Sonata form as a dramatic pyramid featuring the three main sections: the exposition, the development, and the recapitulation.

Development Haydn's Sonata in G Major, Hob. XVI: G1, I, mm. 29-53  Play (help·info).^[1]

In European classical music, musical development is a process by which a musical idea is communicated in the course of a composition. It refers to the transformation and restatement of initial material, and is often contrasted with musical variation, which is a slightly different means to the same end. Development is carried out upon portions of material treated in many different presentations and combinations at a time, while variation depends upon one type of presentation at a time.^[2]

In this process, certain central ideas are repeated in different contexts or in altered form so that the mind of the listener consciously or unconsciously compares the various incarnations of these ideas. Listeners may apprehend a "tension between expected and real results" (see irony), which is one "element of surprise" in music. This practice has its roots in counterpoint, where a theme or subject might create an impression of a pleasing or affective sort, but would go on to delight the mind further as its contrapuntal capabilities are gradually unveiled.

The musical form which traditionally exploits development to the fullest is the sonata form. In this form there is a section after the exposition and before the recapitulation which is called the development section, where material from the exposition section is developed. In some older texts the development section of a sonata may be referred to as "free fantasia."

See also[link]

• Developing variation
• Sequence (music)

References[link]

1. ^ Benward & Saker (2009), Music in Theory and Practice: Volume II, p.138-39. Eighth Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-310188-0.
2. ^ Wennerstrom, Mary (1975). "Form in Twentieth-Century Music" (chap. 1), Aspects of Twentieth-Century Music. Wittlich, Gary (ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-049346-5.

v t e Musical notation and development Staff Bar & bar line Clef Da capo Dal segno Key signature Ledger line Musical mode Musical scale Rehearsal letter Repeat sign Time signature Transposition Transposing instrument Notes Accidental Flat Natural Sharp Dotted note Grace note Note value Beam Note head Stem Pitch Rest Tuplet Interval Helmholtz pitch notation Letter notation Scientific pitch notation Articulation Dynamics Ornament Trill Mordent Grace note Portato Accent Legato Tenuto Marcato Staccato Staccatissimo Tie Slur Fermata Tonguing Development Cell Coda Exposition Figure Harmony Hook Lick Melody Motif Ossia Ostinato Period Phrase Recapitulation Repetition Rhythm Beat Meter Tempo Theme Tonality Atonality Related Braille music Chord chart Figured bass Graphic notation Lead sheet Eye music Neume Tablature List of musical symbols

Darcy James Argue
Argue at the 2009 Moers festival
Background information
Genres	Steampunk Big band
Occupations	Composer
Instruments	Piano
Years active	2005 – present
Labels	New Amsterdam Records
Associated acts	Darcy James Argue's Secret Society
Website	secretsocietymusic.org

Darcy James Argue (born May 23, 1975) is a Canadian jazz composer and bandleader.

Biography[link]

Argue was born May 23, 1975 in Vancouver, British Columbia,^[1][2] Argue came to the United States in 2000 to study composition at the New England Conservatory.^[3] Here, he studied with legendary jazz composer Bob Brookmeyer.^[4]

Argue now resides in Brooklyn, New York.^[5]

Secret Society[link]

In 2005, Argue founded Darcy James Argue's Secret Society, an 18 piece steampunk big band. In 2009, the group's first studio album, Infernal Machines was released by the New York City based indie-classical label, New Amsterdam Records.

External links[link]

• 2009 Downbeat critics poll
• Darcy James Argue's Secret Society (Defunct link)
• Darcy James Argue's Secret Society
• Wall Street Journal article

References[link]

James Henthorne Argue
Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for Avondale
In office 1899–1914
Personal details
Born	(1848-06-02)June 2, 1848 Ireland
Died	March 4, 1927(1927-03-04) (aged 78) Vancouver, British Columbia
Children	James O. Argue

James Henthorne Argue (2 June 1848 – 4 March 1927^[1]) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1899 to 1914, as a member of the Conservative Party.

Argue was born in Ireland, and received a grammar school education. He worked as a farmer after moving in Manitoba, and served for fifteen years as a local reeve and councillor. In religion, he was a member of the Church of England.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1899 provincial election, defeating Liberal incumbent Thomas Dickey by seventy-seven votes in the Avondale constituency.^[2] The Conservatives won this election, and Argue served in the legislature as a government backbencher. He was re-elected in the campaigns of 1903,^[3] 1907 and 1910, and did not seek re-election in 1914.

His son, James O. Argue, was a Progressive Conservative member of the legislature from 1945 to 1955.

References[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2009)

Jimmy Haslip
Background information
Birth name	Jimmy Haslip
Born	(1951 -12-31) December 31, 1951 (age 60) Bronx, New York, NY USA
Genres	Jazz Jazz fusion World music Rock R&B Heavy metal
Occupations	Musician (electric bass player, composer, instructor, and record producer)
Years active	1977-present
Labels	Heads Up
Associated acts	Yellowjackets Holdsworth Pasqua Haslip Wackerman Jing Chi Blackjack, Tommy Bolin Band
Website	JimmyHaslip.com
Notable instruments
Tobias "red" basic 5 strings

Jimmy Haslip (born 31 December 1951 in Bronx/New York City) is an American electric bass player and record producer best known as a founding and current member of the pioneering fusion group Yellowjackets.^[1] He was also an early user of the 5-string electric bass.

Haslip is notable for his versatility of tone, including being able to very closely achieve the tone of an upright acoustic bass on an electric bass, his melodic bass lines, and his expressive solos. Haslip is a left-handed player.

In addition to the Yellowjackets, he has worked with, and is working with, many notable artists, including Bruce Hornsby, Rita Coolidge, Gino Vannelli, Kiss, Tommy Bolin, Allan Holdsworth, Marilyn Scott, Chaka Khan, Al Jarreau, Donald Fagen and Anita Baker.

Haslip has released two solo albums, Arc^[2] and Red Heat.^[3] Haslip remains active with the Yellowjackets, is part of a combo with Allan Holdsworth, Alan Pasqua, and Chad Wackerman. Other collaborations include Jing Chi (with Robben Ford and Vinnie Colaiuta) and Modereko.

Jimmy Haslip was a member of rock group Blackjack from 1979-1980 with Bruce Kulick, Sandy Gennaro, and Michael Bolton.

Haslip is currently touring with guitarist Allan Holdsworth and drummer Virgil Donati, playing at various venues across the United States and Canada.

References[link]

External links[link]

• JimmyHaslip.com
• Yellowjackets Official Site
• Bassist Jimmy Haslip, an Interview With Editor Jake Kot

This article about an American jazz guitarist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Kurt Elling
Background information
Born	(1967-11-02) November 2, 1967 (age 44)
Origin	Chicago, Illinois United States
Genres	Vocal jazz, Vocalese
Occupations	Musician, composer
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1995–present
Labels	Concord Jazz, Blue Note
Website	KurtElling.com

Kurt Elling (born November 2, 1967) is an American jazz vocalist, composer, lyricist and vocalese performer. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in Rockford, Elling first became interested in music through his father, who was Kapellmeister at a Lutheran church. Growing up, Elling sang in choirs and played various musical instruments, but wasn't exposed to jazz until he attended Gustavus Adolphus College. Elling enrolled in graduate school at the University of Chicago Divinity School, but left school one credit short of a master's degree to pursue a career as a jazz vocalist.

Elling began to perform around Chicago, scat singing and improvising his own lyrics. He recorded a demo in the early 1990s and was signed by Blue Note Records, releasing a total of seven albums with the label. He has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards, winning Best Vocal Jazz Album for Dedicated to You (2009) on the Concord Jazz label. Elling often leads the Down Beat critics poll, and he was awarded the Prix Billie Holiday from the Académie du Jazz. Since 1995, Elling has collaborated with pianist, composer, and arranger Laurence Hobgood, leading a quartet that regularly tours the world.^[1]

Early life[link]

Kurt Elling was born in Chicago, Illinois on November 2, 1967 to Henry and Martha Elling. His interest in music started with his father, who was Kapellmeister at a Lutheran church.^[2] Elling attended elementary school at St. Paul Lutheran School in Rockford,^[3] and throughout his early years, he sang in choirs and played violin, French horn, piano, and drums. During his middle school years, Elling remembers watching Tony Bennett and the Woody Herman band on television and imagining what it would be like to sing with a band.^[4] Growing up, Elling sang in the classical style, learning counterpoint from the motets of Johann Sebastian Bach.^[5] In high school, Elling continued to sing in the choir: "When it was undeniably uncool and geeky and all that, to be in the choir, I did it anyway, because it was reliably beautiful, and it was rewarding, and it gave me gifts of experience and friendships."^[6]

Elling became known in Chicago from his weekly gigs at the Green Mill Jazz Club, where he first met pianist Laurence Hobgood through saxophonist Ed Petersen

Elling attended Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota, where he majored in history and minored in religion. In college, Elling sang in the 70-voice Gustavus Choir, an a cappella choir that performed works from a variety of different composers, allowing him to hone his technical skills.^[5] Elling also toured Europe with his college choir.^[6] He first became interested in jazz at Gustavus Adolphus, listening to Dave Brubeck, Dexter Gordon, Herbie Hancock, and Ella Fitzgerald, among others.^[7]

After graduating from Gustavus Adolphus in 1989, Elling enrolled in graduate school at the University of Chicago Divinity School where he studied for his master's degree in philosophy of religion.^[4] Elling thought about continuing work in academia or working for the World Council of Churches when he graduated.^[2] Elling began playing Jazz gigs once a week during graduate school, with one of his first shows at Milt Trenier's, a basement club in Chicago (now defunct). Elling earned little money at these gigs, but Karl Johnson, the house pianist, was his mentor and teacher.^[8] Elling recalls: "By day I was reading Kant and Schleiermacher, trying to get a handle on that, and at night I was sitting-in in clubs, and, of course, you can't do both and be effective. Eventually Saturday night won out over Sunday morning."^[9] Elling remained a graduate student until January 1992, when he left school one credit short of graduation.^[10]

In Chicago, Elling held day jobs to survive, working as a bartender and even a mover. Elling made extra income singing at weddings in addition to playing at clubs. At this time, he began singing in a scat style and improvising his own lyrics.^[7] Elling began listening to the vocalese of jazz singer Mark Murphy, who exposed him to the poetry of Jack Kerouac. The minimalism and emotion of Chet Baker's music was also influential.

Career[link]

While living in Chicago in 1995, Elling decided he was ready to record. He had met pianist Laurence Hobgood through Ed Petersen, who played the Green Mill on Monday nights. Elling convinced Hobgood that he was ready to go into the studio, and they came out with nine solid songs. Following the advice of pianist Fred Simon, the cassette recording was sent to Bill Traut, a manager in Los Angeles, who eventually gave it to Bruce Lundvall of Blue Note Records.^[11]

Blue Note (1995–2005)[link]

Two months later, Elling was signed to Blue Note, and the songs on the demo became the Grammy nominated label debut, Close your Eyes (1995).^[12] The album features Edward Petersen and Von Freeman on tenor saxophone, Dave Onderdonk on guitar, Laurence Hobgood on piano, Eric Hochberg and Rob Amster on acoustic bass, and Paul Wertico on drums.

Close Your Eyes was followed several years later by The Messenger (1997),^[13] with Elling releasing a total of seven albums for the Blue Note label.

In 1999, Elling became a National Trustee for the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, and in 2003, he was elected Vice Chair and served two terms.

Concord (2006–present)[link]

Kurt Elling and bassist Rob Amster

In 2006, Elling performed on the television program Legends of Jazz, in the episode "The Jazz Singers". Elling sang "She's Funny That Way" and performed a duet with Al Jarreau on "Take Five". The recording was released on CD and DVD. In August of the same year, Elling signed a new record contract with Concord Jazz, and his first album with the label, Nightmoves, was released in 2007.

The follow-up, Dedicated to You: Kurt Elling Sings the Music of Coltrane and Hartman (2009), is a tribute to the 1963 recording John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman, widely recognized as one of the all-time finest jazz vocal albums.^[14] The album arose out of a 2005 concert commissioned by the Chicago Jazz Festival, showcasing the Coltrane-Hartman material. Later, Elling and pianist Laurence Hobgood rearranged the music, culminating in a performance in the Allen Room at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York. The concert was recorded in January 2009 and the album was released in June.^[10]

Elling is a baritone with a four-octave range, and a writer and performer of vocalese, the art of writing and performing words over improvised jazz solos. In 2007, Elling's lyrics were published in a book by Circumstantial Productions.

Collaborators[link]

Elling has performed and recorded with David Amram, Bob Belden, Joanne Brackeen, Oscar Brown, Jr., Billy Corgan, Orbert Davis, George Freeman, Buddy Guy, Jon Hendricks, Charlie Hunter, Randy Bachman, Bob Mintzer, Rex Richardson, and Bob Sheppard.

As of 2010, Elling's band included musical director Laurence Hobgood on piano, John McLean on guitar, Harish Raghavan on bass, and drummer Ulysses Owens.

Personal life[link]

In 1996, Elling married dancer Jennifer Carney.^[15] Their daughter Luiza was born in 2005.^[16] In the same year, the Ellings purchased a condominium from Barack Obama in Hyde Park, Chicago.^[17] The Ellings moved to New York in 2008.

Discography[link]

Pianist Laurence Hobgood

Blue Note Records

• Close Your Eyes (1995)
• The Messenger (1997)
• This Time it's Love (1998)
• Live in Chicago (2000)
• Flirting with Twilight (2001)
• Man in the Air (2003)

Concord Records

• Nightmoves (2007)
• Dedicated to You (2009)
• The Gate (2011)

Guest appearances

• "Tanganyika Dance" from Bob Belden's album Shades of Blue (1996)
• "Desert Way", "Close Your Eyes" from Charlie Hunter's album "Songs from the Analog Playground" (2001)
• "Sim Ou Nao" from Till Brönner's album Rio (2008)
• "Perdido" from John Pizzarelli's album Rockin' in Rhythm: A Tribute to Duke Ellington (2010)
• Elling also contributed vocals to his longtime collaborator Laurence Hobgood's three albums, Left to My Own Devices (2000), Crazy World (2005) and When the Heart Dances (2009)

Awards and nominations[link]

Elling has won the Down Beat Critics Poll twelve times, from 2000–2011, and the Down Beat Readers Poll and the JazzTimes Readers' Poll six times, all in the Male Vocalist of the Year category. He has also received the Jazz Journalists Association Male Singer of the Year award seven times. In 2010 he received the Nightlife Award for Outstanding Jazz Vocalist in a Major Engagement.^[18]

Grammy Awards[link]

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. On January 31, 2010, Elling won his first Grammy Award in the category of Best Jazz Vocal Album for the album Dedicated to You: Kurt Elling Sings the Music of Coltrane and Hartman on the Concord Jazz label.^[19]

Publications[link]

• Elling, Kurt (Nov., 1997). "Guerrilla Diaries". Jazziz Magazine. http://kurtelling.com/projects/guerrilla-diaries/guerilla_diaries.html. 
• Elling, Kurt (2007). Richard Connolly. ed. Lyrics. Circumstantial Productions. ISBN 1-891592-06-8. http://kurtelling.com/projects/lyrics-the-book/lyrics.html. 

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Chicago Jazz Magazine (2010-09-01). "Kurt Elling and Laurence Hobgood...in their own words". Chicago Jazz Magazine. http://www.chicagojazz.com/magazine/kurt-elling-and-laurence-hobgood...in-their-own-words-587.html. 
• Elling, Kurt (2004-11-08). "Spirituality, Poetry and Jazz: Some Thoughts Driving the Jazz Singer". First delivered at the University of Missouri, Columbia. http://kurtelling.com/projects/spirituality-poetry-and-jazz/spirituality_poetry_and_jazz.html. 
• Gioia, Ted (Feb., 2008). "The State of Jazz Vocals Today". Jazz.com. http://www.jazz.com/features-and-interviews/2008/2/18/jazz-vocals-today-two. 
• Hentoff, Nat (Sept., 2006). "Kurt Elling: Being Fully in the Moment". Jazz Times 36: 177. http://jazztimes.com/articles/17292-kurt-elling-being-fully-in-the-moment. 
• Murray, Robert (2008-04-17). "Some Notes on Kurt Elling". 2008 Season Program: Kurt Elling: Jazz and Orchestra. About the Music. Sydney Symphony. http://www.sydneysymphony.com/shared/programs/2008/kurtelling_sso_080417/files/448/PROG12_080417_KurtElling_SSO.pdf. 
• Paige, Bill (1997-11-15). "Local Noise: Kurt Elling". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media) 109 (46). ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.com/books?id=6QkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Rubenstein, Ben (2006-08-28). "Kurt Elling". Centerstage. Sun-Times Media. http://centerstagechicago.com/whoswho/articles/kurt-elling.html. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kurt Elling

• KurtElling.com - Elling's official website.
• Kurt Elling at Concord Music Group.com
• Kurt Elling at Blue Note Records.com