Mswati II (otherwise known as Mswazi, Mavuso or Mdvuso) (c. 1820 – 1868) was the king of Swaziland between 1840 and 1868. He was also the eponym of Swaziland. Called by the anthropologist Hilda Kuper "the greatest of the Swazi fighting kings," Swaziland reached its greatest territorial extent under Mswati II (Kuper (1980 [1947]). He was the son of Sobhuza I of Swaziland. He was married to Tsandzile Ndwandwe, who acted as regent after his death. In 1864 he assisted the Boers in their attack on the Poko people of Transvaal.^[1]

References[link]

Kuper, Hilda (1980 [1947]). An African Aristocracy. Rank Among the Swazi Africana Publishing Company for the International African Institute.

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Mswati III
King Mswati III
King of Swaziland
Reign	25 April 1986 – present
Coronation	25 April 1986
Predecessor	Sobhuza II
Spouse	14 wives concurrently
Issue
24 children
House	House of Dlamini
Father	Sobhuza II
Mother	Ntombi
Born	(1968-04-19) 19 April 1968 (age 44) Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Swaziland

Mswati III (born Makhosetive Dlamini on April 19, 1968^[1]) is the King of Swaziland and head of the Swazi Royal Family. In 1986, he succeeded his father Sobhuza II as ruler of the southern African kingdom. He is generally considered to be one of the last absolute monarchs in the world, as he has the authority to appoint the country's Prime Minister, members of the cabinet, and the judiciary.^[2] However, he is bound to a certain degree by Swazi traditions and he does not have the authority to choose his heir.

Mswati III is known for his taste for luxury and his practice of polygamy (although at least two wives are appointed by the state), and has been criticized abroad for pursuing his personal interests at the expense of his country, one of the poorest in the world. In 2001 he attempted to curb the AIDS epidemic by invoking an ancient chastity rite, the umchwasho, that banned women under the age of 18 from sex. Within Swaziland, Mswati is a respected and largely popular figure. However, his policies and opulent lifestyle have also triggered domestic protests and international criticism.^[2]

Early life[link]

He is one of many sons of king Sobhuza II (who had 70 wives, 210 children and at the time of his death left over 1000 grandchildren) and the only child of Ntombi Tfwala, also known as Inkhosikati LaTfwala, one of the king's younger wives. He was born at the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, four months before Swaziland attained independence from Britain. When he and his mother were discharged from the hospital they went to live at one of king Sobhuza's residences of Etjeni near Masundwini Palace. His birth name was Makhosetive (King of Nations).

As a young prince, Makhosetive attended Masundwini Primary School and Lozitha Palace School. He sat for the Swaziland Primary Certificate examination in December 1982 at Phondo Royal Residence and got a First Class with merit in Mathematics and English. He developed a great interest in the royal guard, becoming the first young cadet to join the Umbutfo Swaziland Defence Force (USDF).

When king Sobhuza II died in 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king.^[3] For the next four years two wives of the late king Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982–1983) and Queen Ntombi Tfwala (1983–1986), served as regent while he continued his education in England, attending Sherborne School, before he was called back to take over.

King[link]

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He was introduced as Crown Prince in September 1983 and was crowned king on April 25, 1986, aged 18 years and 6 days, and thus making him the youngest reigning monarch until the ascension of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck of Bhutan on December 14, 2006; he was also the youngest head of state until Joseph Kabila took office on January 26, 2001 as President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The king and his mother, whose title is Indlovukazi (Great She-Elephant), rule jointly.

Today he is Africa's last absolute monarch in the sense that he has the power to choose the prime minister, other top government posts and top traditional posts. Even though he makes the appointments, he still has to get special advice from the queen mother and council, for example when he chooses the prime minister. In matters of cabinet appointments, he gets advice from the prime minister. He ruled by decree, but did restore the nation's Parliament, which had been dissolved by his father in order to ensure concentration of power remained with the king.

In 2004, Mswati promulgated a new constitution that allows freedom of speech and assembly for the media and public, while retaining the traditional Tinkhundla system. Although Amnesty International criticized the new constitution as inadequate in some respects, Swaziland's reporters have told conferences with regional media houses (MISA) that they are generally free to report as they please.

In an attempt to mitigate the HIV and AIDS pandemic in 2001, the king used his traditional powers to invoke a time-honoured chastity rite (umcwasho), which encouraged all Swazi maidens to abstain from sexual relations for five years.^[2] This rite banned sexual relations for Swazis under 18 years of age from 9 September 2001 and 19 August 2005, but just two months after imposing the ban, he violated this decree when he married a 17-year-old girl, who became his 13th wife. As per custom, he was fined a cow by members of her regiment, which he duly paid.

Succession[link]

The king currently has fourteen wives and 23 children. A Swazi king's first two wives are chosen for him by the national councillors. There are complex rules on succession. According to tradition, he can only marry his fiancées after they have fallen pregnant, proving they can bear heirs. Until then, they are termed liphovela, or "brides".

Titles and styles[link]

Monarchical styles of King Mswati III of Swaziland
Reference style	His Majesty
Spoken style	Your Majesty
Alternative style	Sir

• 19 April 1968 – 25 April 1986: His Royal Highness Prince Makhosetive of Swaziland
• 25 April 1986 – present: His Majesty The Ngwenyama (King) of Swaziland

Reed Dance[link]

King Mswati at the Reed Dance 2006

The Reed Dance is a traditional opportunity for Swaziland's maidens to pay tribute to the Queen Mother. Although the King has used the occasion to choose wives a few times, the ceremony is not about him primarily. The king's own children partake in this event.

The annual Umhlanga (Reed) Dance is an assembly of about 20,000 young maidens (recently reaching 100,000) who bring tall (4 m) reeds to present to the Queen Mother. These reeds are then used to build windbreaks around the Queen Mother's residence. The Reed Dance usually lasts for a week and the king only attends the last day as a sign of respect to his mother. He also uses the occasion to thank the young girls who have traveled long distances to attend the event by slaughtering cattle and presenting them with a feast before they return home.

Controversies[link]

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Mswati's reign has brought some changes in the government and political transformation. However, critics such as the People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO)^[4] believe that these changes are solely aimed at strengthening and perpetuating the traditional order.^[5]

The king faced substantial criticism^{[by whom?]} for his handling of the HIV/AIDS crisis. In 2000, he announced in a parliamentary debate that all HIV-positive people should be "sterilized and branded".^[6]

Wealth[link]

Mswati has been criticized for his lifestyle, especially by the media^[7]. Following criticism of his purchase of luxury cars, including a $500,000 DaimlerChrysler's flagship Maybach 62 luxury automobile, he banned the photography of his vehicles.^[8] According to the former CEO of the Office of the king, the purchases were personally funded and the king of Swaziland earns a high salary as Head of State, has investments within and outside the country and owns an unspecified amount of shares in different companies within Swaziland^{[citation needed]}.

According to the Forbes 2009 list of the World's Richest Royals, king Mswati is worth a reported $200 Million USD.^[9] This does not include a sum of about $10 Billion USD that his father king Sobhuza II put in trust for the Swazi nation during his reign, in which Mswati III is the trustee.^{[citation needed]}

In January 2004 the Times of Swaziland reported that the king requested his government to spend about $15-million to redecorate three main palaces and build others for each of his 11 wives.^[10] The Prime Minister's Office issued a press statement saying the article in the Times of Swaziland was "reckless and untrue" and that the proposal was for the construction of 5 State Houses, not Palaces, and the cost was only E19.9 million.^[11] Later that year the go-ahead was given to build five new palaces at a cost of more than $4-million out of public funds.^[12]

In August 2008, Swazi scouts marched through the capital protesting against the cost of a shopping spree taken abroad by nine of the King's thirteen wives. The demonstration was organized by Positive Living, a non-governmental organization for Swazi women living with AIDS.^[13]

LaMahlangu controversy[link]

According to accusations by Amnesty International, Zena Mahlangu, a high school student, disappeared from her school in October 2002. Her mother, Lindiwe Dlamini, learned that her daughter had been taken by two men, Qethuka Sgombeni Dlamini and Tulujani Sikhondze, and she reported the matter to the police. Some time later, she was told that her daughter was at Ludzidzini Royal Village and was being prepared to be the next wife of the king.^[14] She demanded that her daughter be returned to her custody, and threatened to sue.

Among the criteria for a future Inkhosikati, the girl must not be disabled, or a twin; Liphovela LaMahlangu was the other half of a brother-sister twin set.^[15] Zena was 18 and had agreed to be taken by the King, but remained silent. The matter went to the High Court, but Swaziland's Attorney-General Phesheya Dlamini intervened.^[16] The engagement of Mahlangu to the king was announced in November and she remained at the Royal Palace. She was officially made king Mswati's bride in a traditional marriage ceremony in May 2004 forcing the mother to officially drop the case after it became clear that Zena had gone to the palace out of her own free will and had no intention of returning home.^{[citation needed]}

She has since had two children, and formally became the king's wife in 2010.^[17]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Ginidza, Zodwa R. (1986). Umntfwana!: A Pictorial Biography of the New King of Swaziland. Swaziland: Macmillan Swaziland National Pub. Co. 10-ISBN 0-333-40303-7, 13-ISBN 978-0-333-40303-7 OCLC 16874145
• Levin, Richard and Hugh MacMillan. (2003). "Swaziland: Recent History," in Africa South of the Sahara 2004. London: Routledge. 1-ISBN 1-85743-183-9; 13-ISBN 978-1-85743-183-4
• Simelane, Hamilton Sipho. (2005). "Swaziland: Reign of Mswati III," pp. 1528-1530, in Encyclopedia of African History, Kevin Shillington, ed. London: CRC Press. 10-ISBN 1-57958-245-1; 13-ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6

External links[link]

	Africa portal
	Biography portal
	Politics portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mswati III

• Prominent People: King Mswati III
• Swazi King's Birthday features
• Swazi Royal Family Tree
• BBC News: Troubled King Mswati
• Swaziland king picks wife - BBC Video
• King Mswati III's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 25, 2008
• An Extravagant Ruler of a Modest Kingdom - New York Times Movie review
• In Destitute Kingdom, Ruler Lives Like a King
• His Majesty King Mswati III at the Internet Movie Database
• Without the king at the Internet Movie Database

Sikhanyiso Pashu Dlamini
Sikhanyiso Dlamini at the 2006 Umhlanga
House	House of Dlamini
Father	Mswati III
Mother	LaMbikiza Sibonelo MngomeZulu.
Born	(1987-09-01) 1 September 1987 (age 24)

HRH Princess Sikhanyiso Dlamini of Swaziland (born September 1, 1987) is the eldest daughter of king Mswati III of Swaziland. She is one of his 24 children and her mother is one of Mswati's 14 wives, Inkhosikati LaMbikiza Sibonelo MngomeZulu.

Early life and education[link]

Princess Sikhanyiso was educated in Britain at a mixed private school; St Edmund's College, Ware in Hertfordshire where she was in Challoner House. She continued to study drama at Biola University in California.^[1] She is the first child of Inkhosikati LaMbikiza and has more than 200 blood-related uncles and aunts through her grandfather King Sobhuza II, who had 70 wives and 201 children. She is also one of his 1000 grandchildren in the Royal Swazi House of Dlamini.

She is the first born daughter of 23 children born to King Mswati III, her mother being King Mswati III's young love, Inkhosikati LaMbikiza (Sibonelo Mngomezulu). She has 200 aunts and uncles, not including their own spouses.^[2]

In 2001, Mswati III instituted the umchwasho – a traditional chastity rite – in Swaziland as a means of combatting the AIDS epidemic. The princess became a focus of controversy as, while she was staying abroad, she was not bound by the strictures of the umchwasho.^[3] While studying abroad, Princess Sikhanyiso has developed a reputation for ignoring or rebelling against her native country's traditions.^[4] Sikhanyiso wears Western-style jeans and miniskirts, something women in Swaziland are discouraged from doing.^[4]

In 2004 Princess Sikhanyiso was involved in a controversy in the Swazi media. Saying she had gone on a trip to the U.S. and Britain, she left a E1 M. ($100,000 USD) bill to the Swazi taxpayer. A press statement was issued from the prime minister's office to refute these claims.^[5]

Monarchical styles of Princess Sikhanyiso Dlamini of Swaziland
Reference style	Her Royal Highness
Spoken style	Your Royal Highness
Alternative style	Ma'am

At the end of the ban in 2005, Princess Sikhanyiso, then 17, celebrated with a party involving loud music and alcohol at the Queen mother's residence. In punishment for the princess's disrespect of the royal residence, during which Mswati announced his engagement to a new wife-to-be, an official overseeing traditional affairs beat Princess Sikhanyiso with a stick.^[6]

The next year, the Princess criticized the institution of polygamy in Swaziland, saying "Polygamy brings all advantages in a relationship to men, and this to me is unfair and evil". The Princess was subsequently "gagged" by the Royal Palace and the press was not allowed to contact her.^[7] She is an aspiring actress and rapper and is commonly known as "Pashu" In Swaziland.^[8][9]

She was featured in a documentary on the monarchy in Swaziland, the disparity between the royals' wealth and widespread poverty of their subjects, and Swaziland's AIDS crisis; under the title "Without the King".^[10][11]

As of June 2011, princess Sikhanyiso is residing in Australia while studying for the degree of master of digital communication at Sydney University, after having previously studied in the United States [1]

References[link]