The Holy Land (Hebrew: ארץ הקודש‎; Eretz HaQodesh ; Arabic: الأرض المقدسة Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah) is a term which in Judaism refers to the Kingdom of Israel as defined in the Tanakh. For Jews, the Land's identification of being Holy is defined in Judaism by its differentiation from other lands by virtue of the practice of Judaism often possible only in the Land of Israel. The term "Holy Land" is also used by Muslims and Christians to refer to the whole area in between the Jordan River and Mediterranean Sea.

Part of the significance of the land stems from the religious significance of Jerusalem, the holiest city to Judaism, the assumed place of Jesus's ministry, and the Isra and Mi'raj event in Islam. The perceived holiness of the land to Christianity was one of the motivational factors behind the efforts of the Crusades, which sought to win the Holy Land back from the Muslim Suljuq Turks that had conquered it from the Muslim Arabs, who had in turn conquered it from the Christian Byzantine Empire.

Many sites in the Holy Land have been destinations for religious pilgrimages since biblical times, by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. According to a Stockholm University study in 2011, these pilgrims visit the Holy Land to touch and see physical manifestations of their faith, confirm their beliefs in the holy context with collective excitation, and connect personally to the Holy Land.^[1]

Judaism[link]

A 1759 map entitled The Holy Land, or Palestine, showing not only the Ancient Kingdoms of Judah and Israel in which the 12 Tribes have been distinguished, but also their placement in different periods as indicated in the Holy Scriptures by Tobias Conrad Lotter, Geographer. Augsburg, Germany

While the Tanakh does not refer to the Land of Israel as the "holy land", this is implied by the Land being given to the Israelites by God, that is, it is the "promised land," an integral part of God's covenant. In the Torah many mitzvot commanded to the Israelites can only be performed in the Land of Israel,^[2] which serves to differentiate it from other lands. For example, in the Land of Israel, " no land shall be sold permanently." (Lev. 25:23). Shmita is only observed with respect to the land of Israel, and the observance of many holy days is different in that that an extra day is observed in the Jewish diaspora.

According to Eliezer Schweid:

"The uniqueness of the Land of Israel is...'geo-theological' and not merely climatic. This is the land which faces the entrance of the spiritual world, that sphere of existence that lies beyond the physical world known to us through our senses. This is the key to the land's unique status with regard to prophecy and prayer, and also with regard to the commandments" ^[3]

"Four Holy Cities" in Israel, Jerusalem, Hebron, Tzfat and Tiberias are regarded as Judaism's holiest cities. Jerusalem, as the site of the Temple, is considered especially significant.^[4] According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is Mount Moriah, the location of the binding of Isaac. Jerusalem is mentioned 669 times in the Hebrew Bible, in part because many mitzvot can only be performed within its environs. Zion, which usually refers Jerusalem, but sometimes the Land of Israel, appears in the Hebrew Bible 154 times.

Christianity[link]

The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Christianity.

For Catholics, the Land of Israel is considered holy because of its association with the birth, ministry, Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth, whom Christians regard as the Savior or Messiah, rather than anything that intrinsically differentiates it from other lands, or that is required for Christian religious observance. Outside of the places traditionally associated with Christian personalities, the territory or the land of the Holy Land bears no mention in Christianity.

Islam[link]

In the Qur'an, the term الأرض المقدسة (Al-Ard Al-Muqaddasah, English: "Holy Land") is mentioned at least seven times, once when Moses proclaims to the Children of Israel: "O my people! Enter the holy land which Allah hath assigned unto you, and turn not back ignominiously, for then will ye be overthrown, to your own ruin." (Surah 5:21)

Jerusalem (referred to as Al-Quds, meaning the "Holy") has particular significance in Islam. The Qur'an refers to Muhammad's experiencing the Isra and Mi'raj as "a Journey by night from the Sacred (Mecca) Mosque to the Farthest (al-Aqsa) Mosque, whose precincts We did bless" (17:1). Ahadith associate the "Farthest Mosque" as Al-Quds; for example, as narrated by Abu Huraira: "On the night journey of Allah's Apostle, two cups, one containing wine and the other containing milk, were presented to him at Al-Quds (Jerusalem). He looked at them and took the cup of milk. Angel Gabriel said, "Praise be to Allah, who guided you to Al-Fitrah (the right path); if you had taken (the cup of) wine, your Ummah would have gone astray". However, much modern scholarship argues that the 'Farthest Mosque' (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) was a building or prayer site just outside Medina. The present mosque of that name had not been built in Muhammad's day, nor does the Qur'an contain any reference to Jerusalem, apart from the reference to the change of the qibla from Jerusalem to Mecca. The rest is simple legend involving a magic horse, the archangel Gabriel, and a meeting with God in Paradise. Jerusalem was Islam's first Qibla (direction of prayer), however, this was later changed to the Kaaba in Mecca following a revelation to the Prophet Muhammad by the Archangel Gabriel.

The exact region referred to as "Blessed Land" in the Qur'an verse [21:71] has been interpreted differently by various scholars: Abdullah Yusuf Ali likens it to a wide land range including, Syria, Palestine and the cities of Tyre and Sidon; Az-Zujaj describes it as, "Damascus, Palestine, and a bit of Jordan"; Qatada claims it to be, "the Levant"; Muadh ibn Jabal as, "the area between al-Arish and the Euphrates"; and Ibn Abbas as, "the land of Jericho".^[5] The references to 'Palestine' here, instead of Syria are achronological.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Holy Land

	Book: Abrahamic religions
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• Abrahamic religion
• Archaeological sites in Israel
• History of the Jews in the Land of Israel
• Holiest sites in Islam
• Holy places
• List of Christian holy sites in the Holy Land
• List of significant religious sites
• Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism
• Religious significance of Jerusalem in Islam

References[link]

External links[link]

• American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century Shapell Manuscript Foundation

* Virtual tour of Holy Land

The Right Honourable Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon GCMG KBE PC
High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
In office 27 May 2002 – 30 May 2006
Preceded by	Wolfgang Petritsch
Succeeded by	Christian Schwarz-Schilling
Leader of the Liberal Democrats
In office 16 July 1988 – 11 August 1999
Preceded by	David Steel (Liberal Party) Robert Maclennan (SDP)
Succeeded by	Charles Kennedy
Member of Parliament for Yeovil
In office 9 June 1983 – 7 June 2001
Preceded by	John Peyton
Succeeded by	David Laws
Personal details
Born	Jeremy John Durham Ashdown (1941-02-27) 27 February 1941 (age 71) New Delhi, British India
Nationality	British
Political party	(1) Liberal Party (2) Liberal Democrats
Spouse(s)	Jane Courtenay (m. 1962-present)
Children	Son and daughter
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	Royal Marines
Years of service	1959–1972
Unit	Special Boat Service
Battles/wars	Indonesian Confrontation

Jeremy John Durham Ashdown, Baron Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon, GCMG, KBE, PC (born 27 February 1941), usually known as Paddy Ashdown, is a British politician and diplomat.

After service as a Royal Marine and as an intelligence officer for the UK security services, Ashdown was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Yeovil from 1983 to 2001, and leader of the Liberal Democrats from 1988 until August 1999; later he was the international High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina from 27 May 2002 to 30 May 2006, following his vigorous lobbying for military action against Yugoslavia in the 1990s. A gifted polyglot, Ashdown is fluent in Mandarin Chinese and other languages. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG) in the New Year Honours 2006.

Early life[link]

Ashdown is the eldest of seven children,^[1] and was born in New Delhi in British India,^[2] to a family of soldiers and colonial administrators who spent their lives in India.^[3] His father was a lapsed Catholic, and his mother a Protestant.^[4] His mother was a QA nurse. Ashdown's father, John, was an Indian Army officer in the 14th Punjab Regiment and the Indian Army Service Corps. During the retreat to Dunkirk in May 1940, John Ashdown ignored an order to abandon the Indian troops under his command, instead leading them to the port and on to one of the last ships to leave, without losing a single man. Although court martialled for disobeying orders, he was exonerated, and by the end of the War had risen to the rank of colonel.^[5]

Ashdown was largely brought up in Northern Ireland, where his father bought a farm in 1945^[2] near Donaghadee.^[6] He was educated first at a local primary school, then as a weekly boarder at Garth House Preparatory School in Bangor^[6] and from age 11 at Bedford School in England, where his Irish accent earned him the nickname "Paddy".^[6]

Royal Marines[link]

After his father's business collapsed, Ashdown passed the naval scholarship to pay for his school fees,^[7] but left before taking A-levels and joined the Royal Marines in 1959,^[6] serving until 1972^[2], retiring with the rank of Captain. He served in Borneo during the Indonesian Confrontation and the Persian Gulf^[1] before Special Forces training in 1965, after which he joined the elite Special Boat Service and commanded a Special Boat Section in the Far East.^[2] He then went to Hong Kong in 1967 to undertake a full-time interpreter's course in Chinese,^[7] and returned to Britain in 1970 when he was given command of a Commando Company in Belfast.^[2]

Intelligence Officer and diplomat[link]

Ashdown left the Marines to join the Secret Intelligence Service, or MI6.^[7][8] As cover, he worked for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as first secretary to the United Kingdom mission to the United Nations in Geneva.^[9] At the UN Ashdown was responsible for relations with several UN organisations, and was also involved in the negotiation of several international treaties, and some aspects of the Helsinki Conference.^[10]

Political career[link]

While in the Marines, Ashdown had been a supporter of the Labour Party, but joined the Liberal Party in 1975.^[9] He had a comfortable life in Switzerland, where he lived with his wife Jane and their two children Simon and Katherine in a large house on the shores of Lake Geneva, enjoying plenty of time for sailing, skiing and climbing.^[9] Ashdown decided to enter politics due to living during the era of two general elections in one year and the Three-Day Week.^[7] He said that "most of my friends thought it was utterly bonkers" to leave the dipomatic service, but that he had "a sense of purpose".^[11]

In 1976 Ashdown was selected as the Liberal Party's prospective parliamentary candidate in his wife's home constituency of Yeovil in Somerset,^[9] and took a job with Normalair Garrett, then part of the Yeovil-based Westland Group. Yeovil's Liberal candidate had been placed second in February 1974^[12] and third in the October 1974 general election,^[13] and Ashdown's objective was to "squeeze" the local Labour vote to enable him to defeat the Conservatives,^[9] who had held the seat since its creation in 1918.^[14] He subsequently worked for Tescan, and was unemployed for a time after that firm's closure in 1981, before becoming a youth worker with Dorset County Council's Youth Service, working on initiatives to help the young unemployed.^[3][10]

Member of Parliament[link]

In the 1979 general election which returned the Conservatives to power, Ashdown regained second place, establishing a clear lead of 9% over the Labour candidate.^[15] The Conservative majority of 11,382^[15] was still large enough to be regarded as a safe seat; when the sitting MP John Peyton stood down at the 1983 general election to be made a life peer, however, Ashdown had gained momentum after his years of local campaigning.^[16] The Labour vote fell to only 5.5% and Ashdown won the seat with a majority of over 3,000,^[17] a swing from the Conservatives of 11.9% against a national swing of 4% to the Conservatives.

In Parliament[link]

Ashdown had long been on his party's social democratic wing, supporting the 1977 Lib-Lab pact,^[9] and the SDP–Liberal Alliance. In the early 1980s he was a prominent campaigner against the deployment in Europe of American nuclear-armed cruise missiles, describing them at a Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament rally in Hyde Park in 1983 as "the front end of the whole anti-nuclear struggle. It is the weapon we HAVE to stop."^[18]

Shortly after entering the House of Commons, he was appointed SDP–Liberal Alliance spokesman on Trade and Industry and then on Education.^[10] He opposed the privatisation of the Royal Ordnance Factories in 1984, in 1986 he criticised the Thatcher government for allowing the United States to bomb Libya from UK bases, and in 1987 he campaigned against the loss of trade union rights by workers at GCHQ.^[9]

Leader of Liberal Democrats[link]

Paddy Ashdown in Chippenham during the 1992 General Election campaign

When the Liberal Party merged in 1988 with the Social Democrats to form the Social and Liberal Democrats (the name was later shortened to "Liberal Democrats"), he was elected as the new party's leader and made a Privy Councillor in January 1989.^[19]

Ashdown led the Liberal Democrats into two general elections, in 1992 and 1997. The LibDems recorded a net loss of two seats in 1992, when the party was still recovering from the after-effects of the 1988 merger. However at the 1997 election, the Liberal Democrats won 46 seats, their best performance since the 1920s, though they did take a smaller share of the vote than they had done at the 1992 election.^[20]

Between 1993 and 1997, he was a notable proponent of co-operation between the Liberal Democrats and "New Labour", and had regular secret meetings with Tony Blair to discuss the possibility of a coalition government. This was despite Labour's opinion poll showings from late 1992 onwards virtually all suggesting that they would gain a majority at the next election, particularly in the first year or so of Blair's leadership following his appointment in the summer of 1994. The discussions began in early 1993, while the party was still being led by Blair's predecessor John Smith, who died suddenly in May 1994. After Blair was elected as Labour leader that summer, the talks continued.^[21]

However, there was never any need for a coalition, as the 1997 general election ended in a landslide victory for Labour. A "Joint Cabinet Committee" (JCC) including senior Labour and Liberal Democrat politicians was then created to discuss the implementation of the two parties' shared priorities for constitutional reform; its remit was later expanded to include other issues on which Blair and Ashdown saw scope for co-operation between the two parties. Ashdown's successor as Liberal Democrat leader, Charles Kennedy, deliberately allowed the JCC to slip into abeyance until it effectively stopped meeting.^[22]

Resignation and retirement[link]

Ashdown announced his intention to resign as leader of the Liberal Democrats on 20 January 1999^[23]finally departing on 9 August that year after 11 years in the role, to be succeeded by Charles Kennedy.^[24]He was knighted (KBE) in 2000 and became a life peer as Baron Ashdown of Norton Sub Hamdon in the House of Lords after retiring from the Commons in 2001. In the 2001 election, the Yeovil seat was retained for the Liberal Democrats by David Laws. Ashdown was honoured in 2001 with a Doctor of Letters degree by Bournemouth University and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Bath.

Offer of Cabinet post[link]

In June 2007, the BBC reported that Ashdown had been offered, and rejected, the Cabinet post of Northern Ireland Secretary by incoming Labour Party Prime Minister Gordon Brown.^[25] Liberal Democrat leader Sir Menzies Campbell had already ruled out the idea that members of his party would take seats in a Brown cabinet, but, according to the reports, Brown still proceeded to approach Ashdown with the offer.

High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina[link]

Paddy Ashdown with Colin Powell in 2004

After leaving British politics, he took up the post of the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina on 27 May 2002,^[26] reflecting his long-time advocacy of international intervention in that region. He succeeded Wolfgang Petritsch in the position created under the Dayton Agreement. He is sometimes denigrated as "the Viceroy of Bosnia" by critics of his work as High Representative.^[27][28]

Witness for the prosecution at the trial of Slobodan Milošević[link]

On 14 March 2002, Ashdown testified as a witness for the prosecution at the trial of Slobodan Milošević at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.^[29] He said that he was on the Kosovo-Albania border near Junik in June 1998.^[29] From this location, through his binoculars, Ashdown claimed to have seen Serbian forces shelling several villages.^[29]

In July 2005 a defence witness, General Bozidar Delić, claimed to demonstrate with a topographical map of the area that Ashdown could not have been able to see the areas that he claimed to be able to see as hills, mountains and thick woods obstructed his view.^[30]

After the Delić claims, Ashdown supplied the Tribunal with grid coordinates and a cross section of the ground indicating that he could indeed see the locations concerned.^[31] These coordinates indicated he was on the Kosovo/ Albania border, which was a sealed border at the time.^[31] The prosecution also used some new maps indicating Ashdown's location, but their accuracy was challenged by Delić, as the location of a village was different from other maps of the area.^[31]

UN representative for Afghanistan[link]

He was also mentioned as a possible candidate to take charge of the allied effort in Afghanistan.^[32][33] An unnamed source is quoted in a 16 January Reuters report indicating that Ashdown, when approached by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, accepted the post.^[34] However he later decided against taking the role, after Afghanistan said it preferred General Sir John McColl and did not want Paddy Ashdown.^[35] On 7 March 2008 Norwegian diplomat Kai Eide was appointed as the UN representative for Afghanistan, stating "I'm not Paddy Ashdown, but don't under-estimate me."^[36]

Other positions[link]

Paddy Ashdown is a member of the Governing Council of Interpeace, an international peacebuilding organization.^[37]

Personal life[link]

Ashdown married Jane Courtenay in 1962. The couple have a son, Simon and daughter, Katharine, along with three grandchildren. In 1992 following the press becoming aware of a stolen document relating to a divorce case, he disclosed a five-month affair with his secretary, Patricia Howard, five years earlier. He and his marriage weathered the political and tabloid storm, with his wife of 30 years forgiving him.^[9][38] The revelation of his affair sparked the front page headline "It's Paddy Pantsdown" from The Sun newspaper on 6 February 1992.^[39]

Ashdown supports Yeovil Town F.C. and attends some matches.^[40]

Honours[link]

• Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 2000
• Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George, New Year Honours List, 2006^[41]

Styles[link]

• Paddy Ashdown (1941–1983)
• Paddy Ashdown MP (1983–1989)
• The Rt. Hon. Paddy Ashdown, MP (1989–2000)
• The Rt. Hon. Sir Paddy Ashdown, KBE, MP (2000–2001)
• The Rt. Hon. The Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon, KBE, PC (2001–2006)
• The Rt. Hon. The Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon, GCMG, KBE, PC (2006–present)

See also[link]

• United Kingdom politics

Footnotes[link]

Bibliography[link]

• The Ashdown Diaries vol 1. 1988–1997, ISBN 0-14-029775-8
• The Ashdown Diaries vol 2. 1997–1999, ISBN 0-14-029776-6
• Swords And Ploughshares: Building Peace in the 21st Century ISBN 0-297-85303-1
• A Fortunate Life: The Autobiography of Paddy Ashdown ISBN 978-1-84513-419-8

External links[link]

• Lord Ashdown of Norton-sub-Hamdon profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
• Office of the High Representative in BiH
• Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
• Contributions in Parliament at Hansard 1803–2005
• Current session contributions in Parliament at Hansard
• Voting record at PublicWhip.org
• Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou.com
• Profile at Westminster Parliamentary Record
• Profile at BBC News Democracy Live
• Articles authored at Journalisted
• Column archive at The Guardian
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Paddy Ashdown collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Catalogue of the papers of Paddy Ashdown at London School of Economics Archives
• "After Iraq – Shall we ever intervene again?", lecture by Paddy Ashdown, given at Gresham College, 15 May 2007 (available for download as video or audio files)
• Audio: Lord Paddy Ashdown in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum

v t e High Representatives for Bosnia and Herzegovina Carl Bildt • Carlos Westendorp • Wolfgang Petritsch • Paddy Ashdown • Christian Schwarz-Schilling • Miroslav Lajčák • Valentin Inzko

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