Dato' Seri Anwar bin Ibrahim (born 10 August 1947) is a Malaysian politician who served as Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister from 1993 to 1998.
Early in his career, Anwar was a close ally of Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad but subsequently emerged as the most prominent critic of Mahathir's government.
In 1999, he was sentenced to six years in prison for corruption, and in 2000, to another nine years for sodomy. In 2004, the Federal Court reversed the second conviction and he was released. In July 2008, he was arrested over allegations he sodomised one of his male aides, but was acquitted of the charge in January 2012.[1]
On 26 August 2008, Anwar won re-election in the Permatang Pauh by-election and returned to Parliament as leader of the Malaysian opposition. He has stated the need for liberalisation, including an independent judiciary and free media, to combat the endemic corruption that he considers pushes Malaysia close to failed state status.[2]
From 1968 to 1971, as a student, Anwar was the president of a Muslim students organisation, Persatuan Kebangsaan Pelajar Islam Malaysia (PKPIM). Around the same time, he was also the president of Persatuan Bahasa Melayu Universiti Malaya (PBMUM). He was one of the protem committee of Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) or Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia which was founded in 1971. He was also elected President of the Malaysian Youth Council or Majlis Belia Malaysia (MBM). In 1974, Anwar was arrested during student protests against rural poverty and hunger. This came as a report surfaced stating that a family died from starvation in a village in Baling, in the state of Kedah, despite the fact that it never happened. He was imprisoned under the Internal Security Act, which allows for detention without trial, and spent 20 months in the Kamunting Detention Centre.
In 1968–1971, he was first groomed in the National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students (Persatuan Kebangsaan Pelajar Islam Malaysia, PKPIM) as the president of the Union. In 1982, Anwar, who was the founding leader and second president of a youth Islamic organisation called Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM), shocked his liberal supporters by joining the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), led by Mahathir bin Mohamad, who had become prime minister in 1981. He moved up the political ranks quickly: his first ministerial office was that of Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in 1983; after that, he headed the agriculture ministry in 1984 before becoming Minister of Education in 1986. By then, speculation was rife about Anwar's ascent to the Deputy Prime Minister's position as it was a commonly-occurring phenomenon in Malaysia for the Education Minister to assume the position of Deputy PM in the near future.
During his tenure as Education Minister, Anwar introduced numerous pro-Malay policies in the national school curriculum. One of his major changes was to rename the national language from Bahasa Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu. Non-Malays criticised this move as it would cause the younger generation to be detached from the national language, since they would attribute it to being something that belongs to the Malays and not to Malaysians.
In 1991 Anwar was appointed Minister of Finance. In 1993, he became Mahathir's Deputy Prime Minister after winning the Deputy Presidency of UMNO against Ghafar Baba. There is report on Anwar using large cash payments to win support. Anwar is alleged to have resorted to money politics to secure his position as deputy president of UMNO. Anwar's followers were witnessed by even foreign journalists handing out packets of money to acquire support of UMNO division leaders. These followers are said to be working under Anwar's instructions.[3] Anwar was being groomed to succeed Mahathir as prime minister, and frequently alluded in public to his "son-father" relationship with Mahathir; in early 1997, Mahathir appointed Anwar to be acting Prime Minister while he took a two-month holiday.
Towards the end of the 1990s, however, the relationship with Mahathir had begun to deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance. In Mahathir's absence, Anwar had independently taken radical steps to improve the country's governing mechanisms which were in direct conflict with Mahathir's capitalist policies. Issues such as how Malaysia would respond to a financial crisis were often at the forefront of this conflict.
Anwar's frontal attack against what he described as the widespread culture of nepotism and cronyism within UMNO (and the ruling coalition as a whole) angered Mahathir, as did his attempts to dismantle the protectionist policies that Mahathir had set up. "Cronyism" was identified by Anwar as a major cause of corruption and misappropriation of funds in the country.
Since his release from prison, Anwar has held teaching positions at St Antony's College, Oxford, where he was a visiting fellow and senior associate member, at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in Washington DC as a Distinguished Senior Visiting Fellow, and in 2005–2006 as a visiting professor at the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, where he continues as a Senior Fellow.[4] In March 2006 he was appointed as Honorary President of the London-based organisation AccountAbility (Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility).[5]
In July 2006, Anwar was elected Chair of the Washington-based Foundation For the Future.[6] In this capacity, he signed the 1 October 2006 letter to Robin Cleveland of the World Bank, requesting the transfer of the secondment of Shaha Riza from the US Department of State to the Foundation for the Future. This transaction led to Paul Wolfowitz's resignation as president of the organisation.[7] He was one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You in 2007, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding.
During the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis Anwar, as finance minister, supported the International Monetary Fund (IMF) plan for recovery. He also instituted an austerity package that cut government spending by 18%, cut ministerial salaries and deferred major projects. "Mega projects", despite being a cornerstone of Mahathir's development strategy, were greatly curtailed.
Although many Malaysian companies faced bankruptcy, Anwar declared: "There is no question of any bailout. The banks will be allowed to protect themselves and the government will not interfere." Anwar advocated a free-market approach to the crisis, including foreign investment and trade liberalisation. Mahathir blamed currency speculators like George Soros and supported currency controls and tighter regulation of foreign investment.[8]
In 1998 Newsweek magazine named Anwar the "Asian of the Year". However, in that year, matters between Anwar and Mahathir came to a head around the time of the quadrennial UMNO General Assembly. The Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwar's associate Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, gave notice that it would initiate a debate on "cronyism and nepotism". At the General Assembly, a book, 50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM ("50 Reasons Why Anwar Cannot Become Prime Minister") was circulated containing graphic allegations as well as accusations of corruption against Anwar. The book was written by Khalid Jafri, an ex-editor of the government-controlled newspaper Utusan Malaysia and former editor-in-chief of a failed magazine, Harian National. Anwar obtained a court injunction to prevent further distribution of the book and filed a lawsuit against the author for defamation. Police charged the author of the book with malicious publishing of false news.[9] Among the allegations in the book was that Anwar is homosexual. The police were instructed to investigate the veracity of the claims. In what the Sydney Morning Herald termed a "blatantly political fix-up",[10] Anwar was charged with sodomy and corruption and was convicted of both and given a 15-year prison sentence.
While he was in police custody in 1998, Anwar was beaten by the then Inspector General of Police, Rahim Noor. Rahim was subsequently found guilty of assault and jailed for two months in 2000. He made a public apology to Anwar and paid undisclosed damages.[11]
In 1999, Anwar brought suit against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly uttering accusations of immoral acts and calling Anwar a homosexual at a news conference in Malaysia.[12]
The sodomy verdict was partially overturned in 2004, resulting in Anwar's release from prison as he had already served his sentence for the corruption offence.[13] The original author of the book died in 2005 of complications from diabetes but not before the High Court found that he had committed libel and awarded Anwar millions of ringgit in compensation.[14] The Federal Court on 8 March 2010 ruled that the 1998 dismissal of Anwar from his Cabinet posts by Mahathir was constitutional and valid, meaning Anwar had failed in his bid to challenge his sacking.[15][16][17]
Although the point was by now moot, an appeal on the corruption charges was heard on 6 September 2004. Under Malaysian law a person is banned from political activities for five years after the end of his sentence. Success in this appeal would have allowed him to return to politics immediately. On 7 September, the court agreed to hear Anwar's appeal. However, on 15 September, the of Court of Appeal ruled unanimously that its previous decision to uphold a High Court ruling that found Anwar guilty was in order, relegating Anwar to the sidelines of Malaysian politics until 14 April 2008. The only way for Anwar to be freed from this stricture would have been for him to receive a pardon from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
In November 2006, Anwar announced he planned to run for Parliament in 2008, after his disqualification expired. Anwar has been critical of government policies since his release from prison, most notably of the controversial New Economic Policy (NEP), which provides affirmative action for the Bumiputras. The policy sets a number of quotas, such as for units of housing and initial public offerings, that must be met.[18]
Before he became re-entitled to run for Parliament in 2008, he acted as an "advisor" of Parti Keadilan Rakyat, the party of which his wife Dr. Wan Azizah is president. He was in the forefront in organising a November 2007 mass rally, called the 2007 Bersih Rally, which took place in the Dataran Merdeka Kuala Lumpur to demand clean and fair elections. The gathering was organised by BERSIH, a coalition comprising political parties and civil society groups, and drew supporters from all over the country.
The 2008 election date, however, was set for 8 March 2008, sparking criticisms that Barisan Nasional called for early elections in a bid to deny Anwar's plans for a return to Parliament. In response, Anwar's wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, declared that she would step down should she retain her Permatang Pauh parliamentary seat to force a by-election in which Anwar himself would contest.[19]
The 'Big Three Of Pakatan Rakyat'. (From left: Lim, Anwar, Abdul Hadi)
When asked about the possibility of Anwar becoming the next Prime Minister, former leader Tun Dr. Mahathir reacted by saying, "He would make a good Prime Minister of Israel".[20]
On 14 April 2008, Anwar celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was fired as Deputy Prime Minister. One of the main reasons the opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst ever showing for the Barisan Nasional coalition that has ruled for half a century, was due to him leading at the helm.[21] A gathering of more than 1,000 supporters greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming his return to politics. Police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly two hours and called for him to stop the gathering since there was no legal permission for the rally.[22]
On 29 April 2008, after 10 years of absence, he returned to the Parliament, albeit upon invitation as a spouse guest of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, People's Justice Party and the first female opposition leader in Malaysian Parliament's history.[23]
Anwar Ibrahim was victorious in the Permatang Pauh by-election held on 26 August 2008. Muhammad Muhammad Taib, information chief of the UMNO, stated: "Yes of course we have lost . . . we were the underdogs going into this race."[24] Anwar won by a large majority against Arif Shah Omar Shah of the Barisan Nasional coalition, according to Election Commission officials.[25] Reuters reported "Anwar Ibrahim has won with a majority of 16,210 votes"; according to news website Malaysiakini, Anwar won 26,646 votes, while the government's Arif Omar won 10,436 votes.[26] People's Justice Party spokeswoman Ginie Lim told the BBC: "We won already. We are far ahead."[27]
Final results announced by the Election Commission revealed that Anwar Ibrahim won 31,195 of the estimated 47,000 votes cast in the district, while Arif Shah Omar Shah received 15,524 votes and a third candidate had 92 votes.[28][29]
On 28 August 2008, Anwar, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black "songkok" hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared Anwar the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his daughter Nurul Izzah Anwar, also a parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation."[30][31] At that time Anwar needed 30 government lawmakers to defect to the Opposition in order to form the next government.[32][33][34]
Anwar Ibrahim speaks at an election campaign
Anwar continued to attack Najib first day as prime minister, stating he found inconsistencies in the latter's decision to release 13 Internal Security Act detainees. He said as long as the ISA existed, Barisan Nasional could still detain citizens at will.[35]
Anwar has already missed several deadlines he himself set for the transfer of power, each of which came and went: the most recent was Tuesday 16 September 2008.[36] Anwar said he would need more time, and the recalibration of his message has not gone unnoticed: Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak chose that day to initiate a broadband internet program Anwar opposes, saying that he had not doubted that the government would still be in office on 16 September.[37] Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi too pointed out that Anwar had missed his own deadline, and dismissed his claim to have secured the defection of 30 MPs.[38]
By 25 September Anwar had still not amassed enough votes, creating doubts for Malaysians about whether he was really ready to take power,[39] particularly in light of his failure to meet his own 16 September deadline for the transition of power. In the interim, UMNO had its own party meeting[40][41] to broker Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's step down from power in June 2009, a year earlier than previously promised[42]
On 24 October 2008, Anwar admitted problems with his stalled bid to topple the UMNO's majority, saying that Pakatan Rakyat is running out of options to create a majority.[43] His "credibility among ordinary Malaysians has been somewhat dented after Sept 16 and the new promise of forming the Government has not generated the sort of anticipation or excitement as before."[44] Media within the country have taken an increasingly hostile view towards Anwar's protestations and failed threats to assemble a majority government.[45]
On 30 March 2010, Anwar Ibrahim alleged in the Dewan Rakyat the 1Malaysia was mirrored after “One Israel” concept and designed by Mindteams Sdn Bhd, a branch in Malaysia of Apco Worldwide, an international public relations company engaged by the Malaysian government that also created the One Israel concept in 1999 for then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak.[46] Barisan Nasional government has claimed it was false and its lawmakers have tabled a motion to censure Anwar for misleading the Parliament over his 1Malaysia-One Israel allegations which was passed by the Parliament on 22 April 2010.[47]
On 29 June 2008, online news portal Malaysiakini reported that an aide of Anwar Ibrahim had lodged a police report claiming that he had been sodomised by Anwar.[48] Anwar said that the possibility of a prison sentence as a result of the allegations could be seen as an attempt to remove him from the leadership of the opposition following his growing support and by-election victories. He also reaffirmed his innocence and cited evidence in the form of medical reports.[2] Anwar was found not guilty on 9 January 2012, almost two years after the trial started. The presiding judge Justice Mohamad Zabidin Mohd Diah found that the DNA evidence submitted by the prosecution was unreliable, and acquitted Anwar.[49] Eleven days later, the prosecution filed an appeal against the acquittal.[50]
On 21 March 2011 a sex video appeared which claimed to feature Anwar Ibrahim. A day after that, Anwar Ibrahim denied his involvement in the incident and filed a police complaint.[51] The police are currently conducting investigations against a trio of men dubbed the Datuk T trio, who screened the sex video in the first place. They are former Malacca chief minister Tan Sri Abdul Rahim Thamby Chik, businessman Datuk Shazryl Eskay Abdullah and former Perkasa treasurer Datuk Shuaib Lazim.[52][53]
Salahuddin Ayub vice president of the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party ruled out suspending ties with Pakatan Rakyat stating that,"Everything is wrong about the whole scandal. The way the video was revealed was wrong and watching it is wrong. Islam does not accept this,".[54] However the chief of PAS's Ulama council has stated that if the video is authentic they would consider reviewing ties with PKR.[54] Lim Kit Siang, head of the Democratic Action Party stated that the Barisan Nasional reached "new depths in character assassination" and that the scandal was manufactured just in time for the Sarawak Elections.[54] Chairman of UMNO's youth wing, Khairy Jamaluddin stated that the Barisan National never said that it was Anwar in the video, and that it was odd that the opposition automatically took a defensive attitude.[55] Barisan Nasional MP, Abdul Rahman Dahlan stated that the matter should remain personal, and not be used for political purposes.[55] On 4 April, part of the sex clip with a running time of nearly two minutes, was leaked online on anti-PKR blogsites and YouTube. A second part of the sex video was released on YouTube and a pro-UMNO blog website.[56][57] The police and the government have been criticised for their slow response by the opposition in prosecuting the culprits who showed the sex video.
Anwar has made numerous remarks about a supposed conspiracy among the Malaysian government, APCO (a public relations firm retained by the Malaysian government), Israel, and the United States. Anwar has condemned the Malaysian government for seeking advice from APCO. He claims that the firm is linked to the “murder of Muslims in Palestine.” He further claims to have given proof that APCO is a front for the Israeli government to a disciplinary committee of the Malaysian parliament investigating his comments. On another occasion, Anwar, speaking from the parliament, claimed that the firm was controlled by Jews and working on behalf of the American government to influence Malaysian foreign policy. He further implied that changes in Malaysian foreign policy could only be explained if Jews were manipulating Malaysia for the United States.[58]
On 22 April 2010 Anwar was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30 March 2010. During the press conference, Anwar claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia, One Israel, and the public relations firm APCO but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged[46] The Malaysian government and APCO have both strongly denied Anwar's allegations. The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred Anwar's case to the Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend a punishment for approval by the full chamber. Such punishment could include being banned from parliament.[47][59][60] However Anwar retaliated against the Malaysian government attacks by producing the two documents to back up his statements and refute the government's denials of links between APCO and 1Malaysia.[59][60]
In a press conference at the London School of Economics Anwar made comments about Zionists and "nasty Jews". In the press conference he also stated that, "There are good Jews, there are bad Jews, there are good Muslims and bad Muslims."[61]
In May 2010, B'nai B'rith International, a prominent Jewish human rights organisation condemned Anwar in a letter to the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, claiming that Anwar was a "purveyor of anti-Jewish hatred" and asked the American government to suspend all contact with Anwar.[62]
In Malaysia, Anwar has often been mocked for having "Jewish friends." Najib's mentor and predecessor, Mahathir, even went so far as to say Anwar "would make a good prime minister for Israel." In return, Anwar seized Najib's hiring of APCO as a chance to issue inflammatory remarks on the firm's supposed ties to Israel.
In an interview with the Wall Street Journal, Anwar Ibrahim stated, "I think our policy should be clear--protect the security [of Israel] but you must be as firm in protecting the legitimate interests of the Palestinians."[citation needed]
This comment sparked an array of criticism from Malaysia's ruling party, UMNO. UMNO member of parliament, Khairy Jamaluddin, stated that Anwar's comments "show a blanket support for anything Israel does" and that "The issue of Palestine is a top foreign policy priority for my party, it would be an issue during the election year or otherwise ... timing doesn’t matter.".[63]
Former Prime Minister Mohammad said he was not surprised by Anwar's comments, and stated with regard to Ibrahim's relationship with the Jewish community, "You can't be friendly with them and against them".[64]
The opposition party PAS stated that it would respond to Anwar's comments on February 12.[65]
In response, Anwar stated, "I am issuing a stern warning to anyone trying to twist my statement just so that they can say that I have betrayed the aspirations of the Palestinian people" and that his party's stance is "is to defend the rights of whoever it is that has been victimized".[66]
Anwar was born in Cherok Tok Kun, a village on the mainland side of the northern Malaysian state of Penang, to a local hospital porter, Ibrahim Abdul Rahman (later to join politics and retire as Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Health) and Che Yan, a housewife (and later UMNO politician). He undertook his secondary education at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar. He was educated at the University of Malaya, where he read Malay Studies.
He is married to Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail and they have four daughters and a son. His eldest daughter, Nurul Izzah Anwar, is also a member of Parliament.
Articles
- "Radical Islam in Southeast Asia" (password required) Far Eastern Economic Review, November 2006, 60th Anniversary Issue. Published in Arabic[67][68][69] and in al-Bayane al-Youm (Morocco) on 1 January 2007.
- "Accountability and the Future of Freedom" Islamica Magazine, Issue No. 16, Winter 2006.
- "Universal Values and Muslim Democracy" Journal of Democracy, July 2005. Published in Arabic[70][71][72][73][74][75]
- "Political Accountability and the Moral Imperative" Accountability Forum, Issue 7, Fall 2005
- "On Shah Wali Allah's Socio-Political Thought and Ibn Hazm's Kitab al-Fasl fi al-Milal wa al-Ahwa' wa al-Nihal." In Islamic Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 371–377.
- "The Quest for Social Justice" Global Agenda Magazine, January 2005
Op-ed
Speeches
- "Anwar Ibrahim on Egypt and Tunisia" Asia Society, 8 February 2011, New York City
- "The Central Role of Governance and Accountability in Achieving Development Goals in the 21st century" Inter-American Development Bank Forum on the Americas, 7 December 2006, Washington DC.
- “The Challenges of Islam and Democracy” University of Chicago, 8 November 2006.
- "Democracy and the Muslim World" Stanford University, 11 October 2006.
- "Democracy, Human Rights, and the Destiny of Southeast Asia" Severyns-Ravenholt Lecture at the University of Washington, 10 October 2006
- "Islam & Democracy" Center for Democratic Institutions Annual Address, Canberra, Australia, 20 July 2006.
- "Between Tyranny and Freedom: A Brief Voyage with the Bard" World Shakespeare Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 19 July 2006[84]
- "Accountability and the Future of Freedom" Presidential Fellows Lecture at the World Bank in Washington DC 19 June 2006
- "Islam and Democracy" Keynote address at World Movement for Democracy Fourth Assembly, Istanbul, Turkey, 2 April 2006
- "Freedom or Sharia" Columbia University, 30 January 2006
- "The Future of Muslim Democracy" 1 December 2005
- "The Challenges of Islam and Democracy" Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, 7 November 2005
- "The United States and the Muslim World" Asia Society Keynote Address delivered at SAIS in Washington DC, 18 April 2005
- "Between Force and Persuasion" Keynote Address at Inaugural Session of the Conference "Inter-Civilisational Dialogue in a Globalising World", New Delhi, India, 8 April 2005
- Anwar Ibrahim's speeches from 1990s posted at The Institute for Policy Research
- UNESCO General Council On the occasion of Anwar Ibrahim's election to the presidency of the 25th Session, Paris, 17 October 1989
Interviews
- "Interview with Anwar Ibrahim" The Diplomat, 9 September 2009
- "A Talk with Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim" BusinessWeek, 10 April 2007.
- "Anwar’s ‘new’ agenda" The Star, 8 April 2007.
- "Malaysian Pledges to Defy Ban on His Return to Politics" Washington Post, Page A14, 5 April 2007.
- "Anwar Ibrahim: An Optimist of Freedom and Democracy" The Jakarta Post, 31 January 2007.
- "Islam and Democracy" A discussion with Saad el-Din Ibrahim" "One-on-One" hosted by Riz Khan, Al-Jazeera English, 30 November 2006
- Bloomberg News Interview with Kathleen Hayes Bloomberg TV, 29 November 2006
- "Saying no to corruption" Fortune Magazine, 23 October 2006
- "Anwar returns: the public reinvention of Malaysia's former deputy PM" Radio Free Australia, 24 July 2006
- "Anwar bin Ibrahim's political rollercoaster"] Worldview Magazine, Summer 2006, Issue 42.
- "Islam in Southeast Asia" Interview by Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, 7 April 2006
- Foreign Exchange interview hosted by Fareed Zakaria (Scroll to middle of page for transcript) 4 November 2005
- Interview with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty From the "Forum 2000" Meeting in Prague, 11 October 2005
- "HardTALK" with Stephen Sackur, 2005
Articles
- ^ *"Anwar Ibrahim found not guilty of sodomy". Aljazeera. 9 January 2012. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2012/01/201219295952572.html. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Interview with Anwar Ibrahim". The-diplomat.com. http://the-diplomat.com/2009/09/09/interview-with-anwar-ibrahim. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ Ian Stewart, The Mahathir Legacy: A Nation Divided, a Region at Risk, Allen & Unwin, 2003, p 22-24 :"(Anwar) used ... large cash payments to win enough support to secure the position of UMNO deputy president and replace veteran leader Ghafar Baba as deputy prime minister.... Anwar used the payment and patronage system to his advantage.... Anwar's followers — as witnessed by myself and other journalists- were handing out packets of money to acquire support of UMNO division leaders in his 1993 campaign against Ghafar Baba... They were not only working for Anwar but under his instructions."
- ^ Anwar Ibrahim http://acmcu.georgetown.edu/119089.html
- ^ "AccountAbility". http://www.accountability.org/. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
- ^ Foundation for the Future Holds its First Board Meeting in Doha, Qatar. Foundation for the Future. 15 July 2006
- ^ Ethics Committee Case No2 and President's Paper, p.102, 2 Jun 2005, World Bank
- ^ "soros public enemy&st=cse&pagewanted=1". The New York Times. 6 December 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/06/business/he-s-seen-the-enemy-it-looks-like-him.html?scp=5&sq=george. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Judge gives reasons for ruling in favour of Anwar". Daily Express (UK). 26 January 2005. http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=32237. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
- ^ Hartcher, Peter (23 February 2010). "Outdated political thuggery embarrasses Malaysia". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/outdated-political-thuggery-embarrasses-malaysia-20100222-ornl.html.
- ^ "Apology ends Anwar's suit over beating". nytimes.com. 4 August 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/world/asia/03iht-malaysia.html. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Anwar vs Dr M: Two of three judges recuse themselves (Updated)". The Star. 1 March 2010. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/3/1/nation/20100301133142&sec=nation. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "Court to allow Anwar appeal". BBC News. 7 September 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3633336.stm. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
- ^ "What is RM100 million?". Malaysian Insider. 28 May 2009. http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/opinion/jameschin/27869-what-is-rm100-million. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
- ^ "Court: Anwar's sacking from cabinet posts is valid". The Malay Mail. 8 March 2010. http://www.mmail.com.my/content/29538-court-anwars-sacking-cabinet-posts-valid. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ "Anwar's Sacking From Cabinet Posts In 1998 Is Valid, Federal Court Rules". Bernama. 8 March 2010. http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsindex.php?id=480510. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ "Update Anwar's sacking was lawful, rules Federal Court". TheEdge. 8 March 2010. http://www.theedgemalaysia.com/political-news/161024-anwars-sacking-was-lawful-rules-federal-court-.html. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
- ^ Malaysia's Anwar Says He Plans to Run for Parliament. 30 November 2006, Bloomberg.
- ^ Wan Azizah declares she is Anwar proxy. 25 February 2008. Channel NewsAsia
- ^ "When Mahathir lashes out at Anwar, will it catch fire?" 31 March 2008, The Malaysian Insider.
- ^ "Malaysian opposition leader Anwar marks end of political ban", AFP, 14 April 2008.
- ^ Malaysia Police Halt Anwar Speech, AFP (via Foxnews), 14 April 2008.
- ^ Malaysia's Anwar returns to Parliament, Associated Press, 29 April 2008.
- ^ "Malaysian government declares by-election defeat to Anwar". Thestandard.com.hk. 26 March 2008. http://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking_news_detail.asp?id=4470&icid=4&d_str=20080826. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Malaysia's Anwar wins by landslide in election". monstersandcritics.com. 26 August 2008. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1427001.php/Malaysia_s_Anwar_wins_by_landslide_in_election_Urgent. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Website says Anwar wins Malaysia vote with big majority". Uk.reuters.com. 26 August 2008. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/08/26/uk-malaysia-anwar-idUKKLR31057520080826. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
- ^ "Anwar Ibrahim wins landslide vote". BBC News. 26 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7581446.stm. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "Malaysia's Anwar wins Parliament seat". Pr-inside.com. http://www.pr-inside.com/malaysia-s-anwar-wins-parliament-seat-r773685.htm. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ Malaysia's Anwar wins seat in parliament. ap.google.com. 26 August 2008
- ^ Malaysia's Anwar returns to parliament. AFP Google. 27 August 2008
- ^ Aziz, Faisal (28 August 2008). "NEWSMAKER – Malaysia Anwar sworn in, ends political exile". In.reuters.com. http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/08/28/idINIndia-35210120080828. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ "afp.google.com/article, Malaysia's Anwar returns to parliament". AFP Google. 27 August 2008. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jl2uOGMOucxq_mE5rD3BAogvtmmQ. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ theedgedaily.com, 28 August 2008: Anwar sworn in, appointed as Opposition Leader[dead link]
- ^ "Anwar rejoins Malaysia parliament, heads opposition". Reuters (via Express India). 28 August 2008. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Anwar-rejoins-Malaysias-Parliament-heads-Opposition/354445/. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
- ^ "Anwar still finds Najib wanting". The Malaysian Insider. 4 April 2009. http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/Anwar-still-finds-Najib-wanting/. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
- ^ "Anwar fails to form next Government". AsiaThisWeek. 16 September 2008. http://www.asiathisweek.com/index.php?module=articles&func=display&ptid=9&aid=3687. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
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Sarawak 
