasty; the same dynasty who held the titles of Emir of Córdoba since 756. The rule of the Caliphate is known as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula. The Caliphate was practically disintegrated due to civil war (fitna) between descendants of the last legitimate Caliph Hisham II and the successors of his prime minister (hayib) Al-Mansur. The shell of the Caliphate existed until 1031 when, after years of infighting, it fractured into a number of independent Taifa kingdoms. Despite these fractures, the Islamic civilisation in Iberia, one of the most culturally florid periods of European civilisation, continued until 1492 when its last bastion, the Alhambra in Granada, was formally surrendered to the Christians.
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Hira
Hira (Arabic: حراء Ḥirāʾ) or the Cave of Hira (غار حراء Ġār Ḥirāʾ) is a cave about 2 mi (3.2 km) from Mecca, on the mountain named Jabal Al-Nūr in the Hejaz region of present day Saudi Arabia. The cave itself is about 12 ft (3.7 m) in length and 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) in width.
It is notable for being the location where Muslims believe Muhammad received his first revelations from God (Allah) through the angel Jibreel, also known as the angel Gabriel to Christians.
Taking 600 steps to reach, the cave is at a height of 270 m (890 ft) and the radius is 263.23 m (863.6 ft) During the Hajj around 5,000 Muslims climb up to the Hira cave daily to see the place where Muhammed received the first revelation of the Qu'ran on the Night of Power.
Coordinates: 21°27′27.2″N 039°51′33.9″E / 21.457556°N 39.859417°E / 21.457556; 39.859417
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia (
/ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Kazan
Kazan (Russian: Каза́нь; IPA: [kɐˈzanʲ]; Tatar Cyrillic: Казан, Latin: Qazan) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,161,308, it is the eighth most populous city in Russia, while the metropolitan area has a population of 1.57 million (2011).[citation needed] Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia.
The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site. In 2005, the Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan" was established by Russia to denote this landmark event. The multi-ethnic city is is honored by UNESCO and famous for Muslims and Christians living side-by-side in peace.
In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "Sports capital of Russia" and it still is referred to as such. The city will host 2013 Summer Universiade, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and 2018 FIFA World Cup.
The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain. The most accepted legends derive it from the Bulgar Turkic (and also modern Tatar) word qazan, which means 'boiler' or 'cauldron'.
wn.com/Kazan -
Kufa
Kufa (Arabic,الكوفة al-Kūfah) is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000.
Along with Samarra, Karbala, Kadhimiya and Najaf, Kufa is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shia Muslims. The city was the final capital of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, and was founded within the first hundred years of the 622 Hijra[citation needed].
The city contains the Great Mosque of Kufa, one of the earliest mosques in Islam, built in the 7th century.
File:Kufa masjid.pdf
See Ancient Mesopotamia.
Ruled by Sassanian Empire as part of Suristan province. See Middle Bih-Kavad.
The Arabs, led by Caliph ʻUmar ibn Khattāb, conquer Iraq and begin ruling Suristan around 637.
ʻUmar ibn Khattāb became the second caliph in 634. After the Arab victory against the East Roman Empire at Battle of Yarmouk in 636, Kūfah was founded and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra. The Companion of the Prophet Saʻd ibn Abī Waqqas founded it as an encampment adjacent to the Lakhmid Arab city of al-Hīrah, and incorporated it as a city of seven divisions. The city was alternately known to non-Arabs as Hīrah and Aqulah before the consolidations of ʻAbdu l-Mālik in 691.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
wn.com/Pakistan -
Reza Abbasi Museum
The Reza Abbasi Museum (Persian: موزه رضا عباسی ) is a museum in Tehran, Iran. It is located in Seyed Khandan. The museum is named after Reza Abbasi, one of the artists in the Safavid period.
Reza Abbasi Museum was officially opened in September 1977 under the guidance of Farah Pahlavi, but it was closed in November 1978. It was reopened a year later in 1979, with some changes in its internal decorations and further expansion of its exhibition space. It was closed again in 1984 due to some internal difficulties and reopened a year later. It was finally opened for the fifth time, after its renovation on February 4, 2000. Currently Reza Abbasi Museum is administrated by Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran.
The collections of this museum belong to a period from the 2nd millennium BC to the early 20th century. The displays are set according to time interval. There are many objects exhibited in this museum such as artifacts made of baked clay, metal and stone from the pre historic times to pottery and metal objects, textile and lacquer painting, manuscripts and jewelry belonging to the Islamic period.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Venice
Venice (Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] ( listen), Venetian: Venexia [veˈnɛsja]; (Latin: Venetia) is a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. It is located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. The city in its entirety is listed as World Heritage Site, along with its lagoon.
Venice is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazioni of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) (population 1,600,000).
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Aaron
In the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, Aaron ( /ˈærən/ or /ˈɛərən/;Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן Ahărōn, Arabic: هارون Hārūn, Greek (Septuagint): Ααρών ), who is often called "'Aaron the Priest"' (אֵהֲרֹן הֵכֹּהֵן) and once Aaron the Levite (אַהֲרֹן הַלֵּוִי) (Exodus 4:14), was the older brother of Moses, (Exodus 6:16-20, 7:7; Qur'an 28:34) and a prophet of God. He represented the priestly functions of his tribe, becoming the first High Priest of the Israelites. While Moses was receiving his education at the Egyptian royal court, and during his exile among the Midianites, Aaron and his sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). There, Aaron gained a name for eloquent and persuasive speech, so that when the time came for the demand upon the Pharaoh to release Israel from captivity, Aaron became his brother’s nabi, or spokesman, to his own people (Exodus 7:1) and, after their unwillingness to hear, to the Pharaoh himself (Exodus 7:9). Various dates for his life have been proposed, ranging from approximately 1600 to 1200 BC.
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Abdullah ibn Umar
Abdullah ibn Umar (Arabic: عبدالله بن عمر بن الخطاب) (ca.614-693) was the son of the second Caliph Umar ibn Khattab. He was a prominent authority in hadith and law, and was known for his neutrality toward factions engaged in the first civil war within the Muslim community (656-661).
Muhammad (proclaimed his prophethood in 610).
Abd-Allah ibn Umar was born to Umar ibn al-Khattab and his wife Zaynab bint Madh'uwn (sister of Uthman bin Madh'uwn) sometime around 614.
Prior to his conversion to Islam, Umar had three wives, however, after he became Muslim only Zainab joined her husband in accepting the new faith. Abdullah also accepted Islam at a young age, but he was not allowed to join Muhammad in battle until he was fifteen. The first battle he fought in was against the forces of Abu Sufyan during the Battle of the Trench, which occurred during 627.
It was recorded from Salim ibn Abd-Allah, from his father, that Muhammad said to his father, "Abdullah would be a good man if he would pray the tahajjud prayers (late night prayers)." Salim said: "After that, 'Abdullah would not sleep during the night save for a small amount at a time." Abdullah was 18 at the end of Muhammad's life in 632.
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Abdullah Yusuf Ali
Abdullah Yusuf Ali, CBE, FRSL (14 April 1872 – 10 December 1953) was an Indian Islamic scholar who translated the Qur'an into English. His translation of the Qur'an is one of the most widely-known and used in the English-speaking world.
Ali was born in Bombay, India in British India to a wealthy merchant family with a Siddiqui Bohera father. As a child, Ali received a religious education and, eventually, could recite the entire Qur'an from memory. He spoke both Arabic and English fluently. He studied English literature and studied at several European universities, including the University of Leeds. He concentrated his efforts on the Qur'an and studied the Qur'anic commentaries beginning with those written in the early days of Islamic history. Yusuf Ali's best-known work is his book The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, begun in 1934 and published in 1938 by Sh. Muhammad Ashraf Publishers in Lahore, India (later Pakistan). While on tour to promote his translation, Ali helped to open the Al-Rashid Mosque, the third mosque in North America, in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in December 1938.
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Abraham
Abraham (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם (help·info), Modern: Avraham, Tiberian: ʼAḇrāhām, Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom, Arabic: إبراهيم Ibrāhīm, Ge'ez: አብርሃም ʼAbrəham, Greek: Aβραάμ, Russian: Авраам), whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to both the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, through his sons Ishmael and Isaac, Abraham is the forefather of many tribes, namely the Ishmaelites, Israelites, Midianites and Edomites. Abraham was a descendant of Noah's son, Shem. Christians believe that Jesus was a descendant of Abraham through Isaac, and Muslims believe that Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through Ishmael. Abraham is notable for his advocation and promotion of monotheism.
The Book of Genesis narrative that records the life of Abraham presents his role as one that could only be fulfilled through a monotheistic covenant established between him and God. The Qur'an has stories about Abraham and his offspring that are similar to the Bible's. In Islam, Abraham is recognised as a prophet, patriarch and messenger, archetype of the perfect Muslim, and reformer of the Kaaba.
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Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa) (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, Transliteration: ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Quḥāfah, c. 573 CE - 634 CE) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq (Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق) was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As Caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. He was called Al-Siddiq (The Truthful) and was known by that title among later generations of Muslims.
As a young man, Abu Bakr became a cloth merchant and he traveled extensively in Arabia and neighboring lands in the Middle East, through which he gained both wealth and experience. He eventually came to be recognized as the chief of his clan. On his return from a business trip to Yemen, he was informed that in his absence Muhammad had openly declared his prophethood. Not long after, Abu Bakr accepted Islam and was the first person outside the family of Muhammad to openly become a Muslim. He was instrumental in the conversion of many people to the Islamic faith and early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha was married to Muhammad, strengthening the ties between the two men.
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Aisha
Aisha bint Abu Bakr (612 - 678) (Arabic: عائشة transliteration: ʿāʾisha, [ʕaːʔɪʃæh], also transcribed as A'ishah, Aisyah, Ayesha, A'isha, Aishat, Aishah, or Aisha) was one of Muhammad's wives. In Islamic writings, her name is thus often prefixed by the title "Mother of the Believers" (Arabic: أمّ المؤمنين umm-al-mu'minīn), per the description of Muhammad's wives in the Qur'an.
According to Sunni views, Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and after his death. Regarded by many as his favorite wife, she was an active figure in numerous events and an important witness to many more. Aisha contributed to the growth, development, and understanding of Islam. Being a role model to a significant amount of others added to her attributions as a consultant regarding Muhammad's prayer and practices, soon introducing herself into a world of politics.
After Muhammad, Aisha was readily involved in continuing his messages. She was present through the reigns of at least the first four caliphs. Her father became the first caliph to succeed Muhammad; his name was Abu Bakr. The second caliph Umar then succeeded Abu Bakr. During the time of the third caliph's reign Aisha rebelled. She did not fully approve of his practices on many occasions. After Uthman's death, Aisha wanted to avenge his death in the Battle of the Camel. She became readily involved in the battle by giving speeches, and riding on her camel in it. She ended up losing the battle, but her involvement and determination had shown through.
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Ali
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13thRajab, 24 BH–21stRamaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661). The son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam.Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.
Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad, but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.
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Amin Ahsan Islahi
Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997) was a Pakistani Muslim scholar, famous for his Urdu exegeses of Qur'an, Tadabbur-i-Qur’an—an exegesis that he based on Hamiduddin Farahi's (1863–1930) idea of thematic and structural coherence in the Qur'an.
Islahi was born in 1904 at Bamhur, a small village in Azamgarh, United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), British India (now India). After graduating from Madrasah al-Islah in Azamgarh in 1922, he entered the field of journalism. First he worked as an associated editor in "Khoonch" a children magazine. Then he edited a newspaper "Madinah" at Bijnawr and also remained associated with "Sach", a newspaper taken out by Abdul Majid Daryabadi.
It was sometime in 1925 when Farahi offered Islahi to come and study the Qur’an with him. Islahi abandoned his journalistic career to benefit from this opportunity. It was in this forming period of his life in which he learnt from Farahi the principles of direct deliberation on the Book of Allah. During this time, he also taught the Qur’an and Arabic literature at the Madrasah.
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Arthur John Arberry
Arthur John Arberry (Portsmouth, May 12, 1905 – Cambridge, October 2, 1969) was a respected British orientalist. A most prolific scholar of Arabic, Persian, and Islamic studies, he was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge. His translation of the Qur'an into English, The Koran Interpreted, is one of the most prominent written by a non-Muslim scholar, and widely respected amongst academics.
Formerly Head of the Department of Classics at Cairo University in Egypt, Arberry returned home to become the Assistant Librarian at the Library of the India Office. During the war he was a Postal Censor in Liverpool[citation needed] and was then seconded to the Ministry of Information, London which was housed in the newly-constructed Senate House of the University of London. Arberry was appointed to the Chair of Persian at the School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS, University of London 1944–47. He subsequently became the Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic at Cambridge University and a Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, his alma mater, from 1947 until his death in 1969.
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Catherine the Great
Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great (Russian: Екатерина II Великая, Yekaterina II Velikaya; German: Katharina die Große), Empress of Russia (2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729 – 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796), was the most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until her death at the age of 67. She was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Prussia as Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, and came to power following a coup d'état and the assassination of her husband, Peter III, at the end of the Seven Years' War. Russia was revitalised under her reign, growing larger and stronger than ever and becoming recognised as one of the great powers of Europe.
In both her accession to power and in rule of her empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Pyotr Rumyantsev and Alexander Suvorov, and admirals such as Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. In the south, the Crimean Khanate was crushed following victories over the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish wars, and Russia colonised the vast territories of Novorossiya along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. In the west, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherine's former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, with the Russian Empire gaining the largest share. In the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America.
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Christoph Luxenberg
Christoph Luxenberg is the pseudonym of the author of The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Qur'an (German edition 2000, English translation 2007) and several articles in anthologies about early Islam.
Luxenberg came into the public eye in the years after 2000, following the publication of his first book (or at least the first one under this pseudonym), The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran, which asserted that the language of the early compositions of the Qur'an was not exclusively Arabic, as assumed by the classical commentators, but rather is rooted in the Syro-Aramaic dialect of the 7th century Meccan Quraysh tribe, which is associated in the early histories with the founding of the religion of Islam. Luxenberg's premise is that the Aramaic language, which was prevalent throughout the Middle East during the early period of Islam, and was the language of culture and Christian liturgy, had a profound influence on the scriptural composition and meaning of the contents of the Koran.
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David
David (Hebrew: דָּוִד, דָּוִיד, Modern David Tiberian Dāwîḏ; ISO 259-3 Dawid; Strong's Daveed; beloved; Arabic: داوود or داود Dāwūd) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and, according to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, an ancestor of Jesus. David is seen as a major Prophet in Islamic traditions. His life is conventionally dated to c. 1040–970 BC, his reign over Judah c. 1010–1003 BC,[citation needed] and his reign over the United Kingdom of Israel c. 1003–970 BC.[citation needed] The Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, and 1 Chronicles are the only sources of information on David, although the Tel Dan stele records "House of David", which some take as confirmation of the existence in the mid-9th century BC of a Judean royal dynasty called the "House of David".
David is very important to Jewish, Christian and Islamic doctrine and culture. In Judaism, David, or David HaMelekh, is the King of Israel, and the Jewish people. Jewish tradition maintains that a direct descendant of David will be the Messiah. In Islam, he is known as Dawud, considered to be a prophet and the king of a nation. He is depicted as a righteous king, though not without faults, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician, and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms.
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Elijah
Elijah ( /ɨˈlaɪdʒə/; also Elias /ɨˈlaɪ.əs/; Hebrew: אֱלִיָּהוּ, Eliyahu, meaning "Yahweh is my God";Arabic:إلياس, Ilyās), was a prophet in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab (9th century BC), according to the Books of Kings.
According to the Books of Kings, Elijah defended the worship of Yahweh over that of the Phoenician god Baal; he raised the dead, brought fire down from the sky, and was taken up in a whirlwind (either accompanied by a chariot and horses of flame or riding in it). In the Book of Malachi, Elijah's return is prophesied "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the Lord," making him a harbinger of the Messiah and the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. Derivative references to Elijah appear in the Talmud, Mishnah, the New Testament, and the Qur'an.
In Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah ritual that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover seder and the Brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud.
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Elisha
Elisha ( /ɨˈlaɪʃə/;Hebrew: אֱלִישָׁע, Modern Elisha Tiberian ʼĔlîšāʻ ; "My God is salvation", Greek: Ἐλισσαῖος, Elissaîos or Ἐλισαιέ, Elisaié, Arabic: الْيَسَع Elyasaʻ) is a prophet mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an. His name is commonly transliterated into English as Elisha via Hebrew, Eliseus via Greek and Latin, or Alyasa via Arabic.
Elisha was a prophet of the Northern Kingdom of Israel who was active during the reign of Joram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, and Jehoash (Joash).
Elisha was the son of Shaphat of Abel-meholah; he became the attendant and disciple of Elijah (1 Kings 19:16–19), and after Elijah was taken up into the whirlwind, he was accepted as the leader of the sons of the prophets, and became noted in Israel. He possessed, according to his own request, "a double portion" of Elijah's spirit (2 Kings 2:9); and for sixty years (892–832 BC) held the office of "prophet in Israel" (2 Kings 5:8).
His name first occurs in the command given to Elijah to anoint him as his successor (1 Kings 19:16). After learning, in the cave on Mount Horeb, that Elisha, the son of Shaphat, had been selected by God as his successor in the prophetic office, Elijah set out to make known the Divine will. On his way from Sinai to Damascus, Elijah found Elisha "one of them that were ploughing with twelve yoke of oxen". Elisha delayed only long enough to kill the yoke of oxen, whose flesh he boiled with the very wood of his plough. He went over to him, threw his mantle over Elisha's shoulders, and at once adopted him as a son, investing him with the prophetic office. Elisha accepted this call about four years before the death of Israel's King Ahab. For the next seven or eight years Elisha became Elijah's close attendant until Elijah was taken up into heaven. During all these years we hear nothing of Elisha except in connection with the closing scenes of Elijah's life.
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Gabriel
In Abrahamic religions, Gabriel (Hebrew: גַּבְרִיאֵל, Modern Gavri'el Tiberian Gaḇrîʼēl, God is my strength; Arabic: جبريل, Jibrīl or جبرائيل Jibrāʾīl) is an angel who typically serves as a messenger to humans from God.
He first appears in the Book of Daniel, delivering explanations of Daniel's visions. In the Gospel of Luke Gabriel foretold the births of both John the Baptist and of Jesus. Christians of the Catholic traditions refer to him as Gabriel the Archangel.
Gabriel is referred to as "he" in the Bible, and in Daniel 9:21 he is explicitly called "The man Gabriel". Some moderns, especially New Age exponents, portray Gabriel as female or androgynous.
In Latter-day Saint theology, Gabriel is believed to have lived a mortal life as the prophet Noah. The two are regarded as the same individual; Noah being his mortal name and Gabriel being his heavenly name.
Gabriel is mentioned in the Book of Daniel, in the Hebrew Bible where he is sent as a messenger of YHWH (see God in Judaism) to Daniel during the Jewish captivity in Babylon. He is later mentioned in the Talmud.
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George Sale
George Sale (1697, Canterbury, Kent, England–1736, London, England) was an Orientalist and practising solicitor, best known for his 1734 translation of the Qur'an into English. He was also author of The General Dictionary, in ten volumes, folio.
He was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, and in 1720 became a student of the Inner Temple. It is known that he trained as a solicitor in his early years but took time off from his legal pursuits, returning at need to his profession. Sale was an early member of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
Sale became seriously ill for eight days before his death, and died at Surrey Street, The Strand, of fever on November 13, 1736. Sale was buried at St. Clement Danes. His family consisted of a wife and five children.
He took the time to apply himself in the study of the eastern and other languages, both ancient and modern. Carolus Dadichi, the king's interpreter, helped Sale in his studies of oriental dialects. Sale reputedly spent 25 years in Arabia, thus acquiring his knowledge of the Arabic language and customs; this was the basis of Voltaire's statements in the Dictionnaire Philosophique (articles ‘Alcoran,’ ‘Arot and Marot’). On the other hand Harold Lyon Thomson, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, stated that he never left his native country.
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Hafsa bint Umar
Ḥafsah bint ‘Umar (Arabic: حفصة بنت عمر; literally: Daughter of a Lion; born c. 609[citation needed] - AH 45 (665/666) was the daughter of Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab) and wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and therefore a Mother of the Believers.
She was married to Khunais ibn Hudhaifa, but became a widow when she was eighteen and according to Islamic tradition her father offered her hand to Abu Bakr and Uthman Ibn Affan. They both refused to marry her because Muhammad had told them that he was interested in her, which they failed to mention to Umar. When her father, Umar, went to Prophet Muhammad to complain about their behavior, Muhammad replied, "Hafsa will marry one better than Uthman and Uthman will marry one better than Hafsa."
Muhammad married her after the battle of Badr in 2 AH. At the time of the marriage, Hafsa was around twenty years old and Muhammad fifty-six. With this marriage, Muhammad strengthened his ties to Umar, who now became his father-in-law.
According to Islamic tradition, Hafsa had memorized the Qur'an. The copy of Zayd ibn Thabit which was recorded by the instructions of Abu Bakr was given to Hafsa. Uthman Ibn Affan, when he became Caliph, used Hafsa's copy when he authorized a single text of the Qur'an to be designated.
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Henry Corbin
Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 - 7 October 1978) was a philosopher, theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, France.
Corbin was born in Paris in April 1903. As a boy he revealed the profound sensitivity to music so evident in his work. Although he was Protestant by birth, he was educated in the Catholic tradition and at the age of 19 received a certificate in Scholastic philosophy from the Catholic Institute of Paris. Three years later he took his "licence de philosophie" under the great Thomist Étienne Gilson. In 1928 he encountered the formidable Louis Massignon, director of Islamic studies at the Sorbonne, and it was he who introduced Corbin to the writings of Suhrawardi, the 12th century Persian mystic and philosopher whose work was to profoundly affect the course of Corbin’s life. The stage was then set for a personal drama that has deep significance for understanding those cultures whose roots lie in both ancient Greece and in the prophetic religions of the Near East reaching all the way back to Zoroaster. Years later Corbin said “through my meeting with Suhrawardi, my spiritual destiny for the passage through this world was sealed. Platonism, expressed in terms of the Zoroastrian angelology of ancient Persia, illuminated the path that I was seeking.”
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Heraclius
Heraclius (Latin: Flavius Heraclius Augustus, Greek: Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος, c. 575 – February 11, 641) was Byzantine Emperor from 610 to 641.
He was responsible for introducing Greek as the Eastern Empire's official language. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, successfully led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas.
Heraclius' reign was marked by several military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on multiple frontiers. Heraclius immediately took charge of the ongoing war against the Sassanids. The first battles of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus. However, because Constantinople was protected by impenetrable walls and a strong navy, Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he initiated reforms to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them decisively in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh. The Persian king Khosrau II was assassinated soon after and peace was restored to the two deeply strained empires.
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Ibn Sirin
Muhammad Ibn Sirin (Arabic,محمد بن سيرين),(born in Basra, Iraq) was a Muslim interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century. He is a contemporary of Anas ibn Malik.
According to Yehia Gouda's most authoritative encyclopedic reference book on Muslim oneiromancy "Dreams and Their Meanings in the Old Arab Tradition" (ISBN 0-533-08877-1, published in 1991, now available through Alibris Books, Amazon.com and almost everywhere), the legendary abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Sirin Al-Ansari (33-110H; a.d. 653–728), was, indeed, born in Basra, as mentioned, in a.d. 653, i.e. the 33rd year after Muhammad's migration from Makkah to the then Yathrib, now Al-Madina. His birth came two years before the end of the rule of Caliph Óthman ibn Áffan.
Muhammad's father (the name Abu Bakr was seldom used) was one of the many captives taken by the great Muslim warrior Khaled ibn Al-Walid when he embarked on his campaign to conquer Al-Sham (the area comprising Syria, Lebanon and Palestine), under the caliphate of Ómar ibn Al-Khattab (a.d. 583–684). He was a coppersmith from a town called Jirjaya, settled and working in a place called 'Ain Al-Tamr," where a decisive battle took place in Hijra (migration) year 12. Certain historians contend that it was Abu Bakr's mother, named Sireen, who had been taken captive. But, according The Encyclopedia of Islam (London; Leiden & E.J. Brill, 1971), vol.,3, p.947, Ibn Sirin's mother, Safiyya – a slave of the caliph Abu Bakr – was held in such esteem within the community that when she died, her laying-out was performed by three of Muhammad's wives and eighteen Badris (veterans of the battle of Badr), led by Ubayy ibn Ka'b, were present at her burial. 'Omar sent him as a present, either directly to Anas ibn Malek (one of the most authoritative sources on the life and opinions expressed by Muhammad) or first to a man called Talha Al-Bukhari (from Bukhara, Central Asia) who, in turn, gave him to Anas.
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Isaac
Isaac ( /ˈaɪzək/;Hebrew: יִצְחָק, Modern Yitsẖak Tiberian Yiṣḥāq, ISO 259-3 Yiçḥaq, "he will laugh"; Yiddish: יצחק, Yitskhok; Ancient Greek: Ἰσαάκ, Isaak; Latin: Isaac; Arabic: إسحاق or Arabic: إسحٰقʼIsḥāq) as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. Isaac was one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was beyond childbearing years.
Isaac was the only biblical patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not leave Canaan. Compared to those of Abraham and Jacob, Isaac's story relates fewer incidents of his life. He died when he was 180 years old, making him the longest-lived patriarch.
The anglicized name Isaac is a transliteration of the Hebrew term Yiṣḥāq which literally means "He laughs/will laugh."Ugaritic texts dating from the 13th century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the Canaanite deity El. Genesis, however, ascribes the laughter to Isaac's parents, Abraham and Sarah, rather than El. According to the biblical narrative, Abraham fell on his face and laughed when Elohim imparted the news of their son's eventual birth. He laughed because Sarah was past the age of childbearing; both she and Abraham were advanced in age. Later, when Sarah overheard three messengers of the Lord renew the promise, she laughed inwardly for the same reason. Sarah denied laughing when Elohim questioned Abraham about it.
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Ishmael
Ishmael (Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל, Modern Yishma'el Tiberian Yišmāʻēl ISO 259-3 Yišmaˁel; Greek: Ισμαήλ Ismaēl; Latin: Ismael; Arabic: إسماعيل ʾIsmāʿīl) is a figure in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, and was Abraham's first son according to Jews, Christians and Muslims. Ishmael was born of Abraham's marriage to Sarah's handmaiden Hagar (Genesis 16:3). According to the Genesis account, he died at the age of 137 (Genesis 25:17).
Cognates of Hebrew Yishma'el existed in various ancient Semitic cultures, including early Babylonian and Minæan. It is translated literally as "God has hearkened", suggesting that "a child so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise".
This is the account of Ishmael from Genesis Chapters 16, 17, 21, 25
In Genesis 16, the birth of Ishmael was planned by the Patriarch Abraham’s first wife, who at that time was known as Sarai. She and her husband Abram (Abraham), sought a way to have children in order to fulfill the Abrahamic covenant that was established in Genesis 15. Since Sarai had yet to bear Abram a child, her idea was to offer her Egyptian handmaiden Hagar to Abram, so that they could have a child by her. Abram consented to a marital arrangement taking Hagar as his second wife when he was in his late 85th year of age. Customs of that time dictated that, although Hagar was the birth mother, any child conceived would belong to Sarai and Abram (Sarah and Abraham).
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Jacob
Jacob ( /ˈdʒeɪkəb/; Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב Standard Yaʿakov, Tiberian Yaʿăqōḇ (help·info); Septuagint Greek: Ἰακώβ Iakōb; Arabic: يَعْقُوب Yaʿqūb; "heel" or "leg-puller"), also later known as Israel (Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, Standard Yisraʾel, Tiberian Yiśrāʾēl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʾīl; "persevere with God"), as described in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an was the third patriarch of the Hebrew people with whom God made a covenant, and ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his descendants.
In the Hebrew Bible, he is the son of Isaac and Rebekah, the grandson of Abraham and Sarah and of Bethuel, and the younger twin brother of Esau. Jacob had twelve sons and at least one daughter, by his two wives, Leah and Rachel, and by their female slaves Bilhah and Zilpah. The children named in Genesis were Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, daughter Dinah, Joseph, and Benjamin.
Before the birth of Benjamin, Jacob is renamed "Israel" by an angel (Genesis 32:28-29 and 35:10). The name "Israel" can be translated as "God contended", but other meanings have also been suggested. Some commentators say the name comes from the verb śœarar ("to rule, be strong, have authority over"), thereby making the name mean "God rules" or "God judges". Other possible meanings include "the prince of God" (from the King James Version) or "El fights/struggles".
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Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (Urdu: جاوید احمد غامدی) (born 1951) is a well-known Pakistani Muslim theologian, Quran scholar and exegete, and educationist. A former member of the Jamaat-e-Islami, who extended the work of his tutor, Amin Ahsan Islahi, Ghamidi is the founder of Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences and its sister organization Danish Sara. He is a member of Council of Islamic Ideology since January 28, 2006, a constitutional body responsible for giving legal advice on Islamic issues to Pakistan Government and the Parliament. He has also taught at the Civil Services Academy from 1980 until 1991. He is running an intellectual movement similar to Wastiyya in Egypt on the popular electronic media of Pakistan.
Ghamidi's discourse is primarily with the traditionalists on the one end and Jamaat-e-Islami and its seceding groups on the other. In Ghamidi’s arguments, there is no reference to the Western sources, human rights or current philosophies of crime and punishment. He comes to conclusions which are similar to those of Islamic modernists on the subject, but he never goes out of the traditional framework.
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Jesus
Jesus ( /ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς; 7–2 BC/BCE to 30–36 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated. In Islam, Jesus (in Arabic: عيسى in Islamic usage, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets.
Most modern historians agree that Jesus existed and was a Jewish teacher from Galilee in Roman Judaea, who was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect, Pontius Pilate. Scholars have offered competing descriptions and portraits of Jesus, which at times share a number of overlapping attributes, such as a rabbi, a charismatic healer, the leader of an apocalyptic movement, a self-described Messiah, a sage and philosopher, or a social reformer who preached of the "Kingdom of God" as a means for personal and egalitarian social transformation. Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life.
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John Esposito
John Louis Esposito (born 19 May 1940, Brooklyn, New York City) is a professor of International Affairs and Islamic Studies at Georgetown University. He is also the director of the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University.
Esposito was raised a Roman Catholic in an Italian neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York City, and spent a decade in a Catholic monastery. After taking his first degree he worked as a management consultant and high-school teacher.[citation needed] He then studied and received a masters in theology at St. John's University. He earned a PhD at Temple University, Pennsylvania in 1974, studying Islam and held postdoctoral appointments at Harvard and Oxford. He is well known as a promoter of strong ties between Muslims and Christians and has challenged the Vatican to make greater efforts to encourage such ties [citation needed]
For nearly twenty years after completing his PhD, Esposito had taught religious studies (including Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam) at the College of the Holy Cross, a Jesuit college in Massachusetts. At Holy Cross, Esposito held the Loyola Professor of Middle East Studies position, was the chair of the Department of Religious Studies, and the director of college's Center for International Studies. At Georgetown University, Esposito holds the position of University Professor and teaches as both Professor of Religion and International Affairs and Professor of Islamic Studies. Esposito also works as a Senior Scientist at the Gallup Center for Muslim Studies, where he co-authored Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think, which was published in March 2008.
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John the Baptist
John the Baptist (Hebrew: יוחנן המטביל, Yoḥanan ha-mmaṭbil, Arabic: يحيى بن زكريا Yahya ibn Zakariya, Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ Yoḥanan, Greek: Ὁ Ἅγιος/Τίμιος Ἐνδοξος Προφήτης, Πρόδρομος καὶ Βαπτιστής Ἰωάννης Ho Hágios/Tímios Endoxos, Profḗtēs, Pródromos, kaì Baptistḗs Ioánnes) (c. 6 BC – c. AD 30-36) was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical gospels and the Qur'an. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. Some scholars maintain that he was influenced by the Essenes, who were semi-ascetic, expected an apocalypse, and practiced rituals corresponding strongly with baptism, although there is no direct evidence to substantiate this. John is regarded as a prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism.
Most biblical scholars agree that John baptized Jesus at "Bethany beyond the Jordan," by wading into the water with Jesus from the eastern bank. John the Baptist is also mentioned by Jewish historian Josephus, in Aramaic Matthew, in Pseudo-Clementine, and in the Qur'an. Accounts of John in the New Testament appear compatible with the account in Josephus. There are no other historical accounts of John the Baptist from around the period of his lifetime.
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John Wansbrough
John Edward Wansbrough (February 19, 1928 – June 10, 2002) was an American historian who taught at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). Wansbrough's emphasis was on the critique of traditional accounts of the origins of Islam. Born in Peoria, Illinois, Wansbrough completed his studies at Harvard University, and spent the rest of his academic career at SOAS.
He caused a furor in the 1970s when his research on early Islamic manuscripts, including the analysis of the repeated use of monotheistic Judeo-Christian imagery found in the Qur'an led him to posit that the rise of Islam was a mutation of what was originally a Judeo-Christian sect trying to spread in Arab lands, rather than by simple cultural diffusion. As time evolved the Judeo-Christian scriptures were adapted to an Arab perspective and mutated into what became the Qur'an which was developed over centuries with contributions from various Arab tribal sources. Wansbrough's research suggests that a great deal of the traditional history of Islam appeared to be a fabrication of later generations seeking to forge and justify a unique religious identity. Within this context, the character of Muhammad could be seen as a manufactured myth created to provide the Arab tribes with their own Arab version of the Judeo-Christian prophets.
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Jonah
Jonah (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, Modern Yona Tiberian Yônā ; dove; Arabic: يونس, Yūnus or يونان, Yūnān; Greek/Latin: Ionas) is the name given in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) to a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BC, the eponymous central character in the Book of Jonah, famous for being swallowed by a fish or a whale, depending on translation. The Biblical story of Jonah is also repeated, with minor changes, in the Qur'an.
Jonah son of Amittai appears in 2 Kings as a prophet from Gath-Hepher (a few miles north of Nazareth) active during the reign of Jeroboam II (c.786-746 BC), where he predicts that Jeroboam will recover certain lost territories.
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Malik Ibn Anas
Mālik ibn Anas ibn Mālik ibn Abī 'Āmir al-Asbahī (Arabic مالك بن أنس) (c. 711 – 795) (93 AH – 179 AH ) is known as "Imam Malik," the "Sheikh of Islam", the "Proof of the Community," and "Imam of the Abode of Emigration." He was one of the most highly respected scholars of fiqh in Sunni Islam. Imam Shafi`i, who was one of Malik's students for nine years and a scholarly giant in his own right, stated, "when scholars are mentioned, Malik is the star." The Maliki Madhab, named after Malik, is one of the four schools of jurisprudence that are followed by Sunni Muslims to this day.
His full name was Abu Abdullah Mālik ibn Anas ibn Mālik Ibn Abī 'Āmir Ibn 'Amr Ibnul-Hārith Ibn Ghaimān Ibn Khuthail Ibn 'Amr Ibnul-Haarith.
Malik was born the son of Anas ibn Malik (not the Sahabi) and Aaliyah bint Shurayk al-Azdiyya in Medina circa 711. His family was originally from the al-Asbahi tribe of Yemen, but his great grandfather Abu 'Amir relocated the family to Medina after converting to Islam in the second year after hijra (623). According to Al-Muwatta, he was tall, heavyset, imposing of stature, very fair, with white hair and beard but bald, with a huge beard and blue eyes.
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Michael Sells
Michael Anthony Sells (Born in Butte MT, on May 8, 1949) is currently the John Henry Barrows Professor of Islamic History and Literature at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago.[1]. Michael Sells studies and teaches in the areas of qur'anic studies, Sufism, Arabic and Islamic love poetry, mysticism (Greek, Islamic, Christian, and Jewish), and religion and violence.
He completed a new and expanded edition of his 1999 book Approaching the Qur'an: the Early Revelations. Also published three volumes on Arabic poetry, Desert Tracings: Six Classic Arabian Odes, Stations of Desire, and The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, Al-Andalus, which he co-edited and to which he contributed. His books on mysticism include Early Islamic Mysticism, translations and commentaries on influential mystical passages from the Qur'an, hadith, Arabic poetry, and early Sufi writings, as well as Mystical Languages of Unsaying, an examination of apophatic language, with special attention to Plotinus, John the Scot, Ibn al-`Arabi, Meister Eckhart, and Marguerite Porete. His work on religion and violence includes The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia, and The New Crusades: Constructing the Muslim Enemy which he co-edited and to which he contributed. He teaches courses on the topics of the Qur'an, Islamic love poetry, comparative mystical literature, Arabic Sufi poetry, and Ibn al-`Arabi.[2]
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Moses
Moses (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה, Modern Moshe Tiberian Mōšéh ISO 259-3 Moše; Greek: Mωϋσῆς Mōüsēs; Arabic: موسىٰ Mūsa) was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Qur'an, a religious leader, lawgiver and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), he is the most important prophet in Judaism, and is also considered an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.
The existence of Moses as well as the veracity of the Exodus story is disputed amongst archaeologists and Egyptologists, with experts in the field of biblical criticism citing logical inconsistencies, new archaeological evidence, historical evidence, and related origin myths in Canaanite culture. Other historians maintain that the biographical details, and Egyptian background, attributed to Moses imply the existence of a historical political and religious leader who was involved in the consolidation of the Hebrew tribes in Canaan towards the end of the Bronze Age.
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Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.
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Neal Robinson
Cornelius Randall Robinson (July 7, 1908 – July 23, 1983) was a baseball player in the Negro Leagues. He would play infielder and outfielder and played from 1934 to 1950. He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan and died in Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Noah
Noah ( /ˈnoʊ.ə/; or Noé, Noach; Hebrew: נֹחַ, נוֹחַ, Modern Noaẖ Tiberian Nōăḥ; Arabic: نُوح Nūḥ; Ancient Greek: Νῶε) was the tenth and last of the antediluvian Patriarchs. The story of Noah and the ark is told in chapters 6–9 of the book of Genesis, which is followed by the story of the Curse of Ham. Outside Genesis his name is mentioned in Ezekiel, Isaiah and Chronicles. He was the subject of much elaboration in later Abrahamic traditions, including the Qur'an.
Noah was the tenth of the pre-Flood Patriarchs. His father Lamech named him nûaḥ (the final ḥ is a more gutteral sound than the English h), saying, "This same shall comfort us in our work and in the toil of our hands, which cometh from the ground which the LORD hath cursed." This connects the future patriarch's name with nāḥam, "comfort", but it seems better related to the word nûaḥ, meaning "rest", and is more a play on words than a true etymology.
In his five hundredth year Noah had three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth. In his six hundredth year God, saddened at the wickedness of mankind, sent a great deluge to destroy all life, but because Noah was "righteous in his generation" God instructed him to build an ark and save a remnant of life. After the Flood Noah offered a sacrifice (the word nihoah, describing the "pleasant" odour of the sacrifice, is yet another pun on Noah's name) and entered into a covenant with God regulating the shedding of blood (i.e., mankind's permnission to kill under regulated circumstances). After this he became "the first tiller of the soil", planted a vineyard, and drank the wine, and fell asleep naked; Noah's son Ham saw his father naked and told his brothers, and Noah cursed Ham's son Canaan.
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Peter the Venerable
Peter the Venerable (about 1092 – December 25, 1156 in Cluny, France), also known as Peter of Montboissier, abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Cluny, was born to Blessed Raingarde in Auvergne, France. He has been honored as a saint but has never been formally canonized.
Peter was "Dedicated to God" at birth and given to the monastery at Sauxillanges of the Congregation of Cluny. He took his vows there at age seventeen, swiftly rising in esteem and becoming professor and prior of the monastery of Vézelay at only twenty years of age. Later he went to the monastery at Domene. He was so successful in the fulfillment of his duties at Vézelay and Domene that by the age of thirty he was elected general of the order. Peter was a tireless advocate of reform within his order, which was in dire need of reconstruction after the deposing of the previous abbot, Pontius, by the pope. The Congregation of Cluny was also under attack by other orders and prominent monks and theologians, including St. Bernard of Clairvaux, a Cistercian monk. Successfully defending against these attacks, and completely reforming his order, Peter earned the appellation of "venerable."
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Philip Sherrard
Philip Sherrard (23 September 1922 — 30 May 1995) was a British author, translator, and philosopher. His work includes important translations of Modern Greek poets, and books on Modern Greek literature and culture, metaphysics, theology, art and aesthetics. A pioneer of Modern Greek studies in England, he was influential in making major Greek poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries known in the English-speaking world. He was also a prolific writer on theological and philosophical themes, addressing the origins of the social and spiritual crisis he believed was occurring in the developed world, and specifically exploring modern attitudes towards the environment from a Christian perspective.
Philip Owen Arnould Sherrard was born on 23 September 1922 in Oxford. His family had many connections with the literary world of the period: his mother, Brynhild Olivier, had been a member of Rupert Brooke's circle before the First World War, and his half-sister was married to Quentin Bell, the nephew of Virginia Woolf. He was educated at Dauntsey's School and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he obtained a degree in History.
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Rashad Khalifa
Rashad Khalifa (Arabic: رشاد خليفة; November 19, 1935–January 31, 1990) was an Egyptian-American biochemist, closely associated with the United Submitters International. He was assassinated in 1990.
Khalifa was born in Egypt on November 19, 1935. His father was a Sufi who is reported to have led a group with thousands of followers.
Khalifa obtained an honours degree from Ain Shams University, Egypt, before he emigrated to the United States in 1959, later earning a Master's Degree in biochemistry from Arizona State University and a PhD. from University of California. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen and lived in Tucson, Arizona.[citation needed]
Khalifa worked as a science adviser for the Libyan government for about one year, after which he worked as a chemist for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, then became a senior chemist in Arizona's State Office of Chemistry in 1980.[citation needed] Khalifa's son, Sam Khalifa, played for the Pittsburgh Pirates and was the first major league player of Egyptian descent.
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Rashidun
The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs (الخلفاء الراشدون al-Khulafā’u r-Rāshidūn) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs who established the Rashidun Caliphate. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the Abbasid Dynasty. It is a reference to the Sunni tradition, "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood).
The first four Caliphs who ruled after the death of Muhammad are often quoted as the Khulafah Rashidun.
The Rashidun were either elected by a council (see The election of Uthman and Islamic democracy) or chosen based on the wishes of their predecessor. In the order of succession, the rashidun were:
Hasan ibn Ali was appointed as Caliph in 661 following the death of Ali and is also regarded as a righteous ruler by Sunni Muslims, although he was recognized by only half of the Islamic state and his rule was challenged and eventually ended by the Governor of Syria, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan.
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Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الراشدية al-khilāfat ar-Rāshidīyah), (c. 632-661) comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 (Year 10 A.H. in the Islamic calendar). At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia in the east. At its greatest extent it was one of the largest empires in history. It is also known as the Patriarchal Caliphate.
After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar debated which of them should succeed him in running the affairs of the Muslims while Muhammad's household was busy with his burial. Umar (a Quraish) and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraish soon following suit. Abu Bakr thus became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and embarked on campaigns to propagate Islam. First, though, he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had gone back on their oaths of allegiance to Islam and the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title nor did his three successors do so.
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Robert of Ketton
Robert of Ketton (Latin: Robertus Ketenensis) (1110? – 1160?) was an English medieval theologian, astronomer and Arabist.
Ketton, where Robert was either born or perhaps first took holy orders, is a small village in Rutland, a few miles from Stamford.
Robert is believed to have been educated at the Cathedral School of Paris. In 1134 he travelled from France to the East for four years with his fellow student and friend Herman of Carinthia (also known as Herman Dalmatin). They visited the Byzantine Empire, the Crusader States in Palestine, and Damascus. Both men were to become famous as translators from the Arabic. By 1141 Robert had moved to Spain where the division of the country between Muslim and Christian rulers made it a natural base for translators. Some sources identify him with Robert of Chester (Latin: Robertus Castrensis), who was also active in Spain as a translator in the 1140s.
Although he received support from the Church—he became Archdeacon of Pamplona in 1143—Robert's preference was for translating scientific rather than theological works. He is known to have studied Euclid and to have translated the work of Al Battani and Avicenna, and it seems that he would not have made the translation for which he is famous, that of the Qur'an, without the encouragement of the French Abbot Peter the Venerable, who wished to have access to Islamic texts. In 1142 Robert and other scholars met with Peter the Venerable, who was visiting Spain, and Robert set to work translating the Qur'an into Latin. The translation was done by 1143; entitled Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, it was the first translation of the book into a European language and remained the standard well into the sixteenth century. The translation is not viewed by modern scholars as having been faithful, but rather includes some passages with distortions or exaggerations of the original Arabic.
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Salman the Persian
Salman the Persian or Salmān al-Fārsī (Arabic: سلمان الفارسي Salman al-Farsi; in Persian: روزبه Rouzbeh) was one of Muhammad's companions.
During some of his later meetings with the other Sahabah, he was referred to as Abu Abdullah ("Father of Abdullah").
Salman the Persian was born either in the city of Kazerun in Fars Province, or Isfahan in Isfahan Province, Iran.
It was Salman who came up with the idea of digging a great trench around the city of Medina to defend the city and its people from the army of 10,000 non-Muslims of Arabia. Muhammad and his companions agreed and accepted Salman's plan because it was safer and there would be a better chance that the non-Muslim army of Arabia would have a larger number of casualties. Salman came up with the idea from remembering the same thing happening in Persia; when the Persians learned that their enemies planned to invade their territory, they dug a trench around them to be safe. The attack that the Muslims had expected, is known as the Battle of the Trench.
wn.com/Salman_the_Persian -
Solomon
Solomon (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה, Modern Shlomo Tiberian Šəlōmō ISO 259-3 Šlomo; Arabic: سليمان Sulaymān, also colloquially: Silimān; Greek: Σολομών Solomōn), according to the Book of Kings and the Book of Chronicles, a King of Israel and according to the Talmud one of the 48 prophets, is identified as the son of David, also called Jedidiah (Hebrew יְדִידְיָהּ) in 2 Samuel 12:25, and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. In the Qur'an, he is considered as a major Prophet, known as Sulaiman, son of David.
The Hebrew Bible credits Solomon as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, and portrays him as great in wisdom, wealth, and power, but ultimately as a king whose sin, including idolatry and turning away from Yahweh, leads to the kingdom being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam. Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends.
wn.com/Solomon -
Tarif Khalidi
Tarif Khalidi (Arabic: طريف الخالدي), born January 24, 1938 in Jerusalem, is a Palestinian historian who now holds the Shaykh Zayid Chair in Islamic and Arabic Studies at the American University of Beirut in Lebanon.
Khalidi is the son of Ahmad Samih Khalidi (1896–1951) and Anbara Salam (1897–1986), and the brother of historian Walid Khalidi. Palestinian-American historian Rashid Khalidi is Tarif's first cousin. Khalidi's son, Muhammad Ali Khalidi, is a philosophy professor at York University. The Khalidi family has lived in Jerusalem since the eleventh century and is noted for a long line of judges and scholars. Tarif's father was principal of the Government Arab College in Jerusalem from 1925 until 1948. He also served as Deputy Director of Education under the British Mandate. He was the author of several pioneering works on educational theory and on Palestinian history. Khalidi’s mother came from a prominent Beiruti political family. She was a pioneer feminist, activist and writer; and the first woman in Greater Syria (Syria, Lebanon and Palestine) to publicly remove her veil in 1927. She also translated several literary works into Arabic, including Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and published her memoirs in 1978.
wn.com/Tarif_Khalidi -
Umar
Umar (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب, Transliteration: `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb, Umar Son of Al-Khittab, c. 586–590 CE– 7 November 644), also known as Omar, Farooq the Great was the most powerful of the four Rashidun Caliphs and one of the most powerful and influential Muslim rulers in history. He was a sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Caliph Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert jurist and is best known for his justice, that earned him the title Al-Farooq (The one who distinguishes between right and wrong). Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. His brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire in less than two years. His legislative abilities and firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. It was Umar, who for the first time in 500 years since their expulsion from the Holy Land, allowed Jews to practice their religion freely and live inside Jerusalem.[citation needed]
wn.com/Umar -
Uthman Ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان, strict transliteration: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān) (c. 579 – 17 July 656) was one of the companions of Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs.
Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of Mecca, a powerful family of the Quraish tribe. He was a companion of Muhammad who assumed the role of leader (caliph) of the Muslim Empire at the age of 65 following Umar ibn al-Khattab. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s. Some of Uthman's notable achievements were the economic reforms he introduced, and the compilation of the Qur'an into the unified, authoritative text that is known today.
Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill, and the presumption is that he was born during the summer months, since wealthy Meccans usually spent the hot summers in the cooler climate of Ta’if. He was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, seven years after Muhammad. Uthman's father, Affan, died young while travelling abroad but left a large inheritance to Uthman. Uthman followed the same profession as his father, and his business flourished, making him one of the richest men among the Qurayshi tribe.
wn.com/Uthman_Ibn_Affan -
Uthman ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان, strict transliteration: ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān) (c. 579 – 17 July 656) was one of the companions of Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs.
Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of Mecca, a powerful family of the Quraish tribe. He was a companion of Muhammad who assumed the role of leader (caliph) of the Muslim Empire at the age of 65 following Umar ibn al-Khattab. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present-day Iran), some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651 and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s. Some of Uthman's notable achievements were the economic reforms he introduced, and the compilation of the Qur'an into the unified, authoritative text that is known today.
Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill, and the presumption is that he was born during the summer months, since wealthy Meccans usually spent the hot summers in the cooler climate of Ta’if. He was born into the wealthy Umayyad (Banu Umayya) clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca, seven years after Muhammad. Uthman's father, Affan, died young while travelling abroad but left a large inheritance to Uthman. Uthman followed the same profession as his father, and his business flourished, making him one of the richest men among the Qurayshi tribe.
wn.com/Uthman_ibn_Affan -
Zayd ibn Thabit
Zayd ibn Thabit (زيد بن ثابت ) was the personal scribe of Muhammad and an Muhajreen.
When Zayd was 6 years old his father died in the Battle of Bu'ath. Zayd was 13 years old when he asked permission to participate in the Battle of Badr. Since he was younger than 15 years old, Muhammad did not allow him to do so, and sent him back. He then decided to try to win favor with Muhammad by learning the Qur'an. He was later appointed to write letters to non-Muslims and to collect and keep record of the Qur'anic verses.
Zayd was among those chosen by Muhammad to write down the verses of the Qur'an.
He used to spend most of his time reciting the Qur'an, and continued to learn the Quranic verses as they were recited by Muhammad.
Zayd later volunteered to fight when he was 19 years old. This time he was accepted in the ranks of the Muslim army. Zayd's time to fight had come nine years after the establishment of the Muslim community in Medina.
Zayd had the role of writing down the Quranic verses that were sent to Muhammad from Allah through the Angel Gabriel.
wn.com/Zayd_ibn_Thabit
Famous quotes by quran:
"And mankind is naught but a single nation"
"A good word is like a good tree whose root is firmly fixed and whose top is in the sky."
"Say: Surely my prayer and my sacrifice and my life and my death are (all) for Allah, the Lord of the worlds. (The Cattle 6.162)"
"God is with those who persevere"
"He said: The prayer of you both has indeed been accepted, therefore continue in the right way and do not follow the path of those who do not know. (Jonah 10.89)"
"He deserves paradise who makes his companions laugh"
"O you who believe! seek assistance through patience and prayer; surely Allah is with the patient. (The Cow 2.153 )"
"Believers, Jews, Sabaeans or Christians - whoever believes in God and the Last Day and does what is right - shall have nothing to fear or regret"
"Fear God and he will give you knowledge"
"Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Apostle of Allah and the Last of the prophets; and Allah is cognizant of all things."
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Surah Rahman - Beautiful and Heart trembling Quran recitation by Syed Sadaqat Ali
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:15
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
WATCH IN 720P HD NOW! www.youtube.com Download the video from here: www.al-masumeen.com THE RECITOR IS SADAQAT ALI Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: 'Everything has a bride, and the bride of the Qur'an is Surrah Al Rahman' The Holy Prophet has also said: "Whoever reads it, Allah will have mercy on his weakness and be regarded as having thanked Allah for it" Imam Jaffer al-Sadiq (as) has said: "Allah will brighten the face of everyone who recites it often on the day of Judgement" Sura Rahman is often regarded as "THE BEAUTY OF THE QURAN" This is the only Surah of the Quran in which besides men the jinn also, who are the other creation of the earth endowed with freedom of will and action, have been directly addressed, and both men and jinn have been made to realize the wonders of Allah's power, His countless blessings, their own helplessness and accountability before Him, and have been warned of the evil consequences of His disobedience and made aware of the best results of His obedience. Although at several other places in the Quran there are clear pointers to show that like the men the jinn too are a creation who have been endowed with freedom of will and action and are accountable, who have been granted the freedom of belief and unbelief, of obedience and disobedience, and among them too there are the believers and the unbelievers, the obedient and the rebellious, as among human beings, and among them too there exist such groups as have believed in the Prophets sent by God ...
http://wn.com/Surah_Rahman_Beautiful_and_Heart_trembling_Quran_recitation_by_Syed_Sadaqat_Ali
WATCH IN 720P HD NOW! www.youtube.com Download the video from here: www.al-masumeen.com THE RECITOR IS SADAQAT ALI Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: 'Everything has a bride, and the bride of the Qur'an is Surrah Al Rahman' The Holy Prophet has also said: "Whoever reads it, Allah will have mercy on his weakness and be regarded as having thanked Allah for it" Imam Jaffer al-Sadiq (as) has said: "Allah will brighten the face of everyone who recites it often on the day of Judgement" Sura Rahman is often regarded as "THE BEAUTY OF THE QURAN" This is the only Surah of the Quran in which besides men the jinn also, who are the other creation of the earth endowed with freedom of will and action, have been directly addressed, and both men and jinn have been made to realize the wonders of Allah's power, His countless blessings, their own helplessness and accountability before Him, and have been warned of the evil consequences of His disobedience and made aware of the best results of His obedience. Although at several other places in the Quran there are clear pointers to show that like the men the jinn too are a creation who have been endowed with freedom of will and action and are accountable, who have been granted the freedom of belief and unbelief, of obedience and disobedience, and among them too there are the believers and the unbelievers, the obedient and the rebellious, as among human beings, and among them too there exist such groups as have believed in the Prophets sent by God ...
Surah Rahman - Beautiful and Heart trembling Quran recitation by Syed Sadaqat Ali [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:37
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Download the video from here: www.al-masumeen.com THE RECITOR IS SADAQAT ALI Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: 'Everything has a bride, and the bride of the Qur'an is Surrah Al Rahman' The Holy Prophet has also said: "Whoever reads it, Allah will have mercy on his weakness and be regarded as having thanked Allah for it" Imam Jaffer al-Sadiq (as) has said: "Allah will brighten the face of everyone who recites it often on the day of Judgement" Sura Rahman is often regarded as "THE BEAUTY OF THE QURAN" This is the only Surah of the Quran in which besides men the jinn also, who are the other creation of the earth endowed with freedom of will and action, have been directly addressed, and both men and jinn have been made to realize the wonders of Allah's power, His countless blessings, their own helplessness and accountability before Him, and have been warned of the evil consequences of His disobedience and made aware of the best results of His obedience. Although at several other places in the Quran there are clear pointers to show that like the men the jinn too are a creation who have been endowed with freedom of will and action and are accountable, who have been granted the freedom of belief and unbelief, of obedience and disobedience, and among them too there are the believers and the unbelievers, the obedient and the rebellious, as among human beings, and among them too there exist such groups as have believed in the Prophets sent by God and in the Divine Books, this Surah ...
http://wn.com/Surah_Rahman_Beautiful_and_Heart_trembling_Quran_recitation_by_Syed_Sadaqat_Ali_HD_
Download the video from here: www.al-masumeen.com THE RECITOR IS SADAQAT ALI Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: 'Everything has a bride, and the bride of the Qur'an is Surrah Al Rahman' The Holy Prophet has also said: "Whoever reads it, Allah will have mercy on his weakness and be regarded as having thanked Allah for it" Imam Jaffer al-Sadiq (as) has said: "Allah will brighten the face of everyone who recites it often on the day of Judgement" Sura Rahman is often regarded as "THE BEAUTY OF THE QURAN" This is the only Surah of the Quran in which besides men the jinn also, who are the other creation of the earth endowed with freedom of will and action, have been directly addressed, and both men and jinn have been made to realize the wonders of Allah's power, His countless blessings, their own helplessness and accountability before Him, and have been warned of the evil consequences of His disobedience and made aware of the best results of His obedience. Although at several other places in the Quran there are clear pointers to show that like the men the jinn too are a creation who have been endowed with freedom of will and action and are accountable, who have been granted the freedom of belief and unbelief, of obedience and disobedience, and among them too there are the believers and the unbelievers, the obedient and the rebellious, as among human beings, and among them too there exist such groups as have believed in the Prophets sent by God and in the Divine Books, this Surah ...
- published: 28 Jun 2011
- views: 1886396
- author: almasumeen
Quran Recitation Really beautiful amazing crying
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:18
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
www.turntoislam.com -This is a beautiful recitation of Quran that brings shivers to mankind. visit keywords islam, muslim, sunni, shia, iran, iraq, afghanistan, religion, faith, spirit, jinn, quran dvd, spirituality, war, peace, satan, angel, heaven, hell, new world order, illuminati, revolution, secrecy, 911, world trade center,palestine, depression, psychology Dua, Afghan, Hafiz, islamchannel, tv all,
http://wn.com/Quran_Recitation_Really_beautiful_amazing_crying
www.turntoislam.com -This is a beautiful recitation of Quran that brings shivers to mankind. visit keywords islam, muslim, sunni, shia, iran, iraq, afghanistan, religion, faith, spirit, jinn, quran dvd, spirituality, war, peace, satan, angel, heaven, hell, new world order, illuminati, revolution, secrecy, 911, world trade center,palestine, depression, psychology Dua, Afghan, Hafiz, islamchannel, tv all,
- published: 01 Jun 2006
- views: 2743117
- author: turntoislam
Beautiful Qur'an recitation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Beautiful Qur'an recitation of Surah A'raaf by Tawfeeg As Sayegh.
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Qur'an_recitation
Beautiful Qur'an recitation of Surah A'raaf by Tawfeeg As Sayegh.
- published: 05 Sep 2007
- views: 2487331
- author: ShootingGower
complete Quran Juz' ( 30 ) Shaikh Mishary Alafasy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:36
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
For More www.quranrabbi.com
http://wn.com/complete_Quran_Juz'_30_Shaikh_Mishary_Alafasy
Best Quran Reciters in the World
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:41
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Best Quran Reciters in the World (in my opinion), with a short recitation by each one, and a few pictures of each reciter: #8: Abdullah Awwad Al-Juhany, #7: Mishary Rashid Alafasy, #6: Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, #5: Salah Al-Budair, #4: Saud Al-Shuraim, #3: Abdul Basit Abdus Samad, #2: Tawfeeq As-Sayegh, #1: Abdelkarim Edghouch, from Morocco, is my favorite reciter in the world! He has won many Quran recitation competitions around the world.
http://wn.com/Best_Quran_Reciters_in_the_World
Best Quran Reciters in the World (in my opinion), with a short recitation by each one, and a few pictures of each reciter: #8: Abdullah Awwad Al-Juhany, #7: Mishary Rashid Alafasy, #6: Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, #5: Salah Al-Budair, #4: Saud Al-Shuraim, #3: Abdul Basit Abdus Samad, #2: Tawfeeq As-Sayegh, #1: Abdelkarim Edghouch, from Morocco, is my favorite reciter in the world! He has won many Quran recitation competitions around the world.
- published: 07 Aug 2010
- views: 2727455
- author: dboyzzz1092
Abdur-Rahman ibn Awf (#Generosity) - Omar Suleiman - Quran Weekly
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:07
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
[The Superstars Series] Continuing with our coverage of the 10 Companions promised Paradise by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). facebook.com - Like us on Facebook! twitter.com - Follow us on Twitter! ilmflix.com - More lectures by Sh. Omar Suleiman
http://wn.com/Abdur-Rahman_ibn_Awf_Generosity_Omar_Suleiman_Quran_Weekly
[The Superstars Series] Continuing with our coverage of the 10 Companions promised Paradise by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). facebook.com - Like us on Facebook! twitter.com - Follow us on Twitter! ilmflix.com - More lectures by Sh. Omar Suleiman
- published: 24 Feb 2013
- views: 5347
- author: QuranWeekly
The Funniest Sahabi - Omar Suleiman - Quran Weekly
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Ever wonder who the funniest Companion of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, was? Sh. Omar Suleiman relates to us amazing stories and examples of the greatest prankster to live during the life of the Prophet. facebook.com - Join our fan page! ILMFlix.com - Register for LIVE online classes taught by Sh. Omar Suleiman
http://wn.com/The_Funniest_Sahabi_Omar_Suleiman_Quran_Weekly
Ever wonder who the funniest Companion of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, was? Sh. Omar Suleiman relates to us amazing stories and examples of the greatest prankster to live during the life of the Prophet. facebook.com - Join our fan page! ILMFlix.com - Register for LIVE online classes taught by Sh. Omar Suleiman
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 59486
- author: QuranWeekly
Newly discovered linguistic and scientific miracle - CHALLENGE 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:06
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
This is the second challenge for anyone who doubts that the Quran is the word of Allah (God) please subscribe to the channel for future updates. www.sibawayinstitute.com Become a member and experience the Quran like never before.
http://wn.com/Newly_discovered_linguistic_and_scientific_miracle_CHALLENGE_2
This is the second challenge for anyone who doubts that the Quran is the word of Allah (God) please subscribe to the channel for future updates. www.sibawayinstitute.com Become a member and experience the Quran like never before.
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 173
- author: LearnQuranicArabic
Best Quran Recitations - Sura QAF (Mishary Rashid Al-Afasy)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:42
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Another moving recitation by Mishary Rashed Alafasy.
http://wn.com/Best_Quran_Recitations_Sura_QAF_Mishary_Rashid_Al-Afasy
Another moving recitation by Mishary Rashed Alafasy.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 222440
- author: MuslimLikeMe
Beautiful recitation of Quran by a child
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
a beautiful recitation of Quran by a child (sura Yaseen)
http://wn.com/Beautiful_recitation_of_Quran_by_a_child
a beautiful recitation of Quran by a child (sura Yaseen)
- published: 23 Oct 2006
- views: 332757
- author: islamudini
FULL - New - Dr. Zakir Naik - Quran & Modern Science
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 139:44
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
FULL - New - Dr. Zakir Naik - Quran & Modern Science
http://wn.com/FULL_New_Dr_Zakir_Naik_Quran_Modern_Science
FULL - New - Dr. Zakir Naik - Quran & Modern Science
- published: 24 Aug 2011
- views: 65522
- author: sabeeldawah
Quranic Teachings vs Blind Faith by Nouman Ali Khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:31
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
36th ICNA Annual Convention | Memorial Day Weekend May 28-30, 2011 | Hartford, CT Quran: Guidance towards a Just and Balanced Nation The Vision & Mission: The Purpose of Our Life Quranic Teachings and Blind Faith: A Call to Rationalism, Reason and Balance
http://wn.com/Quranic_Teachings_vs_Blind_Faith_by_Nouman_Ali_Khan
36th ICNA Annual Convention | Memorial Day Weekend May 28-30, 2011 | Hartford, CT Quran: Guidance towards a Just and Balanced Nation The Vision & Mission: The Purpose of Our Life Quranic Teachings and Blind Faith: A Call to Rationalism, Reason and Balance
- published: 14 Jul 2011
- views: 49342
- author: ICNATV
![Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130301032954im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/XDmaFehshys/default.jpg "Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]")
Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]
http://wn.com/Florida_Church_Burnt_Holy_Quran_by_Pastor_Terry_Jones_
Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]
- published: 22 Mar 2011
- views: 350325
- author: answeringchristian
Quran & Logic_Part I - The Source of Quran |ما هو مصدر القران
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
The PlayList : www.youtube.com Produced by : Rasoulallah.net Sponsored by Khalifa El Hamadi - UAE.net A proof that the Qur'an is from God and that Muhammad is a Messenger of God.
http://wn.com/Quran_Logic_Part_I_The_Source_of_Quran_|ما_هو_مصدر_القران
The PlayList : www.youtube.com Produced by : Rasoulallah.net Sponsored by Khalifa El Hamadi - UAE.net A proof that the Qur'an is from God and that Muhammad is a Messenger of God.
- published: 23 Jan 2012
- views: 28457
- author: WhoIsMohammad
Beautiful Quran Recitation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Beautiful Quran Recitation
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Quran_Recitation
Urdu Paras Rajput Vs Quran & Zakir Naik (NEW 2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:32
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
Background Voice: Moinuddin Pathan Watch Moinuddin's Lecture: Fitna-e-Dajjal : youtu.be Soodi Nizaam Kis Tarah Dunya Ko Tabah Kar Raha He: youtu.be Hurmat-e-Rasool: Zimmedaar Kaun? : youtu.be
http://wn.com/Urdu_Paras_Rajput_Vs_Quran_Zakir_Naik_NEW_2011
Background Voice: Moinuddin Pathan Watch Moinuddin's Lecture: Fitna-e-Dajjal : youtu.be Soodi Nizaam Kis Tarah Dunya Ko Tabah Kar Raha He: youtu.be Hurmat-e-Rasool: Zimmedaar Kaun? : youtu.be
- published: 21 Dec 2010
- views: 254315
- author: Moinuddin Pathan
Qari Syed Sadaqat Ali Quran Recitation Post by Zagham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:46
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
A Morning with Farah Qari Syed Sadaqat Ali Quran Recitation.
http://wn.com/Qari_Syed_Sadaqat_Ali_Quran_Recitation_Post_by_Zagham
A Morning with Farah Qari Syed Sadaqat Ali Quran Recitation.
- published: 07 Sep 2010
- views: 145290
- author: zagham99
The Power of Quran.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:13
- Updated: 15 Feb 2013
Ahmad Al-Saoud from Bahrain is reciting surah At-Toor.(The Mount)
http://wn.com/The_Power_of_Quran
Ahmad Al-Saoud from Bahrain is reciting surah At-Toor.(The Mount)
- published: 11 Mar 2007
- views: 119862
- author: dilmuroduz
Amazing Quran Memorization and Recitation Competition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:58
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
110 kids from the Islamic world are chosen and arrive in Cairo for the world's oldest Quran reciting contest. Koran By Heart follows two boys from Senegal and Tajikistan, and a little girl from Maldives, of 10 years old- who go head-to-head with kids nearly twice their age in the pronunciation, recitation and perfected memorization of the Qur'an
http://wn.com/Amazing_Quran_Memorization_and_Recitation_Competition
110 kids from the Islamic world are chosen and arrive in Cairo for the world's oldest Quran reciting contest. Koran By Heart follows two boys from Senegal and Tajikistan, and a little girl from Maldives, of 10 years old- who go head-to-head with kids nearly twice their age in the pronunciation, recitation and perfected memorization of the Qur'an
- published: 08 Sep 2011
- views: 112100
- author: noufalnow
Nouman Ali Khan : The Quran's Remedy for Sadness
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 127:13
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
Hosted by The Queens College MSA like us on facebook www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Nouman_Ali_Khan_The_Quran's_Remedy_for_Sadness
Hosted by The Queens College MSA like us on facebook www.facebook.com
- published: 02 Feb 2013
- views: 31862
- author: DeenForTheStreets
Quran: Your companion on the Day of Judgement by Nouman Ali Khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:59
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Quran, Your companion on the Day of Judgement by Nouman Ali Khan
http://wn.com/Quran_Your_companion_on_the_Day_of_Judgement_by_Nouman_Ali_Khan
Quran, Your companion on the Day of Judgement by Nouman Ali Khan
- published: 27 Mar 2012
- views: 56567
- author: NAKcollection
القرآن كامل سعد الغامدي The Complete Holy Quran In One Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1487:48
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
لأول مرة على اليوتوب فيديو من 24 ساعة بدون توقف. القرءآن الكريم كامل مرتل بصوت الشيخ سعد الغامدي أطول فيديو على اليوتوب longest video on youtube
http://wn.com/القرآن_كامل_سعد_الغامدي_The_Complete_Holy_Quran_In_One_Video
لأول مرة على اليوتوب فيديو من 24 ساعة بدون توقف. القرءآن الكريم كامل مرتل بصوت الشيخ سعد الغامدي أطول فيديو على اليوتوب longest video on youtube
- published: 23 Jan 2011
- views: 3024683
- author: imad07
photo: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013
Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
27 Feb 2013
Russian President Vladimir Putin told the country's top brass on Wednesday to drastically upgrade the armed forces in the next few years as part of response to attempts by the United States and NATO to "tip the strategic balance" in the world. In his address to Russia's defense ministry and top military officials, Putin said Russia is witnessing "insistent attempts" to change that balance and complained about U.S ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Michael Sohn
28 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict pledged his "unconditional reverence and obedience" to his successor Thursday, then left the Vatican as the first Roman Catholic Church leader to resign in 600 years. Benedict flew from the Vatican by helicopter to the papal residence of Castel Gandolfo near Rome, several hours before his eight-year papacy was to end officially at 8 p.m., local time (1900 UTC) ... Peter's Square after he left ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Effrain Lopez
26 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. During the 19th and early 20th centuries developments in technology vastly transformed warfare. The age of machine guns, steam-powered battle ships, and tanks replaced the era of flintlock muskets, sailing wooden ships, and cannonballs. But these new and more lethal innovations also altered humanity and political systems ... World War I and II ... They will subversively disrupt entire societies....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Mary Altaffer
26 Feb 2013
Jesus Diaz - . Scientists have found proof of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean. According to a study published in Nature Geoscience, the continent “was separated from Madagascar and fragmented into a ribbon-like configuration by a series of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin.”. Its name is not Atlantis, though ... [Nature Geoscience via BBC News]. Image by Shutterstock ... Related Posts ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
WorldNetDaily
01 Mar 2013
“Everyone is talking about reform, but in fact everyone has a fear of reform,” said Chinese historian Ma Jong. “The question is ... “China has stood up!” he said ... In the Muslim world, the secularism of Gamal Abdel Nasser and Saddam Hussein and Bashar Assad are yielding to forces that look all the way back to Muhammad and the Quran as infallible guides to politics, law and national greatness ... BONUS ... Email* ... Note ... ....(size: 7.0Kb)
The Siasat Daily
01 Mar 2013
February 28.. Today in his 187 point speech lengthening to 27 pages, the Union Finance Minister has following two short points for national minorities. 20. I have allocated Rs. 3,511 crore to the Ministry of Minority Affairs. This is an increase of 12 percent over the BE and 60 percent over the RE of 2012-13. 21 ... Teesta Tricks women use to look thinner revealed!On Doomsday, a spark of fire and smoke would be released-Quran predictsAyodhya....(size: 7.1Kb)
WorldNetDaily
01 Mar 2013
TEL AVIV – Neither Israel nor the Palestinian Authority say they have any information President Obama plans to visit the Temple Mount amid Palestinian rumors that such a trip is in the works. The rumors received a boost earlier this week when Hamas issued a statement warning the Obama against the idea, calling such a visit “a diplomatic catastrophe.” ... 70 ... Jerusalem is not mentioned in the Quran ... No-prayer zone ... Follow WND On ... ....(size: 7.6Kb)
Houston Press
28 Feb 2013
Blame it on porous borders. Blame it on B ... Fortunately, while most Lamestream Media personnel were off snoozing over their personal Quran's, Fox News hopped on the case, taking a peek behind this Scarf Scandal ... Just as Texas public schools have every right to examine the linguistic-cultural merits of the Bible, or of the historical context of the Talmud, they have every right to examine the structure and literary substance of the Quran....(size: 5.0Kb)
The Times of India
28 Feb 2013
PRZEMYSL (POLAND). For Zaida Saleh, like for many observant Muslim women, manicures have long posed a religious problem ... A new "breathable'' nail polish by a Polish company, Inglot, is changing that ... Though the Quran does not specifically address the issue of nail polish, some Islamic scholars have said that water must touch the nail's surface for the washing ritual to be done correctly ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
The Times of India
28 Feb 2013
MUMBAI. Thousands scores of Dawoodi Bohras from across the world will flock to are in the city to celebrate their spiritual leader, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin's, 102nd birthday on Saturday ... As part of the celebrations, various activities like planting saplings (called Green Celebration)ation of trees, recitation and memorization of the Quran, and medical camps have been planned ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
Rocky Mount Telegram
28 Feb 2013
RALEIGH — Passages from the Bible could become part of the curriculum in North Carolina's public high schools under legislation proposed in the General Assembly ... Stan Bingham said Wednesday he doesn't see a problem ... It also would be out of order for the same student to say I want to take a course and study the Quran, or the Jewish religion, or whatever religion you wish to pick." ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
The Siasat Daily
28 Feb 2013
February 28.. Allah has told us in the Quran that Satan is our enemy and we should do everything to keep Satan out of our lives. Satan hurts us by misguiding us toward evil deeds, making the bad look acceptable, bringing misfortune in our lives and families, and so on ... Both Allah and the prophet (Sallellahu Alaihi Wa Aalihi Wa Sallam) have told us how to ward off Satan’s whispers and other evil tactics ... Saheeh al-Jaami’, no. 499]....(size: 3.7Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
28 Feb 2013
For Zaida Saleh, like for many observant Muslim women, manicures have long posed a religious problem ... "I am excited. I feel more feminine - and I just love it." ... Though the Muslim holy book, the Quran, does not specifically address the issue of nail polish, some Islamic scholars have said that water must touch the surface of the nail for the washing ritual to be done correctly ... "This was a huge breakthrough for me ... ....(size: 6.7Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
28 Feb 2013
Joe Sixpack, Daily News Beer Reporter. Posted. Wednesday, February 27, 2013, 10.42 PM. BEER FROM LEBANON? Baloney!. Sorry, this Pennsylvania boy couldn't let that pun slip by, even if - as it happens - we're talking about beer made not in Lancaster County, but in the Middle East. Still, I say, baloney! ... It just ain't gonna happen, right? ... Not when the Quran bans the consumption of alcohol ... True enough ... "As a Lebanese, it's a nonissue ... ... Email....(size: 7.9Kb)
The New York Times
28 Feb 2013
Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... However, as Mr ... Another Islamic organization, Minhaj ul Quran International, the Danish offshoot of a controversial group in Pakistan that has taken a hard line at home against blasphemy, added its own voice, organizing a demonstration outside Copenhagen’s city hall to denounce the attack on Mr ... ....(size: 7.6Kb)
The Examiner
27 Feb 2013
"The character of the Prophet was the Quran." (Muslim) Clearly, the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) molded his own life in accordance with the ideal pattern of life that he presented to others in the form of the Quran revealed to him by God ... Scholars further explain about the Quran being his character ... Whatever was praised in the Quran, he was pleased with, and whatever was condemned in the Quran he hated....(size: 16.5Kb)
WorldNetDaily
27 Feb 2013
Only in Islam is it given divine sanction, with an exhortation in the Quran itself to beat disobedient women (4.34) ... If you think that books that do not advocate violence can lead to violence, what must you think of the Quran, which in many, many passages advocates violence? Your assertion about Muslims not committing terrorist acts in order to advance Islam is also inaccurate....(size: 7.4Kb)
| Part of a series on the |
| Quran |
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| Mus'haf |
| Sura · Ayah |
| Central figures |
| Adam · Noah · Abraham · Joseph (son of Jacob) · Moses King David · King Solomon · Mary Jesus · Muhammad |
| Quran reading |
| Tajwid · Hizb · Tarteel · Quranic guardian Manzil · Qari' · Juz' · Rasm · Ruku' · Sujud |
| Translations |
| List of translations · English translations |
| History |
| Meccan suras · Medinan suras |
| Tafsir |
| Persons related to verses · Justice Asbab al-nuzul · Naskh · Biblical narratives Tahrif · Bakkah · Muqatta'at Esoteric interpretation |
| Quran and Sunnah |
| Literalism · Miracles · Science Female figures |
| Perspectives |
| Shia · Criticism · Desecration Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn · Tanazzulat Qisas Al-Anbiya · House of the Quran |
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The Quran (English pronunciation: /kɔrˈɑːn/[n 1] kor-AHN; Arabic: القرآن al-qurʾān, IPA: [qurˈʔaːn],[n 2] literally meaning "the recitation"), also transliterated Qur'an, Koran, Al-Coran, Coran, Kuran, and Al-Qur'an, is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God[1] (Arabic: الله, Allah). It is regarded widely as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language.[2][3][4][5][6]
The Quran is composed of verses (Ayah) that make up 114 chapters (suras) of unequal length which are classified either as Meccan (المكية) or Medinan (المدينية) depending upon the place and time of their claimed revelation.[7] Muslims believe the Quran to be verbally revealed through angel Jibrīl (Gabriel) from God to Muhammad gradually over a period of approximately 23 years beginning in 610 CE, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632 CE, the year of his death.[1][8][9]
Shortly after Muhammad's death the Quran was compiled into a single book by order of the first Caliph Abu Bakr and at the suggestion of his future successor Umar. Hafsa, Muhammad's widow and Caliph Umar's daughter, was entrusted with that Quranic text after the second Caliph Umar died.[10] When the third Caliph Uthman began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Qur'anic Arabic by those whose dialect was not that of the Quraish, sought Hafsa's permission to use her text and commissioned a committee to produce a standard copy of the text of Qur'an to which added diacritical marks ensured correct pronunciation, and to be set as the standard dialect, the Quraish dialect, now known as Fus'ha (Modern Standard Arabic) (see Origin and development of the Qur'an). Five of these original Qur'ans (Mus'haf) were sent to the major Muslim cities of the era, with Uthman keeping one for his own use in Medina. Any variations to standardized text were invalidated and ordered to be destroyed, all other versions of the Qur'an copied by scribes subsequently were from this codex. This process of formalization is known as the "Uthmanic recension".[11] The present form of the Quran text is accepted by most scholars as the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.[11][12]
Muslims regard the Quran as the main miracle of Muhammad, the proof of his prophethood[13] and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam, regarded in Islam as the first prophet,[14] and continued with the Suhuf Ibrahim (Scrolls of Abraham),[15] the Tawrat (Torah or Pentateuch) of Moses,[16][17] the Zabur (Tehillim or Book of Psalms) of David,[18][19] and the Injil (Gospel) of Jesus.[20][21][22] The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in Jewish and Christian scriptures, summarizing some, dwelling at length on others and in some cases presenting alternative accounts and interpretations of events.[23][24][25] The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance, sometimes offering detailed accounts of specific historical events, and often emphasizing the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence.[26][27]
Contents |
Etymology and meaning[link]
The word qurʾān appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun (maṣdar) of the Arabic verb qaraʾa (قرأ), meaning “he read” or “he recited.” The Syriac equivalent is qeryānā, which refers to “scripture reading” or “lesson”. While most Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is qaraʾa itself.[28] In any case, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime.[1] An important meaning of the word is the “act of reciting”, as reflected in an early Quranic passage: “It is for Us to collect it and to recite it (qurʾānahu)”.[29]
In other verses, the word refers to “an individual passage recited [by Muhammad]”. Its liturgical context is seen in a number of passages, for example: "So when al-qurʾān is recited, listen to it and keep silent".[30] The word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the Torah and Gospel.[31]
The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of qurʾān in certain contexts. Such terms include kitāb (“book”); āyah (“sign”); and sūrah (“scripture”). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article (al-), the word is referred to as the “revelation” (wahy), that which has been “sent down” (tanzīl) at intervals.[32][33] Other related words are: dhikr, meaning "remembrance," used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning; and ḥikma, meaning “wisdom”, sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.[28][34]
The Quran has many other names. Among those found in the text itself are al-furqān (“discernment” or “criterion”), al-hudah (“the guide”), ḏikrallāh (“the remembrance of God”), al-ḥikmah (“the wisdom”), and kalāmallāh (“the word of God”). Another term is al-kitāb (“the book”), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The term muṣḥaf ("written work") is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books.[1]
History[link]
Main article: History of the Quran
Prophetic era[link]
See also: Wahy
Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of twenty-three years. According to hadith and Muslim history, after Muhammad emigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered a considerable number of the sahabah to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. Companions who engaged in the recitation of the Quran were called Qari. Since most sahabah were unable to read or write, they were ordered to learn from the prisoners-of-war the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of sahabah gradually became literate. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most chapters were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632.[35][36]
Sahih Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)".[37] The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.[38]
The Quran states that Muhammad was ummi,[39] interpreted as illiterate in Muslim tradition. According to Watt, the meaning of the Quranic term ummi is unscriptured rather than illiterate.
Compiling the Mus'haf[link]
According to Shias, Sufis and scarce Sunni scholars, Ali compiled a complete version of the Quran mus'haf[1] immediately after Muhammad's death. The order of this mus'haf differed from that gathered later during Uthman's era. Despite this, Ali made no objection or resistance against standardized mus'haf, but kept his own book.[35][40]
After seventy reciters were killed in the Battle of Yamama, the caliph Abu Bakr decided to collect the different chapters and verses into one volume. Thus, a group of reciters, including Zayd ibn Thabit, collected the chapters and verses and produced several hand-written copies of the complete book.[35][41]
In about 650, as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian peninsula into Persia, the Levant and North Africa, the third caliph Uthman ibn Affan ordered the preparation of an official, standardized version, to preserve the sanctity of the text (and perhaps to keep the Rashidun Empire united, see Uthman Qur'an). Five reciters from amongst the companions produced a unique text from the first volume, which had been prepared on the orders of Abu Bakr and was kept with Hafsa bint Umar. The other copies already in the hands of Muslims in other areas were collected and sent to Medina where, on orders of the Caliph, they were destroyed by burning or boiling. This remains the authoritative text of the Quran to this day.[35][42][43]
The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants in Western academia has not yielded any differences of great significance. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.[44][45]
Significance in Islam[link]
Muslims believe the Quran to be the book of divine guidance and direction for humanity and consider the text in its original Arabic to be the literal word of God,[46] revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of twenty-three years[8][9] and view the Quran as God's final revelation to humanity.[8][47]
Wahy in Islamic and Quranic concept means the act of God addressing an individual, conveying a message for a greater number of recipients. The process by which the divine message comes to the heart of a messenger of God is tanzil (to send down) or nuzul (to come down). As the Quran says, "With the truth we (God) have sent it down and with the truth it has come down." It designates positive religion, the letter of the revelation dictated by the angel to the prophet. It means to cause this revelation to descend from the higher world. According to hadith, the verses were sent down in special circumstances known as asbab al-nuzul. However, in this view God himself is never the subject of coming down.[48]
The Quran frequently asserts in its text that it is divinely ordained, an assertion that Muslims believe. The Quran – often referring to its own textual nature and reflecting constantly on its assertion of divine origin – is the most meta-textual, self-referential religious text.[citation needed] The Quran refers to a written pre-text that records God's speech even before it was sent down.[49][50]
The issue of whether the Quran is eternal or created was one of the crucial controversies among early Muslim theologians. Mu'tazilis believe it is created while the most widespread varieties of Muslim theologians consider the Quran to be eternal and uncreated. Sufi philosophers view the question as artificial or wrongly framed.[51]
Muslims maintain the present wording of the Quranic text corresponds exactly to that revealed to Muhammad himself: as the words of God, said to be delivered to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. Muslims consider the Quran to be a guide, a sign of the prophethood of Muhammad and the truth of the religion. They argue it is not possible for a human to produce a book like the Quran, as the Quran itself maintains.
Therefore an Islamic philosopher introduces a prophetology to explain how the divine word passes into human expression. This leads to a kind of esoteric hermeneutics that seeks to comprehend the position of the prophet by mediating on the modality of his relationship not with his own time, but with the eternal source his message emanates from. This view contrasts with historical critique of western scholars who attempt to understand the prophet through his circumstances, education and type of genius.[52]
The Basic Law of Saudi Arabia declares the Quran and sunnah the sole constitutional law of the kingdom.
Uniqueness[link]
See also: Quran and miracles
Muslims believe that the Quran is different from all other books in ways that are impossible for any other book to be, such that similar texts cannot be written by humans. These include both mundane and miraculous claims. The Quran itself challenges any who disagree with its divine origin to produce a text of a miraculous nature.[53]
Scholars of Islam believe that its poetic form is unique and of a fashion that cannot be written by humans. They also claim it contains accurate prophecy and that no other book does.[54][55][56][57][58]
Text[link]
The text of the Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a sura. Chapters are classed as Meccan or Medinan, depending on when (before or after Hijra) the verses were revealed. Chapter titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sura. Muslims believe that Muhammad, on God's command, gave the chapters their names.[1] Generally, longer chapters appear earlier in the Quran, while the shorter ones appear later. The chapter arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation. Each sura except the ninth starts with the Basmala,[59] an Arabic phrase meaning (“In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful”). There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the basmala in the Quran, due to its presence in verse 27:30 as the opening of Solomon's letter to the Queen of Sheba.[60]
Each sura is formed from several ayat (verses), which originally means a sign or portent sent by God. The number of verses differ from chapter to chapter. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The verses are unlike the highly refined poetry of the pre-Islamic Arabs in their content and distinctive rhymes and rhythms, being more akin to the prophetic utterances marked by inspired discontinuities found in the sacred scriptures of Judaism and Christianity. The actual number of ayat has been a controversial issue among Muslim scholars since Islam's inception, some recognizing 6,000, some 6,204, some 6,219, and some 6,236, although the words in all cases are the same. The most popular edition of the Quran, which is based on the Kufa school tradition, contains 6,236 ayat.[1]
There is a crosscutting division into 30 parts of roughly equal division, ajza, each containing two units called ahzab, each of which is divided into four parts (rub 'al-ahzab). The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manazil, for it to be recited in a week.[1]
The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net.[1] The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to have lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order, and presence of repetition.[61][62]
Fourteen different Arabic letters form 14 different sets of “Quranic Initials” (the "Muqatta'at", such as A.L.M. of 2:1) and prefix 29 suras in the Quran. The meaning and interpretation of these initials is considered unknown to most Muslims.
In 1974, Egyptian biochemist Rashad Khalifa claimed to have discovered a mathematical code based on the number 19,[63] which is mentioned in Sura 74:30[64] of the Quran. This code only manifests itself in a version of Quran that Khalifa published himself and which differs from the one accepted by most Muslims. It is the basis for the beliefs of United Submitters International, a religious group that Khalifa founded.
Content[link]
Main articles: Justice in the Quran and Quran and science
See also: Legends and the Quran
The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and the nature of revelation.
Historical events are related to outline general moral lessons.
Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.
Literary structure[link]
The Quran's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices. In the original Arabic, the chapters and verses employ phonetic and thematic structures that assist the audience's efforts to recall the message of the text. Muslims[who?] assert (according to the Quran itself) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable.[65]
Richard Gottheil and Siegmund Fränkel in the Jewish Encyclopedia write that the oldest portions of the Quran reflect significant excitement in their language, through short and abrupt sentences and sudden transitions. The Quran nonetheless carefully maintains the rhymed form, like the oracles. Some later portions also preserve this form but also in a style where the movement is calm and the style expository.[66][verification needed]
Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming "disorganization" of Quranic literary expression – its "scattered or fragmented mode of composition," in Sells's phrase – is in fact a literary device capable of delivering "profound effects – as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated."[67][68] Sells also addresses the much-discussed "repetitiveness" of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.
Interpretation and meanings[link]
[edit] Tafsir
Main article: Tafsir
The Quran has sparked a huge body of commentary and explication (tafsir), aimed at explaining the "meanings of the Quranic verses, clarifying their import and finding out their significance."[69]
Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims.[70] Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad, like Ali ibn Abi Talib, Abdullah ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kab. Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse, the background of its revelation and, occasionally, interpretation of one verse with the help of the other. If the verse was about a historical event, then sometimes a few traditions (hadith) of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear.[71]
Because the Quran is spoken in classical Arabic, many of the later converts to Islam (mostly non-Arabs) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic, they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran. Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions, and perhaps most importantly, explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad's prophetic career, as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community, and which had been revealed later, canceling out or "abrogating" (nasikh) the earlier text (mansukh).[72][73] Other scholars, however, maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Qur'an.[74]
[edit] Ta'wil
Main article: Esoteric interpretation of the Quran
See also: Quranic hermeneutics and Exegesis
Ja'far Kashfi defines ta'wil as 'to lead back or to bring something back to its origin or archetype'. It is a science whose pivot is a spiritual direction and a divine inspiration, while the tafsir is the literal exegesis of the letter; its pivot is the canonical Islamic sciences.[75] Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But this explanation has become so widespread that, at present, it has become the primary meaning of ta'wil, which originally meant "to return" or "the returning place". In Tabatabaei's view, what has been rightly called ta'wil, or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran, is not concerned simply with the denotation of words. Rather, it is concerned with certain truths and realities that transcend the comprehension of the common run of men; yet it is from these truths and realities that the principles of doctrine and the practical injunctions of the Quran issue forth. Interpretation is not the meaning of the verse; rather it transpires through that meaning – a special sort of transpiration. There is a spiritual reality, which is the main objective of ordaining a law, or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute—and there is an actual significance a Quranic story refers to.[76][77]
According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like the Prophet and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except Allah" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the knowledge of the Quran's interpretation is reserved for God. But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent.[77] As Corbin narrates from Shia sources, Ali himself gives this testimony:
Not a single verse of the Quran descended upon (was revealed to) the Messenger of God, which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me recite. I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as to its tafsir (the literal explanation) and the ta'wil (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh (the verse that abrogates) and the mansukh (the abrogated verse), the muhkam (without ambiguity) and the mutashabih (ambiguous), the particular and the general...[78]
According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in question here refer to the human qualities of coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger, and sorrow, which are apparently attributed to God. Unacceptable ta'wil is where one "transfers" the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies. Although this unacceptable ta'wil has gained considerable acceptance, it is incorrect and cannot be applied to the Quranic verses. The correct interpretation is that reality a verse refers to. It is found in all verses, the decisive and the ambiguous alike; it is not a sort of a meaning of the word; it is a fact that is too sublime for words. God has dressed them with words to bring them a bit nearer to our minds; in this respect they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind, and thus help the hearer to clearly grasp the intended idea.[77][79]
Therefore Sufi spiritual interpretations are usually accepted by Islamic scholars as authentic, as long as certain conditions are met.[80] In Sufi history, these interpretations were sometimes considered religious innovations (bid'ah), as Salafis believe today. However, ta'wil is extremely controversial even amongst Shia. For example, when Ayatollah Ruhallah Khomeini, the leader of Islamic revolution, gave some lectures about Sura al-Fatiha in December 1979 and January 1980, protests forced him to suspend them before he could continue beyond the first two verses of the surah.[81]
Levels of meaning[link]
Unlike the Salafis and Zahiri, Shias and Sufis as well as some other Muslim philosophers believe the meaning of the Quran is not restricted to the literal aspect.[82] For them, it is an essential idea that the Quran also has inward aspects. Henry Corbin narrates a hadith that goes back to Muhammad:
"The Qur'an possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning (this depth possesses a depth, after the image of the celestial Spheres, which are enclosed within each other). So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings (seven depths of hidden depth)."[82]
According to this view, it has also become evident that the inner meaning of the Quran does not eradicate or invalidate its outward meaning. Rather, it is like the soul, which gives life to the body.[83] Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in Islamic philosophy, because gnosiology itself goes hand in hand with prophetology.[84]
Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil (“interpretation” or “explanation”), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God.[1] In contrast, Quranic literalism, followed by Salafis and Zahiris, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.
Translations[link]
Main article: Quran translations
See also: List of translations of the Quran
Translation of the Quran has always been a problematic and difficult issue. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form.[85] Furthermore, an Arabic word may have a range of meanings depending on the context, making an accurate translation even more difficult.[86]
The first complete translation of the Quran was completed in 884 CE in Alwar (Sindh, India now Pakistan) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.[87]
Nevertheless, the Quran has been translated into most African, Asian and European languages.[86] The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian, who translated sura Al-Fatiha into Persian during the 7th century.[88] The first complete translation of Quran was into Persian during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. Islamic tradition holds that translations were made for Emperor Negus of Abyssinia and Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, as both received letters by Muhammad containing verses from the Quran.[86] In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer.
In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.[86] In 2010, the Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran.[89]
Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin).[90] Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims.
The English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, A. Yusuf Ali and M. Marmaduke Pickthall, use the plural and singular "ye" and "thou" instead of the more common "you".[91]
Literary usage[link]
In addition to and largely independent of the division into suras, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading, recitation and memorization. The thirty ajza can be used to read through the entire Quran in a week or a month. Some of these parts are known by names and these names are the first few words by which the juz' starts. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two ahzab, and each hizb subdivided into four rub 'al-ahzab. A different structure is provided by the ruku'at, semantical units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten ayat each. Some also divide the Quran into seven manazil to facilitate complete recitation in a week.
Recitation[link]
| “ | ...and recite the Quran in slow, measured rhythmic tones. | ” |
See also: Tajwid
One meaning of Quran is "recitation". Tajwid, an Arabic word for elocution, is a set of rules that governs how the Quran should be recited and is assessed in terms of how accessible the recitation is to those intent on concentrating on the words.[92]
To perform salat (prayer), a mandatory obligation in Islam, a Muslim is required to learn at least some sura of the Quran (typically starting with the first one, al-Fatiha, known as the "seven oft-repeated verses," and then moving on to the shorter ones at the end). Until one has learned al-Fatiha, a Muslim can only say phrases like "praise be to God" during the salat.
A person whose recital repertoire encompasses the whole Quran is called a qari', whereas a memoriser of the Quran is called a hafiz (fem. Hafaz) (which translate as "reciter" or "protector," respectively). Muhammad is regarded as the first qari' since he was the first to recite it. Recitation (tilawa تلاوة) of the Quran is a fine art in the Muslim world.
Schools of recitation[link]
Main article: Qira'at
There are several schools of Quranic recitation, all of which teach possible pronunciations of the Uthmanic rasm: Seven reliable, three permissible and (at least) four uncanonical – in 8 sub-traditions each – making for 80 recitation variants altogether.[93] A canonical recitation must satisfy three conditions:
- It must match the rasm, letter for letter.
- It must conform with the syntactic rules of the Arabic language.
- It must have a continuous isnad to Muhammad through tawatur, meaning that it has to be related by a large group of people to another down the isnad chain.
These recitations differ in the vocalization (tashkil) of a few words, which in turn gives a complementary meaning to the word in question according to the rules of Arabic grammar. For example, the vocalization of a verb can change its active and passive voice. It can also change its stem formation, implying intensity for example. Vowels may be elongated or shortened, and glottal stops (hamzas) may be added or dropped, according to the respective rules of the particular recitation. For example, the name of archangel Gabriel is pronounced differently in different recitations: Jibrīl, Jabrīl, Jibra'īl, and Jibra'il.
The more widely used narrations are those of Hafs (حفص عن عاصم), Warsh (ورش عن نافع), Qaloon (قالون عن نافع) and Al-Duri according to Abu `Amr (الدوري عن أبي عمرو). Muslims firmly believe that all canonical recitations were recited by Muhammad himself, citing the respective isnad chain of narration, and accept them as valid for worshipping and as a reference for rules of Sharia. The uncanonical recitations are called "explanatory" for their role in giving a different perspective for a given verse or ayah. Today several dozen persons hold the title "Memorizer of the Ten Recitations."
The presence of these different recitations is attributed to many hadith. Malik Ibn Anas has reported:[94]
- Abd al-Rahman Ibn Abd al-Qari narrated: "Umar Ibn Khattab said before me: I heard Hisham Ibn Hakim Ibn Hizam reading Surah Furqan in a different way from the one I used to read it, and the Prophet (sws) himself had read out this surah to me. Consequently, as soon as I heard him, I wanted to get hold of him. However, I gave him respite until he had finished the prayer. Then I got hold of his cloak and dragged him to the Prophet (sws). I said to him: "I have heard this person [Hisham Ibn Hakim Ibn Hizam] reading Surah Furqan in a different way from the one you had read it out to me." The Prophet (sws) said: "Leave him alone [O 'Umar]." Then he said to Hisham: "Read [it]." [Umar said:] "He read it out in the same way as he had done before me." [At this,] the Prophet (sws) said: "It was revealed thus." Then the Prophet (sws) asked me to read it out. So I read it out. [At this], he said: "It was revealed thus; this Quran has been revealed in Seven Ahruf. You can read it in any of them you find easy from among them.
Suyuti, a famous 15th century Islamic theologian, writes after interpreting above hadith in 40 different ways:[95]
- "And to me the best opinion in this regard is that of the people who say that this hadith is from among matters of mutashabihat, the meaning of which cannot be understood."
Many reports contradict the presence of variant readings:[96]
- Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami reports, "the reading of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Zayd ibn Thabit and that of all the Muhajirun and the Ansar was the same. They read the Quran according to the Qira'at al-'ammah. This is the same reading the Prophet (sws) read twice to Gabriel in the year of his death. Zayd ibn Thabit was also present in this reading [called] the 'Ardah-i akhirah. It was this very reading that he taught the Quran to people till his death".[97]
- Ibn Sirin writes, "the reading on which the Quran was read out to the prophet in the year of his death is the same according to which people are reading the Quran today".[98]
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi also purports that there is only one recitation of Quran, which is called Qira'at of Hafss or in classical scholarship, it is called Qira'at al-'ammah. The Quran has also specified that it was revealed in the language of Muhammad's tribe: the Quraysh.[Quran 19:97][Quran 44:58][96]
However, the identification of the recitation of Hafss as the Qira'at al-'ammah is somewhat problematic when that was the recitation of the people of Kufa in Iraq, and there is better reason to identify the recitation of the reciters of Madinah as the dominant recitation. The reciter of Madinah was Nafi' and Imam Malik remarked "The recitation of Nafi' is Sunnah."
AZ [however] says that the people of El-Hijaz and Hudhayl, and the people of Makkah and Al-Madinah, to not pronounce hamzah [at all]: and 'Isa Ibn-'Omar says, Tamim pronounce hamzah, and the people of Al-Hijaz, in cases of necessity, [in poetry,] do so.[99]
Writing and printing[link]
Most Muslims today use printed editions of the Quran. There are many editions, large and small, elaborate or plain, expensive or inexpensive. Bilingual forms with the Arabic on one side and a gloss into a more familiar language on the other are very popular.
Qurans are produced in many different sizes. Most are of a reasonable book size, but there exist extremely large Qurans (usually for display purposes) and very small Qurans (sometimes given as gifts).
An Illuminated Qurʾān from the library of Tippoo Ṣāḥib was presented to the University of Cambridge by the Court of Directors of the East India Company in 1806. The volume has two decorated medallions and two magnificent headpieces containing the Fātiḥa. The text of the Qurʾān is followed by some prayers, and a Fal-nāmah. The manuscript is not dated, but dates of ownership of 1028 A.H./1618 C.E. and 1066 A.H./1655 C.E. occur at the beginning.[100]
Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscript books made by copyists and calligraphers. Short extracts from the Quran were printed in the medieval period from carved wooden blocks, one block per page; a technique already widely used in China. However there are no records of complete Qurans produced in this way, which would have involved a very large investment.[101] Mass-produced less expensive versions of the Quran were produced from the 19th century by lithography, which allowed reproduction of the fine calligraphy of hand-made versions.[102]
The oldest surviving Quran printed with movable type was produced in Venice in 1537/1538. It seems to have been prepared for sale in the Ottoman empire, where all movable type printing using Arabic characters had been forbidden in 1485. This decree was reversed in 1588, but there remained strong resistance to adopting movable type printing for any subjects, let alone the Quran, until the late 19th century. This seems to have been partly from opposition by the large profession of copyists, and for aesthetic reasons, and fear of mistakes in the text.[103] Catherine the Great of Russia sponsored a printing of the Quran in 1787. This was followed by editions from Kazan (1828), Persia (1833) and Istanbul (1877).[104]
It is extremely difficult to render the full Quran, with all the points, in computer code, such as Unicode. The Internet Sacred Text Archive makes computer files of the Quran freely available both as images[105] and in a temporary Unicode version.[106] Various designers and software firms have attempted to develop computer fonts that can adequately render the Quran.[107]
Since Muslim tradition felt that directly portraying sacred figures and events might lead to idolatry, it was considered wrong to decorate the Quran with pictures (as was often done for Christian texts, for example). Muslims instead lavished love and care upon the sacred text itself. Arabic is written in many scripts, some of which are complex and beautiful. Arabic calligraphy is a highly honored art, much like Chinese calligraphy. Muslims also decorated their Qurans with abstract figures (arabesques), colored inks, and gold leaf. Pages from some of these antique Qurans are displayed throughout this article.
Relationship with other literature[link]
The Bible[link]
See also: Biblical narratives and the Quran and Tawrat
| “ | It is He Who sent down to thee (step by step), in truth, the Book, confirming what went before it; and He sent down the Law (of Moses) and the Gospel (of Jesus) before this, as a guide to mankind, and He sent down the criterion (of judgment between right and wrong).[108] | ” |
The Quran speaks well of the relationship it has with former books (the Torah and the Gospel) and attributes their similarities to their unique origin and saying all of them have been revealed by the one God.[109]
According to Sahih Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews before it was standardized.[110] Its language was similar to the Syriac language. The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books (Tanakh, Bible) and devotional literature (Apocrypha, Midrash), although it differs in many details. Adam, Enoch, Noah, Eber, Shelah, Abraham, Lot, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Jethro, David, Solomon, Elijah, Elisha, Jonah, Aaron, Moses, Zechariah, John the Baptist, and Jesus are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God (see Prophets of Islam). In fact, Moses is mentioned more in the Quran than any other individual.[111] Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad while Mary is mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament.[112] Muslims believe the common elements or resemblances between the Bible and other Jewish and Christian writings and Islamic dispensations is due to their common divine source, and that the original Christian or Jewish texts were authentic divine revelations given to prophets.
Similarities with Christian apocrypha[link]
The Quran has been noted to have certain narratives similarities to the Diatessaron, Protoevangelium of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and the Arabic Infancy Gospel.[113][114][115] One scholar has suggested that the Diatessaron, as a gospel harmony, may have led to the conception that the Christian Gospel is one text.[116]
Arab writing[link]
After the Quran, and the general rise of Islam, the Arabic alphabet developed rapidly into an art form.[117]
Wadad Kadi, Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at University of Chicago and Mustansir Mir, Professor of Islamic studies at Youngstown State University state that:[118]
Although Arabic, as a language and a literary tradition, was quite well developed by the time of Muhammad's prophetic activity, it was only after the emergence of Islam, with its founding scripture in Arabic, that the language reached its utmost capacity of expression, and the literature its highest point of complexity and sophistication. Indeed, it probably is no exaggeration to say that the Quran was one of the most conspicuous forces in the making of classical and post-classical Arabic literature.
The main areas in which the Qur'an exerted noticeable influence on Arabic literature are diction and themes; other areas are related to the literary aspects of the Qur'an particularly oaths (q.v.), metaphors, motifs, and symbols. As far as diction is concerned, one could say that Qur'anic words, idioms, and expressions, especially "loaded" and formulaic phrases, appear in practically all genres of literature and in such abundance that it is simply impossible to compile a full record of them. For not only did the Qur'an create an entirely new linguistic corpus to express its message, it also endowed old, pre-Islamic words with new meanings and it is these meanings that took root in the language and subsequently in the literature...
Culture[link]
Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims. They believe that intentionally insulting the Quran is a form of blasphemy[citation needed].
Many Muslims memorize at least some portion of the Quran in the original Arabic, usually at least the verses needed to perform the contact prayers (salat). Those who have memorized the entire Quran earn the right to the title of Hafiz.[119]
The text of the Quran has become readily accessible over the internet, in Arabic as well as numerous translations in other languages. It can be downloaded and searched both word-by-word and with Boolean algebra. Photos of ancient manuscripts and illustrations of Quranic art can be witnessed. However, there are still limits to searching the Arabic text of the Quran.[120]
Treatment and disposal of the book[link]
Most Muslims treat paper copies of the Quran with reverence.[121] Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of sura 56:77–79: "That this is indeed a Quran Most Honourable, In a Book well-guarded, Which none shall touch but those who are clean", many scholars believe that a Muslim must perform a ritual cleansing with water (wudu) before touching a copy of the Quran, or mus'haf, although this view is not universal.
Defiling or dismembering copies of the Quran is considered Quran desecration. Pulping, recycling, or otherwise discarding worn-out copies of the text is forbidden. Worn-out, torn, or errant (for example, pages out of order) Qurans are left free to flow in a river, kept somewhere safe, burned, or buried in a remote location.[122]
See also[link]
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The Qur'an - Sura | Next sura: — |
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Notes[link]
- ^[n 1] The English pronunciation varies: /kəˈrɑːn/, /kəˈræn/, /kɔrˈɑːn/, /kɔrˈæn/, /koʊˈrɑːn/, /koʊˈræn/;[123] especially with the spelling quran /kʊrˈɑːn/, /kʊrˈæn/;[124] especially in British English /kɒrˈɑːn/.[125][126]
- ^/qurˈʔaːn/ : Actual pronunciation in Literary Arabic varies regionally. The first vowel varies from [o] to [ʊ] to [u], while the second vowel varies from [æ] to [a] to [ɑ]. Example, in Egypt: [qorˤˈʔɑːn], in Central East Arabia: [qʊrˈʔæːn].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Qurʾān". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ Chejne, A. (1969) The Arabic Language: Its Role in History, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
- ^ Nelson, K. (1985) The Art of Reciting the Quran, University of Texas Press, Austin
- ^ Speicher, K. (1997) in: Edzard, L., and Szyska, C. (eds.) Encounters of Words and Texts: Intercultural Studies in Honor of Stefan Wild. Georg Olms, Hildesheim, pp. 43–66.
- ^ Taji-Farouki, S. (ed.) (2004) Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Quran, Oxford University Press, Oxford
- ^ Kermani, Naved. Poetry and Language. In: The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an (2006). ed: Andrew Rippin. Blackwell Publishing
- ^ What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an Ahmed Al-Laithy
- ^ a b c Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths, Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers.
- ^ a b Quran 17:106
- ^ http://www.quran.net/quran/PreservationOfTheQuran.htm
- ^ a b "CRCC: Center For Muslim-Jewish Engagement: Resources: Religious Texts". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on January 7, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110107135721/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/061.sbt.html#006.061.510. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
- ^ See:
- William Montgomery Watt in The Cambridge History of Islam, p.32
- Richard Bell, William Montgomery Watt, 'introduction to the Qurʼān', p.51
- F. E. Peters (1991), pp.3–5: “Few have failed to be convinced that … the Quran is … the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation.”
- ^ Peters (2003), pp.12 and 13[Full citation needed]
- ^ Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. Continuum. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8264-4956-6.
- ^ Quran 87:18–19
- ^ Quran 3:3
- ^ Quran 5:44
- ^ Quran 4:163
- ^ Quran 17:55
- ^ Quran 5:46
- ^ Quran 5:110
- ^ Quran 57:27
- ^ Quran 3:84
- ^ Quran 4:136
- ^ “The Quran assumes the reader is familiar with the traditions of the ancestors since the age of the Patriarchs, not necessarily in the version of the ‘Children of Israel’ as described in the Bible but also in the version of the ‘Children of Ismail’ as recounted orally, interspersed with polytheist elements, at the time of Muhammad. The term jahiliya (ignorance), used to speak of the pre-Islamic epoch, does not imply that the Arabs were not familiar with their traditional roots but that their knowledge of ethical and spiritual values had been lost.” Exegesis of Bible and Qur'an, H. Krausen. Webcitation.org[unreliable source]
- ^ Nasr (2003), p.42[Full citation needed]
- ^ Quran 2:67–76
- ^ a b “Ķur'an, al-”, Encyclopedia of Islam Online.
- ^ Quran 75:17
- ^ Quran 7:204
- ^ See “Ķur'an, al-”, Encyclopedia of Islam Online and [Quran 9:111]
- ^ Quran 20:2 cf.
- ^ Quran 25:32 cf.
- ^ According to Welch in the Encyclopedia of Islam, the verses pertaining to the usage of the word hikma should probably be interpreted in the light of IV, 105, where it is said that “Muhammad is to judge (tahkum) mankind on the basis of the Book sent down to him.”
- ^ a b c d *Tabatabaee, 1988, chapter 5[Full citation needed]
- ^ See:
- William Montgomery Watt in The Cambridge History of Islam, p.32
- Richard Bell, William Montgomery Watt, Introduction to the Qurʼān, p.51
- ^ Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 1. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. "Allah's Apostle replied, 'Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell, this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says.' 'Aisha added: Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the Sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)."
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam online, Muhammad article
- ^ Quran 7:157
- ^ See:
- Observations on Early Qur'an Manuscripts in San'a
- The Qur'an as Text, ed. Wild, Brill, 1996 ISBN 978-90-04-10344-3
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 6:60:201
- ^ Mohamad K. Yusuff, Zayd ibn Thabit and the Glorious Qur'an
- ^ The Koran; A Very Short Introduction, Michael Cook. Oxford University Press, pp. 117–124
- ^ Arthur Jeffery and St. Clair-Tisdal et al,Edited by Ibn Warraq, Summarised by Sharon Morad, Leeds. "The Origins of the Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book". http://debate.org.uk/topics/books/origins-koran.html. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
- ^ *F. E. Peters (1991), pp.3–5: "Few have failed to be convinced that the Quran is the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation."
- ^ Quran 2:23–4
- ^ Watton, Victor, (1993), A student's approach to world religions:Islam, Hodder & Stoughton, pg 1. ISBN 978-0-340-58795-9
- ^ See:
- Corbin (1993), p.12[Full citation needed]
- Wild (1996), pp. 137, 138, 141 and 147[Full citation needed]
- Quran 2:97
- Quran 17:105
- ^ Wild (1996), pp. 140
- ^ Quran 43:3
- ^ Corbin (1993), p.10
- ^ Corbin (1993), pp .10 and 11
- ^ [Quran 17:88]
- ^ [Quran 2:23]
- ^ [Quran 10:38]
- ^ Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an – Miracles
- ^ Ahmad Dallal, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an, Qur'an and science
- ^ Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an – Byzantines
- ^ Arabic: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم, transliterated as: bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi.
- ^ See:
- “Kur`an, al-”, Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
- Allen (2000) p. 53
- ^ Samuel Pepys: "One feels it difficult to see how any mortal ever could consider this Koran as a Book written in Heaven, too good for the Earth; as a well-written book, or indeed as a book at all; and not a bewildered rhapsody; written, so far as writing goes, as badly as almost any book ever was!" http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=21
- ^ "The final process of collection and codification of the Quran text was guided by one over-arching principle: God's words must not in any way be distorted or sullied by human intervention. For this reason, no serious attempt, apparently, was made to edit the numerous revelations, organize them into thematic units, or present them in chronological order.... This has given rise in the past to a great deal of criticism by European and American scholars of Islam, who find the Quran disorganized, repetitive, and very difficult to read." Approaches to the Asian Classics, Irene Blomm, William Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 1990, p. 65
- ^ Rashad Khalifa, Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle, Islamic Productions International, 1982. ISBN 978-0-934894-30-2
- ^ Quran 74:30 Prophecies Made in the Quran that Have Already Come True
- ^ Issa Boullata, "Literary Structure of Quran," Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān, vol.3 p.192, 204
- ^ Jewishencyclopedia.com – Körner, Moses B. Eliezer
- ^ Michael Sells, Approaching the Qur'ān (White Cloud Press, 1999)
- ^ Norman O. Brown, "The Apocalypse of Islam." Social Text 3:8 (1983–1984)
- ^ Preface of Al'-Mizan, reference is to Allameh Tabatabaei[dead link]
- ^ Quran 2:151
- ^ Tafseer Al-Mizan[dead link]
- ^ How can there be abrogation in the Quran?
- ^ Are the verses of the Qur'an Abrogated and/or Substituted?
- ^ Islahi, Amin Ahsan (in Urdu (tr: English)). Tadabbur-i-Qur'an (Pondering over the Qur'an). http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=426. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Corbin (1993), p.9
- ^ Tabataba'I, Tafsir Al-Mizan, The Principles of Interpretation of the Quran[dead link]
- ^ a b c Tabataba'I, Tafsir Al-Mizan, Topic: Decisive and Ambiguous verses and "ta'wil"[dead link]
- ^ Corbin (1993), p.46
- ما نَزلت على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم آية من القرآن إلاّ أقرأنيها وأملاها عليَّ فكتبتها بخطي ، وعلمني تأويلها وتفسيرها، وناسخها ومنسوخها ، ومحكمها ومتشابهها ، وخاصّها وعامّها ، ودعا الله لي أن يعطيني فهمها وحفظها فما نسيتُ آية من كتاب الله تعالى ولا علماً أملاه عليَّ وكتبته منذ دعا الله لي بما دعا ، وما ترك رسول الله علماً علّمه الله من حلال ولا حرام ، ولا أمرٍ ولا نهي كان أو يكون.. إلاّ علّمنيه وحفظته، ولم أنسَ حرفاً واحداً منه
- ^ Tabatabaee (1988), pp. 37–45
- ^ Sufi Tafsir and Isma'ili Ta'wil
- ^ Algar, Hamid (June 2003), The Fusion of the Gnostic and the Political in the Personality and Life of Imam Khomeini (R.A.)
- ^ a b Corbin (1993), p.7
- ^ Tabatabaee, Tafsir Al-Mizan[dead link]
- ^ Corbin (1993), p.13
- ^ Aslan, Reza (20 November 2008). "How To Read the Quran". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- ^ a b c d Fatani, Afnan (2006). "Translation and the Qur'an". In Leaman, Oliver. The Qur'an: an encyclopedia. Great Britain: Routeledge. pp. 657–669.
- ^ Monthlycrescent.com
- ^ An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.
- ^ "More than 300 publishers visit Quran exhibition in Iran". Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review. 12 August 2010. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=more-than-300-publishers-visit-koran-exhibition-in-iran-2010-08-12
- ^ Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2002. p. 42.
- ^ "Surah 3 – Read Quran Online". http://readquranonline.info/surah003.html. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ^ Sonn, Tamara (2006). "Art and the Qur'an". In Leaman, Oliver. The Qur'an: an encyclopedia. Great Britain: Routeledge. pp. 71–81.
- ^ Navid Kermani, Das ästhetische Erleben des Koran. Munich (1999)
- ^ Malik Ibn Anas, Muwatta, vol. 1 (Egypt: Dar Ahya al-Turath, n.d.), 201, (no. 473).
- ^ Suyuti, Tanwir al-Hawalik, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Dar al-Jayl, 1993), 199.
- ^ a b Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Mizan, Principles of Understanding the Qur'an, Al-Mawrid
- ^ Zarkashi, al-Burhan fi Ulum al-Quran, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1980), 237.
- ^ Suyuti, al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Quran, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Baydar: Manshurat al-Radi, 1343 AH), 177.
- ^ E. W. Lane, Arabic–English Lexicon
- ^ "al-Qurʼān". Cambridge University Digital Library. http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00003-00075/. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg
- ^ Peter G. Riddell, Tony Street, Anthony Hearle Johns, Islam: essays on scripture, thought, and society : a festschrift in honour of Anthony H. Johns, pp. 170–174, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 978-90-04-10692-5, ISBN 978-90-04-10692-5
- ^ Suraiya Faroqhi, Subjects of the Sultan: culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire, pp, 134–136, I.B.Tauris, 2005, ISBN 978-1-85043-760-4, ISBN 978-1-85043-760-4;The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Fascicules 111–112 : Masrah Mawlid, Clifford Edmund Bosworth
- ^ The Qur'an in Manuscript and Print. "The Qur'anic Script". http://www.islamworld.net/UUQ/3.txt. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- ^ Article by A. Yusuf Ali. "The Holy Qur'an". http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/quran/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- ^ Unicode Qur'an. "Sacred-texts". http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/uq/. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- ^ Mishafi Font. "Award-winning calligraphic typeface". http://www.diwan.com/mishafi/main.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- ^ 3:3 نزل عليك الكتاب بالحق مصدقا لما بين يديه وانزل التوراة والانجيل
- ^ Quran 2:285
- ^ USC.edu[dead link]
- ^ Annabel Keeler, "Moses from a Muslim Perspective", in: Solomon, Norman; Harries, Richard; Winter, Tim (eds.), Abraham's children: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in conversation, by. T&T Clark Publ. (2005), pp. 55 - 66.
- ^ Esposito, John L. The Future of Islam. Oxford University Press US, 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-516521-0 p. 40
- ^ Christian Lore and the Arabic Qur'an by Signey Griffith, p.112, in The Qurʼān in its historical context, Gabriel Said Reynolds, ed. Psychology Press, 2008
- ^ Qur'an-Bible Comparison: A Topical Study of the Two Most Influential and Respectful Books in Western and Middle Eastern Civilizations by Ami Ben-Chanan, p. 197–198, Trafford Publishing, 2011
- ^ New Catholic Encyclopaedia, 1967, The Catholic University of America, Washington D C, Vol. VII, p.677
- ^ "On pre-Islamic Christian strophic poetical texts in the Koran" by Ibn Rawandi, found in What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary, Ibn Warraq, Prometheus Books, ed. ISBN 978-1-57392-945-5
- ^ Leaman, Oliver (2006). "Cyberspace and the Qur'an". In Leaman, Oliver. The Qur'an: an encyclopedia. Great Britain: Routeledge. pp. 130–135.
- ^ Wadad Kadi and Mustansir Mir, Literature and the Quran, Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an, vol. 3, pp. 213, 216
- ^ Kugle (2006), p.47; Esposito (2000a), p.275
- ^ Rippin, Andrew (2006). "Cyberspace and the Qur'an". In Leaman, Oliver. The Qur'an: an encyclopedia. Great Britain: Routeledge. pp. 159–163.
- ^ Mahfouz (2006), p.35
- ^ http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2012/02/afghan_quran_burning_protests_what_s_the_right_way_to_dispose_of_a_quran_.html
- ^ dictionary.reference.com: koran
- ^ dictionary.reference.com: quran
- ^ Cambridge dictionary: koran
- ^ Cambridge dictionary: quran
References[link]
- Rahman, Fazlur (2009) [1989]. Major Themes of the Qur'an (Second ed.). University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70286-5.
- Allen, Roger (2000). An Introduction to Arabic literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77657-8.
- Corbin, Henry (1993 (original French 1964)). History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2.
- Esposito, John; Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad (2000). Muslims on the Americanization Path?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513526-8.
- Kugle, Scott Alan (2006). Rebel Between Spirit And Law: Ahmad Zarruq, Sainthood, And Authority in Islam. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34711-4.
- Mahfouz, Tarek (2006). Speak Arabic Instantly. Lulu Press, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-84728-900-1.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2003). Islam: Religion, History, and Civilization. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-050714-5.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Qurʾān". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran.
- Peters, Francis E. (2003). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12373-8.
- Peters, F. E. (1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies.
- Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. Tafsir al-Mizan.
- Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1988). The Qur'an in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7103-0266-3.
- Wild, Stefan (1996). The Quʼran as Text. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09300-3.
Further reading[link]
- Recent translations
Main article: List of translations of the Quran#English
- M. A. S. Abdel Haleem (2008). The Qur'an (Reissue ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199535957.
- Khalidi, Tarif (2009). The Qur'an: A New Translation. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-310588-6.
- Introductory texts
- Robinson, Neal, Discovering the Qur'an, Georgetown University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1-58901-024-6
- Sells, Michael, – Approaching the Qur'ān: The Early Revelations, White Cloud Press, Book & CD edition (November 15, 1999). ISBN 978-1-883991-26-5
- Bell, Richard; William Montgomery Watt (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.
- Rahman, Fazlur (2009) [1989]. Major Themes of the Qur'an (Second ed.). University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70286-5.
- Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir)
Main article: List of tafsir
- Al-Tabari, Jamiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwil al-Qurʾān, Cairo 1955–69, transl. J. Cooper (ed.), The Commentary on the Qurʾān, Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-19-920142-6
- Topical studies
- Stowasser, Barbara Freyer – Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation, Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (June 1, 1996), ISBN 978-0-19-511148-4
- Gibson, Dan (2011). Qur’anic Geography: A Survey and Evaluation of the Geographical References in the Qur’an with Suggested Solutions for Various Problems and Issues. Independent Scholars Press, Canada. ISBN 978-0-9733642-8-6.
- McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (1991). Qurʼānic Christians : an analysis of classical and modern exegesis. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36470-6.
- Literary criticism
- M. M. Al-Azami (2003). The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments (First Edition ed.). UK Islamic Academy. ISBN 1-872531-65-2.
- Gunter Luling A challenge to Islam for reformation: the rediscovery and reliable reconstruction of a comprehensive pre-Islamic Christian hymnal hidden in the Koran under earliest Islamic reinterpretations. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 2003. (580 Seiten, lieferbar per Seepost). ISBN 978-81-208-1952-8
- Luxenberg, Christoph (2004) – The Syro-Aramaic Reading Of The Koran: a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran, Berlin, Verlag Hans Schiler, 1 May 2007 ISBN 978-3-89930-088-8
- Puin, Gerd R. – "Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in Sana'a," in The Qurʾan as Text, ed. Stefan Wild,, E. J. Brill 1996, pp. 107–111.
- Wansbrough, John – Quranic Studies, Oxford University Press, 1977
- Encyclopedias
- Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. Jane Dammen McAuliffe et al. (eds.) (1st ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. 2001–2006. ISBN 978-90-04-11465-4.
- The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Oliver Leaman et al. (eds.) (1st ed.). Routledge. 2005. ISBN 978-0-415-77529-8.
- Encyclopedia of the Holy Qur'an. A. R. Agwan and N.K. Singh (eds.). New Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House. 2000. ISBN 8187746009.
- Academic journals
- Journal of Qur'anic Studies / Majallat al-dirāsāt al-Qurʹānīyah. School of Oriental and African Studies. 1999–present. ISSN 1465-3591.
- Journal of Qur'anic Research and Studies. Medina, Saudi Arabia: King Fahd Qur'an Printing Complex. 2006-present. http://jqrs.qurancomplex.gov.sa/en/.
External links[link]
| Find more about Quran on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Qur'an browsers and translations
- Word-for-word analysis
- Quranic Arabic Corpus, shows syntax and morphology for each word.
- Word for Word English Translation – emuslim.com
- Manuscripts
- Other resources
- Quran at the Open Directory Project
http://wn.com/Quran
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Koran
http://fr.wn.com/Coran
http://es.wn.com/Corán
http://ru.wn.com/Коран
http://cs.wn.com/Korán
http://pt.wn.com/Alcorão
http://pl.wn.com/Koran
http://hi.wn.com/क़ुरआन
http://it.wn.com/Corano
http://id.wn.com/Al-Qur'an
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Syrian musician, see Omar Souleyman.
| Omar Suleiman | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 16th Vice President of Egypt | |
| In office 29 January 2011 – 11 February 2011[1] |
|
| President | Hosni Mubarak |
| Preceded by | Hosni Mubarak* |
| Succeeded by | Sami Hafez Anan (Deputy Leader) |
| Director of the General Intelligence Directorate | |
| In office 22 January 1993 – 31 January 2011 |
|
| President | Hosni Mubarak |
| Preceded by | Nour El Dien Afeefy |
| Succeeded by | Murad Muwafi |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1936-07-02) 2 July 1936 (age 75) Qena, Egypt |
| Political party | Independent |
| Alma mater | Egyptian Military Academy Frunze Military Academy Ain Shams University Cairo University |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Egypt |
| Service/branch | Army |
| Years of service | 1954–present |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Battles/wars | North Yemen Civil War[2] Six-Day War[3] October War[3] |
| *Office vacant from 14 October 1981 – 29 January 2011. | |
Omar Suleiman (Arabic: عمر سليمان, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [ˈʕomɑɾˤ seleˈmæːn]; born 2 July 1936) is a former Egyptian army general, politician, diplomat, and intelligence officer. A leading figure in Egypt's intelligence system beginning in 1986, Suleiman was appointed to the long-vacant Vice Presidency by then-President Hosni Mubarak on 29 January 2011.[4][5] On 11 February 2011, Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and ceased being Vice President;[1] governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council,[6] of which Suleiman is not a member.[7] A new head of intelligence services was appointed by the ruling Supreme Council. Suleiman withdrew from the political scene and did not appear in public after announcing Mubarak's resignation.[8]
Millions of Egyptian citizens[9] involved in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 opposed Suleiman or Mubarak remaining in power without elections taking place.[10][11] Human rights groups tied Suleiman’s career to a regime marked by widespread human rights abuses,[12][13][14] and asserted that many Egyptians "see Suleiman as Mubarak II."[12] Torture victims and human rights groups charged that Suleiman oversaw the systematic use of torture on detainees and that in at least one instance he personally tortured a detainee during his career in intelligence.[15][16][17] In response to the 2011 protests, Suleiman blamed foreign influence and appealed to protestors to go home.[18]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Suleiman was born in Qena in Upper Egypt. In 1954 at the age of 19, he moved to Cairo to enroll in Egypt's prestigious Military Academy. He received additional military training in the Soviet Union at Moscow's Frunze Military Academy. He participated in both the Six-Day and October wars.[3] In the mid-1980s, Suleiman earned additional degrees, including a bachelor's degree from Ain Shams University and a master's degree from Cairo University, both in political science. A fluent English speaker,[19] Suleiman was transferred to military intelligence, where he worked on Egypt-United States relations.
Intelligence career[link]
Suleiman became deputy head of military intelligence in 1986, and its director in 1991.[20] In 1993, he became the chief of the Egyptian General Intelligence Service (EGIS). In 1995, he is said to have insisted that President Mubarak ride in an armored car during a visit to Ethiopia. A would-be assassin fired on the vehicle, but Mubarak escaped without injury due to the added precautions.[21] His name only became known in later years, breaking the tradition of keeping the name of the Egyptian head of Intelligence a secret known only to senior government officials. It was released in the media around 2000.[citation needed]
In his role as Director of EGID, the British newspaper the Daily Telegraph called him "one of the world's most powerful spy chiefs". In 2009, Foreign Policy magazine ranked him as the Middle East's most powerful intelligence chief, ahead of Mossad chief at the time Meir Dagan.[20][22]
According to diplomatic cables leaked to Wikileaks, Suleiman pledged in 2007 to Yuval Diskin of the Israeli Security Agency (ISA) to "cleanse" Sinai of Palestinian arms smugglers.[23]
Commentary on disrupting Palestinian elections[link]
Suleiman promised Israel in 2005 that he would prevent Hamas from gaining control over Gaza in the 2006 Palestinian elections, according to a US diplomatic cable. Amos Gilad, head of the Israeli Defense Ministry's Diplomatic-Security Bureau, and Suleiman discussed their common fear of Hamas winning the Palestinian elections set for January 2006. Suleiman asserted to Gilad that there "will be no elections in January. We will take care of it." Suleiman did not elaborate as to how Egypt would stop the Palestinian elections from taking place.[24] Suleiman was separately quoted as saying Gaza could "go hungry, but not starve."[25]
The U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv wrote that Suleiman feared Hamas rule in Gaza would bolster the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[26] Gilad requested that the U.S. closely hold this information and said he did not know how the Egyptians could prevent the elections from taking place but that the "only people the Palestinians can trust now are the Egyptians."[27]
CIA "rendition" program[link]
Suleiman was directly implicated in the controversial CIA "rendition" program.[19][28] Journalist Stephen Grey in his work, Ghost Plane, states that after taking over as intelligence director, Suleiman oversaw an agreement with the US in 1995 that allowed for suspected militants to be secretly transferred to Egypt for questioning.[29] Although Suleiman's Egyptian Intelligence was required to provide "assurances" that prisoners handed over through this program would not be subjected to torture, at least one CIA officer testified that such assurances from them were unofficially regarded as being as worthless as "a bucket of warm spit".[19]
Suleiman was accused of complicity in the torture of Al-Qaeda suspects in Egypt,[30] particularly the case of Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, who was captured and handed over to Suleiman. The information al-Libi gave under torture was cited by US officials in the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq as evidence of a connection between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Al-Libi later retracted his confession.[29]
Political career[link]
Suleiman is seen as a very close and trusted ally of former President Hosni Mubarak, sharing many of his views on key issues such as Iran, Egypt–Israel relations and the United States, and treatment of the Muslim Brotherhood.[21] Although he was a military man who by law is not a member of Mubarak's National Democratic Party, he preferred suits to military uniforms and is seen as a major link between Egyptian political and military elites.[21] Due to his role in the regional political scene and the lack of an alternative candidate acceptable to Hosni Mubarak, some speculated that Suleiman would succeed Mubarak as President. In particular, he is seen as the choice of the Egyptian military establishment.[21] Suleiman denied any intent to run for election to the office.[31] On 29 January 2011, he was named Vice President of Egypt during the civil unrest,[32] ending a vacancy in the position that lasted almost 30 years. He was sworn in two days later.[33]
On 5 February 2011, a senior Egyptian security source denied reports of an assassination attempt on Omar Suleiman, saying there was no truth to them at all. Fox News reported that an unnamed official in the Obama Administration asserted there was an assassination attempt on Suleiman "soon after Suleiman was appointed", and claimed that it took the form of an attack on Suleiman's motorcade.[34] Wolfgang Ischinger, host of the Munich Security Conference and originator of the incorrect allegations, later said he "was led to believe that we had a confirmed report but in fact we didn't" and also added that the information had come from an "unsubstantiated source."[35] Later on 24 February 2011, Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul-gheit confirmed that Suleiman had survived an assassination attempt on 4 February, when a group of unidentified men opened fire on Suleiman's car from a stolen ambulance in Cairo.[36]
According to an interview with the Egyptian ambassador to the United States on 10 February 2011, Omar Suleiman became the de facto President of Egypt after President Mubarak transferred his power to Suleiman.[37] The following day Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation and governing power was transferred to the Armed Forces Supreme Council.[6] According to the Egypt State Information Service, Suleiman subsequently ceased holding the office of Vice President.[1]
On 6 April 2012 Suleiman announced that he will be running for president, after some demonstration. Suleiman accused the Muslim brotherhood of planning the assassination attempt on 5 February. Moreover, he accused them of some threats of "SLAIN if he run for the president" that he had received before running for it. Furthermore, the Brotherhood and some Islamists arranged a huge protest against Suleiman whose popularity has grown dramatically.
Public image and perception[link]
Al Jazeera describes Omar Suleiman as the unelected Vice President of Egypt, éminence grise to President Hosni Mubarak, and point man for Egypt's secret relations with Israel.[38] Jane Mayer of The New Yorker notes that Suleiman remains controversial because he "has headed the feared Egyptian general intelligence service" and also describes his role in allowing controversial torture methods under US rendition programs which may have generated bad intelligence.[39]
In turn, Suleiman blamed journalists for the current uprising in Egypt. "I actually blame certain friendly nations who have television channels, they're not friendly at all, who have intensified the youth against the nation and the state," Suleiman said in a TV address. "They have filled in the minds of the youth with wrongdoings, with allegations and this is unacceptable. They should have never done that. They should have never sent this enemy spirit," he said.[40] The Committee to Protect Journalists replied that "it is stupefying that the government continues to send out thugs and plainclothes police to attack journalists and to ransack media bureaus".[41] State Department spokesman Philip J. Crowley said "we have traced it to elements close to the government, or the ruling party," and said "I don't know that we have a sense how far up the chain it went."[42]
Domestic[link]
Bloomberg reported that Suleiman "lacks the support where he now needs it most: the streets of Cairo". “The Egyptians don’t want Mubarak and they don’t want Suleiman,” said Chayma Hassabo, a researcher on Arab political movements at Cedej, a Cairo-based research center.[43] Al Jazeera wrote Suleiman "does not have a high opinion of Islam in politics, and is not shy about telling Western audiences the lengths he will go to allow his security services to keep the Muslim Brotherhood and their offshoots at bay."[38]
The young guard in Egypt is opposed to Suleiman running the country without elections taking place. Students, union activists and opposition bloggers within Egypt all remain opposed to Suleiman.[44] Veteran Egyptian journalist Nadia abou el-Magd said it comes down to the protesters. "They that made revolution and they are in the position to impose their conditions," said el-Magd, who works for the newspaper Al-Ahram and The Associated Press. "They don't see that ... anybody else is in a position to impose their conditions on them."[45]
In response to the appointment of Omar Suleiman as the new Vice President of Egypt, ElBaradei stated that it was a "hopeless, desperate attempt by Mubarak to stay in power, I think it is loud and clear...that Mubarak has to leave today".[46]
United States[link]
Diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks suggested Suleiman enjoyed a strong relationship with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). “Our intelligence collaboration with Omar Soliman is now probably the most successful element of the relationship” with Egypt, said a 2006 U.S. diplomatic cable that used an alternative transliteration of his name, which also described Suleiman as Mubarak’s consigliere on foreign policy.[43]
In an op-ed for AlJazeera, Lisa Hajjar opines that Egyptian-born Australian citizen Mamdouh Habib, "who was innocent of any ties to terror or militancy", was seized from a bus by Pakistani security forces and suspended from a hook and electrocuted repeatedly at American behest. "His fingers were broken and he was hung from metal hooks. At one point, his interrogator slapped him so hard that his blindfold was dislodged, revealing the identity of his tormentor: Suleiman," Haijar asserts. According to Haijar, Suleiman ordered a guard to murder a shackled prisoner in front of Habib, which he did with a vicious karate kick.[47] After an article of the ordeal appeared in the Washington Post, the American government announced they would not charge Habib and that they would release him to Australia.[48] Habib said he would sue the Egyptian government for his treatment.[49] Tom Malinowski of Human Rights Watch asserts "the Americans knew what was going to happen to people who were rendered to Egypt".[50]
On 12 April, Suleiman announced his intentions to run in the Presidential elections, because he fears Islamist forces would turn Egypt into a religious state and isolate Egypt from the international community.
Middle East[link]
Luis Moreno, a U.S. intelligence analyst, wrote that although he deferred to the Embassy in Cairo for Egyptian succession scenario analysis, "there is no question that Israel is most comfortable with the prospect of" Suleiman. David Hacham stated an Israeli delegation led by Defense Minister Ehud Barak was "shocked by Mubarak's aged appearance and slurred speech," when it met him in Egypt. "Hacham was full of praise for Soliman, however." Hacham added that he sometimes spoke to Suleiman's deputy several times a day via a "hotline."[51][52] Maha Azzam, a fellow at Chatham House, a London-based international affairs research institute, said “the Israelis are happy with Omar Suleiman, he has been pivotal in the peace process, he’s someone they know and someone they can deal with.”[43] Avigdor Lieberman, the Deputy Prime Minister of Israel, expressed “his respect and appreciation for Egypt's leading role in the region and his personal respect for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Minister Suleiman".[53]
Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates each repeatedly pressed the United States not to cut loose the Mubarak regime; for example, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed of Abu Dhabi, whom some believe to be the real strongman of the UAE, emphasized the need for “stability” in Egypt. The New York Times reported these countries "worry that a sudden, chaotic change in Egypt would destabilize the region or, in the Arab nations, even jeopardize their own leaders, many of whom are also autocrats facing restive populations."[54]
PressTV, an Iranian state-owned news outlet, reported that Egyptians "associate Omar Suleiman, now the Vice President who was sworn in today, with a new puppet of the US government – someone to maintain hegemony here in this region because, as I mentioned, without Egypt you have no control over the Palestinian territory, especially Gaza; and, of course, the Israeli connection is something to note."[55]
Non-governmental organizations[link]
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch assert Suleiman’s career moved in lockstep with a regime marked by widespread abuses. “Torture is an endemic problem in Egypt and ending police abuse has been a driving element behind the massive popular demonstrations that swept Egypt over the past week,” Human Rights Watch said in a January report.[43]
Human Rights Watch further wrote that "Egyptians, particularly those of us calling for an end to Mubarak's three-decade rule, see Suleiman as Mubarak II, especially after the lengthy interview he gave to state television 3 Feb. in which he accused the demonstrators in Tahrir Square of implementing foreign agendas. He did not even bother to veil his threats of retaliation against protesters."[12] The Committee to Protect Journalists and Freedom House also criticized the Mubarak regime for its violence against protesters and suppression of journalists.[56][57][58]
References[link]
- ^ a b c *"Former Vice President Omar Suleiman". Egypt State Information Service. http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1127. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
"Egypt State Information Service: Statement of the Vice President of the Republic". Egypt State Information Service. http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=53676. Retrieved 12 February 2011. - ^ Black, Ian (30 January 2011). "Egypt protests – as they happened". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/29/egypt-protests-government-live-blog#block-51. Retrieved 0900 PST.
- ^ a b c "Profile: Omar Suleiman" aljazeera.com 30 April 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ^ Witte, Griff (30 January 2011). "Egyptian soldiers show solidarity with protesters, activist ElBaradei joins demonstrations". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/29/AR2011012903283.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "Egypt Ambassador: Suleiman "De Facto Head of State" – World Watch". CBS News. 10 February 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20031433-503543.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ a b Michael, Maggie; Keath, Lee (11 February 2011). "'Egypt is Free' chants Tahrir after Mubarak quits". news.yahoo.com. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110211/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_egypt. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ AlJazeera (11 February 2011). "Egypt's military leadership". http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121185311711502.html. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ Haaretz: Egypt confirms assassination attempt on Suleiman
- ^ Al-Ahram: Egypt, after birth pangs, Al-Arabiya: Mubarak quits Cairo as a million march, TIME: Military Will Determine Fate of Mubarak's Exit Plan, RIA Novosti: Mubarak shortens curfew by one hour, The Guardian: Egypt protests: The feeling in Tahrir Square was one of disbelief, SFGate: Protesters march in San Francisco to support Egypt
- ^ The Guardian: Egypt protests: The feeling in Tahrir Square was one of disbelief, SFGate: Protesters march in San Francisco to support Egypt
- ^ The Guardian: Cairo's biggest protest yet demands Mubarak's immediate departure, Al Jazeera: 'No to Suleiman, no to Shafiq', Business Week: Mubarak’s Top Spy Rejected by Cairo Streets as Masses March, Al Jazeera: Politics pervade Cairo's streets, Christian Science Monitor: ElBaradei arrives at Tahrir Square for what could be a key moment, New York Times: Choice of Suleiman Likely to Please the Military, Not the Crowds
- ^ a b c Post Store (5 February 2011). "'Washington Post': What Mubarak Must Do Before He Resigns". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/04/AR2011020404123.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "'HRW': What Mubarak Must Do Before He Resigns". HRW.org. 4 February 2011. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/04/what-mubarak-must-do-he-resigns. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ Viscusi, Gregory; Penny, Thomas (1 February 2011). "Mubarak’s Top Spy Rejected by Cairo Streets as Masses March". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-01/mubarak-s-top-spy-rejected-by-cairo-streets-as-masses-march.html. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b Admin, Moyers (22 February 1999). "Bill Moyers Journal: Michael Winship: For the US in Egypt, Blowback Is a Bitch". PBS.org. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/blog/2011/02/michael_winship_for_the_us_in.html. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ a b "Egypt in Crisis: Omar Suleiman and CIA Rendition". ABC News. 1 February 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/egypt-crisis-omar-suleiman-cia-rendition/story?id=12812445. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ a b Lisa Hajjar. "Suleiman: The CIA's man in Cairo – Opinion". Al Jazeera English. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/201127114827382865.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "Omar Suleiman". Globalpost.com. 3 February 2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/egypt/110203/omar-suleiman-egyptian-vice-president-addresses-egyptian-youth. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ a b c Mayer, Jane. "Who is Omar Suleiman?" www.newyorker.com Retrieved 30 January 2011.
- ^ a b Blair, David (24 February 2009). "The fixer in the shadows who may emerge as Egypt's leader". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/4800970/The-fixer-in-the-shadows-who-may-emerge-as-Egypts-leader.html. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ a b c d Slackman, Michael. "Choice Likely to Please the Military, Not the Crowds" New York Times 30 January 2011. A10.
- ^ "The List: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks". Foreign Policy. 20 July 2009. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/20/the_list_the_middle_easts_most_powerful_spies. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ Hope, Christopher (9 February 2011). "WikiLeaks: Suleiman told Israel he would 'cleanse' Sinai of arms runners to Gaza". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8314459/WikiLeaks-Suleiman-told-Israel-he-would-cleanse-Sinai-of-arms-runners-to-Gaza.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "WikiLeaks: Suleiman promised to stop Gaza elections". Jerualem Post. 11 February 2011. http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=207821. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "WikiLeaks: Israel Backs Suleiman". Jewish Exponent. 10 February 2011. http://www.jewishexponent.com/article/22852/. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Cable: Suleiman assured Israel on Gaza". United Press International. 11 February 2011. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/02/11/Cable-Suleiman-assured-Israel-on-Gaza/UPI-98621297439352/#ixzz1ECA60mhN. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "27.09.2005: Amb. Jones' 9/26 meeting with Israeli MOD's Gilad focuses on Egypt, Gaza, Hamas activity and PA elections". Aftenposten. 27 September 2005. http://www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/article4021905.ece. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ Stein, Jeff (30 January 2011). "The CIA's complicated relationship with Egypt". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2011/01/the_cias_complicated_relations.html. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ a b France-Presse, Agence (31 January 2011). "Mubarak’s new deputy linked to CIA rendition program". The Raw Story. http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/01/mubarak-deputy-cia-rendition/?hl=en. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ Soldz, Stephen. "The Torture Career of Egypt’s New Vice President: Omar Suleiman and the Rendition to Torture Program". Dissident Voice. http://dissidentvoice.org/2011/01/the-torture-career-of-egypts-new-vice-president-omar-suleiman-and-the-rendition-to-torture-program/. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ "Suleiman: 'Egypt Will Not Be Anything Like Tunisia'", (interview described on blog) Reporter's Notebook by Christiane Amanpour, 3 Feb 2011, at ABC News / International web site
- ^ "Egypt's Mubarak picks vice-president for first time". Reuters. 29 January 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/29/egypt-vice-president-idUSLDE70S0F120110129. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
- ^ "CIA: The World Factbook – Egypt". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "Egypt VP Target of Assassination Attempt That Killed Two Bodyguards, Sources Tell Fox News". Fox News.com. 4 February 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/02/04/egypt-vp-targeted-assassination-attempt-killed-bodyguards-sources-tell-fox-news/. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
- ^ "Source retracts statement on Suleiman assassination attempt". Jpost..com. http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=206924. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Egypt confirms assassination attempt on Suleiman". Haaretz. 24 February 2011. http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/egypt-confirms-assassination-attempt-on-suleiman-1.345446.
- ^ "Egypt unrest: Mubarak's speech leaves nation, world wondering who's in charge – This Just In – CNN.com Blogs". CNN. http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/10/egypt-unrest-mubarak-may-address-nation-party-chief-says/?hpt=T1&iref=BN1. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ a b Clayton Swisher (29 January 2011). "'AlJazeera': Suleiman selection was done by the Bilderberg's reassures Western allies". Blogs.aljazeera.net. http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/01/29/suleiman-selection-reassures-western-allies. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ Mayer, Jane (7 January 2009). "'New Yorker': Who Is Omar Suleiman?". Newyorker.com. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/01/who-is-omar-suleiman.html#ixzz1D6mFW1EV. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ Ashley Fantz (4 February 2011). "'CNN': Why are reporters being attacked?". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/02/04/egypt.journalist.attacks/. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "'MSNBC': Amid Cairo chaos, a rash of attacks on journalists". Worldblog.msnbc.msn.com. http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/04/5990366-amid-cairo-chaos-a-rash-of-attacks-on-journalists-. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ Williams, Carol J. (3 February 2011). "'LATimes': Egypt government supporters attacking foreign journalists". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/03/world/la-fg-egypt-media-20110204. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ a b c d "'Business Week': Mubarak’s Top Spy Rejected by Cairo Streets as Masses March". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 1 February 2011. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-01/mubarak-s-top-spy-rejected-by-cairo-streets-as-masses-march.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "'World Tribune': Opposition split over terms for Mubarak's exit". Worldtribune.com. 2 February 2011. http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_egypt0092_02_02.asp. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "'ABC News': What Happens Next in Egypt? A Look from Cairo". USA: ABC. 6 February 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/egypt-cairo/story?id=12851411. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "CNN.com Video". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2011/01/30/gps.elbaradei.intv.cnn?iref=allsearch.
- ^ Lisa Hajjar. "'Al Jazeera': Suleiman: The CIA's man in Cairo". English.aljazeera.net. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/201127114827382865.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ Mayer, Jane, "The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned Into a War on American Ideals", 2008. p. 125
- ^ O'brien, Natalie (9 January 2011). "Habib to sue US and Egypt over torture case: SMH 9 January 2011". Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/world/habib-to-sue-us-and-egypt-over-torture-case-20110108-19j93.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "Egypt Unrest: Didn't U.S. Intelligence See It Coming?". NPR. http://www.npr.org/2011/02/05/133510910/intelligence-officials-face-hard-questions-on-egypt. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "Cables: Israel Favored Egypt's VP Suleiman." Washington Post – Politics, National, World & D.C. Area News and Headlines – Washingtonpost.com. 7 Feb 2011. Web. 7 Feb 2011. [1].
- ^ "Choice Likely to Please the Military, Not the Crowds." New York Times. 29 Jan 2011. Web. 7 Feb 2011. [2].
- ^ "Egypt mending fences with Lieberman". ICEJ News. 23 April 2009. http://www.icej.org/article/egypt_mending_fences_with_lieberman. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
- ^ Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene (8 February 2011). "'New York Times': Allies Press U.S. to Go Slow on Egypt". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/middleeast/09diplomacy.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "'PressTV': Mubarak setting thugs loose on people". Presstv.com. http://www.presstv.com/detail/162945.html. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ "Egyptian Authorities Must Refrain from Violent Suppression of Protests". Freedom House. 26 January 2011. http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=1318. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
- ^ CPJ: Mubarak intensifies press attacks with assaults, detentions
- ^ CPJ: Egyptian media say foreign journalists have 'hidden agenda'
Further reading[link]
- Shpiro, Shlomo (2004). "Intelligence Services and Political Transformation in the Middle East". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 17 (4): 575–600. DOI:10.1080/08850600490496407.
- Sirrs, Owen L. (2010). A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-56920-0.
- Swint, Kerwin (2011). The King Whisperers: Power Behind the Throne from Rasputin to Rove. New York: Union Square Press. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-1-4027-7201-6.
External links[link]
- Omar Suleiman collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Omar Suleiman collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Pharaohs-in-Waiting, Mary Anne Weaver, The Atlantic, October 2003
- The ongoing Omar vs. Gamal Debate, Josh Stacher, The Arabist, 10 February 2005
- Israel pinning hopes for Hamas deal in Gaza on Egypt intel chief, Yossi Melman, Ha'aretz, 20 January 2009
- Egyptian intelligence chief's Washington agenda, Laura Rozen, Foreign Policy, 21 March 2009
- The list: The Middle East's Most Powerful Spooks, Patrick Devenny, Foreign Policy, 20 July 2009
- Egypt's Next Strongman, Issandr Amrani, 17 August 2009
- Egypt's Succession Crisis: Omar Suleiman and El Baredei Hold Keys to the Presidency, Ikhwanweb.com, 2 April 2010
- 'Who is Omar Suleiman?, Jane Mayer, The New Yorker, 29 January 2011
- Profile: Omar Suleiman, BBC News, 10 February 2011
- "Omar Suleiman, the CIA’s Man in Cairo and Egypt’s Torturer-in-Chief" – video report by Democracy Now!
| Political offices | ||
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| Vacant
Title last held by
Hosni Mubarak |
Vice President of Egypt 2011 |
Succeeded by Sami Hafez Anan (Deputy Leader) |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Suleiman, Omar |
| Alternative names | Soliman, Omar; Sulaiman, Omar; Sulayman, Umar |
| Short description | Egyptian politician |
| Date of birth | 2 July 1936 |
| Place of birth | Qena, Egypt |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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http://ru.wn.com/Сулейман, Омар
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| Zakir Naik | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (1965-10-18) 18 October 1965 (age 46) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Education | Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery |
| Alma mater | Kishinchand Chellaram College Topiwala National Medical College and Nair Hospital University of Mumbai |
| Occupation | President of Islamic Research Foundation, public speaker |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Known for | Dawah |
| Influenced by | Ahmed Deedat |
| Board member of | Islamic Research Foundation |
| Religion | Islam |
| Spouse | Farhat Naik |
| Website | |
| IRF.net PeaceTV.tv |
|
Zakir Abdul Karim Naik (Urdu: ذاکر عبدالکریم نائیک; born 18 October 1965) is an Indian public speaker on the subject of Islam and comparative religion. He is the founder and president of the Islamic Research Foundation (IRF),[1] a non-profit organisation that owns the Peace TV channel based in Dubai, UAE. He is sometimes referred to as a televangelist.[2][3] Before becoming a public speaker, he trained as a doctor.[3] He has written two booklets on Islam and comparative religion. He is regarded as an exponent of the Salafi ideology; [4] he places a strong emphasis on individual scholarship and the rejection of "blind Taqlid", which has led him to repudiate the relevance of sectarian or Madh'hab designations, all the while reaffirming their importance. [5][6]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Zakir Abdul Karim Naik was born on 18 October 1965 in Mumbai, India. He attended St. Peter's High School in Mumbai. Later he enrolled at Kishinchand Chellaram College, before studying medicine at Topiwala National Medical College and Nair Hospital and later the University of Mumbai, where he obtained a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS).[1] His wife, Farhat Naik, works for the women's section of the IRF.[7]
In 1991 he started working in the field of Dawah, and founded the IRF.[8] Naik says he was inspired by Ahmed Deedat, an Islamic preacher, having met him in 1987.[9] (Naik is sometimes referred to as "Deedat plus", a label given to him by Deedat himself.)[9][10] Naik says that his goal is to "concentrate on the educated Muslim youth who have become apologetic about their own religion and have started to feel the religion is outdated."[11] He considers it a duty of every Muslim to remove perceived misconceptions about Islam and to counter what he views as the Western media's anti-Islamic bias in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks (also known as 9/11) in the United States.[12] Some of his articles are published in magazines such as Islamic Voice.[13]
Anthropologist Thomas Blom Hansen has written that Naik's style of memorising the Quran and Hadith literature in various languages, and his related missionary activity, has made him extremely popular in Muslim and non-Muslim circles.[11] Many of his debates are recorded and widely distributed in video and DVD media and online. His talks are usually recorded in English and broadcast on weekends on several cable networks in Mumbai's Muslim neighbourhoods, and on the Peace TV channel, which he co-produces.[14][15] Topics he speaks on include: "Islam and Modern Science", "Islam and Christianity", and "Islam and secularism".
Naik is the founder of the Islamic International School in Mumbai.[16]
Lectures and debates[link]
Naik has held many debates and lectures around the world. One of Naik's most-cited debates was with William Campbell in Chicago in April 2000 on the topic of "The Qur'an and the Bible: In the Light of Science".[17]
Naik has said that "despite the strident anti-Islam campaign, 34,000 Americans have embraced Islam from September 2001 to July 2002." He says Islam is a religion of reason and logic, and that the Quran contains 1000 verses relating to science, which he says explains the number of Western converts.[18] A popular theme of Naik's is to try to demonstrate how scientific theories were prophesised by the Quran. For example, he says certain verses of the Quran accurately describe embryological development.[19]
On 21 January 2006 Naik held an inter-religious debate with Sri Sri Ravi Shankar in Bangalore about the concept of God in Islam and Hinduism.[20]
In February 2011 Naik addressed the Oxford Union via video link from India.[21]
Peace conference[link]
Every year since November 2007 Naik has led a 10-day Peace Conference at Somaiya Ground, Sion, Mumbai. Lectures on Islam have been presented by Naik and twenty other Islamic scholars.[22]
During one of the lectures at the 2007 Peace Conference, Naik provoked anger between members of the Shia and Sunni communities, when he said the words "Radiallah ta'la anho" ("May Allah be pleased with him") after mentioning the name of Caliph Yazid I—a figure hated by many Muslims, but particularly by Shias—and said the battle of Karbala was political.[23] Others, however, believed the comment was blown out of proportion.[24]
Naik's views[link]
Biological evolution[link]
Naik has said that the theory of evolution is "only a hypothesis, and an unproven conjecture at best".[25] According to Naik, most scientists "support the theory, because it went against the Bible – not because it was true."[26]
Religions apart from Islam[link]
Naik says that Islam is the only correct religion (the equivalent of a maths teacher demonstrating that 2+2=4) while other religions are mistaken (the equivalent of saying that 2+2=3 or 2+2=6). He adds that other religions should not be allowed to propagate, and he supports banning the construction of non-Muslim houses of worship in Muslim lands.[27]
Apostasy[link]
Naik has said that any Muslim is free to convert from Islam if the person so chooses, but added that if a Muslim converts and then speaks against Islam or propagates this other religion, it should be considered treason (as in treason to a country). Naik stated that under Islamic law this is punishable by death.[28][29]
Terrorism[link]
Naik's views and statements on terrorism have at times been criticised in the media. In a YouTube video, speaking of Osama bin Laden, Naik said that he would not criticise bin Laden because he had not met him and did not know him personally. He added that, "If bin Laden is fighting enemies of Islam, I am for him," and that "If he is terrorizing the terrorist, if he is terrorizing America – the terrorist, biggest terrorist – I am with him. Every Muslim should be a terrorist. The thing is that if he is terrorizing the terrorist, he is following Islam. Whether he is or not, I don’t know, but you as Muslims know that, without checking up, laying allegations is also wrong."[30][31] When Time hinted that this remark could have inspired Najibullah Zazi's terrorist activities, Naik insisted: "I have always condemned terrorism, because according to the glorious Koran, if you kill one innocent person, then you have killed the whole of humanity".[30]
In 2010, Naik said that he had been quoted out of context regarding the remarks on terrorism. "As far as terrorist is concerned," he said, "I tell the Muslims that every Muslim should be a terrorist. ... What is the meaning of the word terrorist? Terrorist by definition means a person who terrorises. So in this context every Muslim should be a terrorist to each and every anti-social element. I’m aware that terrorist is more commonly used for a person who terrorises innocent human beings. So in this context no Muslim should ever terrorise a single innocent human being."[32]
In a lecture delivered on 31 July 2008 on Peace TV, Naik commented on the attacks of 11 September: "it is a blatant, open secret that this attack on the Twin Towers was done by George Bush himself".[33]
Other countries[link]
Visit to Australia and Wales[link]
In 2004 Naik, at the invitation of the Islamic Information and Services Network of Australasia, made an appearance at Melbourne University, where he argued that only Islam gave women true equality.[34] He said the more "revealing Western dress" makes women more susceptible to rape.[35] Sushi Das of The Agecommented that "Naik extolled the moral and spiritual superiority of Islam and lampooned other faiths and the West in general", further criticising that Naik's words "fostered a spirit of separateness and reinforced prejudice".[36]
In August 2006 Naik's visit and conference in Cardiff caused controversy when Welsh MP David Davies called for his appearance to be cancelled. He said Naik was a "hate-monger", and that his views did not deserve a public platform; Muslims from Cardiff, however, defended Naik's right to speak in the city. Saleem Kidwai, Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Wales, disagreed with Davies, stating that "people who know about him [Naik] know that he is one of the most uncontroversial persons you could find. He talks about the similarities between religions, and how should we work on the common ground between them", whilst also inviting Davies to discuss further with Naik personally in the conference. The conference went ahead, after the Cardiff council stated it was satisfied that he would not be preaching extremist views.[37]
2010 exclusion from the UK and Canada[link]
Naik was denied entry into the United Kingdom and Canada in June 2010.[38][39] He was banned from entering the UK by Home Secretary Theresa May after arranging to give talks in London and Sheffield. May said of the exclusion order, "Numerous comments made by Dr Naik are evidence to me of his unacceptable behaviour".[38] Naik argued that the Home Secretary was making a political decision and not a legal one, and his lawyer said the decision was "barbaric and inhuman". He also claimed that his comments were taken out of context.[40] Film producer Mahesh Bhatt supported Naik, saying the ban constituted an attack on freedom of speech.[41] It was reported that Naik would attempt to challenge the ruling in the High Court.[42] His application for judicial review was dismissed on 5 November 2010.[8] Naik was forbidden from entering Canada after Tarek Fatah, founder of Muslim Canadian Congress, warned MPs of Naik's views.[39]
Reception[link]
Naik was ranked 89 on The Indian Express's list of the "100 Most Powerful Indians in 2010".[43] He was ranked 82 in the 2009 edition.[44] According to Praveen Swami, Naik is "perhaps the most influential Salafi ideologue in India".[45] Sanjiv Buttoo says he is acknowledged as an authority on Islam, but is known for making negative remarks about other religions.[38] Sadanand Dhume writes that Naik has a "carefully crafted image of moderation", because of his gentle demeanor, his wearing of a suit and tie, and his quoting of scriptures of other religions.[46] He is also mentioned in the book "The 500 most influential muslims – 2011" under honourable mentions.[citation needed]
Criticism[link]
Khushwant Singh, a prominent Indian journalist, politician, and author, says he "disagree[s] with almost everything [Naik] has to say about misconceptions about Islam". Singh argues that Naik's pronouncements are "juvenile", and said "they seldom rise above the level of undergraduate college debates, where contestants vie with each other to score brownie points".[47] Singh also says Naik's audiences "listen to him with rapt attention and often explode in enthusiastic applause when he rubbishes other religious texts".[48]
Yoginder Sikand wrote in 2011 that influential sections of the Deobandi community in India were beginning to hold a negative view of Naik. They said he was not abiding by ijma (Islamic consensus) and qiyas (analogical deduction of the Quran and Hadith), and therefore, in Sikand's view, was undermining their authority.[49]
Khaled Ahmed criticised Naik for "indirectly support[ing]" Al-Qaeda by referring to Osama bin Laden as a "soldier of Islam".[50] In 2008 an Islamic scholar in Lucknow, shahar qazi Mufti Abul Irfan Mian Firangi Mahali, issued a fatwa against Naik, saying that he supported Osama bin Laden, and that his teachings were un-Islamic.[51]
Torkel Brekke, a professor of religious history in Norway, calls Naik a "very controversial figure" because of his rhetorical attack on other religions and other varieties of Islam.[52] He writes that Naik is "strongly disliked" by many members of the Indian ulema for ignoring their authority and stating that anybody can interpret the Quran.[52] Conservative Deobandi mullahs have accused Naik of "destroying Islam" by driving Muslims away from the correct religious authorities.[52]
Praveen Swami considers Naik to be a part of the ideological infrastructure created to feed "Tempered Jihad", which he defines as Jihad calibrated to advance Islamist political objectives.[45] He alleges that Naik's IRF has proved to be a "magnet" for figures linked to the Lashkar-e-Taiba, his message has mesmerised violent Islamists, and his works "help make sense of the motivations of Indian recruits to the jihad."[45]
References[link]
- ^ a b "Dr. Zakir Naik". Islamic Research Foundation. Accessed 16 April 2011.
- ^ Hope, Christopher. "Home secretary Theresa May bans radical preacher Zakir Naik from entering UK". The Daily Telegraph. 18 June 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b Shukla, Ashutosh. "Muslim group welcomes ban on preacher". Daily News and Analysis. 22 June 2010. Accessed 16 April 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Warikoo, Kulbhushan; Religion and security in South and Central Asia, Taylor & Francis, 2010
- ^ Abou Zahab, Mariam (2009). "Chapter 5: Salafism in Pakistan: The Ahl-e Hadith Movement". In Meijer, Roel. Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement. Columbia University Presss. pp. 141. ISBN 978-0-231-15420-8.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGzsWRLYf9M
- ^ Ramanujan, Sweta. "Beyond veil: Am I not a normal Muslim girl?". expressindia.com. Indian Express Group. 16 July 2004. Accessed 16 April 2011. Archived 16 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Dr Zakir Naik vs (1) The Secretary of State for the Home Department (2) Entry Clearance Officer, Mumbai, India". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. 5 November 2010. Accessed 21 July 2011.
- ^ a b Wahab, Siraj. "Spreading God’s Word Is His Mission". Arab News. 1 July 2006. Accessed 16 April 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Lewis, Philip. "Depictions of "Christianity" within British Islamic Institutions". Ridgeon, Lloyd (ed) (2001). Islamic Interpretations of Christianity. St. Martin's Press. pp. 213–214.
- ^ a b Hansen, Thomas (2001). Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay. Princeton University Press. pp. 176–177. ISBN 0-691-08840-3.
- ^ Hassan, Javid; Rasooldeen, Mohammed. "Media Urged to Counter Anti-Muslim Bias". Arab News. 9 October 2005. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ See, for example: "Questions Commonly Asked by Non-Muslims – VI : Prohibition of Alcohol", "Was Islam Spread by the Sword?", "Are Ram And Krishna Prophets Of God?".
- ^ Mazumdar, Sudip. "Beaming In Salvation". MSNBC. 23 January 2006. Archived 18 January 2006.
- ^ Ahmad, Syed Neaz. "Peace TV Reaching 50 Million Viewers – Dr. Zakir Naik". Saudi Gazette. 23 February 2007. Archived 7 July 2007.
- ^ "Conceived and Developed by Dr. Zakir Naik:". Islamic Research Foundation. Accessed 16 April 2011. Archived 16 April 2011.
- ^ Ahmed, Khaled. "Word for word: William Campbell versus Zakir Naik". Daily Times (Pakistan). 8 January 2006. Accessed 16 April 2011.
- ^ Ghafour, P.K. Abdul. "New Muslims on the rise in US after Sept. 11". Arab News. 3 November 2002. Archived 17 September 2003.
- ^ Samuel, Geoffrey; Rozario, Santi. "Contesting science for Islam: the media as a source of revisionist knowledge in the lives of young Bangladeshis" (Subscription required). Contemporary South Asia 18 (4): 427–441. December 2010. doi:10.1080/09584935.2010.526196.
- ^ "No religion spreads violence: Sri Sri". The Times of India. 22 January 2006. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- For a video of the debate, see "Debate between Zakir Naik and Ravi Shanker". Internet Archive. Accessed 7 August 2011.
- ^ "Controversial Islamic preacher speaks at Union". The Oxford Student. 17 February 2011. Accessed 21 July 2011. Archived 21 July 2011.
- See also: Syal, Rajeev. "Banned scholar Zakir Naik to address Oxford Union by satellite". The Guardian. 28 January 2011. Accessed 7 August 2011.
- ^ Ahmad, Syed Neaz. "Justice, peace & unity: The cornerstone of Islam". Saudi Gazette. 31 March 2008. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Wajihuddin, Mohammed. "Row over Islamic preacher's remarks". The Times of India. 27 December 2007. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Burney, Shahid Raza. "Zakir Naik’s Remarks on Yazid Spark Anger Among Muslims". Arab News. 31 December 2007. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Attaullah, Munir. "View: The Muslim predicament II". Daily Times (Pakistan). 21 March 2007. Accessed 21 July 2011.
- ^ Quran and Modern Science – Conflict or Conciliation? – Part Two – by Dr. Zakir Naik
- ^ "Non-Muslims will not have equal Humanrights – Zakir Naik". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jYUL7eBdHg. Here is the part of the interview in which this view has been conveyed.
- ^ "Maldivian renounces Islam, gets attacked by Zakir Naik audience". Haveeru Daily. 30 May 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ "Transcript of Dr Zakir Naik's response to Mohamed Nazim)". http://minivannews.com/files/2010/05/Dr_Zakir_Naik_and_Nazim-1.pdf.
- ^ a b Von Drehle, David; Ghosh, Bobby: "An Enemy Within: The Making of Najibullah Zazi". Time. p. 2. 1 October 2009. Accessed 16 April 2011.
- ^ "Zakir Naik, Every Muslim Should be a Terrorist, YouTube". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bxk5AAA5FbI. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Deshmane, Akshay. "Zakir Naik will fight back as Canada bans him too". Daily News & Analysis. 23 June 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ "Indian Muslim Cleric Zakir Naik: 9/11 Was Carried Out by George Bush Himself" (video of lecture). Middle East Media Research Institute. (Subscription required). referring to various 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Transcript. Archived 7 August 2011.
- See also: Leppard, David. "Muslim preacher of hate is let into Britain". The Times. 30 May 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011.
- ^ Das, Sushi. "Islam's gender debate at the fore". The Age. 30 August 2004. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Aly, Waleed. "The clash of ignorance". The Age. 6 August 2005. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Das, Sushi. "Between two worlds". The Age. 28 July 2005. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011. See author profile.
- ^ "Row over Islamic preacher". South Wales Echo. 16 August 2006. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- Bodinger, Katie. "Cleric's address hailed a success". South Wales Echo. 21 August 2006. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b c "Indian preacher Zakir Naik is banned from UK". BBC News. 18 June 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b Carlson, Kathryn Blaze. "Controversial Muslim televangelist Zakir Naik banned from Toronto conference". National Post. 22 June 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Pinglay, Prachi. "Lawyers condemn UK-India Muslim preacher ban". BBC News. 22 June 2010. Accessed 16 April 2011.
- Press Trust of India. "UK ban politically motivated decision: Zakir Naik". Zee News. 23 June 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Akshay Deshmane "Zakir Naik will fight back as Canada bans him too"
- ^ "Legal challenge to ban on Muslim preacher Zakir Naik". BBC News. 19 June 2010. Accessed 16 April 2011.
- ^ "The most powerful Indians in 2010: No. 81-90". The Indian Express. 5 February 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ "The most powerful Indians in 2009: 80–84". The Indian Express. 9 March 2009. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Swami, Praveen (2010). "Islamist terrorism in India". In Warikoo, Kulbhushan. Religion and Security in South and Central Asia. London, England: Taylor & Francis. pp. 52, 61–64. ISBN 0415575907, 9780415575904. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=spGlo1WbpAoC&pg=PA61. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ Dhume, Sadanand. "The Trouble with Dr. Zakir Naik". The Wall Street Journal. 20 June 2010. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Singh, Khushwant. "Why Muslims lag behind". Hindustan Times. 3 November 2007. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Singh, Khushwant. "One man’s belief is another’s shackle". The Tribune. 5 March 2005. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ Sikand, Yoginder. "Islamic media mogul faces new foes". Daily Times (Pakistan). 10 January 2011. Accessed 20 July 2011.
- ^ http://tribune.com.pk/story/311403/muslim-view-of-decline/
- ^ Gidwani, Deepak. "Storm over fatwa against scholar Zakir Naik". Daily News & Analysis. 8 November 2008. Accessed 7 August 2011. Archived 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b c Brekke, Torkel (2012). "Prophecy and Preaching". Fundamentalism: Prophecy and Protest in an Age of Globalization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0521149797, 9780521149792. http://books.google.com/books?id=JGooYIEd9h4C&pg=PA97. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
External links[link]
- Islamic Research Foundation
- Zakir Naik's All Video Debates and Lectures
- Collection of Books by Zakir Naik in PDF
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Naik, Zakir |
| Alternative names | tabligh |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1965-10-18 |
| Place of birth | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Zakir_Naik
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Zakir Naik
http://hi.wn.com/ज़ाकिर नाइक
http://id.wn.com/Zakir Naik
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| Nouman Ali Khan | |
|---|---|
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
 |
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (May 2011) |
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Nouman Ali Khan is a Muslim speaker and the CEO and founder of Bayyinah, an Islamic educational institution in the United States.[1][2]
His early education in Arabic started under in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and continued in Pakistan. His serious Arabic training began in 1999 in the United States. He has been teaching Modern Standard and Classical Arabic at various venues for several years with over 10,000 students nationwide.[1] Nouman Ali Khan teaches about the religion of Islam through his video speeches.[3] He also frequently speaks at Islamic Circle of North America Conventions about Islam, family, and other life topics.[4]
References[link]
- ^ a b About Nouman Ali Khan. Bayyinah.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-05.
- ^ About Bayyinah. Bayyinah.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-05.
- ^ Intellectual Humility Template:Date=March 2010
- ^ 35th Annual ICNA Convention, on. Muslimmatters.org (2010-06-17). Retrieved on 2011-11-05.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Nouman Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Nouman_Ali_Khan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouman_Ali_Khan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Terry Jones, see Terry Jones (disambiguation).
| Terry Jones | |
|---|---|
 Terry Jones, 5 May 2007 |
|
| Born | (1942-02-01) 1 February 1942 (age 70) Colwyn Bay, North Wales, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Actor, comedian, film director, presenter, poet, writer, historian |
| Known for | Monty Python |
| Spouse | Alison Telfer |
| Website | |
| terry-jones.net | |
Terence Graham Parry Jones (born 1 February 1942) is a Welsh comedian, screenwriter, actor, film director, author, political commentator, and TV host. He is best known as a member of the Monty Python comedy team.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Jones was born in Colwyn Bay, Wales. The family home was named "Bodchwil". His father was stationed with the RAF in India. When Jones was four-and-a-half, the family moved to Surrey.[1]
Jones was educated at the Royal Grammar School[2] in Guildford, where he was head boy in the 1960-61 academic year. He read English at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, but "strayed into history".[3] He graduated with a 2:1.[4] While there, he performed comedy with future Monty Python castmate Michael Palin in The Oxford Revue.
Career history[link]
Before Python[link]
Jones appeared in Twice a Fortnight with Palin, Graeme Garden, Bill Oddie and Jonathan Lynn, as well as the television series The Complete and Utter History of Britain (1969). He appeared in Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967–69) with Palin, Eric Idle and David Jason. He wrote for The Frost Report and several other David Frost programmes on British television. Along with Palin, he wrote lyrics for the 1968 Barry Booth album "Diversions".
Early on, Jones was interested in devising a fresh format for the Python TV shows, and it was largely he who developed the stream-of-consciousness style which abandoned punchlines and encouraged the fluid movement of one sketch into another, allowing the troupe's conceptual humour the space to “breathe”. Jones took a keen interest in the direction of the show. As demonstrated in many of his sketches with Palin, Jones was interested in making comedy that was visually impressive, feeling that interesting settings augmented, rather than detracted from, the humour. His methods encouraged many future television comedians to break away from conventional studio-bound shooting styles, as demonstrated by shows such as Green Wing, Little Britain and The League of Gentlemen.
Of Jones' contributions as a performer, his depictions of middle-aged women are among the most memorable. His humour, in collaboration with Palin, tends to be conceptual in nature. A typical Palin/Jones sketch draws its humour from the absurdity of the scenario. For example, in the “Summarise Proust Competition”, Jones plays a cheesy game show host who gives contestants 15 seconds to condense Marcel Proust's lengthy work À la recherche du temps perdu. Jones was also noted for his gifts as a Chaplinesque physical comedian. His performance in the "Undressing in Public" sketch, for instance, is done is total silence.
Directorial work[link]
Jones co-directed Monty Python and the Holy Grail with Terry Gilliam, and was sole director on two further Monty Python movies, Life of Brian and Monty Python's The Meaning of Life. As a film director, Jones finally gained fuller control of the projects and devised a visual style that complemented the humour. His later films include Erik the Viking (1989) and The Wind in the Willows (1996). In 2008, Jones wrote and directed an opera titled Evil Machines.[5] In 2011, he was commissioned to direct and write the libretto for another opera, entitled The Doctor's Tale.[6]
On the commentary track of the 2004 "2 Disc Special Edition" DVD for the film Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, Terry Jones stated that to his knowledge Ireland had banned only four movies, three of which he had directed: The Meaning of Life, Monty Python's Life of Brian and Personal Services.
Animation[link]
He was the creator and co-producer of the animated television program Blazing Dragons, which ran for two seasons.[citation needed] Set in a fantasy medieval setting, the series' protagonists are dragons who are beset by evil humans, reversing a common story convention. When the series was broadcast on US television, several episodes were censored due to minor cursing and the implied sexuality of an overtly effeminate character named "Sir Blaze".[citation needed] It was turned into a game for the Sega Saturn in 1994, which starred Jones's voice.[citation needed]
As an author[link]
He co-wrote Ripping Yarns with Palin, and wrote the screenplay for Labyrinth (1986), although his draft went through several rewrites and several other writers before being filmed; much of the finished film wasn't written by Jones at all. He has also written numerous works for children, including Fantastic Stories, The Beast with a Thousand Teeth, and a collection of Comic Verse called The Curse of the Vampire's Socks.
He has written books and presented television documentaries on medieval and ancient history and the history of numeral systems. His series often challenge popular views of history: for example, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives (2004) (for which he received a 2004 Emmy nomination for "Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming") argues that the Middle Ages was a more sophisticated period than is popularly thought, and Terry Jones' Barbarians (2006) presents the cultural achievements of peoples conquered by the Roman Empire in a more positive light than Roman historians typically have, while criticizing the Romans as the true "barbarians" who exploited and destroyed higher civilizations.
He has written numerous editorials for The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph and The Observer condemning the Iraq war. Many of these editorials were published in a paperback collection titled Terry Jones's War on the War on Terror.
Chaucer's Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary (1980) offers an alternative take on the historical view of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Knight's Tale as being a paragon of Christian virtue. Jones asserts that, after closer examination of historical rather than literary context, the Knight is actually a typical mercenary and a potentially cold-blooded killer.
His most recent book, "Evil Machines", was launched by the online publishing house Unbound at the Adam Street Club in London on 4 November 2011. Evil Machines is the world's first book to be published by a crowd funding website dedicated solely to books. Jones provided significant support to Unbound as they developed their publishing concept.
He is also a member of the UK Poetry Society and his poems have appeared in Poetry Review.
Working with musicians[link]
Jones has performed with The Carnival Band and appears on their 2007 CD Ringing the changes (Park Records PRKCD98).
In January 2008, the Teatro São Luiz, in Lisbon, Portugal, premiered Evil Machines – a musical play, written by Jones (based on his book) and with original music by Portuguese composer Luis Tinoco. Jones was invited by the Teatro São Luiz to write and direct the play, after a very successful run of Contos Fantásticos, a short play based on Jones' Fantastic Stories, also with music by Luis Tinoco.
In January 2012, it was announced that Jones is working with songwriter/producer Jim Steinman on a heavy metal version of "The Nutcracker."[7]
As performer[link]
Apart from a cameo in Terry Gilliam's Jabberwocky and a memorable minor role as a drunken vicar in BBC sitcom The Young Ones, Jones has rarely appeared in work outside of his own projects. Since January 2009, however, he has provided narration for The Legend of Dick and Dom, a CBBC fantasy series set in the Middle Ages.
In 2009 Jones took part in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home about his Welsh family history.
Personal life[link]
Jones married Alison Telfer in 1970, and they have two children together, Sally (born in 1974), and Bill (born in 1976). The marriage broke down after he admitted to falling in love with 26-year-old student Anna Söderström.
On 21 October 2006, it was reported in The Daily Mirror that Jones had been diagnosed with bowel cancer.[8] Another article dated three days later, also by The Mirror, indicated that the exploratory surgery performed on Jones had good results.[9] It was reported in the British media on 27 April 2009 that Jones was due to become a father for the third time in the autumn of 2009, by way of Söderström. But he remained married to Telfer.[10] Jones's daughter Siri was born in early September 2009.[11]
Selected bibliography[link]
Fiction[link]
- Douglas Adams's Starship Titanic (1997), ISBN 0-330-35446-9 – a novel based on the computer game of the same name by Douglas Adams. (Jones claims to have written the entire book while in the nude.)
- Evil Machines (2011), ISBN 978-1-908717-01-6
- Illustrated by Michael Foreman
- Fairy Tales (1981), ISBN 0-907516-03-3
- The Saga of Erik the Viking (1983), ISBN 0-907516-23-8 – Children's Book Award 1984
- Nicobobinus (1985), ISBN 1-85145-000-9
- The Curse of the Vampire's Socks and Other Doggerel (1988), ISBN 1-85145-233-8 – poetry
- Fantastic Stories (1992), ISBN 1-85145-957-X
- The Beast with a Thousand Teeth (1993), ISBN 1-85793-070-3
- A Fish of the World (1993), ISBN 1-85793-075-4
- The Sea Tiger (1994), ISBN 1-85793-085-1
- The Fly-by-Night (1994), ISBN 1-85793-090-8
- The Knight and the Squire (1997), ISBN 1-86205-044-9
- The Lady and the Squire (2000), ISBN 1-86205-417-7 – nominated for a Whitbread Award
- Bedtime Stories (2002), ISBN 1-86205-276-X – with Nanette Newman
- Illustrated by Brian Froud
- Goblins of the Labyrinth (1986), ISBN 1-85145-058-0
- The Goblin Companion: A Field Guide to Goblins (1996), ISBN 1-85793-795-3 – an abridged re-release, in a smaller format, with the colour plates missing
- Lady Cottington's Pressed Fairy Book (1994), ISBN 1-85793-336-2
- Strange Stains and Mysterious Smells: Quentin Cottington's Journal of Faery Research (1996), ISBN 0-684-83206-2
- Lady Cottington's Pressed Fairy Journal (1998), ISBN 1-86205-024-4
- Lady Cottington's Fairy Album (2002), ISBN 1-86205-559-9
- Illustrated by Martin Honeysett and Lolly Honeysett
- Bert Fegg's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls with Michael Palin (1974) ISBN 0-413-32740-X
Non-fiction[link]
- Chaucer's Knight: The Portrait of a Medieval Mercenary (1980), ISBN 0-297-77566-9; rev. ed. (1994), ISBN 0-413-69140-3
- Who Murdered Chaucer?: A Medieval Mystery (2003), ISBN 0-413-75910-5 – with Robert Yeager, Terry Dolan, Alan Fletcher and Juliette Dor
- Terry Jones's War on the War on Terror (2005), ISBN 1-56025-653-2
- With Alan Ereira
- Crusades (1994), ISBN 0-563-37007-6
- Terry Jones' Medieval Lives (2004), ISBN 0-563-48793-3
- Terry Jones' Barbarians (2006), ISBN 0-563-49318-6
Screenplays[link]
- And Now for Something Completely Different (1972) with Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, and Michael Palin
- Secrets (1973) – for TV, with Michael Palin
- Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) with Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, and Michael Palin
- Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) with Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, and Michael Palin
- Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) with Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, and Michael Palin
- Labyrinth (1986)
- Erik the Viking (1989) – includes a notice in the credits specifically disclaiming any link with Jones's earlier novel ("although he hopes it will help the sales")
- The Wind in the Willows (1996)
Documentary series[link]
- Crusades (1995)
- Ancient Inventions – directed by Phil Grabsky and Daniel Percival (1998)
- The Surprising History of Egypt (USA, 2002) a.k.a. The Hidden History of Egypt (UK, 2003) – directed by Phil Grabsky
- The Surprising History of Rome (USA, 2002) a.k.a. The Hidden History of Rome (UK, 2003) – directed by Phil Grabsky
- The Surprising History of Sex and Love (2002) – directed by Alan Ereira and Phil Grabsky
- Terry Jones' Medieval Lives (2004)
- The Story of 1 (2005)
- Terry Jones' Barbarians (2006)
- Terry Jones' Great Map Mystery (2008)
Political articles[link]
Jones has published a number of articles on political and social commentary, principally in newspapers The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent, and The Observer. Many of these articles criticized the war on terror, belittling it as "declaring war on an abstract noun" and comparing it to attempting to "annihilate mockery".[12]
Collaborations[link]
| Monty Python and the Holy Grail |
Monty Python's Life of Brian |
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life |
Erik the Viking |
The Wind in the Willows |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graham Chapman |
 Y |
Y |
Y |
||
| John Cleese |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
| Carol Cleveland |
Y |
Y |
Y |
||
| Terry Gilliam |
Y |
Y |
Y |
||
| Eric Idle |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
| Neil Innes |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Terry Jones |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
| Charles McKeown |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Michael Palin |
Y |
Y |
Y |
Y |
|
| John Young |
Y |
Y |
Jones and Gavin Scott have been working for years on a script for a "sci-fi farce combining CGI and live action" tentatively called Absolutely Anything;[13] the film is expected to begin principal photography in spring 2012,[13] with Terry Gilliam, John Cleese, and Michael Palin agreeing to "provide voices for a group of aliens".[14]
Miscellany[link]
- An asteroid, 9622 Terryjones, is named in his honour. When asked during a webchat if this were the greatest honour he has received, Jones replied, "I didn't realise it was an honour to have a barren lump of rock named after one."[citation needed]
Further reading[link]
- Wilmut, Roger (1980). From Fringe to Flying Circus: Celebrating a Unique Generation of Comedy, 1960–1980. London: Eyre Methuen. ISBN 0-413-46950-6.
References[link]
- Notes
- ^ Bevan, Nathan (2011-03-05). "The life and times of Monty Python’s Terry Jones by Nathan Bevan, Western Mail at". Walesonline.co.uk. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/arts-in-wales/2011/03/05/the-life-and-times-of-monty-python-s-terry-jones-91466-28274298/. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ "Distinguished Old Guildfordians – Terry Jones". Royal Grammar School, Guildford Website. http://www.rgs-guildford.co.uk/page_viewer.asp?page=Terry+Jones&pid=355. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
- ^ Roger Wilmut, From Fringe to Flying Circus, London, 1980, p.38; "An interview with Terry Jones". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/474/474005p1.html. Retrieved 29 June 2008. . He became interested in the medieval period through reading Chaucer as part of his English degree.
- ^ ""A Python's progress", Volume 22 Number 2, Hilary 2010 at". Oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk. http://www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/2009-10/v22n2/06.shtml. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ Martin, Francesca (16 January 2008). "Ex-Python's opera rings the changes". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2008/jan/16/theatre3.
- ^ Williams, Holly (27 February 2011). "Heads Up: Operashots". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/heads-up-operashots-2226603.html.
- ^ "Website featuring Canadian doctor, Monty Python pal blends humour, health advice". ca.news.yahoo.com. 2012-01-19. http://ca.news.yahoo.com/website-featuring-canadian-doctor-monty-python-pal-blends-215901908.html. Retrieved 2012-01-23.
- ^ "Python legend battles cancer". The Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_headline=python-legend-battles-cancer-&method=full&objectid=17968557&siteid=94762-name_page.html. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
- ^ "Python op. success". The Daily Mirror. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/topstories/tm_method=full%26objectid=17981084%26siteid=94762-name_page.html. Retrieved 5 November 2006.
- ^ Price, Richard. A baby on the way for Monty Python star Terry Jones and lover who's 41 years younger." The Daily Mail. 26 April 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ^ Singh, Anita (28 September 2009). "Monty Python star Terry Jones introduces baby Siri". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/6239693/Monty-Python-star-Terry-Jones-introduces-baby-Siri.html. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Jones, Terry. "Why grammar is the first casualty of war" The Daily Telegraph 1 December 2001
- ^ a b Pic reunites Monty Python members, a January 2012 Variety article
- ^ Terry Jones says Monty Pythons will reunite for film, a January 2012 BBC News article
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Terry Jones |
- Terry Jones on twitter
- Terry Jones at the Internet Movie Database
- Terry Jones at the BBC Guide to Comedy
- Terry Jones at the Comedy Zone
- MP3 audio interview with Jones from The Sound of Young America public radio program and podcast
- Interview with Terry Jones by Jeff Fleischer in Mother Jones. He talks about his politics columns.
- Text interview with Jones from Wisconsin Public Television. Jones talks about Monty Python's legacy and his more current work.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jones, Terry Graham Parry |
| Alternative names | Jones, Terry |
| Short description | British comedian |
| Date of birth | 1 February 1942 |
| Place of birth | Colwyn Bay, Wales |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Terry_Jones
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Terry Jones
http://es.wn.com/Terry Jones
http://ru.wn.com/Джонс, Терри (актёр)
http://nl.wn.com/Terry Jones
http://pt.wn.com/Terry Jones (ator)
http://pl.wn.com/Terry Jones
http://fr.wn.com/Terry Jones
http://de.wn.com/Terry Jones (Komiker)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Jones
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
