Professor John T. Koch is an American academic, historian and linguist who specializes in Celtic studies, especially prehistory and the early Middle Ages.^[1]

He is a graduate of Harvard University, where he was awarded the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. in Celtic Languages and Literatures in 1983 and 1985 respectively. In addition, he has also pursued studies at Jesus College, Oxford, and the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.^[1] He has taught Celtic Studies at Harvard University and Boston College.^[1]

Since 1998, he has been senior research fellow or Reader at the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, where he has supervised a research project focusing on Celtic Languages and Cultural Identity.^[1] One of the offshoots of this project is the publication An Atlas for Celtic studies (2007).

He has published widely on aspects of early Irish and Welsh language, literature and history. His works include The Celtic Heroic Age (first published in 1994, 4th edition in 2003), in collaboration with John Carey; The Gododdin of Aneirin (1997), an edition, translation and discussion of the early Welsh poem Y Gododdin; and numerous articles published in books and journals. A grammar of Old Welsh and a book on the historical Taliesin are in the works.^[1]

In 2007, John Koch received a personal chair at the University of Wales.^[2]

Koch supervises (as Senior Fellow and Project Leader) the University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies Ancient Britain and the Atlantic Zone Project (Ireland, Armorica, and the Iberian Peninsula).^[3] In 2008, Professor Koch gave the O'Donnell Lecture at Aberystwyth University titled People called Keltoi, the La Tène Style, and ancient Celtic languages: the threefold Celts in the light of geography.^[4][5] In 2009, Professor Koch published a paper Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History detailing how the Tartessian language may have been the earliest directly arrested Celtic language with the Tartessian written script used in the inscriptions based on a version of a Phoenician script in use around 825 BC.^[6]

Works[link]

• An Atlas for Celtic Studies: Archaeology and Names in Ancient Europe and Early Medieval Ireland, Britain, and Brittany (Oxford: Oxbow: 2007)
• Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia (5 vols., Santa Barbara and Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2006), pp. xxviii + 2128. ISBN (print) 1–85109–440–7, (e-book) 1–85109–445–8
• "Why Was Welsh Literature First Written Down?" In Medieval Celtic Literature and Society, ed. H. Fulton (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005), 15–31. ISBN 1-85182-928-8
• "De sancto Iudicaelo rege Historia and Its Implications for the Welsh Taliesin", in Heroic Poets and Poetic Heroes in Celtic Tradition: A Festschrift for Patrick K. Ford, eds. Joseph Falaky Nagy and Leslie Ellen Jones, CSANA Yearbook 3–4 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005).
• "Celts, Britons, and Gaels – Names, Peoples, and Identities", Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion NS 9 (2003)
• "Some Thoughts on Ethnic Identity, Cultural Pluralism, and the Future of Celtic Studies", in Retrospect and Prospect in Celtic Studies: Proc. 11th International Congress of Celtic Studies 25–31 July 1999, eds. M. Herbert and K. Murray (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003. ISBN 1-85182-770-6
• "Marwnad Cunedda a Diwedd y Brydain Rufeinig [‘The elegy of Cunedda’ and the end of Roman Britain]", in Yr Hen Iaith: Studies in Early Welsh Language before 1500, ed. Paul Russell (Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications, 2003). ISBN 1-891271-10-5
• "The Early Chronology for St Patrick (c.351–c.428): Some New Ideas and Possibilities", in Celtic Hagiography and Saints' Cults, ed. Jane Cartwright (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003)
• "Celtoscepticism: Some Intellectual Sources and Ideological Implications", Indo-European Studies Bulletin 9.2 (2001)
• (co-editor), The Inscriptions of Early Medieval Brittany - Les inscriptions de la Bretagne du Haut Moyen Âge (Aberystwyth, 2000)
• "On the Origins of the Old Irish Terms Goídil and Goídelc", in Origins and Revivals: Proceedings of the First Australian Conference of Celtic Studies, eds. G. Evans, B. K. Martin and J. W. Wooding, Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 3 (Sydney: Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney, 2000). ISBN 1-86487-380-9, 3–16.
• "Ovania and /wu-/, /wo-/ < Celtic /wo-/, /we-/ (,/wi-/) in Pictish", in Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297: Essays in honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the occasion of her ninetieth birthday, ed. Simon Taylor (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000)
• "Fled Bricrenn in its Broader Celtic Context", in Fled Bricrenn: Reassessments, ed. Pádraig ÓRiain, Irish Texts Society Subsidiary Series 10 (Dublin, 2000)
• "The Place of Y Gododdin in the History of Scotland", in Celtic Connections: Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Celtic Studies, Vol. 1. Language, Literature, History, Culture, ed. R.Black, W. Gillies, R. Ó Maolalaigh (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1999)
• "A Swallowed Onomastic Tale in Cath Maige Mucrama?", in Ildánach Ildírech: A Festschrift for Proinsias MacCana (1999), pp. 63–80.
• The Gododdin of Aneirin: Texts and Context from Dark-Age North Britain (Historical Introduction, Reconstructed Text, Translation, Notes) (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1997) curity and the Figure of Taliesin’, Medievalia, XIX (1996 [for 1993])
• "Some Thoughts on the Gaulish Inscription from Larzac", in Die grösseren altkeltischen Sprachdenkmäler, Akten des Kolloquiums Innsbruck 29 April–3 Mai 1993, eds. W. Meid, P. Anreiter (Innsbruck, 1996)
• "When a Seanchaidhe is not a Seanchaidhe and a Paddy is not a Paddy" [essay on Erskine Nicol’s painting The Seanchaidhe], in America’s Eye: Essay’s on the Irish Paintings in the Collection of Brian Burns, ed. A. Dalsimer and V. Kreilkamp (Boston, 1996)
• "The Celtic Lands" in Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research, ed. N. Lacy (New York, 1996)
• "Further Thoughts on Indo-European gwhin Celtic", in Hispano-Gallo-Brittonica: Essays in honour of D. E. Evans on his sixty-fifth birthday, eds. J. F. Eska, R. Geraint Gruffydd, Nicolas Jacobs (Cardiff and Dublin, 1995)
• "The Conversion of Ireland and the Emergence of the Old Irish Language, AD 367–637", Emania 13 (1995), 39–50
• "Windows on the Iron Age, 1964–1994", in Ulidia: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Ulster Cycle of Tales, eds. J. P. Mallory and G. Stockmon (Belfast, 1994)
• "Thoughts on the Ur-Gododin: Rethinking Aneirin and Mynydawc Mwynvawr", Language Sciences 15.2 (1993)
• "Gallo-Brittonic Tasc(i)ouanos "Badger-slayer" and the Reflex of Indo-European *gwh", Journal of Celtic Linguistics 1 (1992)
• "Gallo-Brittonic vs. Insular Celtic: The Interrelationships of the Celtic Languages Reconsidered", in Bretagne et pays celtiques – langues, histoire, civilisation: Mélanges offerts à la mémoire de Léon Fleuriot, eds. Gw. Le Menn, J.-Y. Le Moing (Saint-Brieuc and Rennes, 1992)
• "Further to tongu do dia toinges mo thuath [“I swear to the god to whom my tribe swears”], &c.", Études celtiques 29 (1992) 249–61
• "On the Prehistory of Brittonic Syntax", in Studies in Brythonic Word Order, eds. J. Fife and E. Poppe, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory lxxxiii (Amsterdam, 1991)
• "Ériu, Alba, Letha: When Was a Language Ancestral to Gaelic First Spoken in Ireland?", Emania 9 (1991 [‘Focus on the Origins of the Irish’])
• "Gleanings from the Gododdin and Other Early Welsh Texts", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 38 (1991)
• "Thoughts On Celtic Philology and Philologists", Comparative Literature Studies 27.1 (1990)
• "Cothairche, Esposito’s Theory, and Neo-Celtic Lenition" [re. the historical St. Patrick], in Britain 400–600: Language and History, eds. A. Bammesberger, A. Wollmann (Heidelberg, 1990)
• "Brân, Brennos: An Instance of Early Gallo-Brittonic History and Mythology", Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 20 (winter 1990)
• "Some Etymologies Reflecting on the Mythology in the Mabinogi", Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 9 (1990)
• "Neo-Brittonic Spirants from Old Celtic Geminates", Ériu 40 (1989)
• "The Cynfeirdd Poetry and the Language of the Sixth Century", in Early Welsh Poetry: Studies in the Book of Aneirin, ed. Brynley F. Roberts (Aberystwyth; National Library of Wales, 1988)
• "Prosody and the Old Celtic Verbal Complex", Ériu 38 (1987)
• "llawr en assed: the Laureate Hero in the War-chariot (C[anu] A[neirin] 932): Some Recollections of the Iron Age in the Gododdin", Études celtiques 24 (1987)
• "A Welsh Window on the Iron Age: Manawydan, Mandubracios", Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 14 (Winter, 1987)
• "New Thoughts on Albion, Ierne, and the “Pretanic Isles”: Part I" [on the oldest names for Britain and Ireland], Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 6-7 (1986–87)
• "When Was Welsh Literature First Written Down?", Studia Celtica 20-21 (1985–86)
• "Emphasis and Movement in Gaulish", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 32 (1985)
• "gwydanhor, gwydyanhawr, clywanhor", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 31 (1984)
• "The Sentence in Gaulish", Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 3 (1983)
• "Mor Terwyn", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 30.3–4 (1983)
• "The Loss of Final Syllables and Loss of Declen sion in Brittonic", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 30.3–4 (1983)
• "Gaulish eti-c, eqqi-c < Indo-European *esti-kwe?", Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 2 (1982)
• "The Loss of Final Syllables and Loss of Declension in Brittonic", Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 1 (1981)
• "The Stone of the Weni-kones [= maen gwynngwn (CA 83)]", Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 39.1 (1980)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Personal webpage, University of Wales.

John Cena
John Cena, 2008
Ring name(s)	John Cena[1]
Billed height	6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)[2]
Billed weight	251 lb (114 kg)[2]
Born	(1977-04-23) April 23, 1977 (age 35)[3] West Newbury, Massachusetts[2]
Resides	Tampa, Florida[4]
Billed from	Classified (UPW)[5] West Newbury, Massachusetts (WWE)[2]
Trained by	Ultimate Pro Wrestling[5] Ohio Valley Wrestling[6]
Debut	2001[6]

John Felix Anthony Cena^[7] (/ˈsiːnə/; born April 23, 1977)^[3] is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is currently signed to WWE as a member of its Raw brand.^[8]

In WWE, Cena has won 19 championships in total, including 12 world titles (having won the WWE Championship a record 10 times^[9] and the World Heavyweight Championship twice). In addition, Cena has also won the WWE United States Championship three times,^[10] and is a four-time Tag Team Champion, having held the World Tag Team Championship twice (once each with Shawn Michaels and Batista),^[11] and the WWE Tag Team Championship twice (once each with David Otunga and The Miz). Cena also won the 2008 Royal Rumble match, and is a two-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner (2009 and 2010).^[12] He also has the fourth highest number of combined days as WWE Champion behind Bob Backlund, Hulk Hogan and Bruno Sammartino.

Cena started his professional wrestling career in 2000, wrestling for Ultimate Pro Wrestling, where he held the UPW Heavyweight Championship. In 2001, Cena signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) where he held the OVW Heavyweight Championship and the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (with Rico Constantino).

Outside of wrestling, Cena has released the rap album You Can't See Me, which debuted at No.15 on the US Billboard 200 chart, and starred in the feature films The Marine (2006), 12 Rounds (2009), and Legendary (2010).^[13] Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt, Deal or No Deal, MADtv, Saturday Night Live, Punk'd, and Psych. Cena was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race, where he made it to the final round before being eliminated, placing third in the overall competition.

Early life[link]

John Cena was born April 23, 1977, in West Newbury, Massachusetts,^[3] the son of Carol and John Cena, Sr.^[14] He is the second eldest of five brothers – Dan, Matt, Steve, and Sean.^[15] After graduating from Cushing Academy, Cena attended Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts.^[16] In college he was a Division III All-American center on the college football team,^[17] wearing the number 54,^[16] which is still used on some of his WWE merchandise.^[18][19] He graduated from Springfield in 1998 with a degree in exercise physiology,^[20] after which he pursued a career in bodybuilding,^[21][22] and also worked as a chauffeur for a limousine company.^[23]

Professional wrestling career[link]

Training (2000–2001)[link]

UPW[link]

Cena started training to become a professional wrestler in 2000 at the California-based "Ultimate University" operated by Ultimate Pro Wrestling. Once he was placed into an in-ring role, Cena began using a semi-robotic character known as The Prototype.^[24][25] Some of this period of his career was documented in the Discovery Channel program Inside Pro Wrestling School.^[26] While in UPW, Cena held the UPW Heavyweight Championship for just shy of a month in April 2000.^[27]

OVW[link]

In 2001, he signed a developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was assigned to its developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW).^[28] During his time there, Cena wrestled as both The Prototype and Mr. P, and held the OVW Heavyweight Championship for three months and the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (with Rico Constantino) for two months.^[29][30][31]

World Wrestling Entertainment[link]

Debut (2002–2004)[link]

Cena performing an FU (now "Attitude Adjustment") to Kurt Angle.

Cena made his television debut answering an open challenge by Kurt Angle on June 27, 2002.^[32] Inspired by a speech given by WWE Chairman Vince McMahon to the rising stars of the company, exhorting them to show "ruthless aggression" to earn a place among the legends, Cena took advantage of the opportunity to face Angle. Cena managed to counter the Angle Slam and the ankle lock submission hold,^[33] but ultimately lost to a hard amateur wrestling-style pin.^[33] Following the near-win, Cena became a fan favorite and started feuding with Chris Jericho, defeating Jericho at Vengeance.^[32] In October, Cena and Billy Kidman took part in a tag team tournament to crown the first WWE Tag Team Champions of the SmackDown! brand, losing in the first round.^[34] The next week, Cena turned on and attacked Kidman, blaming him for their loss, becoming a villain.^[32]

Shortly after the Kidman attack, on a Halloween themed episode of SmackDown, Cena dressed as Vanilla Ice performing a freestyle rap.^[32] The next week, Cena received a new character: a rapper who cut promos while rhyming.^[32] As the gimmick grew, Cena began adopting a variant of the 1980s WWF logo – dropping the "F" – as his "signature symbol", along with the slogan "Word Life".^[35] Moreover, he was joined by an enforcer, Bull Buchanan, who was rechristened B-2 (also written B² and pronounced "B-Squared").^[32] Buchanan was later replaced by Red Dogg,^[32] until he was sent to the Raw brand in February.

For the first half of 2003, Cena sought the WWE Championship and chased the reigning champion, Brock Lesnar, performing weekly "freestyles" challenging him to matches.^[36][37][38] During the feud, Cena unveiled a new finishing maneuver: the FU, a Fireman's carry powerslam, named to Brock Lesnar's F-5, with his first victim being Rikishi.^[39] Cena won a number one contenders tournament against Lesnar at Backlash. However, Cena was defeated by Lesnar. At Vengeance Cena lost a singles match against The Undertaker.^[32][40] At the end of the year, Cena became a fan favorite again when he joined Kurt Angle as a member of his team at Survivor Series.^[41][42]

United States and WWE Champion (2004–2005)[link]

Cena, wearing his customized U.S. Championship belt

In early 2004, Cena participated in the Royal Rumble match at the 2004 Royal Rumble,^[43] making it to the final six before being eliminated by Big Show and the Match being won by Chris Benoit.^[44] The Royal Rumble elimination led to a feud with Big Show,^[45][46] which Cena won the United States Championship from Big Show at WrestleMania XX.^[47] During his reign, Cena came into contention with SmackDown General Manager Kurt Angle over issues arising with René Duprée and Torrie Wilson.^[48] The reign ended almost four months later, when he was stripped of the belt on July 8 by Angle after he accidentally knocked him over, thus attacking an official.^[49] Cena won the championship back defeating Booker T in a best of five series that culminated at No Mercy,^[50] only to lose it to the debuting Carlito Caribbean Cool the next week.^[51] After the loss to Carlito, the duo began a feud, which Cena was stabbed in the kidney while at a Boston-area nightclub by Carlito's bodyguard, Jesús.^[52][53] This worked injury was used to keep Cena out of action for a month, while Cena was filming The Marine.^[30] Immediately on his return in November, Cena won the United States Championship back from Carlito debuting a "custom made" spinner-style championship belt.^[54][55]

Cena took part in the 2005 Royal Rumble match, making it to the final two. Cena and Raw brand wrestler Batista went over the top rope at the same time, ostensibly ending the match. Vince McMahon, however, appeared on stage and re-started the match in sudden death rules, with Batista eventually eliminating Cena.^[56] The next month, Cena defeated Kurt Angle to earn a spot in the SmackDown brand's WrestleMania 21 main event match,^[57] beginning a feud with WWE Champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and his Cabinet in the process. In the early stages of the feud, Cena lost his US belt to Cabinet member Orlando Jordan,^[58] who proceeded to "blow up" the spinner championship with JBL and returning a more traditional style belt.^[59] Cena defeated JBL at WrestleMania winning the WWE Championship, giving Cena his first world championship.^[60] Cena then had a spinner WWE Championship belt made,^[61] while JBL took the original belt and claimed to still be WWE Champion,^[61] until Cena reclaimed the original belt in an "I Quit" match at Judgment Day.^[62]

Cena was drafted to the Raw brand on the June 6, 2005, becoming the first wrestler selected by General Manager Eric Bischoff in the annual draft lottery.^[63] Cena immediately entered a feud with Bischoff, after refusing to participate in the "war" against the Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) roster at One Night Stand.^[64] With Bischoff vowing to make Cena's stint on Raw difficult, he hand picked Jericho to take Cena's championship from him.^[65] During their feud, even though Cena was portrayed as the fan favorite and Jericho as the villain, a vocal section of live crowds, nonetheless, were booing Cena during their matches.^[66] More crowds followed suit during Cena's next feud with Kurt Angle,^[67] who took over as Bischoff's hand-picked number-one contender after Cena defeated Jericho in a You're Fired match on the August 22 Raw.^[68] As the feud continued and the dissenters grew more vocal, sometimes seeming to outnumber fans by wide margins,^[69] the announce team was forced to acknowledge the booing on television and began calling Cena a "controversial champion", claiming some people disliking him on account of his "in-ring style" and his chosen fashion.^[70] Despite the mixed and negative reactions, Cena held on to his championship through his feud with Angle, losing to him by disqualification^[71] – which titles do not change hands in WWE – at Unforgiven and pinning him at Survivor Series.^[72] The feud with Angle also saw Cena add a secondary, submission based, finishing maneuver – the STFU (a Stepover Toehold Sleeper, though named for a Stepover Toehold Facelock) – when he was put into a Triple Threat Submissions Only match on the November 28 Raw.^[73]

WWE Championship feuds and injury (2006–2007)[link]

Cena facing off against Edge at a WWE house show.

Cena lost the WWE Championship at New Year's Revolution, but not in the Elimination Chamber match that he had been advertised to participate in beforehand. Instead, immediately after winning the Elimination Chamber, he was forced into a match against Edge, who cashed in his Money in the Bank contract – a "guaranteed title match for the WWE Champion at a time and place of the owners choosing." After two quick spears pinned Cena, winning the championship.^[74] Three weeks later, Cena won the championship back at the Royal Rumble.^[74] After winning the championship, Cena began feuding with Triple H, which the crowd began booing Cena and cheering the intended villain, Triple H.^[75][76] Cena beat Triple H at Wrestlemania 22 to retain his WWE Title.^[6] The negative reaction towards Cena intensified when facing Rob Van Dam at One Night Stand. Taking place in front of a crowd of mostly "old school" ECW fans at the Hammerstein Ballroom, Cena was met with raucous jeering and chants of "Fuck you, Cena", "You can't wrestle", and "Same old shit". When he began performing different moves into the match, the fans began chanting "You still suck". Cena lost the WWE Championship at One Night Stand, with Van Dam pinning Cena after interference from Edge.^[77]

Cena, addressing fans at a Raw show

In July, after Edge won the championship from Van Dam in a Triple Threat match that also involved Cena,^[78] re-ignited the feud between him and Cena from earlier in the year. After Edge went about retaining the title by dubious means – getting himself disqualified^[79] (for which Championships do not change hands) and using brass knuckles^[77] – he introduced his own version of Cena's "custom" belt, this one with his logo placed on the spinner.^[80] Cena eventually won the championship back in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match at Unforgiven. The match had an added stipulation that had Cena lost he would leave the Raw brand and go to SmackDown.^[81][82] Cena returned his version of the spinner belt on the next night's Raw.^[83]

On the heels of his feud with Edge, Cena was placed in an inter-brand angle to determine the "Champion of Champions" – or which was the most dominant champion in WWE's three brands. Cena, the World Heavyweight Champion King Booker, and the ECW World Champion The Big Show engaged in a mini-feud leading to a Triple Threat match at Cyber Sunday, with the viewers voting on which of the three championships would be placed on the line.^[84] At the same time, Cena became involved in a storyline with non-wrestler Kevin Federline, when he began appearing on Raw with Johnny Nitro and Melina. After getting into a worked physical altercation with Federline on Raw,^[84] Federline appeared at Cyber Sunday to hit Cena with the World Heavyweight Championship during the match, helping King Booker retain his championship.^[77] 2006 ended with Cena beginning a feud with the undefeated Umaga over the WWE Championship,^[85] while 2007 began with the end of his storyline with Kevin Federline. On the first Raw of the new year, Cena was pinned by Federline with an assist from Umaga, although later in the night he was able to get his hands on Federline performing an FU on him.^[86]

One night after the Royal Rumble, an impromptu team of Cena and Shawn Michaels defeated Rated-RKO (Edge and Randy Orton) for the World Tag Team Championship, making Cena a double champion.^[87] On the April 2 episode of Raw, after losing a WWE Championship match to Cena at WrestleMania 23,^[88] Michaels turned on Cena, costing them the championship in the second of two 10 team battles royals, by throwing Cena over the top rope and eliminating the team. The Hardys (Matt and Jeff) eventually won the match and the championship.^[89] For the rest of the month, Cena feuded with Michaels, Orton, and Edge until The Great Khali declared his intentions to challenge for Cena's championship attacking and "laying out" all three of the top contenders^[90] before assaulting Cena himself and stealing the physical belt.^[91] For the next two months, Cena feuded with Khali over the championship, eventually becoming the first person in WWE to defeat him by submission at Judgment Day^[92][93] and then by pinfall at One Night Stand.^[94][95] Later that summer, Randy Orton was named the number one contender for the WWE championship,^[96] starting a feud between the two. Leading up to SummerSlam, Orton delivered a number of sneak-attacks, performing three RKOs to Cena, but in the actual match, Cena retained the championship.^[97] A rematch between the two occurred at Unforgiven, with Orton winning by disqualification after Cena ignored the referee's instructions and continued to beat on him in the corner.^[98]

During a match with Mr. Kennedy on the October 1, 2007 episode of Raw, Cena suffered a legitimate torn pectoral muscle while executing a hip toss.^[99] Though finishing the match and taking part in the scripted attack by Randy Orton after the match, surgery the following day found that his pectoralis major muscle was torn completely from the bone, estimating at the time to require seven months to a year of rehabilitation.^[100][101] As a result, Cena was stripped of the title in an announcement by Vince McMahon on the next night's episode of ECW,^[102] ending what was the longest WWE Championship reign in over 19 years.^[103] Cena's surgery was performed by orthopedic surgeon James Andrews at St. Vincent's Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama.^[99] Two weeks later, in a video update on WWE.com, Dr. Andrews and Cena's physical trainer both said that he was several weeks ahead of where he was expected to be in his rehabilitation at that time.^[104] Despite his injury, Cena attended the annual WWE Tribute to the Troops show filmed at Camp Speicher in Tikrit, Iraq on December 7, and aired on December 24.^[105]

Return and various feuds (2008–2010)[link]

Cena made an unannounced return as the final participant of the Royal Rumble match, winning the match, and the traditional WrestleMania title shot, by last eliminating Triple H.^[12] Instead of waiting until WrestleMania, the title shot was cashed in against WWE Champion Randy Orton at February's No Way Out pay-per-view^[106] in a match where Cena won by disqualification, resulting in him not getting the championship.^[107] The night after No Way Out, Cena was placed back into WrestleMania XXIV's WWE Championship match, making it a Triple Threat match also involving Triple H,^[108] during which he was pinned by Orton.^[109] At Backlash, Cena failed to regain the title in a Fatal Four-Way elimination match, in which he was pinned by Orton.^[110] Triple H won the title during that match. During the match, Cena eliminated JBL,^[110] renewing their feud from 2005. Cena defeated JBL at Judgment Day and then at One Night Stand in a First Blood match.^[111][112] JBL, however, defeated him in a New York City Parking Lot Brawl at The Great American Bash in July.^[113]

Cena as one half of the World Tag Team Champions

On the August 4 episode of Raw, Cena became a World Tag Team Champion for a second time, teaming with Batista to defeat Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase,^[114] but failed to retain the titles the following week against the former champions.^[115] Batista defeated Cena at SummerSlam;^[116] shortly after, he was named one of four contenders for CM Punk's World Heavyweight Championship in the Championship scramble match at Unforgiven. He was replaced by Rey Mysterio, however, after announcing Cena had suffered a herniated disc in his neck, which would require surgery.^[117] Cena underwent successful surgery to repair the injury.^[118][119]

Cena made his in-ring return at the November pay-per-view event, Survivor Series, defeating Chris Jericho to win his first World Heavyweight Championship.^[120] The two continued their rivalry up to Armageddon, where Cena retained his championship.^[121] Cena lost the championship at No Way Out, to Edge after Kofi Kingston was attacked by Edge, who took his place in the Elimination Chamber match.^[122] Cena was given an opportunity to regain the title at WrestleMania XXV in a Triple Threat match also involving Big Show, which Cena won.^[123]

Cena lost the championship back to Edge in a Last Man Standing match at Backlash after interference from Big Show, who chokeslammed Cena through a big spotlight.^[124] This angle resulted in Cena beginning a feud with Big Show. Cena defeated Big Show at Judgment Day^[125] and at Extreme Rules in a Submission match by applying the STFU.^[126]

At the July pay-per-view, Night of Champions, he participated in a Triple Threat match for the WWE Championship, which also involved Triple H and WWE Champion Randy Orton. Cena, however, did not win the match.^[127] Two months later, at Breaking Point, Cena defeated Randy Orton for the WWE Championship in an "I Quit" match to win his fourth WWE Championship.^[128] At Hell in a Cell, Cena dropped the title to Orton in a Hell in a Cell match.^[129] Three weeks later, at WWE Bragging Rights, Cena defeated Orton in a 60-minute Iron Man match.^[130]

Two months later, Cena would lose the title to Sheamus at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in a Tables match.^[131]

John Cena as WWE Champion in 2010

In February 2010, Cena regained the WWE title at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view in an Elimination Chamber match after last eliminating Triple H. However, immediately after the match Mr. McMahon declared that he would immediately defend his title against Batista, who had been involved with Cena in Vince McMahon and Bret Hart's rivalry. Cena lost that match to Batista, and the WWE Championship and marking one of the shortest WWE Championship reigns in history.^[132] The following night after the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view, Cena asked for a rematch for the title at WrestleMania, which McMahon gave him the opportunity to as long as he defeated Batista that night. Later that night, Batista intentionally got himself disqualified by kicking Cena in the groin to set up their match at WrestleMania XXVI.^[133] At the event, Cena defeated Batista to win back the WWE title.^[134] At the April pay-per-view, Extreme Rules, Cena defeated Batista in a rematch for the WWE title in a Last Man Standing match.^[135] He faced Batista one more time in an I Quit match at Over the Limit which he won.^[136]

Feuding and joining The Nexus (2010–2011)[link]

On the June 7, 2010 episode of Raw, Cena was suddenly thrust into a new storyline when during his main event match against CM Punk, he was attacked by all eight former contestants of WWE NXT Season 1, with Wade Barrett as their leader. Punk, his follower Luke Gallows, and other personnel around the ring were attacked as well, but Cena took the worst of the attack and was carried out on a stretcher. This group would later refer to themselves as The Nexus.^[137]

At June's Fatal 4-Way event, Cena lost the WWE title to Sheamus in a fatal four-way match that also involved Edge and Randy Orton due to interference by Nexus.^[138] The following month, in a WWE title rematch against Sheamus in a steel cage match at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, the group interfered, thus costing Cena the chance of regaining the championship.^[139] Cena later formed an alliance with Edge, Chris Jericho, John Morrison, R-Truth, The Great Khali and Bret Hart to face the Nexus at SummerSlam, where Cena's team defeated Nexus with the returning Daniel Bryan, a former member of Nexus, who replaced Khali after getting injured.^[140]

Cena being forced to read a public address by Wade Barrett while a member of Nexus.

Nexus's actions, however, did not stop after SummerSlam. Hoping to end Nexus for good, Cena challenged Wade Barrett to a match at Hell in a Cell only to lose due to interference by two fans, later identified as Husky Harris and Michael McGillicutty. Due to the stipulations in place, Cena was forced to join Nexus.^[141] Cena had originally planned to destroy Nexus from within as a member of the group, but the Raw general manager ordered him to follow orders from Barrett, or else he would be fired. At Bragging Rights, Cena and Nexus member David Otunga defeated "Dashing" Cody Rhodes and Drew McIntyre to win the Tag Team Championship.^[142]

Later in the show Cena was forced to help Barrett to win his WWE Championship match against Randy Orton. If Barrett didn't win the match Cena would be fired. Cena twisted his words around and attacked Barrett, giving Barrett the win via disqualification but not Orton's title.^[142] The following day, Cena and Otunga lost the Tag Team Championship to fellow Nexus members Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel, when Barrett ordered Otunga to lay down and lose the title.^[143] At Survivor Series, Cena officiated a match for the WWE Championship between Wade Barrett and Randy Orton. As a part of a pre-match stipulation, if Barrett didn't win the championship, Cena would be fired from the WWE.

Orton defeated Barrett to retain the title, thus ending Cena's career in the WWE.^[144] The following day on Raw, Cena gave a farewell speech, before costing Wade Barrett the WWE Championship by interfering in his rematch with Randy Orton.^[145] A week later, Cena invaded Raw, first as a spectator, but he then attacked members of Nexus, explaining that he would still take down Nexus one by one, despite not having a job in the WWE anymore.^[146] On the December 13 episode of Raw, Cena was rehired by Barrett, in exchange that he would face him at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs in a Chairs Match.^[147] Prior to TLC, Cena teamed up with Randy Orton and Rey Mysterio to defeat Wade Barrett, The Miz and Alberto Del Rio at The WWE Tribute to the Troops. On December 19 at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, John Cena was victorious against Wade Barrett in a Chairs match in the main event of the evening.

John Cena at WWE Tribute to the Troops in 2010.

On the December 27 episode of Raw, The Nexus, minus Wade Barrett, announced they were under new management and offered to bury the hatchet with John Cena, to which Cena refused. The Nexus attacked Cena, leaving a Nexus armband in the ring during the process. As the group retreated, CM Punk, who had attacked Cena with a steel chair twice the week before, came to the ring to, what looked like attack John Cena, but instead put on the armband left behind to symbolically announce his allegiance with The Nexus.^[148] The next week, Wade Barrett returned to Raw and confronted CM Punk over the issue of who the leader of The Nexus was and who was responsible for Cena's attack the week before. Barrett was placed into a Triple Threat Steel Cage Match that night that would determine the No. 1 contender for the WWE Championship. CM Punk added his own stipulation to the match saying if Barrett lost, he would be banished from the group, but if he won he would remain leader. Wade Barrett would lose the match after CM Punk interfered by ripping of Barrett's armband.^[149]

On the January 17 episode of Raw, Cena returned and faced Punk in a match. During the match, a man, who would later be revealed to be Mason Ryan, attacked Cena. During the 2011 Royal Rumble match, Cena would eliminate most of the Nexus, ending his feud with them.

Record-breaking WWE Champion; various feuds (2011–present)[link]

The Rock and John Cena agree to face each other at WrestleMania XXVIII.

Cena competed in the 2011 Royal Rumble match at the pay-per-view, making it to the final five before being eliminated by The Miz, the current WWE Champion at the time, who wasn't an official participant in the match. At the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view, Cena won the Elimination Chamber match to face The Miz at WrestleMania XXVII for the WWE Championship.^[150] On the February 21 episode of Raw, Cena replied to The Rock's comments about him from the previous week, as The Rock returned as the announced guest host of WrestleMania, where he made a rap about Rock. That same night, Cena was placed into a WWE Tag Team Championship match, with him teaming with The Miz, where they defeated Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater to become WWE Tag Team Champions. After the match, Wade Barrett invoked Gabriel and Slater's rematch clause straight away, where they won their titles back, after Miz attacked Cena.^[151] After weeks of insults to each other, Cena met Rock face-to-face on the March 28 episode of Raw, where Cena would hit his Attitude Adjustment finishing move on Rock.^[152] At WrestleMania, Cena and Miz would fight to a double count-out, but guest host Rock would restart the match, only for him to hit his Rock Bottom finishing move on Cena, allowing Miz to retain his title.^[153] The next night on Raw, Cena and Rock agreed to face each other at WrestleMania XXVIII, making it the first match to be set up at WrestleMania one year in advance. At Extreme Rules, Cena would defeat Miz and Morrison to become WWE Champion.^[153] Cena went on to defend the title against The Miz at Over the Limit in an "I Quit" match^[154] and R-Truth at Capitol Punishment^[155]

At Money in the Bank, CM Punk defeated Cena to win the WWE Championship, and left the company with the title.^{[156][157][158]} A tournament was then conducted to determine the new WWE Champion for the "vacant" WWE title, which was won by Rey Mysterio on the July 25 episode of Raw. That same night, Cena challenged and defeated Mysterio to become WWE Champion for a record breaking ninth time.^[159] Following the match, CM Punk returned to the company, with the WWE Championship he won at Money in the Bank, leading to a title unification match at SummerSlam, where Punk defeated Cena to become "undisputed" WWE Champion. Punk would lose the championship following the match to Mr. Money in the Bank Alberto Del Rio.^[160] On the August 22 episode of Raw, Cena defeated Punk to become number one contender for the WWE Championship, and would defeat Del Rio at Night of Champions to become WWE Champion.^[161] Cena would then lose the title back to Del Rio two weeks later at Hell in a Cell, in a Triple Threat Hell in a Cell match also involving Punk, after Ricardo Rodriguez and Del Rio locked Cena outside of the Cell.^[162] Cena lost his rematch at Vengeance in a Last Man Standing match, due to interference by The Miz and R-Truth.^[163] After a few weeks of Miz and Truth attacking Cena and other employees, Cena was allowed to choose his partner to challenge Miz and Truth at Survivor Series. Cena would announce that he had chosen The Rock to be his partner. At the pay-per-view, after Cena and Rock defeated Miz and Truth, Rock gave Cena another Rock Bottom.^[164]

On the December 12 episode of Raw, during his match with Mark Henry, Cena was attacked by the returning Kane.^[165] The following week on Raw, Cena would call out Kane for his actions last week, but Henry would come out instead. Kane would then come out soon after, and once again attacked Cena.^[166] The following week, Kane would explain to Cena that the reason he had attacked him was in disgust of Cena's "Rise Above Hate" t-shirt slogan, stating that hate is a "natural impulse" and shouldn't be contained. He then led the fans in attendance who were not fond of Cena into chanting "Cena Sucks!" as Raw went off the air.^[167] Kane would then attack Cena's friend Zack Ryder, which led him to lose his United States Championship.^[168][169] At the Royal Rumble, Kane and Cena would fight each other to a double countout only for Kane to get the upper hand on Cena and Ryder, who was watching in a private room in a wheelchair, after the match.^[170] At Elimination Chamber, Cena defeated Kane in an Ambulance match to end the feud.^[171]

Cena and the Rock face off at WrestleMania XXVIII.

After Elimination Chamber, Cena and The Rock would start verbally attacking each other. At WrestleMania XXVIII, Cena faced the Rock in the main event match which had been building for a year and that was billed as "once in a lifetime" and as the biggest and most important match in John Cena's career. The climax of the match came when Cena let his arrogance get in the way of victory causing him to make the mistake of attempting the People's Elbow on the Rock, as the Rock countered with a Rock Bottom to seal the victory.^[172]

Brock Lesnar faces off with John Cena after his return in April 2012.

The following night on Raw, Cena would address the Rock, with the crowd chanting "Your a Loser". Stating that though he lost his career's most important match, he would own up and accept his loss. Cena would call out the Rock to congratulate him only to be interrupted by Brock Lesnar, who proceeded to hit Cena with an F5.^[173] On the April 9 episode of Raw Cena attacked Lesnar at the opening,^[174] after John Laurinaitis announced that Cena would face Lesnar at the main event of Extreme Rules.^[175] John defeated David Otunga later in the main event only to get hit with another F5 by Lesnar.^[176] On April 16, it was announced on WWE.com that Lesnar versus Cena would be an Extreme Rules match.^[177] On the next episode of Raw, Cena was confronted by Edge who would acknowledge Cena's loss to the Rock causing him to have a lack of focus, Edge would go on to tell Cena to wake up from his loss to the Rock and beat Brock Lesnar for all the superstars that supported the WWE is Lesnar's absence.^[178] Later that night, Cena showed his lack of confidence by bringing a chain to the contract signing and refusing to fight Lesnar.^[179] Cena received a Kimura lock and lacerations to the head during the match, but managed a victory against Lesnar,^[180] though he strained the muscles in his arm.^[181] This dovetailed into a rivalry with John Laurinaitis, who was angered at Cena because of his victory against Lesnar and his mockery and declared himself as Cena's opponent at Over the Limit.^[182] Cena would go on to lose the match against Lauranitis due to interference from Big Show. ^[183] The following night on Raw, Lauranitis would announce that Cena would be facing Show at No Way Out.^[184]

Other media[link]

Film[link]

Cena, with actual Marines, at the premiere of his film The Marine.

WWE Studios, a division of WWE which produces and finances motion pictures, produced Cena's first movie — The Marine, which was distributed theatrically by 20th Century Fox America beginning on October 13, 2006. In its first week, the film made approximately US$7 million at the United States box office.^[185] After ten weeks in theaters, the film grossed $18.7 million.^[185] Once the film was released on DVD, it fared better, making $30 million in rentals in the first twelve weeks.^[185]

John Cena filming on the set of 12 Rounds.

His second film, also produced by WWE Studios, was 12 Rounds.^[186] Filming began on February 25, 2008 in New Orleans;^[186][187] the film was released on March 27, 2009.

Cena co-starred in his third film produced by WWE Studios, titled Legendary, which was played in selected theaters starting on September 10, 2010, for a limited time,^[188] then it was released on DVD on September 28, 2010.^[189]

That same year, Cena starred in the children's film Fred: The Movie, a film based on Lucas Cruikshank's YouTube videos of the same name, where he plays Fred's father.^[190] The movie was released on the Nickelodeon channel in September 2010.^[191]

Guest appearances[link]

Before his WWE debut, Cena made an appearance on the Internet stream show Go Sick as Bruebaker, an angry, cursing wrestler in 2001.^[192]

During his WWE career, Cena has appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! three times. Cena has also appeared on morning radio shows; including the CBS and XM versions of Opie and Anthony as part of their "walkover" on October 10, 2006. Other appearances have included Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Fuse's Celebrity Playlist, Fox Sports Net's The Best Damn Sports Show Period, MADtv, G4's Training Camp (with Shelton Benjamin), and two appearances on MTV's Punk'd (August 2006 and May 2007), as the victim of a practical joke. He also served as a co-presenter, with Hulk Hogan, at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards, as a guest judge during the third week of the 2006 season of Nashville Star, and appeared at the 2007 Nickelodeon UK Kids Choice Awards.^[193]

In January 2007, Cena, Batista, and Ashley Massaro appeared representing WWE on an episode of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition,^[194] giving the children of the family whose house was being renovated WWE merchandise and eight tickets to WrestleMania 23.^[195] Two months later, he and Bobby Lashley appeared on the NBC game show Deal or No Deal as "moral support" to long time WWE fan and front row staple, Rick "Sign Guy" Achberger. Edge and Randy Orton also appeared, but as antagonists.^[196] On April 9, 2008, Cena, along with fellow wrestlers Triple H and Chris Jericho, appeared on the Idol Gives Back fund-raising special.^[197] In March 2009, Cena made an appearance on Saturday Night Live during the show's cold opening sequence.^[198] On March 7, 2009, he was a guest on NPR's quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! in a Not My Job sequence titled "Sure, pro wrestling is a good gig, but when you win, do they throw teddy bears into the ring?"^[199]

Television[link]

In 2001, between his training in Ultimate Pro Wrestling and Ohio Valley Wrestling,^[21] Cena was involved in the UPN produced reality show Manhunt. Cena portrayed Big Tim Kingman, leader of the group of bounty hunters who chased down the contestants who acted as fugitives. The show, however, was mired in controversy when it was alleged that the portions of the show were rigged to eliminate certain players, scenes were re-shot or staged to enhance drama and contestants read from scripts.^{[200][201][202]}

Cena was also featured on the ABC reality series Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race, which aired in June 2007,^[203] making it to the final round before being eliminated on June 24, placing third in the competition overall.^[204]

In 2007 Cena was also interviewed for the CNN Special Investigations Unit documentary, "Death Grip: Inside Pro Wrestling", which focused on steroid and drug use in professional wrestling. When asked if he had taken steroids he was heard to reply, "I can't tell you that I haven't, but you'll never prove that I have."^[205] The day after the documentary aired WWE accused CNN of taking Cena's comments out of context to present a biased point of view, backing up their claim by posting an unedited video of his answering the same question—filmed by WWE cameras from another angle—in which he is heard beginning the same statement with "Absolutely not".^[206] A text interview on the website with Cena later had him saying the news outlet should apologize for misrepresenting him,^[207] which CNN refused in a statement, saying they felt the true answer to the question began with the phrase "My answer to that question".^[208] They did, however, edit the documentary on subsequent airings to include the "Absolutely not".^[208]

Cena hosted the Australian Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards with Natalie Bassingthwaighte on October 11, 2008 in Melbourne, Australia.^[209]

He guest starred as Ewan O'Hara in an episode of the fourth season of the comedy drama Psych, as the brother of Juliet O'Hara, played by Maggie Lawson.^[210]

He also guest starred in the seventh episode of Disney Channel's Hannah Montana Forever as himself.

Make-A-Wish Foundation[link]

Cena signing merchandise for a young fan

Cena posing with children

John Cena has granted over 250 wishes for Arizona children with life-threatening illnesses through the Make-A-Wish Foundation, and is the biggest wish granter in Make-A-Wish history.^[211][212] In 2009, Cena received the Chris Greicius Celebrity Award.^[213]

Endorsements[link]

Before his professional wrestling career, Cena appeared in an advertisement for Gold's Gym.^[214] As a wrestler he has endorsed the energy drink YJ Stinger,^[215] appearing in commercials beginning in October 2003, and Subway,^[216] for whom he filmed advertisements with their spokesperson Jared Fogle in November 2006 that began airing the next January. For a time in 2007 he also endorsed two "signature collections" of energy drinks and energy bars sold by American Body Builders.^[217] In 2008, Cena filmed a commercial as part of Gillette's "Young Guns" NASCAR campaign.^[218]

In 2009, Cena expanded his relationship with Gillette by introducing a new online campaign called "Be A Superstar" featuring himself alongside WWE Superstars Chris Jericho and Cody Rhodes. The campaign features motivational videos.^[219]

Fashion[link]

For the extent of his WWE career, Cena's attire has attempted to reflect the most current thug fashions and stylings within the hip hop culture that his character represents. Cena started out wearing "throwback jerseys" until WWE produced specific Cena merchandise which he began wearing.^[220] While Cena was a member of the SmackDown! brand, one of his WWE produced t-shirts bore the suggestive spoonerism "Ruck Fules". Whenever it appeared on television the image was censored, not by the network, but by WWE to sell more shirts under the premise that it was "too hot for TV."^[221] He also wore a chain with a large padlock, occasionally using it as a weapon,^[222] until WrestleMania 21, when it was replaced with a chromed and diamond studded "Chain Gang" spinner medallion—reminiscent of the ones worn by members of G-Unit—matching his spinner title belt.

Around the time The Marine was released, Cena began wearing attire more military related, including camouflage shorts, dog tags, a Marine soldier cap and a WWE produced shirt with the legend "Chain Gang Assault Battalion."^[223] Shortly after WrestleMania 23, when promotion for The Marine ended, the military attire diminished and was replaced with apparel bearing his new slogan "American Made Muscle" along with denim shorts, not seen since he was a member of the SmackDown roster.^[224] He then wore shirts that promoted Cenation and his trademark line "You Can't See Me." From late 2011 until Wrestlemania XXVIII, Cena again switched to camo shorts (honoring the U.S. Armed Forces), to coinincide with his black "Rise Above Hate" T-shirt promoting WWE's "Be a Star" anti-bullying campaign.

Music[link]

	"The Time is Now" by John Cena & Tha Trademarc (2005) noicon Sample from "The Time Is Now" by John Cena & Tha Trademarc.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

In addition to his wrestling career, Cena is a rapper and a hip hop musician. Cena performed his fifth WWE theme song, "Basic Thugonomics," himself, and it was featured on the WWE soundtrack album WWE Originals. He also recorded a song,"Untouchables", for the company's next soundtrack album WWE ThemeAddict: The Music, Vol. 6. He collaborated on the song H-U-S-T-L-E remix along with Murs, E-40, and Chingo Bling.^[225]

Cena's debut album, You Can't See Me, was recorded with his cousin Tha Trademarc. It features, amongst other songs, his entrance theme, "The Time is Now", and the single "Bad, Bad Man", for which a music video was made that parodied 1980s culture, including the television show The A-Team. A video was also made for the second single, "Right Now," and premiered on the August 8 Raw. Cena and Tha Trademarc were later featured on a track by The Perceptionists named "Champion Scratch." Cena will appear on Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins' upcoming album Still Cool featuring other guests.^[226]

Albums

• You Can't See Me
  • Released: May 10, 2005
  • Chart positions:^[227][228] 15 U.S. Billboard 200, 10 U.S. Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, 3 U.S. Rap, 103 UK Albums Chart
  • Singles: "The Time Is Now", "Bad Bad Man" (featuring Bumpy Knuckles), "Right Now"

Filmography[link]

Film[link]

Television[link]

Personal life[link]

Cena writes left-handed.^[229] He is a fan of Japanese anime and has mentioned that his favorite anime movie is Fist of the North Star.^[230] He has also said he is a fan of the video game series Command & Conquer and noted that it was his favorite game.^[231] Cena is also a fan of the Boston Red Sox,^[230] Tampa Bay Rays,^[232] New England Patriots,^[233] Boston Celtics^[230] and English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur.^[234] Cena collects muscle cars and has over 20, some of which are one-of-a-kind.^[235]

While promoting his 2009 film, 12 Rounds, Cena announced his engagement^[236][237] to his girlfriend Elizabeth Huberdeau. They were married on July 11, 2009. On May 10, 2012, Cena filed for a divorce.^[238]

In wrestling[link]

Cena about to perform an FU on Shawn Michaels.

Cena performing an STFU on Batista.

Cena performing an STFU on Mark Henry.

Cena taunting Chris Masters.

• Finishing moves
  • Killswitch / Protobomb (Twisting belly to belly side slam) (OVW / UPW)
  • AA - Attitude Adjustment (formerly FU)^[233][239] (Fireman's carry transitioned into a takeover or a powerslam, sometimes from an elevated position) - 2003-present
  • STF (formerly STFU)^[239] - 2005-present

• Signature moves
  • Diving leg drop bulldog^[240]
  • Dropkick, sometimes from the top rope^[6]
  • Emerald Flowsion
  • Five Knuckle Shuffle^[241] (Running delayed fist drop, with theatrics, sometimes diving from the top rope)
  • Fisherman suplex^[6][240]
  • Gutwrench suplex
  • Spin-out powerbomb
  • Running leaping shoulder block^[6]
  • Running one–handed bulldog^[240]
  • Sitout hip toss^[6]
  • Spinebuster^[6] – 2002–2005; used rarely thereafter
  • Throwback^[6][240] (Running neck snap to a bent–over opponent) - used the last time in 2011
  • Twisting belly to belly suplex^[240]

• Nicknames
  • "The Doctor of Thuganomics"^[242]
  • "The Champ" (as either the WWE Champion or the World Heavyweight Champion)^[243] – 2005–present
  • "The Chain Gang Soldier"^[209]
  • "The Cenation Leader"^[2] – 2011–present

• Managers
  • Kenny Bolin^[6]
  • B–2
  • Redd Dogg

• Entrance themes
  • "Slam Smack" by R. Hardy (FirstCom Production Music) (June 27, 2002 – November 7, 2002)^[244]
  • "Insert Bass Here" by DJ Case (FirstCom Production Music) (November 14, 2002 – February 13, 2003)^[245]
  • "Basic Thuganomics" by John Cena (March 27, 2003 – March 10, 2005; April 5, 2009 for his entrance at WrestleMania XXV; March 12, 2012 for his "Cena Rap" against The Rock)
  • "We Are One" by 12 Stones (WWE; October 3, 2010 – November 21, 2010; Used While a part of Nexus)
  • "The Time is Now" by John Cena and Tha Trademarc (March 17, 2005–present)

Championships and accomplishments[link]

John Cena as World Heavyweight Champion

• Ohio Valley Wrestling
  • OVW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[29]
  • OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time)^[31] – with Rico Constantino
• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI Feud of the Year (2006) vs. Edge^[246]
  • PWI Feud of the Year (2011) vs. CM Punk^[247]
  • PWI Match of the Year (2007) vs. Shawn Michaels on Raw on April 23^[248]
  • PWI Match of the Year (2011) vs. CM Punk at Money in the Bank^[249]
  • PWI Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2003)^[250]
  • PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2004, 2005, 2007)^[251]
  • PWI Wrestler of the Year (2006, 2007)^[252]
  • PWI ranked #1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2006 and 2007^[253][254]
• Pro Wrestling Report
  • Match of the Year (2006) vs. Rob Van Dam at ECW One Night Stand 2006
• Ultimate Pro Wrestling
  • UPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[27]

Cena as WWE Champion in 2007

• World Wrestling Entertainment
  • World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)^[255]
  • World Tag Team Championship (2 times)^[11] – with Shawn Michaels (1) and Batista (1)
  • WWE Championship (10 times)^[256]
  • WWE Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with David Otunga (1), and The Miz (1)^[142]
  • WWE United States Championship (3 times)^[10]
  • Royal Rumble (2008)
  • Slammy Award winner – 2009 and 2010 Superstar of the Year
  • Slammy Award for Holy $#!+ Move of the Year (2010) Sends Batista through the stage with an Attitude Adjustment.
  • Slammy Award for Game Changer of the Year (2011) – with The Rock
• Wrestling Observer Newsletter
  • Wrestler of the Year (2007, 2010)^[257]
  • Best Box Office Draw (2007)^[257]
  • Best on Interviews (2007)^[257]
  • Feud of the Year (2011)^[258] vs. CM Punk
  • Match of the Year (2011)^[258] vs. CM Punk at WWE Money in the Bank
  • Most Charismatic (2006–2010)^[257]
  • Most Charismatic of the Decade (2000–2009)^[259]
  • Best Gimmick (2003)^[257]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Ian Hamilton (2006). Wrestling's Sinking Ship: What Happens to an Industry Without Competition. Lulu.com. ISBN 1-4116-1210-8. 

External links[link]

Professional wrestling portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Cena

• John Cena on Twitter
• John Cena at WWE.com
• Professional wrestling record for John Cena from The Internet Wrestling Database
• John Cena at Online World of Wrestling
• John Cena at the Internet Movie Database