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Dead Can Dance- Indus HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
another song from the "spiritchaser "album enjoy and rate and comment thanks :)
http://wn.com/Dead_Can_Dance_Indus_HQ
another song from the "spiritchaser "album enjoy and rate and comment thanks :)
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:35
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, wh...
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization_Crash_Course_World_History_2
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, wh...
- published: 02 Feb 2012
- views: 555147
- author: crashcourse
2006 - The Indus Valley Civilisation (The Masters of the River) of India/Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:20
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
One of the most mysterious of these four civilisations is no doubt that which developed around the Indus, discovered only in 1920. Considered to be one of th...
http://wn.com/2006_The_Indus_Valley_Civilisation_The_Masters_of_the_River_of_India_Pakistan
One of the most mysterious of these four civilisations is no doubt that which developed around the Indus, discovered only in 1920. Considered to be one of th...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 29063
- author: Arslan Akhtar
Indus - An den Ufern zur Ewigkeit - Schauplätze der Weltkulturen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:58
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Indus An den Ufern zur Ewigkeit Schauplätze der Weltkulturen. bellydancerol37 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 48. 604 views. Like 2 Dislike 0. Like ... Achtsamkeit in Buddhas Lehre und den VipassanaMethoden Ein Überblick zur Praxis der Meditationby Hans Gruber 1154 views; 1140. Watch Later Indus Wiegen der Zivilisation15by richarddavidprecht 12500 views; 4308. Watch Later Tai Chi Eine Reise zu den Quellen der Kraft Dokuby xandersons 72272 views; 4246. Watch Later ...
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Indus An den Ufern zur Ewigkeit Schauplätze der Weltkulturen. bellydancerol37 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 48. 604 views. Like 2 Dislike 0. Like ... Achtsamkeit in Buddhas Lehre und den VipassanaMethoden Ein Überblick zur Praxis der Meditationby Hans Gruber 1154 views; 1140. Watch Later Indus Wiegen der Zivilisation15by richarddavidprecht 12500 views; 4308. Watch Later Tai Chi Eine Reise zu den Quellen der Kraft Dokuby xandersons 72272 views; 4246. Watch Later ...
- published: 08 Apr 2012
- views: 578
- author: BellydancerOL
Achievements of the Indus River Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
http://wn.com/Achievements_of_the_Indus_River_Valley_Civilization
This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
- published: 18 Oct 2009
- views: 42398
- author: Scohen245
La Civilisation de la Vallée des Indus (1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:01
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
La Civilisation de la Vallée des Indus13. wideempire106 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 748. 1466. Like 4 Dislike 0. Like ... Matriarcat de lIndus de grandes civilisations pacifiques égalitaires et commerçantes14by MATRIARCAT MATRICIEN 450 views · 4308. Watch Later Décadence de la Civilisationby Francesperance1 15081 views · 1405. Watch Later LEmpire Perse33by wideempire 2644 views · 5123. Watch Later Lhistoire des Sumériensby mrgerammana 102988 views · 1441 ...
http://wn.com/La_Civilisation_de_la_Vallée_des_Indus_1_3
La Civilisation de la Vallée des Indus13. wideempire106 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 748. 1466. Like 4 Dislike 0. Like ... Matriarcat de lIndus de grandes civilisations pacifiques égalitaires et commerçantes14by MATRIARCAT MATRICIEN 450 views · 4308. Watch Later Décadence de la Civilisationby Francesperance1 15081 views · 1405. Watch Later LEmpire Perse33by wideempire 2644 views · 5123. Watch Later Lhistoire des Sumériensby mrgerammana 102988 views · 1441 ...
- published: 20 May 2012
- views: 1490
- author: WideEmpire
1998 - La civilisation de la vallée de l'Indus (5000 av. J.C. à 1900 av. J.C. au Sindh, Pakistan)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:39
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
A la différence de l'Egypte et de la Mésopotamie, cette civilisation fut celle du modèle réduit : sceaux minuscules, statuettes à figure humaine ou animale, ...
http://wn.com/1998_La_civilisation_de_la_vallée_de_l'Indus_5000_av_JC_à_1900_av_JC_au_Sindh,_Pakistan
A la différence de l'Egypte et de la Mésopotamie, cette civilisation fut celle du modèle réduit : sceaux minuscules, statuettes à figure humaine ou animale, ...
- published: 02 Sep 2012
- views: 2383
- author: Arslan Akhtar
Indus - Wiegen der Zivilisation (2/5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:30
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Indus Wiegen der Zivilisation35by richarddavidprecht 5015 views; 1140. Watch Later Indus Wiegen der Zivilisation15by ... 2006 The Indus Valley CivilisationThe Masters of the River of IndiaPakistanby Arslan Akhtar 27330 views; 10333. Watch Later Ancient Civilizations Iran7000 years oldby docucentral 10309 views; 5848. Watch Later Meluhha the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamiaby jameshenrybreasted 7263 views; 615. Watch Later Doku TROJA Griechen gegen Hethiterby Josef ...
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Indus Wiegen der Zivilisation35by richarddavidprecht 5015 views; 1140. Watch Later Indus Wiegen der Zivilisation15by ... 2006 The Indus Valley CivilisationThe Masters of the River of IndiaPakistanby Arslan Akhtar 27330 views; 10333. Watch Later Ancient Civilizations Iran7000 years oldby docucentral 10309 views; 5848. Watch Later Meluhha the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamiaby jameshenrybreasted 7263 views; 615. Watch Later Doku TROJA Griechen gegen Hethiterby Josef ...
- published: 11 Dec 2010
- views: 5806
- author: RichardDavidPrecht
Indus valley civilization(mohenjo-daro)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
http://www.hexolabs.com e-learning research on ancient Indian civilization produced at Hexolabs,SIIC, IIT Kanpur for a better insight, visit Kindly do not t...
http://wn.com/Indus_valley_civilizationmohenjo-daro
http://www.hexolabs.com e-learning research on ancient Indian civilization produced at Hexolabs,SIIC, IIT Kanpur for a better insight, visit Kindly do not t...
- published: 01 Apr 2008
- views: 200326
- author: rajamanohar
Indus - Wiegen der Zivilisation (1/5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:40
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
2006 The Indus Valley CivilisationThe Masters of the River of IndiaPakistanby Arslan Akhtar 28203 views; 5758. Watch Later Indus An den Ufern zur Ewigkeit Schauplätze der Weltkulturenby bellydancerol 563 views; 5145. Watch Later Чудо в долине Инда ВОА дф 2008by vargack1 85603 views; 5848. Watch Later Meluhha the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamiaby jameshenrybreasted 7263 views; Thumbnail 36 videos Thumbnail Play all MalouAlte Weltkulturenby msmalou1996 · 11 ...
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2006 The Indus Valley CivilisationThe Masters of the River of IndiaPakistanby Arslan Akhtar 28203 views; 5758. Watch Later Indus An den Ufern zur Ewigkeit Schauplätze der Weltkulturenby bellydancerol 563 views; 5145. Watch Later Чудо в долине Инда ВОА дф 2008by vargack1 85603 views; 5848. Watch Later Meluhha the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamiaby jameshenrybreasted 7263 views; Thumbnail 36 videos Thumbnail Play all MalouAlte Weltkulturenby msmalou1996 · 11 ...
- published: 11 Dec 2010
- views: 12500
- author: RichardDavidPrecht
Earth from Space: Indus River
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Earth from Space is presented by Kelsea Brennan-Wessels from the ESA Web-TV virtual studios. In the fifth edition, we look at the Indus River snaking through...
http://wn.com/Earth_from_Space_Indus_River
Earth from Space is presented by Kelsea Brennan-Wessels from the ESA Web-TV virtual studios. In the fifth edition, we look at the Indus River snaking through...
- published: 16 Dec 2011
- views: 2687
- author: ESA
Indus Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Indus Valley Civilization (3500-1700 BC, aka Harappan Civilization) was mostly based in present day region of Pakistan, with its periphery or colonies stretc...
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (3500-1700 BC, aka Harappan Civilization) was mostly based in present day region of Pakistan, with its periphery or colonies stretc...
- published: 17 Nov 2010
- views: 17319
- author: bktazx
Harappan (Indus Valley) Civilization | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Excavations - Ancient Indian History
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
This 3D documentary is about Harappan civilization (also known as The Indus Valley Civilization ) which has its earliest roots in cultures. The two greatest ...
http://wn.com/Harappan_Indus_Valley_Civilization_|_Harappa_and_Mohenjo_Daro_Excavations_Ancient_Indian_History
This 3D documentary is about Harappan civilization (also known as The Indus Valley Civilization ) which has its earliest roots in cultures. The two greatest ...
- published: 28 May 2012
- views: 10231
- author: ClassteacherCTLS
Indus Creed - Fireflies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
Music video by Indus Creed performing Fireflies. (C) 2012 Universal Music India Pvt. Ltd.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Fireflies
Music video by Indus Creed performing Fireflies. (C) 2012 Universal Music India Pvt. Ltd.
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 16292
- author: IndusCreedVEVO
![Indus Creed - Fireflies [Audio]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130310122721im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/j1seque82f4/default.jpg "Indus Creed - Fireflies [Audio]")
Indus Creed - Fireflies [Audio]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
We will always have a soft spot for Indus Creed. For us children of the late 1980s and early 1990s, they were the first Indian rock band we saw, both on TV, ...
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Fireflies_Audio_
We will always have a soft spot for Indus Creed. For us children of the late 1980s and early 1990s, they were the first Indian rock band we saw, both on TV, ...
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 13137
- author: Mehernosh Sanjana
The Indus Civilisation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Michael Wood explores the beginnings of the great civilisation of the Indus Valley.
http://wn.com/The_Indus_Civilisation
Michael Wood explores the beginnings of the great civilisation of the Indus Valley.
- published: 15 Jul 2008
- views: 19859
- author: Dyule
BBC - In the footsteps of Alexander (Indus Delta) 29
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:28
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
In the footsteps of Alexander the Great In this award winning adventure Micheal Wood embarks on a 2000 mile journey in the foot steps of Alexander's triumpha...
http://wn.com/BBC_In_the_footsteps_of_Alexander_Indus_Delta_29
In the footsteps of Alexander the Great In this award winning adventure Micheal Wood embarks on a 2000 mile journey in the foot steps of Alexander's triumpha...
- published: 17 Oct 2007
- views: 49099
- author: alexandros1821
Rajesh Rao: Computing a Rosetta Stone for the Indus script
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:02
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
http://www.ted.com Rajesh Rao is fascinated by "the mother of all crossword puzzles": How to decipher the 4000 year old Indus script. At TED 2011 he tells ho...
http://wn.com/Rajesh_Rao_Computing_a_Rosetta_Stone_for_the_Indus_script
http://www.ted.com Rajesh Rao is fascinated by "the mother of all crossword puzzles": How to decipher the 4000 year old Indus script. At TED 2011 he tells ho...
- published: 28 Jun 2011
- views: 46185
- author: TEDtalksDirector
The Indus Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
http://www.mocomi.com presents: The Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world's greatest civilizations that existed in the ...
http://wn.com/The_Indus_Valley_Civilization
http://www.mocomi.com presents: The Indus Valley Civilization The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world's greatest civilizations that existed in the ...
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 4687
- author: mocomikids
Meluhha: the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:48
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
Meluhha: the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamia Mark Kenoyer, University of Wisconsin, Madison Meluhha -- the name for the Indus civilizati...
http://wn.com/Meluhha_the_Indus_Civilization_and_Its_Contacts_with_Mesopotamia
Meluhha: the Indus Civilization and Its Contacts with Mesopotamia Mark Kenoyer, University of Wisconsin, Madison Meluhha -- the name for the Indus civilizati...
- published: 07 Oct 2010
- views: 7464
- author: JamesHenryBreasted
Dead Can Dance - Indus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
Dead Can Dance Album: Spiritchaser http://www.amazon.com/Spiritchaser-Dead-Can-Dance/dp/B000002N74 http://deadcandance.com/
http://wn.com/Dead_Can_Dance_Indus
Dead Can Dance Album: Spiritchaser http://www.amazon.com/Spiritchaser-Dead-Can-Dance/dp/B000002N74 http://deadcandance.com/
- published: 13 Jul 2011
- views: 54598
- author: Angie Fotopoulou
Indus Creed-Dissolve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:41
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
from their new album Evolve ENJOY :) like subscribe :)
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed-Dissolve
from their new album Evolve ENJOY :) like subscribe :)
- published: 30 Jul 2012
- views: 2895
- author: zehan irani
Ancient India-Indus River Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
The culture of ancient India produced three important mathematical concepts.
http://wn.com/Ancient_India-Indus_River_Civilization
The culture of ancient India produced three important mathematical concepts.
- published: 25 May 2009
- views: 50701
- author: BengalG3
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Indus Creed - The Enemy Within
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:44
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The opening track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_The_Enemy_Within
The opening track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 351
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Top of the Rock
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The second track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Top_of_the_Rock
The second track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 1191
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Chains And Black Leather
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Chains_And_Black_Leather
The fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 930
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Rock N' Roll Renegade
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The sixth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Rock_N'_Roll_Renegade
The sixth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 695
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Karen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The seventh track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Karen
The seventh track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 2273
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Prisoner Of Passion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The third track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Prisoner_Of_Passion
The third track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 1115
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Polyvinyl Lady
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Eighth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Polyvinyl_Lady
Eighth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 2389
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Rockin' in the USSR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Ninth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Rockin'_in_the_USSR
Ninth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 715
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Ode to Scoobie Doo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Last track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Ode_to_Scoobie_Doo
Last track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 472
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Can't wait anymore
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Can't_wait_anymore
Fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 1365
- author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Turn it on
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Turn_it_on
Indus Creed - Crazy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Crazy
Indus Creed - Bowl Of Madness
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Bowl_Of_Madness
Indus Creed - Believing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Believing
Indus Creed - Die For Your Country
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Die_For_Your_Country
Indus Creed - Screaming Out
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Screaming_Out
Indus Creed - Cinderella
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Cinderella
Indus Creed - Pretty Child
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Indus_Creed_Pretty_Child
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Indus Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Indus Valley Civilization project - Nick, Nick, and Will
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization project - Nick, Nick, and Will
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 1738
- author: ebendovroton
CM Modi explains Rich heritage of dholavira-Indus Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Honorable CM Modi explains the rich heritage and civilization of Indus Valley addressing gathering at International Sindhi Conferance, Ahemdabad.
http://wn.com/CM_Modi_explains_Rich_heritage_of_dholavira-Indus_Valley_Civilization
Honorable CM Modi explains the rich heritage and civilization of Indus Valley addressing gathering at International Sindhi Conferance, Ahemdabad.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 314
- author: ebendovroton
Indus valley civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Indus valley civilization most ancient advanced civilization
http://wn.com/Indus_valley_civilization
Indus valley civilization most ancient advanced civilization
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 501
- author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Great Indus Civilization informational Video
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization
The Great Indus Civilization informational Video
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 8241
- author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization EXTENDED
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://adf.ly/5FaDR
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Additional Resources:
Empires of the Indus -
Indus Valley on Wikipedia -
Lots of Indus Valley Civ. photos - #John Green, Crashcourse, Documentary, Valley, Culture, History, vlogbrothers, India, Pakistan, Indus, agricultural, revolution, ancient history, AP, world history, civilization, world civ, civilizations extended
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization_EXTENDED
http://adf.ly/5FaDR
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Additional Resources:
Empires of the Indus -
Indus Valley on Wikipedia -
Lots of Indus Valley Civ. photos - #John Green, Crashcourse, Documentary, Valley, Culture, History, vlogbrothers, India, Pakistan, Indus, agricultural, revolution, ancient history, AP, world history, civilization, world civ, civilizations extended
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 3420
- author: ebendovroton
world history indus valley civilization.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
World History Indus Valley Civilization Travelogue
http://wn.com/world_history_indus_valley_civilizationwmv
World History Indus Valley Civilization Travelogue
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 2585
- author: ebendovroton
Mohen Jo Daro -Indus Valley Civilization -2600 BC- World Heritage Site By UNESCO- 1980- Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
BEST TIME TO VISIT: November to March
Plan with Tourist Guide:
Mr Liqa Ansari, Cell: 00923227030450, E-mail: ansariguide2pakistan@gmail.com
MOHENJO DARO-SINDH-PAKISTAN:
Mound of the Dead.This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
Mohen Jo Daro was one of the large cities of Indus valley civilization situated in the province of Sindh of Pakistan.
It was built around 2600 BC.
This archeological site was re-designated by UNESCO world heritage site in 1980.
Learn More: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenjodaro
http://wn.com/Mohen_Jo_Daro_-Indus_Valley_Civilization_-2600_BC_World_Heritage_Site_By_UNESCO_1980_Pakistan
BEST TIME TO VISIT: November to March
Plan with Tourist Guide:
Mr Liqa Ansari, Cell: 00923227030450, E-mail: ansariguide2pakistan@gmail.com
MOHENJO DARO-SINDH-PAKISTAN:
Mound of the Dead.This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
Mohen Jo Daro was one of the large cities of Indus valley civilization situated in the province of Sindh of Pakistan.
It was built around 2600 BC.
This archeological site was re-designated by UNESCO world heritage site in 1980.
Learn More: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenjodaro
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 3848
- author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000--1500 BCE, Mature period 2600--1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus river valleys primarily in Sindh and southern Punjab provinces of Pakistan, extending westward into Balochistan province, and in north western and western India. Other remains of the IVC can also be found in present-day Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran. The mature phase of this civilization is technically known as the Harappan Civilization, after the first of its cities to be excavated, Harappa. Excavation of IVC sites has been ongoing since the 1920s, and the recent big findings have been occurring as late as 1999 .
Pakistan is an ancient land: a cradle of civilizations, cross roads of empires, cultures, languages and peoples as well as religions.
It was in Pakistan that Arabs got their knowledge of the concept of Zero.
The first linguistic system of grammar came from a anicient grammarian named Panini in Northern Pakistan.
The acclaimed intriguing political treatise written by Kautilya "Artashastra" was written in Pakistan.
It was here that Alexander's army stopped
It was in Pakistan that the foundation of Vedic culture was seeded which later influenced land beyond its borders into modern day India, Indo China, East Indies and such. All word containing the epithat "Indo" or "Ind" originate from a territory and river in Pakistan the Indus.
From Islamic mysticism to the shrines of Sikh gurus, from the Muslim mughal archistecture and Greco-Bactrian arts to Persian influence and bedrock of Buddhism and various dharmic cults and now considered the fort of Islam, Pakistan and her diverse people are a nation to be reckoned with. Love and peace for the world and appreciation of each other's accomplishments as well as perpetual learning and interaction is virtue which resides in the hearts of Pakistanis.
Hopefully people will rediscover the treasures of the great nation of Pakistan and leave with fond memories.
Sumer together with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley Civilization is considered the first settled society in the world to have manifested all the features needed to qualify fully as a "civilization".
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000--1500 BCE, Mature period 2600--1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus river valleys primarily in Sindh and southern Punjab provinces of Pakistan, extending westward into Balochistan province, and in north western and western India. Other remains of the IVC can also be found in present-day Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran. The mature phase of this civilization is technically known as the Harappan Civilization, after the first of its cities to be excavated, Harappa. Excavation of IVC sites has been ongoing since the 1920s, and the recent big findings have been occurring as late as 1999 .
Pakistan is an ancient land: a cradle of civilizations, cross roads of empires, cultures, languages and peoples as well as religions.
It was in Pakistan that Arabs got their knowledge of the concept of Zero.
The first linguistic system of grammar came from a anicient grammarian named Panini in Northern Pakistan.
The acclaimed intriguing political treatise written by Kautilya "Artashastra" was written in Pakistan.
It was here that Alexander's army stopped
It was in Pakistan that the foundation of Vedic culture was seeded which later influenced land beyond its borders into modern day India, Indo China, East Indies and such. All word containing the epithat "Indo" or "Ind" originate from a territory and river in Pakistan the Indus.
From Islamic mysticism to the shrines of Sikh gurus, from the Muslim mughal archistecture and Greco-Bactrian arts to Persian influence and bedrock of Buddhism and various dharmic cults and now considered the fort of Islam, Pakistan and her diverse people are a nation to be reckoned with. Love and peace for the world and appreciation of each other's accomplishments as well as perpetual learning and interaction is virtue which resides in the hearts of Pakistanis.
Hopefully people will rediscover the treasures of the great nation of Pakistan and leave with fond memories.
Sumer together with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley Civilization is considered the first settled society in the world to have manifested all the features needed to qualify fully as a "civilization".
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 7886
- author: ebendovroton
Dravidian Origin of Indus Valley Civilization.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
In this video we discuss the Dravidian foundation of the Indus Valley Civillization. Careful attention is given to the Dravidian character of the Harappan civilization and the expansion of this civilization into Central Asia and India.
You can find articles on the decipherment of the script at the following sites:
http://olmec98.net/HarWRITE.pdf
http://olmec98.net/indusvalley.pdf
http://wn.com/Dravidian_Origin_of_Indus_Valley_Civilizationwmv
In this video we discuss the Dravidian foundation of the Indus Valley Civillization. Careful attention is given to the Dravidian character of the Harappan civilization and the expansion of this civilization into Central Asia and India.
You can find articles on the decipherment of the script at the following sites:
http://olmec98.net/HarWRITE.pdf
http://olmec98.net/indusvalley.pdf
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 32986
- author: ebendovroton
Indus valley civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ancient Indian civilization
http://wn.com/Indus_valley_civilization
Indus Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Indus Valley Civilization (3500-1700 BC, aka Harappan Civilization) was mostly based in present day region of Pakistan, with its periphery or colonies stretching as far as northwest India in the east, Turkmenistan in the north, and southeast Iran/Persian Gulf in the West.
As a cradle of civilization, its contributions include the world's first: largest planned cities, drainage systems, cotton clothing, dentistry, standardized weights, possibly the writing system, and much more.
Indus people had extensive trade and cultural links with the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia.
The linguistic identity of the Harappans is unknown because the Indus script is still undeciphered. There are many theories of them being Indo-Iranian, Dravidian, Semitic, Altaic, Mundic, or even an isolate.
Indus religion remains a mystery as it is distinct from any known religion. There seems to be some sort of a Bull Cult prevelant among Harappans. There is also similarity with Gilgemish/Enkidu and even the Cernunnos.
Harappans were a multi-racial people with closest genetic affiliation to present day people of Indus valley and surroundings.
Despite waves of invasions throughout the centuries, the Harappan legacy lives on with continuation of many aspects of the culture, traditions, arts, etc. in present day Indus Valley and surroundings.
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (3500-1700 BC, aka Harappan Civilization) was mostly based in present day region of Pakistan, with its periphery or colonies stretching as far as northwest India in the east, Turkmenistan in the north, and southeast Iran/Persian Gulf in the West.
As a cradle of civilization, its contributions include the world's first: largest planned cities, drainage systems, cotton clothing, dentistry, standardized weights, possibly the writing system, and much more.
Indus people had extensive trade and cultural links with the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia.
The linguistic identity of the Harappans is unknown because the Indus script is still undeciphered. There are many theories of them being Indo-Iranian, Dravidian, Semitic, Altaic, Mundic, or even an isolate.
Indus religion remains a mystery as it is distinct from any known religion. There seems to be some sort of a Bull Cult prevelant among Harappans. There is also similarity with Gilgemish/Enkidu and even the Cernunnos.
Harappans were a multi-racial people with closest genetic affiliation to present day people of Indus valley and surroundings.
Despite waves of invasions throughout the centuries, the Harappan legacy lives on with continuation of many aspects of the culture, traditions, arts, etc. in present day Indus Valley and surroundings.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 17354
- author: ebendovroton
Ancient Indian History - Indus Valley Civilization 3D
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Ancient_Indian_History_Indus_Valley_Civilization_3D
Achievements of the Indus River Valley Civilization
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
http://wn.com/Achievements_of_the_Indus_River_Valley_Civilization
This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 42451
- author: ebendovroton
Indus valley civilization(mohenjo-daro)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
©http://www.hexolabs.com
e-learning research on ancient Indian civilization produced at Hexolabs,SIIC, IIT Kanpur for a better insight, visit
Kindly do not treat this video clipping as an exact archaeological reference. The idea is to make children aware/understand the whole Indus valley cultural system.
http://wn.com/Indus_valley_civilizationmohenjo-daro
©http://www.hexolabs.com
e-learning research on ancient Indian civilization produced at Hexolabs,SIIC, IIT Kanpur for a better insight, visit
Kindly do not treat this video clipping as an exact archaeological reference. The idea is to make children aware/understand the whole Indus valley cultural system.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 200725
- author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Additional Resources:
Empires of the Indus - http://dft.ba/-1Kwn
Indus Valley on Wikipedia - http://dft.ba/-1Kwp
Lots of Indus Valley Civ. photos - http://dft.ba/-1Kwq
Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@raoulmeyer
@crashcoursestan
@saysdanica
@thoughtbubbler
Like us!
http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow us again!
http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/Indus_Valley_Civilization_Crash_Course_World_History_2
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Additional Resources:
Empires of the Indus - http://dft.ba/-1Kwn
Indus Valley on Wikipedia - http://dft.ba/-1Kwp
Lots of Indus Valley Civ. photos - http://dft.ba/-1Kwq
Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@raoulmeyer
@crashcoursestan
@saysdanica
@thoughtbubbler
Like us!
http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow us again!
http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 556093
- author: ebendovroton
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Soman - Noise Anthem ( Infacted Version )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Artist: Soman
Song: Noise Anthem ( Infacted Version )
http://wn.com/Soman_Noise_Anthem_Infacted_Version_
Artist: Soman
Song: Noise Anthem ( Infacted Version )
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 42268
- author: Edvonstras
Valium Era - Fcuk Me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
CD: Mutation (2009). Model: TwiggX. If you like, please suscribe.
Also, Twiggx is not related in any way to the song name or lyrics, but we can dream. And yes, i asked her for permission.
Dj Korrosiv.
http://wn.com/Valium_Era_Fcuk_Me
CD: Mutation (2009). Model: TwiggX. If you like, please suscribe.
Also, Twiggx is not related in any way to the song name or lyrics, but we can dream. And yes, i asked her for permission.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 1370993
- author: Edvonstras
T3RR0R 3RR0R - Domination
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Check'em at http://www.MySpace.com/TerrorErrorSite. If you like, please subscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
http://wn.com/T3RR0R_3RR0R_Domination
Check'em at http://www.MySpace.com/TerrorErrorSite. If you like, please subscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 365681
- author: Edvonstras
Frozen Plasma - Tanz Die Revolution (international DJ Mix by DJ Toffel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Track: Frozen Plasma - Tanz Die Revolution (international DJ Mix by DJ Toffel)
Support: http://www.myspace.com/frozenplasma & http://www.myspace.com/djtoffel
More Mixxes and DJ-Sets avaible on my myspace account!
http://wn.com/Frozen_Plasma_Tanz_Die_Revolution_international_DJ_Mix_by_DJ_Toffel
Track: Frozen Plasma - Tanz Die Revolution (international DJ Mix by DJ Toffel)
Support: http://www.myspace.com/frozenplasma & http://www.myspace.com/djtoffel
More Mixxes and DJ-Sets avaible on my myspace account!
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 2002
- author: Edvonstras
Korsakoff - My Empty Bottle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Geniet van het prachtige nummer van Korsakoff, 'My Empty Bottle'!
Hardcore en een knappe meid. 't Kan niet beter!
http://wn.com/Korsakoff_My_Empty_Bottle
Geniet van het prachtige nummer van Korsakoff, 'My Empty Bottle'!
Hardcore en een knappe meid. 't Kan niet beter!
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 515141
- author: Edvonstras
DJ Korsakoff - Still Wasted
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Geil geil geil [!!]
http://wn.com/DJ_Korsakoff_Still_Wasted
Korsakoff - Birth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Kick ass track from Korsakoff's new album "Unrivalled"
http://wn.com/Korsakoff_Birth
Kick ass track from Korsakoff's new album "Unrivalled"
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 334171
- author: Edvonstras
Angerfist & Korsakoff
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Let me hear you scream for.. DJ KORSAKOFF !
http://wn.com/Angerfist_Korsakoff
KORSAKOFF & ANGERFIST - RAISE CAIN 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
RAISE CAIN 2007
KORSAKOFF & ANGERFIST
http://wn.com/KORSAKOFF_ANGERFIST_RAISE_CAIN_2007
Phosgore - Diagnosis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Brutal track by Phosgore. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
http://wn.com/Phosgore_Diagnosis
Brutal track by Phosgore. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 39316
- author: Edvonstras
Paradoxie - Indoxication
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Excellent track by Paradoxie. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
http://wn.com/Paradoxie_Indoxication
Excellent track by Paradoxie. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 456613
- author: Edvonstras
Noisuf-X - Hit Me Hard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Noisuf-X - Hit Me Hard
http://wn.com/Noisuf-X_Hit_Me_Hard
Noisuf-X - Hit me Hard (As Hard as you can Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Funny fact: The human brain has the capacity to store everything that you experience.
Song download: http://www.4shared.com/audio/FJjCu8C9/Noisuf-X_-_Hit_Me_Hard.htm?aff=7637829
Lyrics:
{{Repeating}}
Hit me hard and hit me fast.
(Hit me hard, Hit me fast)
Song: Hit Me Hard
Artist: Noisuf-X
Album: Voodoo Ritual
Year: 27 Feb 2009
Song on album: 15
Genre: Electronic [Rhythmic Noise, Electro, Industrial]
http://wn.com/Noisuf-X_Hit_me_Hard_As_Hard_as_you_can_Mix
Funny fact: The human brain has the capacity to store everything that you experience.
Song download: http://www.4shared.com/audio/FJjCu8C9/Noisuf-X_-_Hit_Me_Hard.htm?aff=7637829
Lyrics:
{{Repeating}}
Hit me hard and hit me fast.
(Hit me hard, Hit me fast)
Song: Hit Me Hard
Artist: Noisuf-X
Album: Voodoo Ritual
Year: 27 Feb 2009
Song on album: 15
Genre: Electronic [Rhythmic Noise, Electro, Industrial]
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 8878
- author: Edvonstras
Agonoize - Glaubenskrieger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A Hellgate: London fan video with music by Agonoize.
Lyrics:
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Oder wird der Krieg nur durch deinen Glauben entfacht?
Glaubst du wirklich an den Krieg?
Hast du jemals erlebt,
wie dein Gott zu dir spricht,
dir Befehle erteilt?
Ja das glaube ich wohl nicht!
Ist dein Glaube so stark,
dass du dich ständig fragst,
wie ein anderer Gott
ihm zu trotzen vermag.
Auf in den Kampf,
in die heilige Schlacht
hier geht's nicht um Religion
sondern nur blanke Macht.
Also zieh in den Kampf
doch dann wunder dich nicht,
wenn der Zorn den du säest
in Gewalt nieder bricht...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger... sterben nie!
Die Gewalt ist doch nur noch das Mittel zum Ziel,
Unterbewusst wirst du Teil dieses Spiels.
Also zieh in den Krieg
Doch dann wunder dich nicht,
wenn die Welt die du kennst,
in Flammen erlischt...
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Glaubst du wirklich an den Krieg?
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger... sterben nie!
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Glaubenskrieger...
For an english translation have a look at
http://lyricwiki.org/Agonoize:Glaubenskrieger
Also, please visit Agonoize at
http://agonoize.de/ and
http://www.myspace.com/agonoize !
http://wn.com/Agonoize_Glaubenskrieger
A Hellgate: London fan video with music by Agonoize.
Lyrics:
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Oder wird der Krieg nur durch deinen Glauben entfacht?
Glaubst du wirklich an den Krieg?
Hast du jemals erlebt,
wie dein Gott zu dir spricht,
dir Befehle erteilt?
Ja das glaube ich wohl nicht!
Ist dein Glaube so stark,
dass du dich ständig fragst,
wie ein anderer Gott
ihm zu trotzen vermag.
Auf in den Kampf,
in die heilige Schlacht
hier geht's nicht um Religion
sondern nur blanke Macht.
Also zieh in den Kampf
doch dann wunder dich nicht,
wenn der Zorn den du säest
in Gewalt nieder bricht...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger... sterben nie!
Die Gewalt ist doch nur noch das Mittel zum Ziel,
Unterbewusst wirst du Teil dieses Spiels.
Also zieh in den Krieg
Doch dann wunder dich nicht,
wenn die Welt die du kennst,
in Flammen erlischt...
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Glaubst du wirklich an den Krieg?
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger... sterben nie!
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Glaubenskrieger...
For an english translation have a look at
http://lyricwiki.org/Agonoize:Glaubenskrieger
Also, please visit Agonoize at
http://agonoize.de/ and
http://www.myspace.com/agonoize !
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 1008581
- author: Edvonstras
Combichrist "Get Your Body Beat" Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Get Your Body Beat, Combichrist's new single released in the summer of 6/6/06 following the music video containing clips from the movie "The Gene Generation"
http://wn.com/Combichrist_Get_Your_Body_Beat_Music_Video
Get Your Body Beat, Combichrist's new single released in the summer of 6/6/06 following the music video containing clips from the movie "The Gene Generation"
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 3386046
- author: Edvonstras
PSYCLON NINE "parasitic" -official-
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Directed by Richard Thomas {Mushroomhead, Ventana} {this is the official video}
http://wn.com/PSYCLON_NINE_parasitic_-official-
Directed by Richard Thomas {Mushroomhead, Ventana} {this is the official video}
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 2078968
- author: Edvonstras
Combichrist - Blut Royal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Combichrist Blut Royale
All copyrights go the CC label, no intentions in breaking any law at any form
http://wn.com/Combichrist_Blut_Royal
Combichrist Blut Royale
All copyrights go the CC label, no intentions in breaking any law at any form
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 18626
- author: Edvonstras
Dioxyde - Geist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Fan Vid.
http://wn.com/Dioxyde_Geist
Nachtmahr - Mein Name
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
for more info from Nachtmahr http://www.nachtmahr.at/
country: AUSTRIA
album: Feuer Frei!
year: 2008
Not an official Nachtmahr video.
Just a fanvid!!!
for more info from Nachtmahr
http://www.nachtmahr.at/
http://wn.com/Nachtmahr_Mein_Name
for more info from Nachtmahr http://www.nachtmahr.at/
country: AUSTRIA
album: Feuer Frei!
year: 2008
Not an official Nachtmahr video.
Just a fanvid!!!
for more info from Nachtmahr
http://www.nachtmahr.at/
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 1305291
- author: Edvonstras
Eisenfunk - Pong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Eisenfunk "Pong" the official music video, taken from the upcoming album "8bit".
Worldwide Release: 26. March 2010
http://wn.com/Eisenfunk_Pong
Eisenfunk "Pong" the official music video, taken from the upcoming album "8bit".
Worldwide Release: 26. March 2010
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 7054845
- author: Edvonstras
Blutengel- Reich mir die Hand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The new clip from Blutengel. Directed by Silvan Büge (Blackstage TV). Single in shops on January 21st, 2011!
http://wn.com/Blutengel_Reich_mir_die_Hand
The new clip from Blutengel. Directed by Silvan Büge (Blackstage TV). Single in shops on January 21st, 2011!
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 4840109
- author: Edvonstras
Feindflug - Ätherkrieg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This is the music song "Ätherkrieg" from the band "Feindflug" Album "Volk und Armee".
http://wn.com/Feindflug_Ätherkrieg
This is the music song "Ätherkrieg" from the band "Feindflug" Album "Volk und Armee".
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 264732
- author: Edvonstras
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Indus' Vlog 9, Halloween
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Tricky Treat. Watch in HD.
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_9,_Halloween
Indus' Vlog 8, Sexy Costumes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Halloween Party! This is what ladies do in the powder room....
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_8,_Sexy_Costumes
Halloween Party! This is what ladies do in the powder room....
- published: 25 Oct 2012
- views: 576
- author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 7, One Man's Trash
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
I stopped to take a photo but realized there was more to my picture. follow me on twitter @indusalelia
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_7,_One_Man's_Trash
I stopped to take a photo but realized there was more to my picture. follow me on twitter @indusalelia
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 301
- author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 6, Rolling Joints at Church
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Rolling "joints" at church
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_6,_Rolling_Joints_at_Church
Indus' Vlog 5, Scab
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Not sure what I did to my knee but the scab came off...
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_5,_Scab
Not sure what I did to my knee but the scab came off...
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 301
- author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 4, Masturbation Station
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:37
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Bus Stop or Masturbation Station?
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_4,_Masturbation_Station
Indus' Vlog 3, Mollie not Jessica
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Watch in HD. Mollie not Jessica.
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_3,_Mollie_not_Jessica
Indus' Vlog 2, Busy People on Set
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
On the movie set of BFE
https://www.facebook.com/BFEfilm
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_2,_Busy_People_on_Set
On the movie set of BFE
https://www.facebook.com/BFEfilm
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 494
- author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 1, Film Break
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Idaho Film Set, Off Time...
See what I did with the 15 minutes a day I had to myself on a film set in Idaho.
http://wn.com/Indus'_Vlog_1,_Film_Break
Idaho Film Set, Off Time...
See what I did with the 15 minutes a day I had to myself on a film set in Idaho.
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 661
- author: indusalelia
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
![Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 1/4 [lektor PL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130310122721im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/mWGLRSaJ3lA/default.jpg "Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 1/4 [lektor PL]")
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 1/4 [lektor PL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:55
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
http://wn.com/Utracone_dziedzictwo_Lud_znad_rzeki_Indus_1_4_lektor_PL_
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 3895
- author: bartiPWZ
![Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 2/4 [lektor PL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130310122721im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/j9Qf5grCV3U/default.jpg "Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 2/4 [lektor PL]")
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 2/4 [lektor PL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:54
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
http://wn.com/Utracone_dziedzictwo_Lud_znad_rzeki_Indus_2_4_lektor_PL_
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 674
- author: bartiPWZ
![Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 3/4 [lektor PL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130310122721im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4uf6UBTdq88/default.jpg "Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 3/4 [lektor PL]")
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 3/4 [lektor PL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
http://wn.com/Utracone_dziedzictwo_Lud_znad_rzeki_Indus_3_4_lektor_PL_
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 607
- author: bartiPWZ
![Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 4/4 [lektor PL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130310122721im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3PJXZPXEcHQ/default.jpg "Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 4/4 [lektor PL]")
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 4/4 [lektor PL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
http://wn.com/Utracone_dziedzictwo_Lud_znad_rzeki_Indus_4_4_lektor_PL_
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 495
- author: bartiPWZ
0:44
Indus Creed - The Enemy Within
The opening track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut alb...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - The Enemy Within
The opening track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 351
- author: sithija666
3:33
Indus Creed - Top of the Rock
The second track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut albu...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Top of the Rock
The second track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 1191
- author: sithija666
4:27
Indus Creed - Chains And Black Leather
The fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Chains And Black Leather
The fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 930
- author: sithija666
4:00
Indus Creed - Rock N' Roll Renegade
The sixth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Rock N' Roll Renegade
The sixth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 695
- author: sithija666
5:12
Indus Creed - Karen
The seventh track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut alb...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Karen
The seventh track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 2273
- author: sithija666
3:37
Indus Creed - Prisoner Of Passion
The third track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Prisoner Of Passion
The third track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 1115
- author: sithija666
3:59
Indus Creed - Polyvinyl Lady
Eighth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Ro...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Polyvinyl Lady
Eighth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 2389
- author: sithija666
3:36
Indus Creed - Rockin' in the USSR
Ninth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Roc...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Rockin' in the USSR
Ninth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 715
- author: sithija666
1:14
Indus Creed - Ode to Scoobie Doo
Last track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Ode to Scoobie Doo
Last track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 472
- author: sithija666
4:25
Indus Creed - Can't wait anymore
Fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Roc...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Can't wait anymore
Fifth track from one of the best hard rock bands from India, Indus Creed's debut album Rock N' Roll Renegade.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 1365
- author: sithija666
5:29
Indus Creed - Turn it on
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Turn it on
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 605
- author: sithija666
5:40
Indus Creed - Crazy
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Crazy
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 516
- author: sithija666
3:53
Indus Creed - Bowl Of Madness
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Bowl Of Madness
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 548
- author: sithija666
5:21
Indus Creed - Believing
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Believing
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 326
- author: sithija666
Vimeo results:
2:00
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were ...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: mt1278
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were done in the studio http://cinelex.ru
141:56
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington...
published: 09 Jul 2011
author: Siva Edupu
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington
6:00
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a...
published: 16 Jan 2011
author: Indu
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a escuchar este video, siempre ascendiendo con los ojos abiertos… la cognición llegará a ti con naturalidad y gentileza… Recuerda siempre jugar…Disfruta este regalo con las respuestas a estas preguntas u otras, comparte con otros ascendedores y los maestros lo que resuena en ti …
Con amor infinito
L@s Maestr@s Ishayas del Camino Brillante
Youtube results:
7:08
Indus Creed - Die For Your Country
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Die For Your Country
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 586
- author: sithija666
5:21
Indus Creed - Screaming Out
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Screaming Out
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 409
- author: sithija666
5:06
Indus Creed - Cinderella
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Cinderella
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 802
- author: sithija666
4:34
Indus Creed - Pretty Child
...
published: 31 May 2012
author: sithija666
Indus Creed - Pretty Child
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 793
- author: sithija666
4:20
Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization project - Nick, Nick, and Will...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization project - Nick, Nick, and Will
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 1738
- author: ebendovroton
3:40
CM Modi explains Rich heritage of dholavira-Indus Valley Civilization
Honorable CM Modi explains the rich heritage and civilization of Indus Valley addressing ...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
CM Modi explains Rich heritage of dholavira-Indus Valley Civilization
Honorable CM Modi explains the rich heritage and civilization of Indus Valley addressing gathering at International Sindhi Conferance, Ahemdabad.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 314
- author: ebendovroton
4:40
Indus valley civilization
Indus valley civilization most ancient advanced civilization...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus valley civilization
Indus valley civilization most ancient advanced civilization
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 501
- author: ebendovroton
4:07
Indus Valley Civilization
The Great Indus Civilization informational Video...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization
The Great Indus Civilization informational Video
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 8241
- author: ebendovroton
9:35
Indus Valley Civilization EXTENDED
http://adf.ly/5FaDR
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, ...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization EXTENDED
http://adf.ly/5FaDR
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Additional Resources:
Empires of the Indus -
Indus Valley on Wikipedia -
Lots of Indus Valley Civ. photos - #John Green, Crashcourse, Documentary, Valley, Culture, History, vlogbrothers, India, Pakistan, Indus, agricultural, revolution, ancient history, AP, world history, civilization, world civ, civilizations extended
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 3420
- author: ebendovroton
6:49
world history indus valley civilization.wmv
World History Indus Valley Civilization Travelogue...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
world history indus valley civilization.wmv
World History Indus Valley Civilization Travelogue
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 2585
- author: ebendovroton
4:17
Mohen Jo Daro -Indus Valley Civilization -2600 BC- World Heritage Site By UNESCO- 1980- Pakistan
BEST TIME TO VISIT: November to March
Plan with Tourist Guide:
Mr Liqa Ansari, Cell: 00...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Mohen Jo Daro -Indus Valley Civilization -2600 BC- World Heritage Site By UNESCO- 1980- Pakistan
BEST TIME TO VISIT: November to March
Plan with Tourist Guide:
Mr Liqa Ansari, Cell: 00923227030450, E-mail: ansariguide2pakistan@gmail.com
MOHENJO DARO-SINDH-PAKISTAN:
Mound of the Dead.This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
Mohen Jo Daro was one of the large cities of Indus valley civilization situated in the province of Sindh of Pakistan.
It was built around 2600 BC.
This archeological site was re-designated by UNESCO world heritage site in 1980.
Learn More: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moenjodaro
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 3848
- author: ebendovroton
2:34
Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000--1500 BCE, Mature period 2600--1900 BCE), abbreviated I...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000--1500 BCE, Mature period 2600--1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus river valleys primarily in Sindh and southern Punjab provinces of Pakistan, extending westward into Balochistan province, and in north western and western India. Other remains of the IVC can also be found in present-day Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran. The mature phase of this civilization is technically known as the Harappan Civilization, after the first of its cities to be excavated, Harappa. Excavation of IVC sites has been ongoing since the 1920s, and the recent big findings have been occurring as late as 1999 .
Pakistan is an ancient land: a cradle of civilizations, cross roads of empires, cultures, languages and peoples as well as religions.
It was in Pakistan that Arabs got their knowledge of the concept of Zero.
The first linguistic system of grammar came from a anicient grammarian named Panini in Northern Pakistan.
The acclaimed intriguing political treatise written by Kautilya "Artashastra" was written in Pakistan.
It was here that Alexander's army stopped
It was in Pakistan that the foundation of Vedic culture was seeded which later influenced land beyond its borders into modern day India, Indo China, East Indies and such. All word containing the epithat "Indo" or "Ind" originate from a territory and river in Pakistan the Indus.
From Islamic mysticism to the shrines of Sikh gurus, from the Muslim mughal archistecture and Greco-Bactrian arts to Persian influence and bedrock of Buddhism and various dharmic cults and now considered the fort of Islam, Pakistan and her diverse people are a nation to be reckoned with. Love and peace for the world and appreciation of each other's accomplishments as well as perpetual learning and interaction is virtue which resides in the hearts of Pakistanis.
Hopefully people will rediscover the treasures of the great nation of Pakistan and leave with fond memories.
Sumer together with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley Civilization is considered the first settled society in the world to have manifested all the features needed to qualify fully as a "civilization".
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 7886
- author: ebendovroton
9:33
Dravidian Origin of Indus Valley Civilization.wmv
In this video we discuss the Dravidian foundation of the Indus Valley Civillization. Caref...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Dravidian Origin of Indus Valley Civilization.wmv
In this video we discuss the Dravidian foundation of the Indus Valley Civillization. Careful attention is given to the Dravidian character of the Harappan civilization and the expansion of this civilization into Central Asia and India.
You can find articles on the decipherment of the script at the following sites:
http://olmec98.net/HarWRITE.pdf
http://olmec98.net/indusvalley.pdf
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 32986
- author: ebendovroton
1:39
Indus valley civilization
ancient Indian civilization...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus valley civilization
ancient Indian civilization
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 17059
- author: ebendovroton
5:01
Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (3500-1700 BC, aka Harappan Civilization) was mostly based in pr...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization (3500-1700 BC, aka Harappan Civilization) was mostly based in present day region of Pakistan, with its periphery or colonies stretching as far as northwest India in the east, Turkmenistan in the north, and southeast Iran/Persian Gulf in the West.
As a cradle of civilization, its contributions include the world's first: largest planned cities, drainage systems, cotton clothing, dentistry, standardized weights, possibly the writing system, and much more.
Indus people had extensive trade and cultural links with the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia.
The linguistic identity of the Harappans is unknown because the Indus script is still undeciphered. There are many theories of them being Indo-Iranian, Dravidian, Semitic, Altaic, Mundic, or even an isolate.
Indus religion remains a mystery as it is distinct from any known religion. There seems to be some sort of a Bull Cult prevelant among Harappans. There is also similarity with Gilgemish/Enkidu and even the Cernunnos.
Harappans were a multi-racial people with closest genetic affiliation to present day people of Indus valley and surroundings.
Despite waves of invasions throughout the centuries, the Harappan legacy lives on with continuation of many aspects of the culture, traditions, arts, etc. in present day Indus Valley and surroundings.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 17354
- author: ebendovroton
5:23
Ancient Indian History - Indus Valley Civilization 3D
...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Ancient Indian History - Indus Valley Civilization 3D
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 42542
- author: ebendovroton
4:15
Achievements of the Indus River Valley Civilization
This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization....
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Achievements of the Indus River Valley Civilization
This video is to educate people about the Indus Valley Civilization.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 42451
- author: ebendovroton
4:32
Indus valley civilization(mohenjo-daro)
©http://www.hexolabs.com
e-learning research on ancient Indian civilization produced at He...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus valley civilization(mohenjo-daro)
©http://www.hexolabs.com
e-learning research on ancient Indian civilization produced at Hexolabs,SIIC, IIT Kanpur for a better insight, visit
Kindly do not treat this video clipping as an exact archaeological reference. The idea is to make children aware/understand the whole Indus valley cultural system.
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 200725
- author: ebendovroton
Vimeo results:
2:00
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were ...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: mt1278
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were done in the studio http://cinelex.ru
141:56
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington...
published: 09 Jul 2011
author: Siva Edupu
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington
6:00
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a...
published: 16 Jan 2011
author: Indu
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a escuchar este video, siempre ascendiendo con los ojos abiertos… la cognición llegará a ti con naturalidad y gentileza… Recuerda siempre jugar…Disfruta este regalo con las respuestas a estas preguntas u otras, comparte con otros ascendedores y los maestros lo que resuena en ti …
Con amor infinito
L@s Maestr@s Ishayas del Camino Brillante
Youtube results:
9:35
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of...
published: 23 Feb 2012
author: ebendovroton
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
In which John Green teaches you about the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the largest of the ancient civilizations. John teaches you the who, how, when, where and why of the Indus Valley Civilization, and dispenses advice on how to be more successful in your romantic relationships.
Additional Resources:
Empires of the Indus - http://dft.ba/-1Kwn
Indus Valley on Wikipedia - http://dft.ba/-1Kwp
Lots of Indus Valley Civ. photos - http://dft.ba/-1Kwq
Follow us!
@thecrashcourse
@realjohngreen
@raoulmeyer
@crashcoursestan
@saysdanica
@thoughtbubbler
Like us!
http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow us again!
http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
- published: 23 Feb 2012
- views: 556093
- author: ebendovroton
4:08
Soman - Noise Anthem ( Infacted Version )
Artist: Soman
Song: Noise Anthem ( Infacted Version )...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Soman - Noise Anthem ( Infacted Version )
Artist: Soman
Song: Noise Anthem ( Infacted Version )
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 42268
- author: Edvonstras
3:52
Valium Era - Fcuk Me
CD: Mutation (2009). Model: TwiggX. If you like, please suscribe.
Also, Twiggx is not rel...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Valium Era - Fcuk Me
CD: Mutation (2009). Model: TwiggX. If you like, please suscribe.
Also, Twiggx is not related in any way to the song name or lyrics, but we can dream. And yes, i asked her for permission.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 1370993
- author: Edvonstras
5:33
T3RR0R 3RR0R - Domination
Check'em at http://www.MySpace.com/TerrorErrorSite. If you like, please subscribe.
Dj Kor...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
T3RR0R 3RR0R - Domination
Check'em at http://www.MySpace.com/TerrorErrorSite. If you like, please subscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 365681
- author: Edvonstras
5:03
Frozen Plasma - Tanz Die Revolution (international DJ Mix by DJ Toffel)
Track: Frozen Plasma - Tanz Die Revolution (international DJ Mix by DJ Toffel)
Support: ht...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Frozen Plasma - Tanz Die Revolution (international DJ Mix by DJ Toffel)
Track: Frozen Plasma - Tanz Die Revolution (international DJ Mix by DJ Toffel)
Support: http://www.myspace.com/frozenplasma & http://www.myspace.com/djtoffel
More Mixxes and DJ-Sets avaible on my myspace account!
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 2002
- author: Edvonstras
3:53
Korsakoff - My Empty Bottle
Geniet van het prachtige nummer van Korsakoff, 'My Empty Bottle'!
Hardcore en een knappe m...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Korsakoff - My Empty Bottle
Geniet van het prachtige nummer van Korsakoff, 'My Empty Bottle'!
Hardcore en een knappe meid. 't Kan niet beter!
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 515141
- author: Edvonstras
3:55
DJ Korsakoff - Still Wasted
Geil geil geil [!!]...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
DJ Korsakoff - Still Wasted
Geil geil geil [!!]
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 565396
- author: Edvonstras
4:51
Korsakoff - Birth
Kick ass track from Korsakoff's new album "Unrivalled"...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Korsakoff - Birth
Kick ass track from Korsakoff's new album "Unrivalled"
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 334171
- author: Edvonstras
4:28
Angerfist & Korsakoff
Let me hear you scream for.. DJ KORSAKOFF !...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Angerfist & Korsakoff
Let me hear you scream for.. DJ KORSAKOFF !
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 1789
- author: Edvonstras
4:48
KORSAKOFF & ANGERFIST - RAISE CAIN 2007
RAISE CAIN 2007
KORSAKOFF & ANGERFIST...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
KORSAKOFF & ANGERFIST - RAISE CAIN 2007
RAISE CAIN 2007
KORSAKOFF & ANGERFIST
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 1010538
- author: Edvonstras
4:11
Phosgore - Diagnosis
Brutal track by Phosgore. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv....
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Phosgore - Diagnosis
Brutal track by Phosgore. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 39316
- author: Edvonstras
5:10
Paradoxie - Indoxication
Excellent track by Paradoxie. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv....
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Paradoxie - Indoxication
Excellent track by Paradoxie. If you like, please suscribe.
Dj Korrosiv.
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 456613
- author: Edvonstras
4:26
Noisuf-X - Hit Me Hard
Noisuf-X - Hit Me Hard...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Noisuf-X - Hit Me Hard
Noisuf-X - Hit Me Hard
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 923571
- author: Edvonstras
4:25
Noisuf-X - Hit me Hard (As Hard as you can Mix)
Funny fact: The human brain has the capacity to store everything that you experience.
So...
published: 24 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Noisuf-X - Hit me Hard (As Hard as you can Mix)
Funny fact: The human brain has the capacity to store everything that you experience.
Song download: http://www.4shared.com/audio/FJjCu8C9/Noisuf-X_-_Hit_Me_Hard.htm?aff=7637829
Lyrics:
{{Repeating}}
Hit me hard and hit me fast.
(Hit me hard, Hit me fast)
Song: Hit Me Hard
Artist: Noisuf-X
Album: Voodoo Ritual
Year: 27 Feb 2009
Song on album: 15
Genre: Electronic [Rhythmic Noise, Electro, Industrial]
- published: 24 Oct 2011
- views: 8878
- author: Edvonstras
4:03
Agonoize - Glaubenskrieger
A Hellgate: London fan video with music by Agonoize.
Lyrics:
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
G...
published: 25 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Agonoize - Glaubenskrieger
A Hellgate: London fan video with music by Agonoize.
Lyrics:
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Oder wird der Krieg nur durch deinen Glauben entfacht?
Glaubst du wirklich an den Krieg?
Hast du jemals erlebt,
wie dein Gott zu dir spricht,
dir Befehle erteilt?
Ja das glaube ich wohl nicht!
Ist dein Glaube so stark,
dass du dich ständig fragst,
wie ein anderer Gott
ihm zu trotzen vermag.
Auf in den Kampf,
in die heilige Schlacht
hier geht's nicht um Religion
sondern nur blanke Macht.
Also zieh in den Kampf
doch dann wunder dich nicht,
wenn der Zorn den du säest
in Gewalt nieder bricht...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger... sterben nie!
Die Gewalt ist doch nur noch das Mittel zum Ziel,
Unterbewusst wirst du Teil dieses Spiels.
Also zieh in den Krieg
Doch dann wunder dich nicht,
wenn die Welt die du kennst,
in Flammen erlischt...
Glaubst du an den Krieg?
Glaubst du wirklich an den Krieg?
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger...
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Wer löscht das Feuer in dir?
Glaubenskrieger... sterben nie!
Und deine Seele verbrennt...
Glaubenskrieger...
For an english translation have a look at
http://lyricwiki.org/Agonoize:Glaubenskrieger
Also, please visit Agonoize at
http://agonoize.de/ and
http://www.myspace.com/agonoize !
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 1008581
- author: Edvonstras
Vimeo results:
2:00
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were ...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: mt1278
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were done in the studio http://cinelex.ru
141:56
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington...
published: 09 Jul 2011
author: Siva Edupu
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington
6:00
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a...
published: 16 Jan 2011
author: Indu
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a escuchar este video, siempre ascendiendo con los ojos abiertos… la cognición llegará a ti con naturalidad y gentileza… Recuerda siempre jugar…Disfruta este regalo con las respuestas a estas preguntas u otras, comparte con otros ascendedores y los maestros lo que resuena en ti …
Con amor infinito
L@s Maestr@s Ishayas del Camino Brillante
Youtube results:
4:39
Combichrist "Get Your Body Beat" Music Video
Get Your Body Beat, Combichrist's new single released in the summer of 6/6/06 following th...
published: 25 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Combichrist "Get Your Body Beat" Music Video
Get Your Body Beat, Combichrist's new single released in the summer of 6/6/06 following the music video containing clips from the movie "The Gene Generation"
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 3386046
- author: Edvonstras
4:55
PSYCLON NINE "parasitic" -official-
Directed by Richard Thomas {Mushroomhead, Ventana} {this is the official video}...
published: 25 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
PSYCLON NINE "parasitic" -official-
Directed by Richard Thomas {Mushroomhead, Ventana} {this is the official video}
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 2078968
- author: Edvonstras
5:34
Combichrist - Blut Royal
Combichrist Blut Royale
All copyrights go the CC label, no intentions in breaking any law...
published: 25 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Combichrist - Blut Royal
Combichrist Blut Royale
All copyrights go the CC label, no intentions in breaking any law at any form
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 18626
- author: Edvonstras
7:37
Dioxyde - Geist
Fan Vid....
published: 25 Oct 2011
author: Edvonstras
Dioxyde - Geist
Fan Vid.
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 107763
- author: Edvonstras
2:15
Indus' Vlog 9, Halloween
Tricky Treat. Watch in HD....
published: 01 Nov 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 9, Halloween
Tricky Treat. Watch in HD.
- published: 01 Nov 2012
- views: 269
- author: indusalelia
2:13
Indus' Vlog 8, Sexy Costumes
Halloween Party! This is what ladies do in the powder room.......
published: 25 Oct 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 8, Sexy Costumes
Halloween Party! This is what ladies do in the powder room....
- published: 25 Oct 2012
- views: 576
- author: indusalelia
0:56
Indus' Vlog 7, One Man's Trash
I stopped to take a photo but realized there was more to my picture. follow me on twitter ...
published: 16 Oct 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 7, One Man's Trash
I stopped to take a photo but realized there was more to my picture. follow me on twitter @indusalelia
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 301
- author: indusalelia
0:36
Indus' Vlog 6, Rolling Joints at Church
Rolling "joints" at church...
published: 10 Oct 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 6, Rolling Joints at Church
Rolling "joints" at church
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 357
- author: indusalelia
0:17
Indus' Vlog 5, Scab
Not sure what I did to my knee but the scab came off......
published: 08 Oct 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 5, Scab
Not sure what I did to my knee but the scab came off...
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 301
- author: indusalelia
0:37
Indus' Vlog 4, Masturbation Station
Bus Stop or Masturbation Station?...
published: 06 Aug 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 4, Masturbation Station
Bus Stop or Masturbation Station?
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 332
- author: indusalelia
1:03
Indus' Vlog 3, Mollie not Jessica
Watch in HD. Mollie not Jessica....
published: 06 Aug 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 3, Mollie not Jessica
Watch in HD. Mollie not Jessica.
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 423
- author: indusalelia
0:33
Indus' Vlog 2, Busy People on Set
On the movie set of BFE
https://www.facebook.com/BFEfilm...
published: 06 Aug 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 2, Busy People on Set
On the movie set of BFE
https://www.facebook.com/BFEfilm
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 494
- author: indusalelia
1:23
Indus' Vlog 1, Film Break
Idaho Film Set, Off Time...
See what I did with the 15 minutes a day I had to myself on a...
published: 06 Aug 2012
author: indusalelia
Indus' Vlog 1, Film Break
Idaho Film Set, Off Time...
See what I did with the 15 minutes a day I had to myself on a film set in Idaho.
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 661
- author: indusalelia
Vimeo results:
2:00
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were ...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: mt1278
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were done in the studio http://cinelex.ru
141:56
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington...
published: 09 Jul 2011
author: Siva Edupu
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington
6:00
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a...
published: 16 Jan 2011
author: Indu
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a escuchar este video, siempre ascendiendo con los ojos abiertos… la cognición llegará a ti con naturalidad y gentileza… Recuerda siempre jugar…Disfruta este regalo con las respuestas a estas preguntas u otras, comparte con otros ascendedores y los maestros lo que resuena en ti …
Con amor infinito
L@s Maestr@s Ishayas del Camino Brillante
14:55
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 1/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, ...
published: 29 Sep 2011
author: bartiPWZ
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 1/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 3895
- author: bartiPWZ
14:54
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 2/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, ...
published: 29 Sep 2011
author: bartiPWZ
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 2/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 674
- author: bartiPWZ
14:58
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 3/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, ...
published: 29 Sep 2011
author: bartiPWZ
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 3/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 607
- author: bartiPWZ
7:48
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 4/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, ...
published: 29 Sep 2011
author: bartiPWZ
Utracone dziedzictwo: Lud znad rzeki Indus 4/4 [lektor PL]
Seria o ludach, z których istnienia mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę. Topniejące społeczności, których prastary styl życia wydaje się skazany na zniszczenie przez wzbierającą falę postępu. Oto opowieść o utraconym dziedzictwie.
Lud Mohana żyje w izolacji od świata zewnętrznego, pielęgnując przekazywaną z pokolenia na pokolenie tysiącletnią wiedzę. Dla tych nomadów z doliny rzeki Indus natura jest niczym książka, z której czerpie się niezbędne informacje. Ich przeznaczenie ściśle związane jest ze środowiskiem, w którym żyją, wiernymi towarzyszami są słodkowodne delfiny, a jedyne idee, jakie wyznają to wolność i godność.
kraj: Francja
reżyser: François-Xavier Pelletier
rok produkcji: 2007
język: polski lektor
Za AlterKino.org
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 495
- author: bartiPWZ
Vimeo results:
2:00
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were ...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: mt1278
Indus
Matte Paintings for film "Indus" - http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1750201/
These works were done in the studio http://cinelex.ru
141:56
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington...
published: 09 Jul 2011
author: Siva Edupu
Indus
Teaching Assistant, Arch 251 lecture , Non Western Architecture @University of Washington
6:00
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a...
published: 16 Jan 2011
author: Indu
Encuentro con nuestro Maestro part 1
Si te gustaría encontrar la respuesta a algunas de las siguientes preguntas te invitamos a escuchar este video, siempre ascendiendo con los ojos abiertos… la cognición llegará a ti con naturalidad y gentileza… Recuerda siempre jugar…Disfruta este regalo con las respuestas a estas preguntas u otras, comparte con otros ascendedores y los maestros lo que resuena en ti …
Con amor infinito
L@s Maestr@s Ishayas del Camino Brillante
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
09 Mar 2013
By JAY SOLOMON. WASHINGTON—Obama administration officials are raising alarms about a scientific-cooperation pact between North Korea and Iran that officials said could advance the nuclear and missile programs of both countries. The agreement, reached in September, bears a close resemblance to one North Korea signed with Syria in 2002, U.S ... nuclear watchdog agency. Enlarge Image. Close. The U.S ... officials said ... and U.N. officials ... Mr ... U.S ... U.S....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
07 Mar 2013
LAHAD DATU. Malaysia has given an ultimatum to the remnants of the Sulu armed group. “Lay down your arms or be eliminated.'' ... “These operations will continue for as long as it takes,” the Prime Minister said at a press conference after getting a closer look at the offensive against the Sulu gunmen, which entered its third day yesterday ... “This should not arise at all ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Site Intelligence Group
09 Mar 2013
WASHINGTON — One morning in late September 2011, a group of American drones took off from an airstrip the C.I.A. had built in the remote southern expanse of Saudi Arabia. The drones crossed the border into Yemen, and were soon hovering over a group of trucks clustered in a desert patch of Jawf Province, a region of the impoverished country once renowned for breeding Arabian horses. Multimedia. Map. Connect With Us on Twitter ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)
photo: AP / Kim Jae-hwan
08 Mar 2013
North Korea says it is scrapping all non-aggression pacts with South Korea, closing its hotline with Seoul and shutting their shared border point. The announcement follows a fresh round of UN sanctions punishing Pyongyang for its nuclear test last month. Earlier, Pyongyang said it reserved the right to a pre-emptive nuclear strike against its "aggressors" ... 'Extreme rhetoric' ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
07 Mar 2013
The conflict has wreaked political havoc for both Malaysia and the neighboring Philippines ... Ismail said at least 52 Filipinos have now been killed in the past week since hostilities in the Sabah security crisis escalated ... World news....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Times of India
09 Mar 2013
Wacky desserts, organic cocktails and restaurants that pop up! Kolkata foodies are getting adventurous with their palate. We go trendspotting. Choco-everything!. A thick chocolate shake infused with sinful choco chips, ice-cream, choco flakes, choco prepaste and choco flab. Yes, this actually exists and is served at Cafe Chocolade, a favourite of Xaverians these days ... Pop-up restaurants ... Neerja Nopany of Indus Valley had one to her credit....(size: 10.2Kb)
Newstrack India
08 Mar 2013
New Delhi, March 8 (IANS) Holding that the Indus Water Treaty is a well-thought-out document, a former chairman of the Central Water Commission Friday blamed the lax implementation by India and Pakistan for its ineffectiveness ... It also suggests developing a digitised online model of the Indus Basin to foster regional network building and deepen hydrological modelling capacities....(size: 3.2Kb)
IIFL
08 Mar 2013
After the Union Budget, the Finance Minister has been on an overdrive mode promising more announcements and measures to revive growth and investment ... The week was the best this calendar year with a rally witnessed across global markets ... ... The Realty Sector (up 7.4%).The top gainers in the real estate space were HDIL (up 17.6%), Anant Raj Indus (up 16.5%), Sobha Developers (up 11.9%), DLF (up 7.3%) and Unitech (up 5.2%)....(size: 3.8Kb)
Canberra Times
08 Mar 2013
The Australian share market is trading flat as it draws breath and looks for a new lead ... Mr Heffernan said the rise in the market from 4,700 points to 5,100 points in a couple of months had been ‘‘fantastic’’ ... Making news today. In economics news ... Analyst rating changes ... Offshore overnight ... S&P500 added 0.18% to 1544.26 Dow Jones Indus Avg added 0.23% to 14329.29 Nasdaq composite added 0.3% to 3232.09. Europe ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
CounterPunch
08 Mar 2013
Michael T. Klare is the author of the book, (2012), in which he discusses the fight over the planet’s increasingly scarce resources ... *** ... KK ... On top of that, the glacial melt from the Himalayas is slowly going to disappear, so the rivers on which the country depends—the Indus and the Ganges—are going to see less and less current, less and less waterflow in the dry season, and that will be devastating for Indian and Pakistani agriculture....(size: 11.0Kb)
Treehugger
08 Mar 2013
By Emily E. Adams. As the earth warms, glaciers and ice sheets are melting and seas are rising. Over the last century, the global average sea level rose by 17 centimeters (7 inches) ... Melting sea ice, ice sheets, and mountain glaciers are a clear sign of our changing climate. (.) ... (See data.) ... Their runoff feeds Asia’s great rivers, including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, which support hundreds of millions of people ... # # # ... Tags ... Tweet ... ....(size: 10.2Kb)
Mining Weekly
07 Mar 2013
While global economies and markets stag- nate in double-dip and even triple-dip reces-sion, Africa is on the rise, modernising, thriv- ing and rapidly developing into a major indus-trial market. Africa is ripe for exploration by technology businesses around the globe, par-ticularly in mining, oil, gas and petroleum, and the energy, water and manufacturing sectors ... The energy sector market will grow to $800-billion in the same period ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
DNA India
07 Mar 2013
Pakistan today insisted on proof against the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks saying "mere statements are not enough" after India said it was yet to see any "tangible progress" by Islamabad on the matter ... Under the Indus Waters Treaty‚ India is obligated to inform Pakistan in advance if it wants to build any structure on the three Western rivers allocated to Pakistan. Tweet. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Xinhua
07 Mar 2013
by Jawad Hussain ... The KSE All Share Index dropped 0.1 percent or 12.77 points to end at 12,639.55 levels on Thursday as against 12,652.32 levels posted on Wednesday, the KSE 30-Index slid by 0.42 percent or 62 ... Market capitalization declined by 4.537 billion rupees (46.302 million U.S ... dollars) ... On the other hand, Bata Pakistan and Indus Motor Company were the top two major losers of the day with decrements of 57.33 rupees (58.50 U.S ... 分享....(size: 4.3Kb)
Business Journal
07 Mar 2013
Staff Tampa Bay Business Journal. Dr. Kiran Patel will focus on his own personal story of entrepreneurship in medicine and innovation in the health care industry when he presents the keynote address at HealthCamp Tampa 2013. The noted Tampa physician is a philanthropist and health care entrepreneur ... The Indus Entrepreneurs — or TiE — fosters entrepreneurship globally through mentoring, networking, and education, the statement said ... Tampa....(size: 6.8Kb)
Crunch
07 Mar 2013
Apple Facebook Twitter Google Microsoft. ecommerce. Comment. Tablets Taking A Greater Share Of Web Page Views Than Smartphones In Eight Major Markets, According To Adobe’s Digital Index. Natasha Lomas ... Retail websites receive the highest share of tablet traffic across all industries, according to its data, while automotive and travel shopping websites also get a “significant share” of tablet traffic. ... Tags....(size: 8.9Kb)
The Times of India
07 Mar 2013
... of probably the biggest and the oldest Indus Valley City, larger and more extensive than even Mohenjo-daro," Hooda said in the assembly....(size: 0.7Kb)
Canberra Times
07 Mar 2013
The Australian share market is trading marginally lower as disappointing trade figures pulled stocks back from a modestly positive start. IG Markets market strategist Stan Shamu said the Australian market had opened marginally higher, but had descended after the release of balance of trade figures ... Making news today ... S&P500 added 0.1% to 1541.46 Dow Jones indus avg added 0.3% to 14,296.24 Nasdaq composite lost 0.05% to 3222.36 ... Asia....(size: 6.0Kb)
| History of technology |
|---|
| By technological eras |
| By historical regions |
| By type of technology |
| Technology timelines |
| Outlines |
The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over tenfold, while the world's population increased over sixfold.[2] In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before".[3]
Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution.[4] Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.[5] Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.[6] With the transition away from an agricultural-based economy and towards machine-based manufacturing came a great influx of population from the countryside and into the towns and cities, which swelled in population.[7]
The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilisation of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity.[6] The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The impact of this change on society was enormous.[8]
The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians. Eric Hobsbawm held that it 'broke out' in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[9] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[10]
Some 20th century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among historians.[11][12] GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy.[13] The Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies.[14] Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.[15]
Etymology[link]
The earliest use of the term "Industrial Revolution" seems to be a letter of 6 July 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[16] In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in the entry for "Industry": "The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the century." The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Louis-Auguste Blanqui description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle. Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, whose lectures given in 1881 gave a detailed account of it.[17]
Innovations[link]
The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[18] made in the second half of the 18th century:
- Textiles – Cotton spinning using Richard Arkwright's water frame, James Hargreaves's Spinning Jenny, and Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule (a combination of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame). This was patented in 1769 and so came out of patent in 1783. The end of the patent was rapidly followed by the erection of many cotton mills. Similar technology was subsequently applied to spinning worsted yarn for various textiles and flax for linen. The cotton revolution began in Derby, which has been known since this period as the "Powerhouse of the North".
- Steam power – The improved steam engine invented by James Watt and patented in 1775 was at first mainly used to power pumps for pumping water out of mines, but from the 1780s was applied to power other types of machines. This enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on a previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was not available. For the first time in history people did not have to rely on human or animal muscle, wind or water for power. The steam engine was used to pump water from coal mines; to lift trucks of coal to the surface; to blow air into the furnaces for the making of iron; to grind clay for pottery; and to power new factories of all kinds. For over a hundred years the steam engine was the king of the industries.
- Iron making – In the Iron industry, coke was finally applied to all stages of iron smelting, replacing charcoal. This had been achieved much earlier for lead and copper as well as for producing pig iron in a blast furnace, but the second stage in the production of bar iron depended on the use of potting and stamping (for which a patent expired in 1786) or puddling (patented by Henry Cort in 1783 and 1784).
These represent three 'leading sectors', in which there were key innovations, which allowed the economic take off by which the Industrial Revolution is usually defined. This is not to belittle many other inventions, particularly in the textile industry. Without some earlier ones, such as the spinning jenny and flying shuttle in the textile industry and the smelting of pig iron with coke, these achievements might have been impossible. Later inventions such as the power loom and Richard Trevithick's high pressure steam engine were also important in the growing industrialisation of Britain. The application of steam engines to powering cotton mills and ironworks enabled these to be built in places that were most convenient because other resources were available, rather than where there was water to power a watermill.
In the textile sector, such mills became the model for the organisation of human labour in factories, epitomised by Cottonopolis, the name given to the vast collection of cotton mills, factories and administration offices based in Manchester. The assembly line system greatly improved efficiency, both in this and other industries. With a series of men trained to do a single task on a product, then having it moved along to the next worker, the number of finished goods also rose significantly.
Also important was the 1756 rediscovery of concrete (based on hydraulic lime mortar) by the British engineer John Smeaton, which had been lost for 1300 years.[19]
Transfer of knowledge[link]
Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances
Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means. Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached. A common method was for someone to make a study tour, gathering information where he could. During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before, all European countries and America engaged in study-touring; some nations, like Sweden and France, even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy. In other countries, notably Britain and America, this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods. Study tours were common then, as now, as was the keeping of travel diaries. Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods.
Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies, like the Lunar Society of Birmingham, in which members met to discuss 'natural philosophy' (i.e. science) and often its application to manufacturing. The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809, and it has been said of them, "They were, if you like, the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions, the Industrial Revolution".[20] Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions. For example, the London-based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions, as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions.
There were publications describing technology. Encyclopaedias such as Harris's Lexicon Technicum (1704) and Abraham Rees's Cyclopaedia (1802–1819) contain much of value. Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution, very well illustrated by fine engravings. Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates.
Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century, and many regularly included notice of the latest patents. Foreign periodicals, such as the Annales des Mines, published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours.
Technological developments in Britain[link]
Textile manufacture[link]
Main article: Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans, doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises. This system is called a cottage industry. Flax and cotton were also used for fine materials, but the processing was difficult because of the pre-processing needed, and thus goods in these materials made only a small proportion of the output.
Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom restricted the production capacity of the industry, but incremental advances increased productivity to the extent that manufactured cotton goods became the dominant British export by the early decades of the 19th century. India was displaced as the premier supplier of cotton goods.
Lewis Paul patented the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness, developed with the help of John Wyatt in Birmingham. Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey. In 1743, a factory was opened in Northampton with fifty spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt's machines. This operated until about 1764. A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster, but this burnt down. Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748. Using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill. Lewis's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule.
Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly, which fed a weaving industry that was advancing with improvements to shuttles and the loom or 'frame'. The output of an individual labourer increased dramatically, with the effect that the new machines were seen as a threat to employment, and early innovators were attacked and their inventions destroyed.
To capitalise upon these advances, it took a class of entrepreneurs, of which the most famous is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually developed by people such as Thomas Highs and John Kay; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines. He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed the use of power—first horse power and then water power—which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry. Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery.
Metallurgy[link]
Blast furnaces light the iron making town of Coalbrookdale
The major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of organic fuels based on wood with fossil fuel based on coal. Much of this happened somewhat before the Industrial Revolution, based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678, using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas. These were operated by the flames, which contained carbon monoxide, playing on the ore and reducing the oxide to metal. This has the advantage that impurities (such as sulphur) in the coal do not migrate into the metal. This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687. It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s, but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace. The foundry cupola is a different (and later) innovation.
This was followed by Abraham Darby, who made great strides using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale in 1709. However, the coke pig iron he made was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods such as pots and kettles. He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots, cast by his patented process, were thinner and cheaper than theirs. Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce bar iron in forges until the mid 1750s, when his son Abraham Darby II built Horsehay and Ketley furnaces (not far from Coalbrookdale). By then, coke pig iron was cheaper than charcoal pig iron. Since cast iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful, it also became a major structural material following the building of the innovative The Iron Bridge in 1778 by Abraham Darby III.
Matthew Boulton helped James Watt to get his business off the ground. he set up a massive factory called the Soho Factory, in the midlands.
Bar iron for smiths to forge into consumer goods was still made in finery forges, as it long had been. However, new processes were adopted in the ensuing years. The first is referred to today as potting and stamping, but this was superseded by Henry Cort's puddling process. From 1785, perhaps because the improved version of potting and stamping was about to come out of patent, a great expansion in the output of the British iron industry began. The new processes did not depend on the use of charcoal at all and were therefore not limited by charcoal sources.
Up to that time, British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of imported iron to supplement native supplies. This came principally from Sweden from the mid-17th century and later also from Russia from the end of the 1720s. However, from 1785, imports decreased because of the new iron making technology, and Britain became an exporter of bar iron as well as manufactured wrought iron consumer goods.
An improvement was made in the production of steel, which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do, such as for the cutting edge of tools and for springs. Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s. The raw material for this was blister steel, made by the cementation process.
The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided the development of boilers and steam engines, and eventually railways. Improvements in machine tools allowed better working of iron and steel and further boosted the industrial growth of Britain.
Mining[link]
Coal mining in Britain, particularly in South Wales started early. Before the steam engine, pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface, which were abandoned as the coal was extracted. In other cases, if the geology was favourable, the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill. Shaft mining was done in some areas, but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water. It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough (a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine). In either case, the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity. The introduction of the steam engine greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper, enabling more coal to be extracted. These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution, but the adoption of James Watt's more efficient steam engine from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines, making mines more profitable. Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams. Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson. However, the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light. Firedamp explosions continued, often setting off coal dust explosions, so casualties grew during the entire 19th century. Conditions of work were very poor, with a high casualty rate from rock falls.
Steam power[link]
Main article: Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the Industrial Revolution; however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse- and man-power for driving small machines.
The first real attempt at industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698. He constructed and patented in London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump, that generated about one horsepower (hp) and was used in numerous water works and tried in a few mines (hence its "brand name", The Miner's Friend), but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions.
The first safe and successful steam power plant was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712. Newcomen apparently conceived the Newcomen steam engine quite independently of Savery, but as the latter had taken out a very wide-ranging patent, Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him, marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent.[21][22] Newcomen's engine appears to have been based on Papin's experiments carried out 30 years earlier, and employed a piston and cylinder, one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston. Steam just above atmospheric pressure (all that the boiler could stand) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity-induced upstroke; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder, raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity-actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft. The engine's downward power stroke raised the pump, priming it and preparing the pumping stroke. At first the phases were controlled by hand, but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self-acting.
A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface; these were large machines, requiring a lot of capital to build, and produced about 5 hp (3.7 kW). They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century. By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread (first) to Hungary in 1722, Germany, Austria, and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad. In the 1770s, the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800.[23]
A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt. In close collaboration with Matthew Boulton, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere, use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber. All this meant that a more constant temperature could be maintained in the cylinder and that engine efficiency no longer varied according to atmospheric conditions. These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five, saving 75% on coal costs. Bolton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry, for the manufacture of such engines, in 1795.
Nor could the atmospheric engine be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel, although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so towards 1780. However by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double-acting rotative type, which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt's basic engine types were commercially very successful, and by 1800, the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp (7.5 kW).
The development of machine tools, such as the lathe, planing and shaping machines powered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines.
Until about 1800, the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine-house, but soon various patterns of self-contained portative engines (readily removable, but not on wheels) were developed, such as the table engine. Towards the turn of the 19th century, the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick, and the American, Oliver Evans began to construct higher pressure non-condensing steam engines, exhausting against the atmosphere. This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats.
In the early 19th century after the expiration of Watt's patent, the steam engine underwent many improvements by a host of inventors and engineers.
Chemicals[link]
The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution. The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck (James Watt's first partner) in 1746. He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger, less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead. Instead of making a small amount each time, he was able to make around 100 pounds (50 kg) in each of the chambers, at least a tenfold increase.
The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well, and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate. The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid. The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone (calcium carbonate) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide. Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide. The process produced a large amount of pollution (the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air, and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product). Nonetheless, this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants (barilla) or from kelp, which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash,[24] and also to potash (potassium carbonate) derived from hardwood ashes.
These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions, replacing many small-scale operations with more cost-effective and controllable processes. Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling (removing rust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth.
The development of bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800, based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet, revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required (from months to days) for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk. Tennant's factory at St Rollox, North Glasgow, became the largest chemical plant in the world.
In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades. This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 °C (2,552 °F), then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete. Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel.[25] Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later.
After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs, and Germany took world leadership, building a strong chemical industry.[26] Aspring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860-1914 era to learn the latest techniques. British scientists by contrast, lacked research universities and did not train advanced students; instead the practice was to hire German-trained chemists.[27]
Machine tools[link]
Main article: Machine tools
The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they enabled manufacturing machines to be made. They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch-produce small mechanisms. The mechanical parts of early textile machines were sometimes called 'clock work' because of the metal spindles and gears they incorporated. The manufacture of textile machines drew craftsmen from these trades and is the origin of the modern engineering industry.
Machines were built by various craftsmen—carpenters made wooden framings, and smiths and turners made metal parts. A good example of how machine tools changed manufacturing took place in Birmingham, England, in 1830. The invention of a new machine by Joseph Gillott, William Mitchell[disambiguation needed 
] and James Stephen Perry allowed mass manufacture of robust, cheap steel pen nibs; the process had been laborious and expensive. Because of the difficulty of manipulating metal and the lack of machine tools, the use of metal was kept to a minimum. Wood framing had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity, and the various joints tended to rack (work loose) over time. As the Industrial Revolution progressed, machines with metal frames became more common, but they required machine tools to make them economically. Before the advent of machine tools, metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers, files, scrapers, saws and chisels. Small metal parts were readily made by this means, but for large machine parts, production was very laborious and costly.
Apart from workshop lathes used by craftsmen, the first large machine tool was the cylinder boring machine used for boring the large-diameter cylinders on early steam engines. The planing machine, the slotting machine and the shaping machine were developed in the first decades of the 19th century. Although the milling machine was invented at this time, it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century.
Military production, as well, had a hand in the development of machine tools. Henry Maudslay, who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century, was employed at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, as a young man where he would have seen the large horse-driven wooden machines for cannon boring made and worked by the Verbruggans. He later worked for Joseph Bramah on the production of metal locks, and soon after he began working on his own. He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills. These were all metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability. The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools, and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work, such as Richard Roberts, Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth.
James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century, as did Matthew Murray of Leeds. Roberts was a maker of high-quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement.
Gas lighting[link]
Main article: Gas lighting
Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting. Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton and Watt, the Birmingham steam engine pioneers. The process consisted of the large scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812-20. They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK. Gas lighting had an impact on social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil. Its introduction allowed night life to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before.
Glass making[link]
Main article: Glass production
A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process, was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832, this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings. The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure..
Paper machine[link]
Main article: Papermaking
A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint-Léger Didot family in France. The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers, brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, who were stationers in London. Although greatly improved and with many variations, the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today.
Effects on agriculture[link]
The invention of machinery played a big part in driving forward the British Agricultural Revolution. Agricultural improvement began in the centuries before the Industrial revolution got going and it may have played a part in freeing up labour from the land to work in the new industrial mills of the 18th century. As the revolution in industry progressed a succession of machines became available which increased food production with ever fewer labourers.
Jethro Tull's seed drill invented in 1701 was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds efficiently across a plot of land. Joseph Foljambe's Rotherham plough of 1730, was the first commercially successful iron plough.[28] Andrew Meikle's threshing machine of 1784 was the final straw for many farm labourers, and led to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots.
Transport in Britain[link]
Main article: Transport during the British Industrial Revolution
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. Railways or wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but canals had not yet been constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea.
The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.
Canals[link]
Main article: History of the British canal system
Canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres in the Midlands and north with seaports and with London, at that time itself the largest manufacturing centre in the country. Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be easily transported across the country. A single canal horse could pull a load dozens of times larger than a cart at a faster pace. By the 1820s, a national network was in existence. Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways. They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on.
Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain.
Roads[link]
Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes, but from the 1720s (and occasionally earlier) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads. Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of some turnpike trust. New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf, Thomas Telford and John Macadam. The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country. Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad wheeled, carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse. Stage coaches carried the rich, and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts.
Railways[link]
Main article: History of rail transport in Great Britain
Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal. These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline. The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast iron plates used). Horse-drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century. Steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830. Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution.
After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories.
Railways helped Britain's trade enormously, providing a quick and easy way of transport and an easy way to transport mail and news.
Social effects[link]
Main article: Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution
In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry.
Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. As late as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10-hour day (12 hours in the steel industry), yet earned from 20 to 40 percent less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life.[29] However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel—child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.[30]
Factories and urbanisation[link]
Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory. Arguably the first was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. However, the rise of the factory came somewhat later when cotton spinning was mechanised.
The factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed "Cottonopolis", and arguably the world's first industrial city. For much of the 19th century, production was done in small mills, which were typically water-powered and built to serve local needs. Later each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler.
The transition to industrialisation was not without difficulty. For example, a group of English workers known as Luddites formed to protest against industrialisation and sometimes sabotaged factories.
In other industries the transition to factory production was not so divisive. Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills, and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement.
By 1746, an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton (whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766) were other prominent early industrialists, who employed the factory system.
Child labour[link]
A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery.[31] In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved working conditions in mines.
The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase, but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution (although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly).[32][33] There was still limited opportunity for education, and children were expected to work. Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine, and since the industrial system was completely new there were no experienced adult labourers. This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children.[34]
Child labour had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders,[35] 10-20% of an adult male's wage.[36] Children as young as four were employed.[36] Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm.[36] Conditions were dangerous, with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts, while others died from gas explosions.[36] Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25.[36] Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as "pauper apprentices", working without wages for board and lodging.[36] Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters, with some masters shackling them to prevent escape.[36] Children employed as mule scavenger by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton, working 14 hours a day, six days a week. Some lost hands or limbs, others were crushed under the machines, and some were decapitated.[36] Young girls worked at match factories, where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw.[36] Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded, and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust.[36]
Reports were written detailing some of the abuses, particularly in the coal mines[37] and textile factories[38] and these helped to popularise the children's plight. The public outcry, especially among the upper and middle classes, helped stir change in the young workers' welfare.
Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law, but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labour. In 1833 and 1844, the first general laws against child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in England: Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, children were not permitted to work at night, and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours. Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law, however, their scarcity made enforcement difficult.[36] About ten years later, the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden. These laws decreased the number of child labourers; however, child labour remained in Europe and the United States up to the 20th century.[39]
Housing[link]
Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendour of the homes of the owners to the squalor of the lives of the workers. Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of developing pathologies associated with persistent dampness. Disease was spread through a contaminated water supply. Conditions did improve during the 19th century as public health acts were introduced covering things such as sewage, hygiene and making some boundaries upon the construction of homes. Not everybody lived in homes like these. The Industrial Revolution created a larger middle class of professionals such as lawyers and doctors. Health conditions for improved over the course of the 19th century because of better sanitation; the famines that troubled rural areas did not happen in industrial areas. However, urban people—especially small children—died due to diseases spreading through the cramped living conditions. Tuberculosis (spread in congested dwellings), lung diseases from the mines, cholera from polluted water and typhoid were also common.
A description of housing of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels, a co-founder of Marxism.[40] In the introduction of the 1892 edition of Engels (1844) he notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved.
Luddites[link]
Main article: Luddite
The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation. Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver. Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures using the militia or army to protect industry. Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life.
Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised, such as agricultural labourers in the 1830s, when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances. Threshing machines were a particular target, and rick burning was a popular activity. However the riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for reform.
Organisation of labour[link]
See also: Trade union#History
The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production. Skilled workers were hard to replace, and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining.
The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In England, the Combination Act forbade workers to form any kind of trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted.
In 1832, the year of the Reform Act which extended the vote in England but did not grant universal suffrage, six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s. They refused to work for less than 10 shillings a week, although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six shillings. In 1834 James Frampton, a local landowner, wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, to complain about the union, invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other, which the members of the Friendly Society had done. James Brine, James Hammett, George Loveless, George's brother James Loveless, George's brother in-law Thomas Standfield, and Thomas's son John Standfield were arrested, found guilty, and transported to Australia. They became known as the Tolpuddle martyrs. In the 1830s and 1840s the Chartist movement was the first large scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice. Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.
Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship. Enlightened industrialists, such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class.
Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike. In 1842, a General Strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain.[41]
Eventually effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to became the British Labour Party.
Standards of living[link]
The history of the change of living conditions during the industrial revolution has been very controversial, and was the topic that from the 1950s to the 1980s caused most heated debate among economic and social historians.[42] A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population, that was at the bottom of the social ladder, suffered severe reductions in their living standards.[42]
Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including England and France, until the latter part of the 19th century. Until about 1750, in large part due to malnutrition, life expectancy in France was about 35 years, and only slightly higher in England. The U.S. population of the time was adequately fed, were much taller and had life expectancies of 45–50 years.[43] A vivid description of living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels.[40]
During the period 1813-1913, there was a significant increase in worker wages.[44][45][46]
Population increase[link]
According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at 6 million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740. The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.[47] As living conditions and health care improved during the 19th century,[citation needed] Britain's population doubled every 50 years.[48][49] Europe’s population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.[50]
Other effects[link]
The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation.
During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically. The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[32]
The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas. In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in cities,[51] a figure that has risen to nearly 50% at the beginning of the 21st century.[52] In 1717 Manchester was merely a market town of 10,000 people, but by 1911 it had a population of 2.3 million.[53]
The greatest killer in the cities was tuberculosis (TB).[54] According to the Harvard University Library, "By the late 19th century, 70 to 90% of the urban populations of Europe and North America were infected with the TB bacillus, and about 80% of those individuals who developed active tuberculosis died of it. About 40% of working-class deaths in cities were from tuberculosis."[55]
Continental Europe[link]
The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain. In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places. Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities. By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England. The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries. In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted.
Belgium[link]
Renowned for its coal and steel, Belgium has experienced strong industrial growth since the Middle Ages. For many years, heavy industry was the driving force behind the region's economy. Belgium was the second country, after England, in which the industrial revolution took place and the first on continental Europe:
Before railway construction on the Continent demanded huge quantities of maleable iron mainly for rails, for which low quality iron sufficed, Wallonia was the only Continental region to follow the British model successfully. Since the middle of the 1820s, numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi. Excelling all others, John Cockerill's factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825.[56]
Wallonia came to be regarded as an example of the radical evolution of industrial expansion. Thanks to coal (the French word "houille" was coined in Wallonia),[57] the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after England. But it is also pointed out by many researchers, with its Sillon industriel, 'Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, (...) there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making...'.[58] Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830: "It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after England."[59] "The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent."[60] Michel De Coster, Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also: "The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world, in proportion to its population and its territory (...) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal-mines, the blast furnaces, the iron and zinc factories, the wool industry, the glass industry, the weapons industry... were concentrated" [61]
Demographic effects[link]
Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade-unions in a particular sociological landscape. At the left, the Sillon industriel, which runs from Mons in the west, to Verviers in the east (except part of North Flanders, in another period of the industrial revolution, after 1920). Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after England, the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different. In 'Breaking stereotypes', Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say:
The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one, but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium. During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres (...) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region (Flanders), with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent, remained one of the most urbanised in the world. By comparison, this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia, barely 10 per cent in most West European countries, 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in England. Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure, except in Ghent (...) Also, in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process, even though the proportion of city-dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910. Especially in the Haine, Sambre and Meuse valleys, between the Borinage and Liège, where there was a huge industrial development based on coal-mining and iron-making, urbanisation was fast. During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred, concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region. Nevertheless, industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres, but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal-mine or a factory. Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than, for instance, the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows.[62]
France[link]
The industrial revolution in France was a particular process for it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries. Notably, most French historians argue that France did not go through a clear take-off.[63] Instead, France's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady along the 18th and 19th centuries. However, some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy-Leboyer :
- French Revolution and Napoleonic wars (1789–1815),
- industrialisation, along with Britain (1815–1860),
- economic slowdown (1860–1905),
- renewal of the growth after 1905.
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Germany[link]
Main article: Economic history of Germany
Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories, Germany became dominant in the world's chemical industry in the late 19th century. At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical.[64] Germany
Germany's political disunity—with three dozen states—and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines linked the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain, but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain’s. However, German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts, and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and pulled ahead of France[65]
Sweden[link]
Main article: Economic history of Sweden
During the period 1790-1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements: an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates, new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming, and a protoindustrialisation, with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in the summer season and industrial production in the winter season. This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s.
In the period 1815-1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialized and larger industries. This period witness increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen, textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland. Several important institutional changes took place in this period, such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 (as first country in the world), the abolishment of a previous national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846, and a stock company law in 1848.
During the period 1850-1890 Sweden witnessed a veritable explosion in its export sector, with agricultural crops, wood and steel being the three dominating categories. Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873.
During the period 1890-1930 the second industrial revolution took place in Sweden. During this period new industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities, papermaking and textile industries.
United States[link]
The United States originally used horse-powered machinery to power its earliest factories, but eventually switched to water power, with the consequence that industrialisation was essentially limited to New England and the rest of the Northeastern United States, where fast-moving rivers were located. Horse-drawn production proved to be economically challenging and a more difficult alternative to the newer water-powered production lines. However, the raw materials (cotton) came from the Southern United States. It was not until after the Civil War in the 1860s that steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to fully spread across the nation.
Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the largest cotton mill of its era,[66] and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future. This cotton mill was designed to utilise horse-powered production, however the operators quickly learned that the economic stability of their horse-drawn platform was unstable, and had fiscal issues for years after it was built. Despite the losses, the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation, both in turning a large amount of cotton, but also developing the water-powered milling structure used in Slater's Mill.[67]
Samuel Slater (1768–1835) is the founder of the Slater Mill. As a boy apprentice in Derbyshire, England, he learned of the new techniques in the textile industry and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789, hoping to make money with his knowledge. Slater founded Slater's Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1793. He went on to own thirteen textile mills.[68] Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge, Massachusetts in 1809, the third woollen mill established in the U.S. (The first was in Hartford, Connecticut, and the second at Watertown, Massachusetts.) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of "America's Hardest-Working River', the Blackstone. The Blackstone River and its tributaries, which cover more than 45 miles (72 km) from Worcester to Providence, was the birthplace of America's Industrial Revolution. At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley, including Slater's mill, and with it the earliest beginnings of America's Industrial and Technological Development.
While on a trip to England in 1810, Newburyport merchant Francis Cabot Lowell was allowed to tour the British textile factories, but not take notes. Realising the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a market for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America, he memorised the design of textile machines, and on his return to the United States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company. Lowell and his partners built America's second cotton-to-cloth textile mill at Waltham, Massachusetts, second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory After his death in 1817, his associates built America's first planned factory town, which they named after him. This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering, one of the first uses of it in the United States. Lowell, Massachusetts, utilising 5.6 miles (9.0 km) of canals and ten thousand horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River, is considered by some to be a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution. The short-lived utopia-like Lowell System was formed, as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain. However, by 1850, especially following the Irish Potato Famine, the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour.
The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham, Massachusetts, at the Waltham Watch Company, with the development of machine tools, tools, gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches.
See also: History of Lowell, Massachusetts
Japan[link]
Main articles: Meiji Restoration and Economic history of Japan
The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West. The government built railroads, improved roads, and inaugurated a land reform program to prepare the country for further development. It inaugurated a new Western-based education system for all young people, sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe, and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (O-yatoi gaikokujin).
In 1871 a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the USA to learn western ways. The result was a deliberate state led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The Bank of Japan, founded in 1877, used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories. Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west.
Modern industry first appeared in textiles, including cotton and especially silk, which was based in home workshops in rural areas.[69]
Second Industrial Revolution[link]
Main article: Second Industrial Revolution
Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a "Second Industrial Revolution", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert wrought iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality.[70][71]
This second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include the chemical industries, petroleum refining and distribution, electrical industries, and, in the 20th century, the automotive industries, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany.
The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal-deprived northern Italy, beginning in the 1890s. The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation.
By the 1890s, industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests, as companies like U.S. Steel, General Electric, Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad companies on the world's stock markets.
Intellectual paradigms and criticism[link]
Capitalism[link]
Main article: Capitalism
The advent of the Age of Enlightenment provided an intellectual framework which welcomed the practical application of the growing body of scientific knowledge—a factor evidenced in the systematic development of the steam engine, guided by scientific analysis, and the development of the political and sociological analyses, culminating in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. One of the main arguments for capitalism, presented for example in the book The Improving State of the World, is that industrialisation increases wealth for all, as evidenced by raised life expectancy, reduced working hours, and no work for children and the elderly.
Socialism[link]
Main article: Socialism
Socialism emerged as a critique of capitalism. Marxism began essentially as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution.[72] According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production, the factories and the land) and the much larger proletariat (the working class who actually perform the labour necessary to extract something valuable from the means of production). He saw the industrialisation process as the logical dialectical progression of feudal economic modes, necessary for the full development of capitalism, which he saw as in itself a necessary precursor to the development of socialism and eventually communism.
Romanticism[link]
Main article: Romanticism
During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed. This was known as the Romantic movement. Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories; the "Dark satanic mills" of Blake's poem "And did those feet in ancient time". Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two-edged.
Causes[link]
The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate, with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century. As national border controls became more effective, the spread of disease was lessened, thereby preventing the epidemics common in previous times.[73] The percentage of children who lived past infancy rose significantly, leading to a larger workforce. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find employment in agriculture into cottage industry, for example weaving, and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories.[74] The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors, as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century.[75]
Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine.[76] However, recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional, supply-oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution.[77]
Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages, much earlier than most estimates.[78] He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that "the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock". He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time-keeping, as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later, more physical, manifestations such as the steam engine.
The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations, such as France, markets were split up by local regions, which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded amongst them.[79] Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England, they survived in Russia till 1753, 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain.
Governments' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system (the Statute of Monopolies 1623) is considered an influential factor. The effects of patents, both good and ill, on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine, the key enabling technology. In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines, thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development. However monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance, or even overbalance, the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors.[80] Watt's monopoly may have prevented other inventors, such as Richard Trevithick, William Murdoch or Jonathan Hornblower, from introducing improved steam engines, thereby retarding the industrial revolution by about 16 years.[81][82]
Causes for occurrence in Europe[link]
Main article: European miracle
European 17th century colonial expansion, international trade, and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment, one which supported and enabled 18th century industrial growth.
One question of active interest to historians is why the industrial revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century, particularly China, India, and the Middle East, or at other times like in Classical Antiquity[83] or the Middle Ages.[84] Numerous factors have been suggested, including education, technological changes[85] (see Scientific Revolution in Europe), "modern" government, "modern" work attitudes, ecology, and culture.[86] The Age of Enlightenment not only meant a larger educated population but also more modern views on work. However, most historians contest the assertion that Europe and China were roughly equal because modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity (and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars[87]) whereas China, by comparison, had only 450 dollars.
Some historians such as David Landes[88] and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in China and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred. The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo-Christianity, and Greek thought. Conversely, Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius, Mencius, Han Feizi (Legalism), Lao Tzu (Taoism), and Buddha (Buddhism). Whereas the Europeans believed that the universe was governed by rational and eternal laws, the East believed that the universe was in constant flux and, for Buddhists and Taoists, not capable of being rationally understood.[citation needed] Other factors include the considerable distance of China's coal deposits, though large, from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea.[89]
Regarding India, the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said: "The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in England."[90] In contrast to China, India was split up into many competing kingdoms, with the three major ones being the Marathas, Sikhs and the Mughals. In addition, the economy was highly dependent on two sectors—agriculture of subsistence and cotton, and there appears to have been little technical innovation. It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over. Absolutist dynasties in China, India, and the Middle East failed to encourage manufacturing and exports, and expressed little interest in the well-being of their subjects.[91]
Causes for occurrence in Britain[link]
There were two main values that really drove the industrial revolution in Britain. These values were self interest and an entrepreneurial spirit. Because of these interests, many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth. These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole. Countries around the world started to recognize the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own industrial revolutions.[92]
The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. However, it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5% of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution.[93] Even though slavery accounted for minimal economic profits in Britain during the Industrial Revolution, Caribbean-based demand accounted for 12% of England's industrial output.[94]
Instead, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies, particularly China and Russia. Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse, and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size (European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy[95]). Britain's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods. The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe. This was further aided by Britain's geographical position—an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe.
Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed. It had a dense population for its small geographical size. Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available. There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England, the English Midlands, South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands. Local supplies of coal, iron, lead, copper, tin, limestone and water power, resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry. Also, the damp, mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton, providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry.
The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688, and British society's greater receptiveness to change (compared with other European countries) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution. Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement, and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism.[96] (This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc's The Servile State.)
Britain's population grew 280% 1550-1820, while the rest of Western Europe grew 50-80%. 70% of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750-1800. By 1800, only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain. This was only possible because coal, coke, imported cotton, brick and slate had replaced wood, charcoal, flax, peat and thatch. The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not. Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse's work was mechanised. A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres (1.21 to 2.02 ha) for fodder while even early steam engines produced 4 times more mechanical energy.
In 1700, 5/6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain, while the Netherlands had none; so despite having Europe's best transport, most urbanised, well paid, literate people and lowest taxes, it failed to industrialise. In the 18th century, it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank. Without coal, Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s.[97]
Protestant work ethic[link]
Main article: Protestant work ethic
Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress, technology and hard work.[98] The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic (see Max Weber) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects, such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War. Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures.
Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices, as well as education at England's only two universities at the time (although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland's four universities). When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act, they thereupon became active in banking, manufacturing and education. The Unitarians, in particular, were very involved in education, by running Dissenting Academies, where, in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow, much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences—areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies.
Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government, they were considered fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the middle class, such as traditional financiers or other businessmen. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century.
See also[link]
- General
- Capitalism in the nineteenth century
- Deindustrialisation
- Dialectics of progress
- Dual revolution
- Economic history of the United Kingdom
- Electrification
- Industrialisation
- Information revolution
- Paper
- Papermaking
- Pre-industrial society
- Protestant work ethic
- Scientific Revolution
- Other
References[link]
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- Staley, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology (3 vol 2011), 2000pp
- Stearns, Peter N. (1998). The Industrial Revolution in World History. Westview Press. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400
- Smil, Vaclav (1994). Energy in World History. Westview Press. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450
- Snooks, G.D. (2000). Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary?. London: Routledge
- Szostak, Rick (1991). The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770
- Toynbee, Arnold (1884). Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England. ISBN 1-4191-2952-X. http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev
- Uglow, Jenny (2002). The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730-1810. London: Faber and Faber
- Usher, Abbott Payson (1920). An Introduction to the Industrial History of England. University of Michigan Press. http://books.google.com/?id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-
Historiography[link]
- Chambliss, William J. (editor), Problems of Industrial Society, Reading, Massachusetts : Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, December 1973. ISBN 978-0-201-00958-3
- Hawke, Gary. "Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution" in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault, eds. The Industrial Revolution and British Society (1993) pp 54–78
- McCloskey, Deirdre (2004). "Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson)". Times Higher Education Supplement 15 (January). http://deirdremccloskey.org/articles/floud.php.
Notes[link]
- ^ Watt steam engine image: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of a the UPM (Madrid)
- ^ Maddison, Angus (2003). The World Economy: Historical Statistics. Paris: Development Centre, OECD. pp. 256–62, Tables 8a and 8c..
- ^ Lucas, Robert E., Jr. (2002). Lectures on Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 109–10. ISBN 978-0-674-01601-9.
- ^ Julian Hoppit, "The Nation, the State, and the First Industrial Revolution," Journal of British Studies (April 2011) 50#2 pp p307-331
- ^ Beck B., Roger (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, Illinois: McDougal Littell.
- ^ a b Business and Economics. Leading Issues in Economic Development, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511589-9 Read it
- ^ Redford, Arthur (1976), "Labour migration in England, 1800-1850", p. 6. Manchester University Press, Manchester.
- ^ Russell Brown, Lester. Eco-Economy, James & James / Earthscan. ISBN 1-85383-904-3 Read it
- ^ Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd. ISBN 0-349-10484-0
- ^ Joseph E Inikori. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01079-9 Read it
- ^ Berg, Maxine; Hudson, Pat (1992). "Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution". The Economic History Review (The Economic History Review, Vol. 45, No. 1) 45 (1): 24–50. DOI:10.2307/2598327. JSTOR 2598327.
- ^ Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution by Julie Lorenzen, Central Michigan University. Retrieved November 2006.
- ^ Robert Lucas, Jr. (2003). "The Industrial Revolution". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm. Retrieved 2007-11-14. "it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita incomes in all societies were stagnated at around $400 to $800 per year."
- ^ Lucas, Robert (2003). "The Industrial Revolution Past and Future". http://www.minneapolisfed.org/pubs/region/04-05/essay.cfm. "[consider] annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century"
- ^ McCloskey, Deidre (2004). "Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004". http://deirdremccloskey.org/articles/floud.php.
- ^ Crouzet, François (1996). "France". In Teich, Mikuláš; Porter, Roy. The industrial revolution in national context: Europe and the USA. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-521-40940-7. LCCN 95025377.
- ^ Hudson, Pat (1992). The Industrial Revolution. London: Edward Arnold. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7131-6531-9.
- ^ Eric Bond, Sheena Gingerich, Oliver Archer-Antonsen, Liam Purcell, Elizabeth Macklem (2003-02-17). "The Industrial Revolution – Innovations". Industrialrevolution.sea.ca. http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/innovations.html. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (2008) "Building construction: the reintroduction of modern concrete"
- ^ The Lunar Society at Moreabout, the website of the Birmingham Jewellery Quarter guide, Bob Miles.
- ^ Hulse, David H: The Early Development of the Steam Engine; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, UK, 1999 ISBN 1-85761-107-1
- ^ L.T.C. Rolt and J. S. Allen, The Steam engine of Thomas Newcomen (Landmark, Ashbourne, 1997), 44.
- ^ Rolt and Allen, 145
- ^ Clow, Archibald; Clow, Nan L. (June 1952). Chemical Revolution. Ayer Co. pp. 65–90. ISBN 0-8369-1909-2
- ^ Properties of Concrete Published lecture notes from University of Memphis Department of Civil Engineering. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ Lion Hirth, State, Cartels and Growth: The German Chemical Industry (2007) p 20
- ^ Johann P. Murmann, Knowledge and competitive advantage: the coevolution of firms, technology, and national institutions (2003) pp 53-54
- ^ Overton, Mark Agricultural revolution in England: the transformation of the agrarian economy, 1500-1850 Cambridge University Press, 1996
- ^ "United States History - The Struggles of Labor". Library of Congress Country Studies.
- ^ R.M. Hartwell, The Industrial Revolution and Economic Growth, Methuen and Co., 1971, page 339-341 ISBN 0-416-19500-8
- ^ Dunn, James (1905). From Coal Mine Upwards: or Seventy Years of an Eventful Life. ISBN 1-4344-6870-4<The autobiography of James Dunn> James Dunn started working in a mine at age 8 ca. 1843 and describes work conditions and living conditions at the time
- ^ a b Mabel C. Buer, Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, page 30 ISBN 0-415-38218-1
- ^ Bar, Michael; Leukhina, Oksana (2007). "Demographic Transition and Industrial Revolution: A Macroeconomic Investigation" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2007-11-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20071127160733/http://www.unc.edu/~oksana/Paper1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-11-05. "The decrease [in mortality] beginning in the second half of the 18th century was due mainly to declining adult mortality. Sustained decline of the mortality rates for the age groups 5-10, 10-15, and 15-25 began in the mid 19th century, while that for the age group 0-5 began three decades later" . Although the survival rates for infants and children were static over this period, the birth rate & overall life expectancy increased. Thus the population grew, but the average Briton was about as old in 1850 as in 1750 (see figures 5 & 6, page 28). Population size statistics from mortality.org put the mean age at about 26.
- ^ "Child Labor and the Division of Labor in the Early English Cotton Mills". Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST.
- ^ The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England, Laura Del Col, West Virginia University.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Venning, Annabel (17 September 2010). "Britain's child slaves: They started at 4am, lived off acorns and had nails put through their ears for shoddy work. Yet, says a new book, their misery helped forge Britain". dailymail.co.uk (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1312764/Britains-child-slaves-New-book-says-misery-helped-forge-Britain.html. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
- ^ "Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission". 2008. http://www.victorianweb.org/history/ashley.html. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ "The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England". 2008. http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ "Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.
- ^ a b Engels, Friedrich (1892). The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. pp. 45, 48–53. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html.
- ^ General Strike 1842 From chartists.net. Retrieved 13 November 2006.
- ^ a b Woodward, D. (1981) Wage rates and living standards in pre-industrial England Past & Present 1981 91(1):28-46
- ^ Fogel, Robert W. (2004). The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700-2100. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80878-2.
- ^ Crafts, N; Mills, Terence C. (1994). "Trends in Real Wages in Britain, 1750-1913". Explorations in Economic History 31 (2): 176. DOI:10.1006/exeh.1994.1007.
- ^ Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living From www.econlib.org, downloaded 17 July 2006.
- ^ R.M. Hartwell, The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800-1850, Economic History Review, 1963, page 398 ISBN 0-631-18071-0
- ^ "The UK population: past, present and future" (PDF). Statistics.gov.uk
- ^ "A portrait of Britain in 2031". The Independent. October 24, 2007.
- ^ BBC - History - Victorian Medicine - From Fluke to Theory. Published: 2002-02-01.
- ^ "Modernization - Population Change". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "Human Population: Urbanization". Population Reference Bureau.
- ^ "Human Population: Population Growth: Question and Answer". Population Reference Bureau.
- ^ Manchester (England, United Kingdom). Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "Diseases in industrial cities in the Industrial Revolution". Historylearningsite.co.uk.
- ^ "Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800–1922". The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.
- ^ Chris Evans, Göran Rydén, The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Ninenteenth-Century Europe Published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., Farnham2005, pp. 37-38 ISBN 0-7546-3390-X.
- ^ a word from Walloon origin
- ^ Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M.Neven and I.Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine, XXXI, 2001, 3-4, pages 347-359 FLWI.ugent.be
- ^ Philippe Raxhon, Le siècle des forges ou la Wallonie dans le creuset belge (1794-1914), in B.Demoulin and JL Kupper (editors), Histoire de la Wallonie, Privat, Toulouse, 2004, pages 233-276, p. 246 ISBN 2-7089-4779-6
- ^ European Route of Industrial Heritage
- ^ Michel De Coster, Les enjeux des conflits linguistiques, L'Harmattan, Paris, 2007, ISBN 978-2-296-03394-8, pages 122-123
- ^ Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, Breaking stereotypes, art. cit., pages 315-316
- ^ Jean Marczewski, « Y a-t-il eu un "take-off" en France ? », 1961, dans les Cahiers de l'ISEA
- ^ Ludwig Fritz Haber, The chemical industry during the nineteenth century (1958)
- ^ Allan Mitchell, Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815-1914 (2000)
- ^ Bagnall, William R. The Textile Industries of the United States: Including Sketches and Notices of Cotton, Woolen, Silk, and Linen Manufacturers in the Colonial Period. Vol. I. The Riverside Press, 1893.
- ^ "Made In Beverly-A History of Beverly Industry", by Daniel J. Hoisington. A publication of the Beverly Historic District Commission. 1989.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (1998): Samuel Slater
- ^ G.C. Allen, Short Economic History of Modern Japan (1972)
- ^ Morison, Elting E. (1966). Men, Machines and Modern Times. Cambridga, Ma and London, UK: The M.I.T Press.
- ^ McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14792-1.
- ^ Karl Marx: Communist as Religious EschatologistPDF (3.68 MB)
- ^ "BBC – Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain". bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/voices/voices_salisbury.shtml. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ^ Steven Kreis (2006-10-11). "The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England". Historyguide.org. http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture17a.html. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ "Scientific Revolution[dead link]". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 2009-10-31.
- ^ Hudson, Pat. The Industrial Revolution, Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-7131-6531-6
- ^ Fullerton, Ronald A. (January 1988). "How Modern Is Modern Marketing? Marketing's Evolution and the Myth of the "Production Era"". The Journal of Marketing (New York City, NY: American Marketing Association) 52 (1): 108–125. DOI:10.2307/1251689. JSTOR 1251689.
- ^ "Technics & Civilization". Lewis Mumford. http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/015688254X?p=S00Q&checkSum=udoW5CVmUdy3Y45ns0wtGk7Wesh6yWx220dcukbd7VE%3D. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ Deane, Phyllis. The First Industrial Revolution, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29609-9 Read it
- ^ Eric Schiff, Industrialisation without national patents: the Netherlands, 1869-1912; Switzerland, 1850-1907, Princeton University Press, 1971.
- ^ Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, Against Intellectual Monopoly, Chapter 1, final online version January 2, 2008PDF (55 KB), page 15. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-521-87928-6
- ^ Mott-Smith, Morton (1964) [Unabridged and revised version of the book first published by D. Appleton-Century Company in 1934 under the former title: The Story of Energy]. The Concept of Energy Simply Explained. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.. pp. 13-14. ISBN 0-486-21071-5. "In 1768 the firm of Boulton and Watt was formed, and by virtue of Watt's basic patents, the duration of which was extended by Act of Parliament, this firm enjoyed for thirty years a complete monopoly of the production of power. This proved in the end a hindrance to progress. The firm, as usually happens, became conservative, crushed all rivals and opposed all innovations that did not emanate from itself. High pressure had been proposed, but Boulton and Watt stuck to seven pounds. They even tried to have a law passed prohibiting the use of a higher pressure, on the ground that it was dangerous. Perhaps at the time it was. Compound expansion had been invented and patented by Hornblower in 1781, but since he could not build an engine without conflicting with Watt's patents, he was completely paralyzed. Yet high pressure and compounding were precisely the improvements next in order, and destined ultimately to improve the Watt engine, as much as he had improved the Newcomen. But they had to await the end of the monopoly of Boulton and Watt in 1802."
- ^ Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece? J. Bradford DeLong, Professor of Economics, University of California at Berkeley, 20 September 2002. Retrieved January 2007.
- ^ The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England |The History Guide, Steven Kreis, 11 October 2006 – Accessed January 2007
- ^ Jackson J. Spielvogel (2009). "Western Civilization: Since 1500". p.607.
- ^ Eric Bond, Sheena Gingerich, Oliver Archer-Antonsen, Liam Purcell, Elizabeth Macklem (2003-02-17). "The Industrial Revolution – Causes". Industrialrevolution.sea.ca. http://industrialrevolution.sea.ca/causes.html. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ Cobb-Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 – Simulating early modern growthPDF (254 KB) Jan Luiten van Zanden, International Institute of Social History/University of Utrecht. May 2005. Retrieved January 2007.
- ^ Landes, David (1999). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. London: Abacus. pp. 38–9. ISBN 0-349-11166-9.
- ^ How Earth Made Us: Fire by Professor Iain Stewart
- ^ South Asian History -Pages from the history of the Indian subcontinent: British rule and the legacy of colonisation. Rajni-Palme Dutt India Today (Indian Edition published 1947). Retrieved January 2007.
- ^ Monarchies 1000–2000. By W. M. Spellman. London: Reaktion Books, 2001.. Journal of World History.
- ^ Kiely, Ray (Nov 2011). "Industrialization and Development: A Comparative Analysis". UGL Press Limited: 25-26.
- ^ Digital History, Steven Mintz. "Was slavery the engine of economic growth? Digital History". Digitalhistory.uh.edu. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/con_economic.cfm. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ The Industrial Revolution by Pat Hudson, pg. 198. Books.google.com. 1992. ISBN 978-0-7131-6531-9. http://books.google.com/?id=Bh7HVl92bVMC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=Industrial+Revolution,+slavery#PPA198,M1. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
- ^ The Royal Navy itself may have contributed to Britain's industrial growth. Among the first complex industrial manufacturing processes to arise in Britain were those that produced material for British warships. For instance, the average warship of the period used roughly 1000 pulley fittings. With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy, and with these fittings needing to be replaced ever 4 to 5 years, this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion. The industrial manufacture of rope can also be see as a similar factor.
- ^ Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, pp. 29-30, Boston, Beacon Press, 1966.
- ^ E A Wrigley, Continuity chance and change.
- ^ Foster, Charles (2004). Capital and Innovation: How Britain Became the First Industrial Nation. Northwich: Arley Hall Press. ISBN 0-9518382-4-5. Argues that capital accumulation and wealth concentration in an entrepreneurial culture following the commercial revolution made the industrial revolution possible, for example.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Industrial revolution |
- Industrial Revolution at the Open Directory Project
- Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution
- "The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."
- BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution
- National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities
- Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living by Clark Nardinelli – the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell.
- Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution
- Revolutionary Players website
- The Industrial Revolution --Articles, Video, Pictures, and Facts
- [1] The History of the Count House of Ding Dong Mine, Cornwall where Richard Trevithick carried out his first experiments with high pressure steam.
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"Indus" redirects here. For other uses, see Indus (disambiguation).
| Indus River | |
| Darya-e Sindh, Sindh, Sindhu, Abāsin, Hindu, Sengge Chu, Yìndù Hé | |
| River | |
 Satellite image of the Indus River basin in Southern Pakistan.
|
|
| Country | Pakistan (93%) India (5%) China (2%) |
|---|---|
| Tributaries | |
| - left | Zanskar, Chenab, Satluj |
| - right | Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul |
| Source | Confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers |
| - location | Tibetan Plateau, Tibet, China |
| Mouth | Sapta Sindhu |
| - location | Sindh, Pakistan |
| - elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 3,200 km (2,000 mi) approx. |
| Basin | 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi) approx. |
| Discharge | for Arabian Sea |
| - average | 6,600 m3/s (230,000 cu ft/s) approx. |
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: دریائے سندھ Daryā-e Sindh; Hindi: सिन्धु नदी Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Gujarati: સિંધુ નદી Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: رود سند Rūd-e Sind; Arabic: السند Al-Sind; Tibetan: སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India.
Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
The Indus forms the delta of Pakistan mentioned in the Vedic Rig Veda as Sapta Sindhu and the Iranic Zend Avesta as Hapta Hindu (both sets of terms meaning Seven Rivers). The river has been a source of wonder during the Classical Period. King Darius of Persia sent Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river in 510 BCE.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The Sanskrit word Sindhu means river, stream or ocean, probably from a root sidh meaning to keep off. Sindhu is still the local appellation for the Indus River.
In the Rigveda Sindhu is the name of the Indus river. Sindhu is attested 176 times in the Rigveda, 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. In the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, for example in the list of rivers of the Nadistuti sukta. This resulted in the anomaly of a river with masculine gender: all other Rigvedic rivers are female, not just grammatically, being imagined as goddesses and compared to cows and mares yielding milk and butter.
The word Sindhu became Hindu in Old Persian. Ancient Greek: Ἰνδός Indós (borrowed in turn into Latin as Indus) is a borrowing of the Old Iranian word.[1] The name Indos is used in Megasthenes's book Indica for the mighty river crossed by Alexander based on Nearchus's contemporaneous account.
The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians (present-day India beyond the Indus River) as Indoi (Ινδοί), the people of the Indus.[1][2]
Description[link]
The Indus River provides key water resources for the economy of Pakistan - especially the Breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "water of five rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally merge in Indus. Indus river also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.
The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; it begins at the confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500-5,200 m (15,000-17,000 feet) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul river joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of the Punjab and Sindh and the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided. It is joined by Panjnad River at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named Satnad River (Sat = seven, Nadi = river), as the river was now carrying the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta.
The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir and the Northern Areas of Pakistan respectively. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons - it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times - it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake.[3][4]
The traditional source of the river is the Senge Khabab or 'Lion's Mouth', a perennial spring, not far from the sacred Mount Kailash, and is marked by a long low line of Tibetan chortens. There are several other tributaries nearby which may possibly form a longer stream than Senge Khabab, but unlike the Senger Khabab, are all dependent on snowmelt. The Zanskar River which flows into the Indus in Ladakh has a greater volume of water than the Indus itself before that point.[5]
- "That night in the tent [next to Senge Khabab] I ask Sonmatering which of the Indus tributaries which we crossed this morning is the longest. All of them, he says, start at least a day's walk away from here. The Bukhar begins near the village of Yagra. The Lamolasay's source is in a holy place: there is a monastery there. The Dorjungla is a very difficult and long walk, three days perhaps, and there are many sharp rocks; but it its water is clear and blue, hence the tributary's other name, Zom-chu, which Karma Lama translates as 'Blue Water'. The Rakmajang rises from a dark lake called the Black Sea.
- One of the longest tributaries — and thus a candidate for the river's technical source — is the Kla-chu, the river we crossed yesterday by bridge. Also known as the Lungdep Chu, it flows into the Indus from the south-east, and rises a day's walk from Darchen. But Sonamtering insists that the Dorjungla is the longest of the 'three types of water' that fall into the Seng Tsanplo ['Lion River' or Indus]."[5]
History[link]
File:Indus sites.png
Indus Valley archaeological sites
Paleolithic sites have been discovered in Pothohar near Pakistan's capital Islamabad, with the stone tools of the Soan Culture. In ancient Gandhara, near Islamabad, evidence of cave dwellers dated 15,000 years ago has been discovered at Mardan.[citation needed]
The major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilization extended from across Pakistan and northwest India, with an upward reach from east of Jhelum River to Ropar on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from Sutkagan Dor at the Pakistan, Iran border to kutch in easternmost Pakistan. There is an Indus site on the Amu Darya at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan, and the Indus site Alamgirpur at the Hindon River is located only 28 km from Delhi. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Ghaggar-Hakra River and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centers of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. Only 90-96 of the over-800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries. The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus.
Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned.
The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to the regions along the eastern banks of the Indus river but, by 300 BCE, Greek writers like Megasthenes applied the term to the subcontinent which extends further eastward.[6]
The Indus has formed a natural boundary between the Indian subcontinent and its frontier with the Iranian Plateau, a region which includes Pakistan's Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as well as Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Iran. It has been crossed by the armies of Alexander the Great - His Macedonian forces retreated along the southern course of the river at the end of the Asian campaign after conquering what is now Pakistan and joining it to the Hellenic Empire. The Indus plains have also been under the domination of the Persian empire and the Kushan empire. The Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mohammed Ghori, Tamerlane and Babur also crossed the river to strike into the inner regions of Punjab and further southeast.
Geography[link]
Tributaries[link]
- Nagar River
- Astor River
- Balram River
- Dras River
- Gar River
- Ghizar River
- Gilgit River
- Gumal River
- Kabul River
- Kurram River
- Panjnad River
- Shigar River
- Shyok River
- Sohan River
- Tanubal River
- Zanskar River
Geology[link]
The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth at around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. Studies of the sediment in the modern river indicate that the Karakoram Mountains in northern Pakistan and India are the single most important source of material, with the Himalayas providing the next largest contribution, mostly via the large rivers of the Punjab (Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas and Sutlej). Analysis of sediments from the Arabian Sea has demonstrated that prior to five million years ago the Indus was not connected to these Punjab rivers which instead flowed east into the Ganges and were captured after that time.[7] Earlier work showed that sand and silt from western Tibet was reaching the Arabian Sea by 45 million years ago, implying the existence of an ancient Indus River by that time.[8] The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border.
In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface.[9]
Wildlife[link]
Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The Mughal Emperor Babur writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the Baburnama). Extensive deforestation and human interference in the ecology of the Shivalik Hills has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works.
The blind Indus River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) is a sub-species of dolphin found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. According to the World Wildlife Fund claims it is one of the most threatened cetaceans with only about 1000 still existing.[10]
Palla fish (Hilsa) of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fishes in the river is moderately high, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres - all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of Karachi, the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including pomfret and prawns.
Economy[link]
The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains - it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical as rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus valley civilization, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 - the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The Guddu Barrage is 1,350 m (4,430 ft) long - irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Sukkur Barrage serves over 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi).
After Pakistan came into existence, a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its two western tributaries, the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independent of upstream control by India.[11] The project, Indus Basin Project, consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the Mangala Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams.[12] The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal - linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers - extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan. Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi - standing 2743 metres (9,000 ft) long and 143 metres (470 ft) high, with an 80-kilometre (50 mi) long reservoir. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres (3,000 ft) long and provides additional supplies for Karachi. The Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of Peshawar, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large production of crops such as cotton, sugarcane and wheat. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres.
People[link]
The inhabitants of the regions through which the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity, religion, national and linguistic backgrounds. On the northern course of the river in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India, live the Buddhist people of Ladakh, of Tibetan stock, and the Dards of Indo-Aryan or Dardic stock and practising Buddhism and Islam. Then it descends into Baltistan, northern Pakistan passing the main Balti city of Skardu. As it continues through Pakistan, the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures - upon the western banks the population is largely Pashtun, Baloch, and of other Iranic stock, with close cultural, economic and ethnic ties to eastern Afghanistan and parts of Iran. The eastern banks are largely populated by peoples of Indo-Aryan stock, such as the Punjabis and the Sindhis. In northern Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, ethnic Pashtun tribes live alongside Dardic people in the hills (Khowar, Kalash, Shina, etc.), Burushos (in Hunza), and Punjabi people.In the province of Sindh, peoples of Sindhi backgrounds form the local populations. Upon the western banks of the river live the Baloch and Pashtun peoples of Balochistan.
Modern issues[link]
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The Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society. After India became independent in 1947 and Pakistan came into existence in 1947, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split - with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty gave India control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi, while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, the Jhelum, the Chenab and the Indus. India retained the right to use of the western rivers for non-irrigation projects. (See discussion regarding a recent dispute about a hydroelectric project on the Chenab (not Indus) known as the Baglihar Project).
There are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus river may be shifting its course westwards - although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, sediment clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate, leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation.
Recently, India's construction of dams on the river, which Pakistan claims is in violation of the Indus Waters Treaty reducing water flow into Pakistan, has caused Pakistan to take the issue to the international courts for arbitration.
Effects of climate change on the river[link]
The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Qin Dahe, the former head of the China Meteorological Administration, said the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term, but issued a strong warning:
"Temperatures are rising four times faster than elsewhere in China, and the Tibetan glaciers are retreating at a higher speed than in any other part of the world... In the short term, this will cause lakes to expand and bring floods and mudflows.. In the long run, the glaciers are vital lifelines of the Indus River. Once they vanish, water supplies in Pakistan will be in peril."[13]
"There is [sic] insufficient data to say what will happen to the Indus," says David Grey, the World Bank's senior water advisor in South Asia. "But we all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be severely, severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change," and reduced by perhaps as much as 50 percent. "Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert [where], without the river, there would be no life? I don't know the answer to that question," he says. "But we need to be concerned about that. Deeply, deeply concerned."[14]
2010 floods[link]
Main article: 2010 Pakistan floods
In July 2010, following abnormally heavy monsoon rains, the Indus River rose above its banks and started flooding. The rain continued for the next two months, devastating large areas of Pakistan. In Sindh, the Indus burst its banks near Sukkur on 8 August, submerging the village of Mor Khan Jatoi.[15] In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh.[16] As of September 2010[update], over two thousand people have died[17] and over a million homes have been destroyed since the flooding began.[18]
See also[link]
- Sindhu Darshan Festival
- 1974 Hunza earthquake
- Chura Sharif
- HMS Indus, ships named after the Indus River
- Indus Valley Civilization
- Indus Waters Treaty
- Sindhology
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Kuiper 2010, p. 86.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ 70% of cattle-breeders desert Banni; by Narandas Thacker, TNN, 14 February 2002; The Times of India
- ^ Lost and forgotten: grasslands and pastoralists of Gujarat; by Charul Bharwada and Vinay Mahajan; The forsaken drylands; a symposium on some of India's most invisible people; Seminar; New Delhi; 2006; NUMB 564, pages 35-39; ISSN 0037-1947, Listed at the British Library Online
- ^ a b Albinia (2008), p. 307.
- ^ Henry Yule: India, Indies. In Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive. New ed. edited by William Crooke, B.A. London: J. Murray, 1903
- ^ Clift, Peter D.; Blusztajn, Jerzy (December 15, 2005). "Reorganization of the western Himalayan river system after five million years ago". Nature 438 (7070): 1001–1003. DOI:10.1038/nature04379. PMID 16355221.
- ^ Clift, Peter D.; Shimizu, N.; Layne, G.D.; Blusztajn, J.S.; Gaedicke, C.; Schlüter, H.-U.; Clark, M.K.; and Amjad, S. (August 2001). "Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history of the Western Himalaya and Karakoram". GSA Bulletin 113 (8): 1039–1051. DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1039:DOTIFA>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Zeitler, Peter K.; Koons, Peter O.; Bishop, Michael P.; Chamberlain, C. Page; Craw, David; Edwards, Michael A.; Hamidullah, Syed; Jam, Qasim M.; Kahn, M. Asif; Khattak, M. Umar Khan; Kidd, William S. F.; Mackie, Randall L.; Meltzer, Anne S.; Park, Stephen K.; Pecher, Arnaud; Poage, Michael A.; Sarker, Golam; Schneider, David A.; Seeber, Leonardo; and Shroder, John F. (October 2001). "Crustal reworking at Nanga Parbat, Pakistan: Metamorphic consequences of thermal-mechanical coupling facilitated by erosion". Tectonics 20 (5): 712–728. DOI:10.1029/2000TC001243.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Tarabela Dam". www.structurae.the cat in the hat. http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0003769. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
- ^ "Indus Basin Project". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-286834/Indus-Basin-project. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
- ^ Global warming benefits to Tibet: Chinese official. Reported 18 August 2009.
- ^ Pulitzercenter.org
- ^ Bodeen, Christopher (8 August 2010). "Asia flooding plunges millions into misery". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jLQ5AssQ1MzPfWcFQRV8ZeJhjctQD9HFBA400. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ Guerin, Orla (7 August 2010). "Pakistan issues flooding 'red alert' for Sindh province". British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10900947. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
- ^ "BBC News - Pakistan floods: World Bank to lend $900m for recovery". bbc.co.uk. 2010-08-17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10994989. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ "BBC News - Millions of Pakistan children at risk of flood diseases". bbc.co.uk. 2010-08-16. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10984477. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
References[link]
- Albinia, Alice. (2008) Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River. First American Edition (20101) W. W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN 978-0-393-33860-7.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - World Atlas, Millennium Edition, pg 265.
- Jean Fairley, "The Lion River", Karachi, 1978
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Indus River |
- Blankonthemap The Northern Kashmir WebSite
- Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
- Northern Areas Development Gateway
- The Mountain Areas Conservancy Project
- Indus River watershed map (World Resources Institute)
- Indus Treaty
- Baglihar Dam issue
- Indus
- Indus Wildlife
- First raft and kayak descents of the Indus headwaters in Tibet
- Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting's project on water issues in South Asia
Coordinates: 24°18′43″N 67°45′49″E / 24.312059°N 67.763672°E / 24.312059; 67.763672 (Mouth of the Indus)
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
