- published: 14 Nov 2011
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- author: shootandscribble
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![[HD] [Chad and Tajikistan] 2012 Dubai International Quran Competition](http://web.archive.org./web/20130210175520im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/KKXxy9vJgKM/default.jpg "The Kid From Tajakistan is very mashallah how he memorized the aya number the aya page the begining and end of every aya")
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Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Abkhaz: Аҧсны́ Apsny, IPA /apʰsˈnɨ/; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti; Russian: Абхазия Abkhaziya) is a disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.
Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny. This status is recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Tuvalu and Vanuatu and also by the partially recognised states of South Ossetia, Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabakh.
The Georgian government and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory. Under Georgia's official designation it is an autonomous republic, called the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, whose government sits in exile in Tbilisi. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory".
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. The wider region formed part of the Soviet Union until 1991. As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate towards the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. This led to the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia that resulted in a Georgian military defeat, de facto independence of Abkhazia and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. In spite of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the status dispute has not been resolved, and despite the long-term presence of a United Nations monitoring force and a Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping operation, the conflict has flared up on several occasions. In August 2008, the sides again fought during the South Ossetia War, which was followed by the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 cease fire agreement and the termination of the UN and CIS missions.[citation needed]
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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African Union
The African Union (abbreviated AU in English, and UA in its other official languages) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only all-African state not in the AU is Morocco. Established on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states. The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Among the objectives of the AU's leading institutions are:
The African Union is made up of both political and administrative bodies. The highest decision-making organ is the Assembly of the African Union, made up of all the heads of state or government of member states of the AU. The Assembly is chaired by Yayi Boni, president of Benin, elected at the 18thordinary meeting of the Assembly in January 2012. The AU also has a representative body, the Pan African Parliament, which consists of 265 members elected by the national parliaments of the AU member states. Its president is Idriss Ndele Moussa.
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Albania
Albania (i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
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Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeriai/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.
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Arab League
The Arab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية al-Jāmiʻa al-ʻArabiyya), officially called the League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية Jāmiʻat ad-Duwal al-ʻArabiyya), is a regional organisation of Arab states in North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia (Middle East). It was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. The Arab League currently has 22 members (including Syria, whose participation was suspended in November 2011). The main goal of the league is to "draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries."
Through institutions such as the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of the Arab League's Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the Arab League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific and social programs designed to promote the interests of the Arab world. It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate their policy positions, to deliberate on matters of common concern, to settle some Arab disputes, and to limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter which sets out the principles for economic activities in the region.
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Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Bahrain
Bahrain (
pronunciation) (Arabic: البحرين, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: بحرين, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
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Benin
Benini/bɨˈniːn/ (formerly, Dahomey), officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, by Nigeria to the east and by Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city. Benin covers an area of approximately 110,000 square kilometers (42,000 sq mi), with a population of approximately 9.05 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.
The official language of Benin is French, however, indigenous languages such as Fon and Yoruba are commonly spoken. The largest religious group in Benin is Roman Catholicism, followed closely by Islam, Vodun and Protestantism. Benin is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Petroleum Producers Association and the Niger Basin Authority.
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Bhutan
Coordinates: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, tr ʼbrug-yul, "Druk Yul"; Devanagari भूटान, Bhūṭān), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby country of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the area was unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who fled religious persecution in Tibet and cultivated a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire, after which Bhutan continued strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, based on a global survey.
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Brunei
Bruneii/bruːˈnaɪ/, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and it is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 401,890 in July 2011.
The official national history claims that Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state of the Srivijayan empire under the name P'o-li. It later became a vassal state of Majapahit empire before converting to Islam in the 15th century. At the peak of its empire, the sultanate had control that extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The thalassocracy was visited by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and fought the Castille War in 1578 against Spain. Its empire began to decline with the forced ceding of Sarawak to James Brooke and the ceding of Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. After the loss of Limbang, Brunei finally became a British protectorate in 1888, receiving a resident in 1906. In the years after the Japanese wartime occupation during World War II, it formalised a constitution and fought an armed rebellion. Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country.
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Bukhara
Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро Bukhoro, Persian: بخارا; Uzbek: Buxoro; Russian: Бухара Bukhara), from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky place"), is the capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat) of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 263,400 (2009 census estimate). The region around Bukhara has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas, has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Ethnic Uzbek may constitute the largest element in Bukhara, with the native Tajiks being as numerous. The city long has had a mixed population including Jews and other ethnic minorities.
Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.
Persian-speaking Soghdians inhabited the area, and some centuries later the Persian language became dominant among them. Encyclopædia Iranica mentions that the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Soghdian βuxārak (Place of Good Fortune).
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Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (i/bərˌkiːnə ˈfɑːsoʊ/ bər-KEE-nə FAH-soh; French: [buʁkina faso]) – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The country's capital is Ouagadougou.
Its size is 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 sq mi) with an estimated population of more than 15,757,000. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed on 4 August 1984, by President Thomas Sankara, to mean "the land of upright people" in Mòoré and Dioula, the major native languages of the country. Figuratively, "Burkina" may be translated, "men of integrity", from the Mòoré language, and "Faso" means "fatherland" in Dioula. The inhabitants of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabè (
/bərˈkiːnəbeɪ/ bər-KEE-nə-bay).
Burkina Faso was populated between 14,000 and 5000 BC by hunter-gatherers in the country's northwestern region. Farm settlements appeared between 3600 and 2600 BC. What is now central Burkina Faso was principally composed of Mossi kingdoms. These Mossi Kingdoms would become a French protectorate in 1896. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes until arriving at its current form, a semi-presidential republic. The president is Blaise Compaoré.
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Burma
Burmai/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon (French: République du Cameroun), is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. French and English are the official languages.
Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões ("River of Prawns"), the name from which Cameroon derives. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in 1884.
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Chad
Chadi/ˈtʃæd/ (French: Tchad, Arabic: تشاد Tšād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerly Fort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Christmas Island
Coordinates: 10°29′S 105°38′E / 10.483°S 105.633°E / -10.483; 105.633 The Territory of Christmas Island is a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean. It is 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) northwest of the Western Australian city of Perth, 360 km (220 mi) south of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, 975 km (606 mi) ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and 2,748 km (1,708 mi) west of the Territorian city of Darwin.
Christmas Island has a population of 1,403 residents who live in a number of "settlement areas" on the northern tip of the island: Flying Fish Cove (also known as Kampong), Silver City, Poon Saan, and Drumsite.
The island’s geographic isolation and history of minimal human disturbance has led to a high level of endemism among its flora and fauna, which is of significant interest to scientists and naturalists. 63% of its 135 square kilometres (52 sq mi) is an Australian national park. There exist large areas of primary monsoonal forest.
Phosphate, deposited originally as dead marine organisms (not guano as often thought), has been mined on the island for many years.
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Comoros
The Comorosi/ˈkɒməroʊz/ (Arabic: جزر القمر, Ǧuzur al-Qumur/Qamar), officially the Union of the Comoros (Comorian: Udzima wa Komori, French: Union des Comores, Arabic: الاتحاد القمري al-Ittiḥād al-Qumurī/Qamarī) is a sovereign, archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean, located off the eastern coast of Africa, on the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar. Other countries near to the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast. The capital is Moroni on Grande Comore.
At 1,862 km2 (719 sq mi) (excluding Mayotte), the Comoros is the third-smallest African nation by area. The population (excluding Mayotte) is estimated at 798,000. Its name derives from the Arabic word قمر qamar ("moon"). The archipelago is notable for its diverse culture and history, as a nation formed at the crossroads of many civilizations. It is the southernmost member state of the Arab League. Though in the contested island of Mayotte the sole official language is French, the "Union of the Comoros" has three official languages: Comorian, Arabic, and French.
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Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Djibouti
Djibouti (Arabic: جيبوتي Jībūtī, French: Djibouti, Somali: Jabuuti, Afar: Gabuuti), officially the Republic of Djibouti (Arabic: جمهورية جيبوتي Jumhūriyyat Jībūtī, French: République de Djibouti, Afar: Gabuutih Ummuuno, Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti), is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east. Djibouti, which had a population of 818,159 at the 2009 census, is one of the least populous countries in Africa.Islam is the largest religion in the country, practiced by 94% of the population. The land was known as Obock and French Somaliland (Côte française des Somalis) in the 19th century; in 1967, it changed its name to Afars and Issas after new treaties with France. The territory was declared an independent nation in 1977 and changed its name to the "Republic of Djibouti" after its principal city. Djibouti joined the United Nations on September 20, 1977. While Djibouti is an independent sovereign state, it maintains deep French relations, and through various military and economic agreements with France, it receives continued security and economic assistance.
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Dushanbe
Dushanbe (Tajik: Душанбе, Dushanbe, Dyushambe until 1929; Stalinabad, Tajik: Сталинабад until 1961), population 679,400 people (2008 est.), is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in Tajik, and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday marketplace.
Situated at the confluence of two rivers, Varzob and Kofarnihon, Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Although archaeological remnants dating to the 5th century BC have been discovered in the area, there is little to suggest that Dushanbe was more than a small village until the early 20th century. In 1920, the last Emir of Bukhara briefly took refuge in Dushanbe (then called Dyushambe) after being overthrown by the Bolshevik revolution. He fled to Afghanistan after the Red Army conquered the area the next year.
Dushanbe, which means "Monday" in Persian, (فارسی), developed on the site of a Monday marketplace village, Dyushambe-Bozor, and its former name Dyushambe was a Russified version of the word meaning "Monday" in Persian (du-shanbe from du two + shanbe Saturday, lit. "second day after Saturday"). Following the Red Army victory in Central Asia the village was upgraded to town in 1925 and made the capital of the newly created Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR). After the transformation of Tajik ASSR to Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) in 1929, Dyushambe was renamed Stalinabad, after Joseph Stalin. As part of Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization initiative, the city was renamed Dushanbe in 1961.
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Dushanbe Tea House
The Boulder Dushanbe Tea House was a gift from Mayor Maksud Ikramov of Dushanbe to the city of Boulder, Colorado.
The Dushanbe Teahouse was created as a gift to the city of Boulder, Colorado, from its sister city Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan, in 1987. At the time Tajikistan was a part of the Soviet Union, as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic. Forty artisans from Tajikistan hand made the teahouse over a period of two years, took it apart, and then packed the pieces into about 200 crates to be shipped to Boulder. The trades used by the artisans were passed from generation to generation within families, such as the use of nature, and repetition of patterns, descendant from traditional Persian design. Also, no power tools were used in the original construction of the tea house.
Local political conditions[clarification needed] and lack of funds meant that it took several years to erect the teahouse. Many dedicated individuals including former Boulder mayor Linda Jourgensen, longtime city council member Sally Martin, Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities members Mary Axe, Jancy Campbell, noted local architect Vern Seieroe and many others kept the project alive by continuously promoting the unique gift in the community year in and year out.
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East Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ), commonly known as East Timori/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/ (Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e, Portuguese: Timor-Leste), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.
East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara (Persian: امارت بخارا) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. It is now within the boundaries of Uzbekistan.
The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad. Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara, from their position as ataliq. By the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by Nadir Shah of Persia, it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747 after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the Janid dynasty. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.
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Fann Mountains
Fann Mountains (also known as the Fanns) are part of the western Pamir-Alay mountain system and are located in Tajikistan's Sughd Province between the Zeravshan Range to the north and the Gissar Range to the south (see map of Fann Mountains). In the east-west direction they extend from Fandarya River to Archimaydan River, and the cluster of Marguzor lakes west of Archimaydan is also included in the Fanns.
The Fanns boast about a hundred peaks, with several rising to altitudes of more than 5000 meters and relative elevations of up to 1500 meters. The highest point in Fann Mountains is Chimtarga peak (5489 m). Other 5000 m peaks are Bodkhona (5138 m), Chapdara (5050 m), Big Hansa (5306 m), Little Hansa (5031 m), Zamok (Castle, 5070 m), Mirali (5132 m), and Energy (5120 m).
There are many lakes in the Fanns. The best known are Alaudin lakes in the Chapdara River valley, Kulikalon lakes on the northern slope of Chimtarga peak, Allo Lake, and the most outstanding of all Iskanderkul Lake.
The best time for visiting is May–October for trekking and July–September for mountaineering [1], when the weather is usually at its best. Access is generally from Pendjikent, which can be reached either from Dushanbe or Samarkand.
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Fergana Valley
The Fergana Valley or Farghana Valley (Uzbek: Farg‘ona vodiysi, Kyrgyz: Фергана өрөөнү [ferʁana œrœːny], Tajik: водии Фaрғонa, Russian: Ферганская долина, Persian: وادی فرغانه) is a region in Central Asia spread across eastern Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Divided into three subdivisions of the former Soviet Union, the valley is ethnically diverse, and in the early 21st century was the scene of ethnic conflict. A large triangular valley in what is an often dry part of Central Asia, the Fergana owes its fertility to two rivers, the Naryn and the Kara Darya, which run from the east, joining near Namangan, forming the Syr Darya river. The valley's history stretches back over 2300 years, when its population was conquered by Greco-Bactrian invaders from the west. Chinese chroniclers date its towns to more than 2100 years ago, as a path between Greek, Chinese, Bactrian and Parthian civilizations. In the path of the Northern Silk Road, the area was converted by Muslim invaders from the west, and was home to Babur, famous conqueror and founder of the Mughal Empire in India, tying the region to modern Afghanistan and South Asia. The Russian Empire conquered the valley at the end of the 19th century, and it became part of the Soviet Union from the beginning of the 20th. Its three soviet regional states gained independence in 1991. The area remains Muslim, populated by ethnically Uzbek, Tajiks, and Kyrgyz, often intermixed and not matching modern borders. As well there historically have been substantial Russian, Kashgarians, Kipchaks, Bukharan Jews and Romani minorities. Mass cotton cultivation, introduced by the Soviets, remains central to the economy, along with a wide range of grains, fruits and vegetables. There is a long history of stock breeding, leatherwork, and a growing mining sector, including deposits of coal, iron, sulfur, gypsum, rock-salt, lacustrine salt, naphtha, and some small known oil reserves.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gabon
Gabon ( /ɡəˈbɒn/; French pronunciation: [ɡabɔ̃]), officially the Gabonese Republic (French: République Gabonaise) is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west. It covers a land area of nearly 270,000 km² and has an estimated population of 1,500,000. Its capital and largest city is Libreville.
Since its independence from France on August 17, 1960, Gabon has been ruled by three presidents. In the early 1990s, Gabon introduced a multi-party system and a new democratic constitution that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and reformed many governmental institutions. Gabon is also a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2010-2011 term.
Low population density together with abundant natural resources and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the most prosperous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest HDI and the third highest GDP per capita (PPP) (after Equatorial Guinea and Botswana) in the region.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Ghafurov district
Ghafurov District or Nohiya-i Ghafurov (Tajik/Persian: Ноҳияи Ғафуров,ناحیۀ غفورف) is a district in the northern part of Sughd province, Tajikistan. Its capital is Ghafurov, a town in the south of the district. Other major towns in the district are Taboshar (in the north), Chkalovsk (in the south, between Ghafurov and the provincial capital Khujand), and Kayrakum (Qairoqqum), also in the south, which gave its name to the adjacent Kayrakum (Qairoqqum) Reservoir.
The region has an area of 2,700 km² and a population of 293,800 (as of 2008), with 95% classified as rural. It produced 19,500 tons of raw cotton in 2007, accounting for 16% of total cotton production in Sughd province and nearly 5% of Tajikistan's cotton production.
The district is divided administratively into jamoats. They are as follows (and population).
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Gharm
Gharm, (Tajik: Ғарм, alternative spellings Garm and Harm), is a district in the Rasht Valley area of central Tajikistan.
From the 1920s until 1955 there was a Gharm Oblast in Tajikistan, which included the territory of the current Gharm Valley. Gharm is also the former name of the Rasht District in central Tajikistan.
During the 1920s Gharm was a hotbed for the Basmachi, the anti-Soviet resistance in Central Asia. In 1929 Basmachi commander Faizal Maksum crossed from Afghanistan into Tajikistan and briefly captured Gharm, only to later be expelled by Soviet forces.
During the Civil War in Tajikistan from 1992-1997 Gharm was a hotbed for the opposition forces and the town was controlled by the opposition during the later part of the civil war in Tajikistan. In October 2010 the Tajik Interior Ministry asserted it had killed three militants on the outskirts of Gharm amid an alleged rise in Islamic militancy in the region.
Coordinates: 39°01′N 70°23′E / 39.017°N 70.383°E / 39.017; 70.383
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Gilgit Baltistan
Gilgit–Baltistan (Urdu: گلگت - بلتستان, Balti: གིལྒིཏ་བལྟིསྟན, formerly known as the Northern Areas (Urdu: شمالی علاقہ جات, Shumālī Ilāqe Jāt)), is the northernmost political entity within Pakistan. It borders Pakistan's Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province to the west, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor to the north, China to the east and northeast, Azad Kashmir to the southwest, and Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir to the southeast. Gilgit–Baltistan covers an area of 72,971 km² (28,174 mi²) and is highly mountainous. It has an estimated population approaching 1,000,000. Its administrative center is the city of Gilgit (population 216,760).
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir and subsequently Azad Kashmir, the territory became a separate administrative unit in 1970 under the name Northern Areas and was formed by the amalgamation of the Gilgit Agency, the Baltistan District of the Ladakh Wazarat, and the states of Hunza and Nagar.
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Guinea
Guineai/ˈɡɪni/, officially the Republic of Guinea (French: République de Guinée), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has almost 246,000 square kilometres (94,981 sq mi) and a population of 10,057,975. It forms a crescent by curving from its western border on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east and the south. Its northern border is shared with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, the southern one with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The Niger River's source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea.
Guinea is geographically divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures. Conakry is the capital, largest city and economic centre. The other major cities in the country include Kankan, Nzérékoré, Kindia, Labe, Guéckédou, Mamou and Boke.
Guinea's 10 million people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups. The largest and most prominent groups are the Fula 40%, Mandingo 30%, and Susu 20%.
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Guyana
Coordinates: 5°00′N 58°45′W / 5°N 58.75°W / 5; -58.75
Guyana (i/ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and (for over 200 years) the British. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and the only one on that continent where English is an official language.It is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island. It is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966, and became a republic on 23 February 1970. In 2008 the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.
Historically, the region known as "Guiana" or "Guyana" comprised the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "Land of many waters". Historical Guyana is made up of three Dutch colonies: Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice. Modern Guyana is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south and southwest by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan or Kurdistan Region (Kurdish: ههرێمی کوردستان, Herêmî Kurdistan; Arabic: إقليم كردستان العراق Iqlīm Kurdistān al-‘Irāq) is an autonomous region of Iraq. It borders Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the west and the rest of Iraq to the south. The regional capital is Arbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr. The region is officially governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.
The establishment of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq dates back to the March 1970 autonomy agreement between the Kurdish opposition and the Iraqi government after years of heavy fighting. The Iran-Iraq war during the 1980s and the Anfal genocide campaign of the Iraqi army devastated the population and nature of Iraqi Kurdistan. Following the 1991 uprising of the Iraqi people against Saddam Hussein, many Kurds were forced to flee the country to become refugees in bordering regions of Iran and Turkey. A northern no-fly zone was established following the First Gulf War in 1991 to facilitate the return of Kurdish refugees. As Kurds continued to fight government troops, Iraqi forces finally left Kurdistan in October 1991, leaving the region to function de facto independently; however, neither of the two major Kurdish parties had at any time declared independence and Iraqi Kurdistan continues to view itself as an integral part of a united Iraq but one in which it administers its own affairs. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent political changes led to the ratification of a new Constitution of Iraq in 2005. The new Iraqi constitution defines Iraqi Kurdistan as a federal entity of Iraq, and establishes Arabic and Kurdish as Iraq's joint official languages.
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Isfara
Isfara (Tajik: Исфара, Persian: اسفره) is a city in Sughd Province in northern Tajikistan, situated on the border with Kyrgyzstan. It has a population of 40,600 (2008 est.). The city is capital of Isfara district.
Isfara is one of the oldest ancient towns in Central Asia, its first name was Asbara. The town is mentioned in Tabari's history from the 10th century, when it was an important stop on the northern branch of the Silk Road. The town has a mausoleum from this period, the Hazrati Shoh Mausoleum, which is carved from wood and is unique in Central Asia. Already in the 11th and 12th centuries it had a developed economy. Babur (1482-1530) named Isfara a main town of the region. The 16th century saw the construction of large public buildings, such as mosques and medreseh, in Isfara. In the 17th century Isfara was part of the Kokand Khanate.
Isfara is situated near the border junction of three independent states Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, at a height of 863m above sea level. Its territory is 832 km².
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.
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Kashgar
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis city with approximately 350,000 residents in the western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture which has an area of 162,000 km² and a population of approximately 3.5 million.
The city covers an area of 15 km². The altitude averages 1,289 m/4,282 ft. above sea level. The city is located in the western extremity of China, near the border with Tajikistan.
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasia”. The name is Middle Iranic in its origin, meaning "Kush Mountains" (from gar/ghar, "mountain", and Kush/Kâsh, being the same as the ethnonym of the Kushan Empire and the Hindukush mountains in the neighboring Afghanistan.
An early Chinese name was 疏勒 (now Shule County), variously romanized as Su-leh, Sulei, Shule, Shu-le', She-le, Shu-lo or Sha-le, which perhaps represents either an original Solek or Sorak.[citation needed]
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Khatlon Province
Khatlon Province (Tajik/Persian: Хатлон/ختلان), sometimes misspelt Khatlan, one of the three provinces of Tajikistan (Tajik: вилоят, viloyat) and is the most populous of the four first level administrative regions. It is situated in the southwest of the country, between the Hisor (Gissar) Range in the north and the Panj River in the south and borders on Afghanistan in the southeast and on Uzbekistan in the west. During Soviet times Khatlon was divided into Kurgan-Tyube (Qurghonteppa) Oblast (Western Khatlon) – with the Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys – and Kulob Oblast (Eastern Khatlon) – with the Kyzylsu and Yakhsu river valleys. Both regions were merged in November 1992 into today's Khatlon Province (or viloyat). The capital is the city of Qurghonteppa, formerly known as Kurgan-Tyube.
Khatlon has an area of 24,800 square kilometres and consists of 24 districts – 14 in Western Khatlon and 10 in Eastern Khatlon. The total population of Khatlon in 2008 was 2,579,300, up from 2,149,500 in the 2000 population census. The population in Khatlon is mainly engaged in agricultural activities, especially cotton growing and cattle raising. Only two or three percent of the population work in the industrial sector.
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Khorasan Province
Khorasan (Persian: استان خراسان) (also transcribed as Khurasan and Khorassan, anciently called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian times) currently names a region located in north eastern Iran, but historically referred to a much larger area east and north-east of the Persian Empire. The name Khorasan is Persian and means "where the sun arrives from." The name was given to the eastern province of Persia during the Sassanid Empire.
Khorasan is famous world wide for its saffron and zereshk which are produced in the southern cities of the province. Production is more than 170 tons per year. Khorasan is also known for its famous rugs as well as for the Ferdousi and Imamreza shrines/tombs.
Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided to three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) are:
Some parts of the province were added to
The older Persian province of Khorasan included parts which are today in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Some of the main historical cities of Persia are located in the older Khorasan: Nishapur and Tus (now in Iran), Merv and Sanjan (now in Turkmenistan), Samarkand and Bukhara (both now in Uzbekistan), Herat and Balkh (now in Afghanistan), Khujand and Panjakent (now in Tajikistan). In its long history, Khorasan knew many conquerors and empires: Greeks, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, Safavids, Pashtuns (ethnic Afghans) and others.
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Khorugh
The town of Khorugh (Tajik: Хоруғ, Persian: خاروغ ), also transliterated as Khoroq, Khorogh, Khorog, or Xoroq) is the capital of the Gorno-Badakhshan (Tajik: Kuhistoni Badakhshon, "Mountainous Badakhshan") Autonomous Province (GBAO) in Tajikistan. It is also the capital of the Shughnon District of Gorno-Badakhshan. It has a population of 28,000 (2000 census). Khorugh is situated 2,200 m above sea level in the Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon) at the confluence of the Ghund and Panj rivers. The city is bounded to the south (Nivodak) and to the north (Tem) by the deltas of the Shakhdara and Gunt, respectively. The two rivers merge in the eastern part of the city flow through the city, dividing it almost evenly until its delta in the Panj River, also being known as Amu Darya, or in antiquity the Oxus) on the border with Afghanistan. Khorugh is known for its beautiful poplar trees that dominate the flora of the city.
Until the late 19th century, Khorugh was in an area disputed between the Emir of Bukhara, Shah of Afghanistan, Russia and Britain. The Russians emerged the winners of the region after The Great Game, which fixed the current northern border of Afghanistan on the Panj River and established the territory of Russian Pamir around Khorugh. Before 1896, when the Russians arrived and built a fort, the main town in the area was Kala-i Bar Panj (or Bar Panja Qal'a) somewhat downriver on the Afghan side. Following the fall of czarist Russia and the rise of the Soviet Union, Khorugh became the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan in 1925. Soviet leaders encouraged the migration of settlers to the area with promises of pay, medals and automobiles, but with no industry and little arable land, the effort was not successful.
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Khujand
Khujand (Tajik: Хуҷанд,خجند) (Greek: Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη)), also transliterated as Khudzhand, Russian: Худжанд, formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1936 and Leninabad (Leninobod, Ленинобод, لنینآباد) until 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan. It is situated on the Syr Darya River at the mouth of the Fergana Valley. The population of the city is 149,000 (2000 census), down from 160,000 in 1989. It is also the capital of the northernmost province of Tajikistan, now called Sughd.
The population in the city and the countryside around it, are heavily Persian speaking. Except for the towns of [Kasan] and Akhsikat in the Uzbek northeastern Fergana Valley, and the town of Baghistan, northeast of Tashkent, city of Khujand is the most northerly Persian-speaking city in the world.
This is the site of Cyropolis, or the City of Cyrus. In his last expedition against the Saka tribe of Massagetae and shortly before his death in that battle, king Cyrus the Great the founder of the Persian Empire founded a city here which he named after himself. Greek authors maintain that later in time, Alexander of Macedon built a Greek settlement near Cyropolis (Khujand) in 329 BC and named it Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη) or "Alexandria The Furthest". It would have formed a bastion for the Greek settlers against the Scythian tribes to the north of the Syr Darya, which the Greeks called the Jaxartes River. It became a major staging point on the northern Silk Road. Some famous Persian poets and scientists come from this city. Khujand is an integral part of the Iranic world and culture.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pashto: خیبر پښتونخوا [xaiˈbər pəxtunˈxwɑ]; Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا [ˈxɛːbər pəxˈtuːnxwaː]), locally called Pukhtunkhwa, and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province and various other names, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north-west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north-east, Azad Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to the west and south, Balochistan to the south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east. The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns; other smaller ethnic groups include most notably the Hindkowanss, Gujjar's and Chitralis. The principal languages are Pashto (locally referred to as Pukhto) The provincial capital is Peshawar.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the Iranian plateau and comprises the junction where the slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains on the Eurasian plate give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching South Asia. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past. The famous Khyber Pass links the province to Afghanistan, while the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River in the east.
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Kofarnihon River
Kofarnihon River (Tajik: Кофарниҳон) or Kofirnihan (also transliterated from Russian as Kafirnigan) is one of the major tributaries of Amudarya (together with Vakhsh and Panj). It rises on the southern slopes of Gissar Range in Vahdat district, formerly Kofarnihon district, and flows for about 400 km in the general south-western direction past the cities of Kofarnihon, Vahdat, and Dushanbe, where it turns south and runs through Khatlon Province toward the border with Afghanistan. It falls into Amudarya some 40 km west of the confluence point of Vakhsh and Panj rivers. Kofarnihon River is an important source of drinking water, and yet it is highly polluted by irrigation runoff and inadequately cleaned recycled water around the cities of Dushanbe and Vahdat.
Coordinates: 36°56′13″N 68°00′53″E / 36.93694°N 68.01472°E / 36.93694; 68.01472
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Kulob
Kulob (Tajik/Persian:Кӯлоб/کولاب, for swampy place, rushes), also Kulab or Kulyab (Russian: Куляб), is a city in Kulob district, Khatlon Province, Tajikistan. Located 203 km south-east of the capital Dushanbe on the Yakhsu River (a right tributary of Panj), it is one of the largest cities in the country (pop. 100,000 in 2006).
Kulob is the birthplace of the current President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon, Canadian media entrepreneur Moses Znaimer, and popular Tajik singers Manija Davlatova and Shabnam Soraya.
Part of the Khanate of Bukhara since the 16th century (the Emirate of Bukhara since the 18th century), the city changed its name from Khatlon to Kulob in 1750. In 1921, after the fall of the Bukhara Emirate, Soviet rule was established in Kulob and the city became an industrial center during the Soviet era.
In September 2006 Kulob celebrated its 2700th anniversary. Shabnam Soraya sang a tribute to the city at the celebrations. Kay-Khotloni last king of the Khotlon was on military servis of Amir Timyr during Afghanistan companies.
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Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwaiti/kuːˈweɪt/ (Arabic: دولة الكويت, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic أكوات ākwāt, the plural of كوت kūt, meaning a fortress built near water. The country covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.5 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between Mesopotamia and India. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region, and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By the 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s.
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Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan ( /ˈkɜrɡɨstæn/ KUR-gi-stan;Kyrgyz & Russian: Кыргызстан, Kyrgyzstan, or Киргизия, Kirgiziya), officially the Kyrgyz Republic is a nation located in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
Kyrgyzstan is officially a democratic parliamentary republic. A revolution in April 2010 overthrew the former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and the appointment of an interim government. Presidential elections were held in November 2011.
Kyrgyzstan is one of the active members of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. The national language, Kyrgyz, is also closely related to the other Turkic languages, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties.
Additionally, Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Non-aligned movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
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Laos
Laos ((i/ˈlaʊs/, /ˈlɑː.ɒs/, /ˈlɑː.oʊs/, or /ˈleɪ.ɒs/) Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎː.tʰáː.laʔ.naʔ.lat páʔ.sáː.tʰiʔ.páʔ.tàj páʔ.sáː.són.láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be 6.5 million in 2012.
Laos traces its history to the Kingdom which existed from the 14th to the 18th century when it split into three separate kingdoms. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three kingdoms, Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak, uniting to form what is now known as Laos. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. Shortly after independence, a long civil war ended the monarchy, when the Communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
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Libya
Libya (Arabic: ليبيا Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Maldives
Maldives (i/ˈmɒldaɪvz/ or /ˈmɒldiːvz/), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, Dhivehi Raa'je), officially Republic of Maldives (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, Dhivehi Raa'jeyge Jumhooriyya), also referred to as the Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls oriented north-south off India's Lakshadweep Islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south-west of India. During the colonial era, the Dutch referred to the country as "Maldivische Eilanden" in their documentation, while "Maldive Islands" is the anglicised version of the local name used by the British, which later came to be written "Maldives".
The archipelago is located on top of the Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge, a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. Maldives also form a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep. The atolls of Maldives encompass a territory spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making it one of the world's most geographically dispersed countries. Its population of 328,536 (2012) inhabits 200 of its 1,192 islands. Maldives' capital and largest city Malé had a population of 103,693 in 2006. It is located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll, in the Kaafu Atoll. It is also one of the Administrative divisions of the Maldives. Traditionally it was the King's Island where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties were enthroned.
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Mali
Malii/ˈmɑːli/, officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali, French pronunciation: [maˈli]), is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population of 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's natural resources are gold, uranium, livestock, and salt. About half the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. On 22 March, 2012, a group of junior soldiers seized control of the country's presidential palace and declared the government dissolved and its constitution suspended. On 6 April, 2012, rebels from the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) declared the secession of a new state, Azawad, from Mali.
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Mauritania
Mauritaniai/mɔrɪˈteɪniə/ (Arabic: موريتانيا Mūrītānyā; Berber: Muritanya / Agawej; Wolof: Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; French: Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in West Africa and in the Maghreb. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara (controlled by Morocco) in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the ancient Berber Kingdom of Mauretania, which later became a province of the Roman Empire, even though the modern Mauritania covers a territory far to the south of the old Berber kingdom that had no relation with it. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
The government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.
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Mayakovskiy Peak
Mayakovskiy Peak is a peak in Pamir Mountains, in the extreme south-west corner of Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province (Ishkoshim District), where the north-south Ishkoshim Range joins the east-west Shakhdara Range. Elevation 6,096 m. Discovered in the early 1930s by Soviet explorer Luknitskiy, who gave it a figurative name, Three-Headed Peak. After the first ascent by Soviet alpinists in 1947, the peak was renamed in honor of the Soviet Russian poet Vladimir Mayakovskiy (1893-1930).
Coordinates: 37°10′N 71°40′E / 37.167°N 71.667°E / 37.167; 71.667
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Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Mongolia
Mongoliai/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (Mongolian: Монгол улс (help·info), literally Mongol country/state) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Gökturks and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to their earlier pattern of constant internal conflict and occasional raids on the Chinese borderlands. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Mongolia came under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. At the end of the 17th century, all of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence from the Republic of China, and until 1945 to gain international recognition.
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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Mount Imeon
Mount Imeon[pronunciation?] is an ancient[clarification needed] name for the Central Asian complex of mountain ranges comprising the present Hindu Kush, Pamir and Tian Shan, extending from the Zagros Mountains in the southwest to the Altay Mountains in the northeast, and linked to the Kunlun, Karakoram and Himalayas to the southeast. See also Roof of the World.
A detailed description of the mountainous territory and its people was given in the Armenian geography index Ashharatsuyts written by Anania Shirakatsi in the 7th century AD (or possibly by Moses of Chorene in the 5th century.) According to the original Ashharatsuyts mapping reconstructed by Acad. Suren T. Eremian, the mountain system was divided into four branches (green dots in the map) corresponding respectively to four present ranges:
The mountains bordered the lands of China in the east, India in the south, Aria in the west (the region around modern Herat, marked as ‘Arya’ on Eremian's map), and Khwarezm in the northwest.
The mountain system was crossed by a segment of the Silk Road leading westwards from Yarkand to the Stone Tower in eastern Pamir (mentioned by Ptolemy, and shown on the Ashharatsuyts map too), then through the Wakhan Corridor and Badakhshan to reach the ancient major city of Balh (Balkh). An alternative Northern Silk Road went from Kashgar to upper Alay Valley, then crossed the Alay Mountains to enter Fergana Valley.
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Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Portuguese: Moçambique or República de Moçambique, pronounced: [ʁɛˈpublikɐ di musɐ̃ˈbiki]), is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. The capital city is Maputo, formerly known as Lourenço Marques.
Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west. Swahili, and later also Arab, commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans. The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonized by Portugal in 1505. Mozambique became independent in 1975, and became the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. It was the scene of an intense civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992.
Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources. The country's economy is based largely on agriculture, but with industry, mainly food and beverages, chemical manufacturing, aluminium and petroleum production, is growing fast. The country's tourism sector is also growing. South Africa is Mozambique's main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment. Portugal, Spain, and Belgium are also among the country's most important partners. Since 2001 Mozambique is one of the world's top ten for annual average GDP growth. However, Mozambique still has one of the lowest GDP per capita, one of the worst human development index and one of the highest inequality in the world, as well as having the world's lowest life expectancy.
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NATO
Coordinates: 50°52′34.16″N 4°25′19.24″E / 50.8761556°N 4.4220111°E / 50.8761556; 4.4220111
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( /ˈneɪtoʊ/ NAY-toh; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN)), also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the world's defence spending.
For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the Korean War galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, which formed in 1955. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down." Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of the French from NATO's military structure in 1966.
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
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Niger
Niger (French pronunciation: [niʒɛʁ], but occasionally pronounced as /niːˈʒɛər/ ori/ˈnaɪdʒər/), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest nation in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far southwest corner of Niger.
Niger is a developing country, and consistently ranks as one of the lowest ranks of the United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI), 186th of 187 countries in 2011. Much of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence and some export agriculture clustered in the more fertile south, and the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger remains handicapped by its landlocked position, desert terrain, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, and environmental degradation.
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Nigeria
Nigeriai/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Since 2002 there have been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists Boko Haram, militant jihadists who seek to establish sharia law.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
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North Korea
Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국), commonly referred to as "North Korea" ( listen), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok, or Yalu, and the Tumen rivers form the border between North Korea and China. A section of the Tumen River in the far northeast is the border with Russia.
The peninsula was governed by the Korean Empire until it was annexed by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in 1910. It was divided into Soviet- and American-occupied zones in 1945, after the end of World War II. North Korea refused to participate in a United Nations–supervised election held in the south in 1948, which led to the creation of separate Korean governments for the two occupation zones. North and South Korea each claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean Peninsula, which led to the Korean War of 1950. The Armistice Agreement of 1953 ended the fighting; but the two countries are officially still at war against each other, for a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.
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Northern Cyprus
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti), commonly called Northern Cyprus, is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the north east, westward to Morphou Bay and Cape Kormakitis (the Kokkina/Erenköy exclave marks the westernmost extent of the area), and southward to the village of Louroujina/Akıncılar. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both states.
Tensions between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot populations in Cyprus culminated in 1974 with a coup d'état, an attempt to annex the island to Greece, and an invasion by Turkey in response. This resulted in the partitioning of the island, the resettlement of many of its inhabitants, and a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
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Oman
Oman (i/oʊˈmɑːn/ oh-MAAN; Arabic: عمان ʻUmān), officially called the Sultanate of Oman (Arabic: سلطنة عُمان Salṭanat ʻUmān), is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam enclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries.
For a period, Oman was a moderate regional power, formerly having a sultanate extending across the Strait of Hormuz to Iran, and modern day Pakistan, and far south to Zanzibar on the coat of south-east Africa. Over time, as its power declined, the sultanate came under heavy influence from the United Kingdom, though Oman was never formally part of the British Empire, or a British protectorate. The Omani royal family claim that Oman has been ruled by the Al Said dynasty since 1744, although without substantial proof. Oman has long-standing military and political ties with the United Kingdom and the United States, although it maintains an independent foreign policy.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Pamir Mountains
Coordinates: 39°N 72°E / 39°N 72°E / 39; 72
The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia formed by the junction or knot of the Himalayas, Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. They are among the world’s highest mountains and since Victorian times they have been known as the "Roof of the World" a probable translation from the Persian.
In other languages they are called: Kyrgyz Памир тоолору; Persian: رشته کوه های پامیر Reshte Kūh-hāye Pāmīr; Tajik: Кӯҳҳои Помир; Pashto: د پامير غرونه; Uyghur: پامىر ئېگىزلىكى; Urdu: پامیر کوهستان; Hindi: पामीर पर्वतमाला; Chinese: 帕米尔高原; pinyin: Pàmǐ'ěr Gāoyuán. Another Chinese name is Congling (cōnglǐng 葱嶺) (Wade-Giles: Ts'ung-ling) or "Onion Range" (after the wild onions growing in the region).
The precise extent of the Pamir Mountains is debatable. They lie mostly in Gorno-Badakhshan province, Tajikistan and Badakshan Province, Afghanistan. To the north they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the south they join the Hindu Kush mountains along the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan/Pakistan, and also Gilgit–Baltistan in Pakistan. To the east they may end on the Chinese border or extend to the range that includes Kongur Tagh which is sometimes included in the Kunlun Mountains.
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Pamir mountains
Coordinates: 39°N 72°E / 39°N 72°E / 39; 72
The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia formed by the junction or knot of the Himalayas, Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. They are among the world’s highest mountains and since Victorian times they have been known as the "Roof of the World" a probable translation from the Persian.
In other languages they are called: Kyrgyz Памир тоолору; Persian: رشته کوه های پامیر Reshte Kūh-hāye Pāmīr; Tajik: Кӯҳҳои Помир; Pashto: د پامير غرونه; Uyghur: پامىر ئېگىزلىكى; Urdu: پامیر کوهستان; Hindi: पामीर पर्वतमाला; Chinese: 帕米尔高原; pinyin: Pàmǐ'ěr Gāoyuán. Another Chinese name is Congling (cōnglǐng 葱嶺) (Wade-Giles: Ts'ung-ling) or "Onion Range" (after the wild onions growing in the region).
The precise extent of the Pamir Mountains is debatable. They lie mostly in Gorno-Badakhshan province, Tajikistan and Badakshan Province, Afghanistan. To the north they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the south they join the Hindu Kush mountains along the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan/Pakistan, and also Gilgit–Baltistan in Pakistan. To the east they may end on the Chinese border or extend to the range that includes Kongur Tagh which is sometimes included in the Kunlun Mountains.
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Panj River
The Panj River ( /ˈpɑːndʒ/; Tajik: Панҷ), also known as Pyandzh River or Pyanj River (derived from its Russian name "Пяндж"), is a tributary of the Amu Darya. The river is 1,125 km long and forms a considerable part of the Afghanistan - Tajikistan border.
The river is formed by the confluence of the Pamir River and the Wakhan River near the village of Qila-e Panja. From there, it flows westwards, forming the border of Afghanistan and Tajikistan. After passing the city of Khorog, capital of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan it receives water from one of its main tributaries, the Bartang River. It then turns towards the southwest, before joining the river Vakhsh and forming the greatest river of Central Asia, the Amudarya. Panj played a very important role during Soviet times, and was a strategic river during the Soviet military operations in Afghanistan in 1980's.
A water treaty between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, signed in 1946, allows Afghanistan to draw 9 million cubic metres of water a year. It currently draws 2 million cubic metres of water. According to the Pyanj River Basin Project environmental damage could be expected if Afghanistan drew the entire amount of water from the river that the treaty allows.
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Panjakent
Panjakent (Tajik: Панҷакент; Persian: پنجکنت; Russian: Пенджикент), also spelled Panjikent, Panjekent or Penjikent, is a city in the Sughd province of Tajikistan on the Zeravshan River, with a population of 33,000 (2000 census). It was once an ancient town in Sogdiana. The ruins of the old town are on the outskirts of the modern city.
Ancient Panjekent was a small but flourishing town of the Soghdians in pre-Islamic Central Asia. It served as the capital of Panch and was known as Panchekanth.
The ethnic and territorial name "Soghd/Soghdian" or Sughd/Sughdian was mentioned in history as early as the Iranian Achaemenid Dynasty (6th century BCE). The Achaemenids founded several city-states, as well as cities along the ancient Silk road and in the Zarafshan valley.
The town grew in the 5th century CE and many professionals such as established businessmen and landowners made their livelihoods in Panjakent. In 722 CE, Arabian forces besieged and annexed the town. The last ruler of the town Devashtich fled into upper Zarafshan but he was captured and sentenced to death. For around 50 years, ancient Panjakent was ruled by new administrators but towards the end of the 8th century the town on the upper terraces was depopulated and relocated. Many ancient ruins of the old city, particularly the city architecture and works of art remain today.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Qatar
Qatar (i/ˈkɑːtɑr/ or i/kəˈtɑr/;Arabic: قطر [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ɡɪtˤɑr]), also known as the country or State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain.
Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by Al Thani family since the mid-19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has become one of the region's wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'état. The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the Al Thani family, or close confidants of the al-Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate military ties with the United States, and is now the location of U.S. Central Command’s Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center.
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Qurghonteppa
Qurghonteppa or Kurganteppa (Tajik: Қурғонтеппа; formerly known as Курган-Тюбе Kurgan-Tyube, Persian: قرغانتپه, Uzbek: Qo’rg’ontepa,Turkish: Kurgantepe) is a city in southwestern Tajikistan. It is the capital of the Khatlon region and it is located 100 km from Dushanbe. It is estimated that the population of the city is close to 85,000 (est. 2006) people, making it the third-largest city in the country. The population fluctuates depending on season (due to Tajik immigrant workers in Russia). The political opposition in Tajikistan primarily comes from Qurghonteppa.
Along with the capital Dushanbe, Qurghonteppa is demographically much more diverse than other major cities such as Khujand, Kulob or Istaravshan. Ethnicities include Tajiks, Uzbeks, Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Greeks and many more. The city had a large number of ethnic Russians who were actively employed by the industrial and agricultural complexes in and around the city. Qurghonteppa was seriously demaged during the civil war in 1992-1997; during and after that war 85 % of the Russians left the city.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
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Samarkand
Coordinates: 39°39′15″N 66°57′35″E / 39.65417°N 66.95972°E / 39.65417; 66.95972
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд; Persian: سمرقند; Uzbek: Samarqand; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane) and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient center of the city.
In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
The city was known by an abbreviated name of Marakanda when Alexander the Great took it in 332BC. There are various theories of how Marakanda evolved into Samarkanda/Samarkan. One derives the name from the Old Persian asmara, "stone", "rock", and Sogdian kand, "fort", "town". Others less convincingly derive the name from the old Turkic "Semiz-Kent" meaning "Rich City".[citation needed]. Since the name Marakanda was already in existence 2300 years ago and long before anyone had heard of Turks in that region of Transoxiana, this version is likely a folk etymology.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (i/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdīyah[citation needed] or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
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Senegal
Senegali/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone (i/siːˌɛrə liːˈoʊn/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional representative democratic republic and covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. As of 2011, Sierra Leone has an estimated population of 6 million[1] (2011 United Nations estimte). Freetown is the capital, largest city as well as its economic, commercial, educational, cultural and political centre. Bo is the country's second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre.
Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area; which are subdivided into fourteen districts. The districts have their own directly elected local government known as district council, headed by a council chairman. The country's six municipalities of Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Koidu Town and the coastal town of Bonthe have their own directly elected city councils headed by mayors.
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Somalia
Somalia ( /soʊˈmɑːliə/ soh-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world.
Somalia lies in the easternmost part of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has the longest coastline on the continent, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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South Ossetia
South Ossetia ( /əˈsɛtiə/ə-SET-ee-ə or /ɒˈsiːʃə/o-SEE-shə; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samxret Oseti; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya) or Tskhinvali Region (Georgian: ცხინვალის რეგიონი, Tsxinvalis regioni; Russian: Цхинвальский регион, Tskhinvalskiy region) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
South Ossetians declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling themselves the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to retake the region by force. This led to the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War. Georgian fighting against those controlling South Ossetia occurred on two other occasions, in 2004 and 2008. The last conflict led to the 2008 South Ossetia war, during which Ossetian and Russian forces gained full, de facto control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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State of Palestine
Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين Filasṭīn/Falasṭīn/Filisṭīn), officially declared as the State of Palestine (Arabic: دولة فلسطين, Dawlat Filasṭin), is a state that was proclaimed in exile in Algiers on 15 November 1988, when the Palestine Liberation Organization's (PLO) National Council (PNC) adopted the unilateral Palestinian Declaration of Independence. At the time of the 1988 declaration, the PLO did not exercise control over any territory, and its claimed territory remains under Israeli occupation. It claims the Palestinian territories (defined according to the 1967 borders), and has designated Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine, despite Israeli control.
The 1974 Arab League summit designated the PLO as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people and reaffirmed their right to establish an independent state of urgency." The PLO has had observer status at the United Nations as a "non-state entity" since 22 November 1974, which entitles it to speak in the UN General Assembly but not to vote. After the Declaration of Independence, the UN General Assembly officially "acknowledged" the proclamation and voted to use the designation "Palestine" instead of "Palestine Liberation Organization" when referring to the Palestinian permanent observer. In spite of this decision, the PLO does not participate at the UN in its capacity of the State of Palestine's government. Since 1998, the PLO is arranged for seating in the UN General Assembly immediately after non-member states, and before all other observers.
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Sudan
Sudan (i/suːˈdæn/ or /suːˈdɑːn/;Arabic: السودان, as-Sūdān), officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان, Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān), sometimes called North Sudan, is an Arab state in North Africa (sometimes also considered to be part of the Middle East). It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. The population of Sudan is a combination of indigenous inhabitants of Nile Valley, and descendants of migrants from the Arabian Peninsula. Due to the process of Arabisation common throughout the rest of the Arab World, today Arab culture predominates in Sudan. The majority of the population of Sudan adheres to Islam. The Nile divides the country between east and west sides.
The people of Sudan have a long history extending from antiquity which is intertwined with the history of Egypt. Sudan suffered seventeen years of civil war during the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) followed by ethnic, religious and economic conflicts between the Muslim Arab northern Sudanese and the mostly animist and Christian Nilotes of Southern Sudan. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983. Because of continuing political and military struggles, Sudan was seized in a bloodless coup d'état by colonel Omar al-Bashir in 1989, who thereafter proclaimed himself President of Sudan. The civil war ended with the signing of a Comprehensive Peace Agreement which granted autonomy to what was then the southern region of the country. Following a referendum held in January 2011, South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011 with the consent of Sudan's President al-Bashir.
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Sughd Province
Coordinates: 39°30′N 69°0′E / 39.5°N 69°E / 39.5; 69
Sughd Province (Tajik: Суғд; Persian: ولایت سغد) is one of the four administrative divisions and one of the three provinces (Tajik: вилоятҳо, viloyatho) that make up Tajikistan. Centered in the historical Sogdiana, it is located in the northwest of the country, with an area of some 25,400 square kilometers and a population of 2,132,100 (2008 est.), up from 1,870,000 according to the 2000 census and 1,558,000 in 1989.
The province shares a border with the Jizakh, Namagan, Samarkand and Fergana provinces of Uzbekistan, and the Osh and Batken provinces of Kyrgyzstan. The Syr Darya river flows through it. Soghd is separated from the rest of Tajikistan by the Zarafshan Range (passes may be closed in winter). The southern part of the province is the east-west valley of the upper Zarafshan River. North, over the Turkestan Range, is the Ferghana Valley. The province has 30% of Tajikistan's population and one-third of its arable land. It produces two thirds of the country's GDP.
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Suriname
Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname (Dutch: Republiek Suriname, Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrepyˈblik ˌsyriˈnaːmə]), is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Suriname was first colonized by the British, and captured by the Dutch in 1667, who governed it as the colony of Suriname until 1954. The country of Suriname achieved independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles, and the Netherlands itself cooperated on a basis of equality since 1954, on 25 November 1975.
At just under 165,000 km2 (64,000 sq mi) Suriname is the smallest sovereign state in South America (French Guiana comprises less territory, but is French territory). It has an estimated population of approximately 560,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, where the capital Paramaribo is located.
The name Suriname may derive from a Taino (Arawak-speaking) group called "Surinen" who first inhabited the region prior to European arrival.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: Респу́блика Татарста́н, tr. Respublika Tatarstan; IPA: [rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə tətɐrˈstan]; Tatar Cyrillic: Татарстан Республикасы, Latin: Tatarstan Respublikası) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan, which is one of Russia's largest and most prosperous cities. The republic borders with Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, and with the Mari El, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, as well as with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The unofficial Tatarstan motto is: Bez Buldırabız! (We can!). Population: 3,786,488 (2010 Census).
The state has strong relations with its Muslim neighbor Bashkortostan.
"Tatarstan" derives from the name of the Tatar, Turkic ethnic group, and the Persian suffix -stan (an ending common to many Central Asian countries). Another version of the Russian name is "Тата́рия" (Tatariya), which was official along with "Tatar ASSR" during the Soviet rule.
Inhabitants of Tatarstan regardless of ethnicity are usually called Tatari (Tatar Cyrillic: татарлар, Latin: Tatarlar, татары).
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Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambiai/ˈɡæmbiə/, is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the country's centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 11,295 km² with an estimated population of 1.7 million.
On 18 February 1965, Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. Banjul is Gambia's capital, but the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British. Since gaining independence in 1965, Gambia has enjoyed relative political stability, with the exception of a brief period of military rule in 1994.
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Tian Shan
The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; pinyin: Tiān Shān; literally "celestial mountains"; Mongolian: Тэнгэр уул; Uyghur: تەڭرى تاغ, ULY: Tengri Tagh), also spelled Tien Shan, is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Victory Peak (Jengish Chokusu), 7,439 metres (24,406 ft).
The Chinese name for Tian Shan may be derived from the Xiongnu language name qilian (祁连), which was described by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian as the homeland of the pre-Xiongnu peoples of the region, the Yuezhi, and has been said to refer to the Tian Shan rather than to the range 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) further east now known by this name. The nearby Tannu-Ola Mountains (Tuvan: Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula) bear the same name ("heaven/celestial mountains" or "god/spirit mountains").
Tian Shan lies to the north and west of the Taklamakan Desert and directly north of the Tarim Basin in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China. In the south it links up with the Pamir Mountains and to north and east it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. It also extends into the Chinese province of Xinjiang and into the northern areas of Pakistan, where it joins the Hindu Kush.[citation needed]
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republici/ˈtoʊɡoʊ/, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east, and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with a climate that provides good growing seasons. The official language is French, with many other languages spoken in Togo, particularly those of the Gbe family. The largest religious group in Togo are those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant Christian and Muslim minorities. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie and Economic Community of West African States.
From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared Togoland a protectorate. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.
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Tunisia
Tunisia (USi/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (i/tɜrkˈmɛnɨstæn/ or i/tɜrkmɛnɨˈstɑːn/; Turkmen: Türkmenistan), formerly also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения), is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010[update] ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
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Uganda
Coordinates: 1°17′N 32°23′E / 1.28°N 32.39°E / 1.28; 32.39
Uganda ( /juːˈɡændə/ yew-GAN-də or /juːˈɡɑːndə/ yew-GAHN-də), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by Kenya and Tanzania.
Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country including the capital Kampala.
The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962.
The official languages are English and Swahili, although multiple other languages are spoken in the country.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emiratesi/juːˌnaɪtɨd ˌærəb ˈɛmɪrɨts/ (Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, Al Imārāt al ‘Arabīyah al Muttaḥidah), sometimes simply called the Emirates or the UAE, is a country situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing sea borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates (equivalent to principalities), each governed by a hereditary emir, with a single national president. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain. The capital is Abu Dhabi, which is also the state's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
Prior to independence in 1971, the UAE was known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference to a 19th-century truce between the local sheikhs, hereditary rulers of the territories, and the United Kingdom. The term Pirate Coast was also used by some to refer to the emirates from the 18th to the early 20th century, owing to the preponderance of pirates operating from Emirati ports.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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Wakhan Corridor
Wakhan Corridor is commonly used as a synonym for Wakhan, an area of far north-eastern Afghanistan which forms a land link or "corridor" between Afghanistan and China. The Corridor is a long and slender panhandle or salient, roughly 140 miles (220 km) long and between 10 and 40 miles (16 and 64 km) wide. It separates Tajikistan in the north from Pakistan in the south.
The corridor was a political creation of the Great Game. On the corridor's north side, agreements between Britain and Russia in 1873 and between Britain and Afghanistan in 1893 effectively split the historic area of Wakhan by making the Panj and Pamir Rivers the border between Afghanistan and the Russian Empire. On its south side, the Durand Line agreement of 1893 marked the boundary between British India and Afghanistan. This left a narrow strip of land as a buffer between the two empires, which became known as the Wakhan Corridor in the 20th century. The corridor has 12,000 inhabitants.
The term Wakhan Corridor is also used in a narrower sense to refer to the route along the Panj River and the Wakhan River to China, and the northern part of the Wakhan is then referred to as the Afghan Pamir.
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Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemeni/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
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Basmachi Movement
The Basmachi movement (Russian: Басмачество, Basmachestvo) or Basmachi Revolt was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by the Muslim, largely Turkic peoples of Central Asia.
The movement's roots lay in the 1916 violence that erupted over conscription of Muslims for service in World War I. In the months following the October 1917 Revolution, renewed violence developed into a major uprising centered in the Ferghana Valley, soon spreading across all of Soviet Turkestan. Guerrilla and conventional warfare lasted for years in various regions, and the violence was both anti-Soviet and anti-Russian. After major Red Army campaigns and concessions regarding economic and Islamic practices in the mid 1920s, the military fortunes and popular support of the Basmachi declined. Although resistance flared up again in response to collectivization, the Sovietization of Central Asia proceeded apace and the struggle ended.
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Basmachi movement
The Basmachi movement (Russian: Басмачество, Basmachestvo) or Basmachi Revolt was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by the Muslim, largely Turkic peoples of Central Asia.
The movement's roots lay in the 1916 violence that erupted over conscription of Muslims for service in World War I. In the months following the October 1917 Revolution, renewed violence developed into a major uprising centered in the Ferghana Valley, soon spreading across all of Soviet Turkestan. Guerrilla and conventional warfare lasted for years in various regions, and the violence was both anti-Soviet and anti-Russian. After major Red Army campaigns and concessions regarding economic and Islamic practices in the mid 1920s, the military fortunes and popular support of the Basmachi declined. Although resistance flared up again in response to collectivization, the Sovietization of Central Asia proceeded apace and the struggle ended.
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Emomalii Rahmon
Emomalii Rahmon (Tajik: Эмомалӣ Раҳмон;Persian: امام علی رحمان; Russian: Эмомали Рахмон) (born October 5, 1952) is a Tajik politician who has served as the head of state of Tajikistan since 1992, under the position of President since 1994. During the early years of his presidency, he faced a civil war in which up to 100,000 people died. In 2006, Rahmon won his third term in office.
Rahmon was born to a peasant family in Kulob, in the Kulob Oblast, now part of Khatlon province. In 1971-1974 he served in the Soviet Armed Forces. As an apparatchik rising through the nomenklatura, his original power base was as chairman of the collective state farm of his native Dangara. In 1982, he graduated from the Tajik State University with a Bachelor's Degree in Economics. Between 1976 and 1988, Rahmon was the Chairman of the Union Committee of the collective farm in the Dangara region of Kulob province. He also held various positions in leading Government divisions at that time.
In 1990, Rahmon was elected a people's deputy to the Supreme Council of the Tajik SSR.[citation needed] President Rahmon Nabiyev resigned in the first months of the Civil War in Tajikistan in August 1992. Akbarsho Iskandarov, Speaker of the Supreme Soviet, became acting president. Iskandarov resigned in November in an attempt to end the civil unrest. The Supreme Soviet met in Khujand and abolished the position of president that same month. Rahmon, then the Speaker of Parliament, became the head-of-government.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Iranian languages
The Iranian languages (also called Iranic languages) form a subfamily of the Indo-Iranian languages which in turn are a subgroup of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples.
The Iranian languages are considered in three stages of Old (until 400 BCE), Middle (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New (since 900 CE). From the Old Iranian languages the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of Zarathushtra). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran) and Parthian (a language of Arsacid Iran). There are many Iranian languages, the largest amongst them are Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi.
Today, there are an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. The Ethnologue lists 87 Iranian languages.Persian has about 65 million native speakers, Pashto about 50 million, Kurdish about 18 million, Balochi about 7 million, and Lurish about 2.3 million.
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples (Iranic peoples) are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, as such forming a branch of the Indo-European-speaking peoples. Their historical areas of settlement were on the Iranian plateau, and comprised most of Iran and certain areas of Central Asia such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and most of Afghanistan, some parts of western Pakistan, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey, and scattered parts of the Caucasus Mountains. Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian plateau, and stretches from Pakistan's Indus River in the east to eastern Turkey in the west, and from Central Asia and the Caucasus in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south – a region that is sometimes called the Iranian cultural continent, or Greater Persia by scholars, and represents the extent of the Iranian languages and influence of the Persian People, through the geopolitical reach of the Persian empire.
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Ismail Samani
Isma'il ibn Ahmad (ابو ابراهیم اسماعیل بن احمد, Abu Ibrahim Ismail ibn Ahmad, d. November 907) also referred to as, "Amir Adil" (the Just Commander) was the Persian Samanid amir of Transoxiana (892-907) and Khorasan (900-907). His reign saw the emergence of the Samanids as a powerful force. He was the son of Ahmad ibn Asad and a descendant of Saman Khuda, the founder of the Samanid dynasty who renounced Zoroastrianism and embraced Islam. Ismail is considered the father of the Tajik nation.[citation needed]
Gaining approval of the local population, Ismail was described as good natured devout Muslim, relying exclusively on Allah in accordance with the Islamic principle of tawheed. During his brother Nasr's reign, Isma'il was sent to take control of Bukhara, which had been devastated by looting on the part of forces from Khwarazm. The citizens of the city welcomed Isma'il, seeing him as someone who could bring stability.
Soon afterwards, a disagreement over where tax money should be distributed caused a falling out between Nasr and Isma'il. A struggle ensued, in which Isma'il proved victorious. Although he took effective control of the state, he did not formally overthrow his brother, instead remaining in Bukhara. He did so because Nasr had been the one whom the Caliph had given the formal investiture of Transoxiana to; in the caliph's eyes, Nasr was the only legitimimate ruler of the region. Furthermore, the Saffarids of Sistan had claims on Transoxiana; the overthrow of Nasr would have given the Saffarids a pretext for invading. Isma'il therefore continued to formally recognize Nasr as ruler until the latter's death in August 892, at which point he officially took power.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Kambojas
The Kambojas (Sanskrit: कम्बोज, Kamboja; Persian: کمبوہ, Kambūh) were a kshatriya tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in Sanskrit and Pali literature. Modern scholars conclude that the Kambojas were an Avestan speaking Eastern Iranian tribe at the boundary of the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians, and appear to have moved from the Iranian into the Indo-Aryan sphere over time.
The Kambojas migrated into India during the Indo-Scythian invasion from the 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE. Their descendants controlled various principalities in Medieval India.
The Kambojas were an Indo-Iranian tribe. However, the ancient Kambojas are sometimes described as Indo-Aryans or as having both Indian and Iranian affinities. However, most scholars now agree that the Kambojas were Iranians, cognate with the Indo-Scythians. The Kambojas are also described as a royal clan of the Sakas. This seems to be confirmed by the Mathura lion capital inscriptions made by Rajuvula and by one of the Edicts of Asoka. The Aśvakas were a subtribe of the Kambojas.
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Kashgar
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis city with approximately 350,000 residents in the western part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture which has an area of 162,000 km² and a population of approximately 3.5 million.
The city covers an area of 15 km². The altitude averages 1,289 m/4,282 ft. above sea level. The city is located in the western extremity of China, near the border with Tajikistan.
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasia”. The name is Middle Iranic in its origin, meaning "Kush Mountains" (from gar/ghar, "mountain", and Kush/Kâsh, being the same as the ethnonym of the Kushan Empire and the Hindukush mountains in the neighboring Afghanistan.
An early Chinese name was 疏勒 (now Shule County), variously romanized as Su-leh, Sulei, Shule, Shu-le', She-le, Shu-lo or Sha-le, which perhaps represents either an original Solek or Sorak.[citation needed]
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Kyrgyz people
The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic people living primarily in Kyrgyzstan.
There are several etymological theories on the ethnonym "Kyrgyz."
The word "Kyrgyz" is derived from the Turkic word "forty", with -Iz being an old plural suffix, referring to a collection of forty tribes.
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Mongols
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Oqil Oqilov
Okil Ghaybulloyevich Okilov or Oqil Oqilov (Tajik: Оқил Оқилов, Oqil Oqilov or عاقل غیباللهیویچ عاقلف) (born 2 February 1944) has served as the Prime Minister of Tajikistan since 20 December 1999. He is a member of the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan. He is the last Prime Minister world-wide to have assumed office in the 2nd millennium.
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Pamiri people
Pamiri (Tajik: Помири, Persian: پامیری) is the name of an Iranian ethnic group in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province of Tajikistan and Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan.
The Pamiris are composed of people who speak the Pamiri languages, the indigenous language in the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous province, and adhere to the Ismaili sect of Shia Islam. The Pamiris share close linguistic, cultural and religious ties with the people in Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan, the Sarikoli speakers in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in Xinjiang Province in China, the Wakhi speakers in Afghanistan and the Wakhi speakers in Upper Hunza Gojal region of Northern mountainous areas of Pakistan. In the Pamiri languages the Pamiris refer to themselves as Pamiri or Badakhshani, a reference to the historic Badakhshan region where they live.
In China, Pamiris are referred to as ethnic Tajiks. In Afghanistan, they are recognized as ethnic Pamiris, and the Afghan National Anthem mention Pamiris (پاميريان Pāmiryān) in the list of ethnic groups of Afghanistan.
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Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian has persisted over the centuries although some modern Western sources use Iranic/Iranian as a wider term that includes the term Persian as well as related Iranian languages and ethnic groups. However, these terms have been used both synonymously as well as in a complementary fashion since ancient times; as the Ancient Iranian peoples such as the Old Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Parthians and Avesta peoples considered themselves to be part of the greater Iranian ethnic stock.
The term Persian translates to "from or of Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires (such as the Medes and the Elamites), and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences by incorporating the Babylonian empire, and the Lydian empire. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire is the first Persian empire well recognized by Greek and Persian historians for its massive cultural, military and social influences going as far as Athens, Egypt, and Libya.
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Russians
The Russian people (Russian: русские, russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.
The English term Russians is also used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity; the demonym Russian is translated into Russian as rossiyanin (россиянин, plural rossiyane), while the ethnic Russians are referred to as russkiye (sg. русский, russkiy).
According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russians make up about 81% of the population of Russia.
The modern Russian is formed from two groups, Northern and Southern, which were made up of Kriviches, Ilmen Slavs, Radimichs, Vyatiches and Severians East Slavic tribes. Genetic studies show that modern Russians do not differ significantly from Poles or Slovenians or Ukrainians. Some ethnographers, like Zelenin, affirm that Russians are more similar to Belarusians and Ukrainians than southern Russians to northern Russians. Russians in northern European Russia share moderate genetic similarities with Uralic peoples, who lived in modern north central European Russia and were partly assimilated by the Slavs as the Slavs migrated northeastwards. Among those peoples were Merya and Muromian.
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Shirin Akiner
Dr Shirin Akiner is a lecturer in Central Asian Studies at London University's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). She produced many scholarly works, particularly on Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and is a member of editorial and advisory board of Journal of Central Asian and Caucasian Studies published by the U.S.A.K.
In 2005, human rights groups, non-governmental organizations and former British ambassador to Uzbekistan, Craig Murray, accused her of producing a biased and "propagandist" report on the Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan, which largely absolved the government of Islam Karimov of any wrongdoing. Murray called on Colin Bundy, the director of SOAS, to take action against her for allegedly promoting falsehoods, but the latter refused on the ground that Murray's views were "unsubstantiated".
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Shirinsho Shotemur
Shirinsho Shotemur (Shotemor, Shotemour) (1899 - 1937) is a prominent Tajik politician of the twentieth century, who has made a major contribution to the early history of the Soviet Tajikistan.
Shotemur was born on December 1, 1899 in Shughnon District, Tajikistan, to a poor farmer family. At the age of 13 Shotemur started assisting his family on the field. Since 1914 to 1918 he worked at a factory in Tashkent. In 1921 he began pursuing political career and was sent back to the Pamirs as a member of the political-military team. From 1923 to 1924 he worked as an instructor of the national minorities department of Tadzhikistan's Communist Party Central Committee. At the same time he headed the Tajik communist section. During his lifetime Shirinsho Shotemur held many leading positions in the Tajik government and in the communist party. In 1937 Shotemur was charged with falsified accusation of participation in anti-soviet nationalistic organization and arrested in Moscow. Later the same year the Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced Shotemur to death. The execution dated on October 27, 1937. In 1956 Shotemur was posthumously rehabilitated by Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR.
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Sogdiana
Sogdiana or Sogdia ([pronunciation?]; Old Persian: Suguda-; Ancient Greek: Σογδιανή, Sogdianē; Persian: سغد Soġd; Tajik: Суғд, سغد Suġd; Uzbek: Sơģd; Chinese: 粟特 Sùtè) was the ancient civilization of an Iranian people and a province of the Achaemenid Empire, eighteenth in the list on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great (i. 16). Sogdiana is "listed" as the second of the "good lands and countries" that Ahura Mazda created. This region is listed second after Airyana Vaeja, Land of the Aryans, in the Zoroastrian book of Vendidad or "Videvdat", indicating the importance of this region from ancient times. Sogdiana, at different times, included territories around Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand and Shahrisabz in modern Uzbekistan. The inhabitants of Sogdiana were the Sogdians, an Eastern Iranian people who are among the ancestors of modern-day Tajik, Pashun and Yaghnobi peoples.
The Sogdian states, although never politically united, were centered around the main city of Samarkand. Sogdiana lay north of Bactria, east of Khwarezm, and southeast of Kangju between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Jaxartes (Syr Darya), embracing the fertile valley of the Zeravshan (ancient Polytimetus). Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern provinces of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as the Sughd province of modern Tajikistan.
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Tajik people
Tajik (Persian: تاجيک, Tājīk; Tajik: Тоҷик) is a general designation for a wide range of Persian-speaking people of Iranic origin, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. There are also smaller communities living in Iran and Pakistan; consisting mainly of refugees from Afghanistan and immigrants from Tajikistan.
In terms of language, culture, and history the Tajiks are closely related to the Persians of Iran.
As a self-designation, the term Tajik, which earlier on had been more or less pejorative, has become acceptable only during the last several decades, particularly as a result of Soviet administration in Central Asia. Alternative names for the Tajiks are Fārsī (Persian), Fārsīwān (Persian-speaker), and Dīhgān (cf. Tajik: Деҳқон, Dehqon, literally "farmer or settled villager", in a wider sense "settled" in contrast to "nomadic").
The Tajiks of China, although known by the name Tajik, speak Eastern Iranian languages and are distinct from Persian Tajiks.
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Uttaramadra
The Uttaramadra was the northern branch of the Madra people who are numerously referenced in ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature.
In Aitareya Brahmana (VIII.14), the Uttarakuru and the Uttaramadra tribes are stated to be living beyond Himalaya. Aitareya Brahmana also adduces these two people as an example of republican (vairajiya) janapadas or nations, where whole Janapada took the consecration of rulership.
The Vamsa Brahmana (1/18)[1] of the Sama Veda refers to Madrakara Shaungayani as the teacher of Aupamanyava Kamboja. Sage Shangayani Madrakara, as his name itself shows, and as the scholars have rightly pointed out, belonged to the Madra people. This connection between the Uttaramadras and the Kambojas is but natural, as they were close neighbors in the north-west (Vedic Index)).
Jean Przylusky has shown that Bahlika (Balkh) was an Iranian settlement of the Madras who were known as Bahlika-Uttaramadras.
The Kambojas, the neighbors of the Uttaramadras, here obviously refers to the Parama-Kambojas branch the Kambojas located in Trans-Hindukush regions.
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Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, pl. Oʻzbeklar) are a major Turkic-speaking ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Smaller diaspora populations of Uzbeks from Central Asia, mainly from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, are also found in Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, North America, and Western Europe.
The origin of the name Uzbek remains disputed. One view holds that it is eponymously named after Uzbeg Khan. Another states that the name means independent or the lord itself, from Oʻz (self) and Bek/Bey/Beg (from the Turkic root meaning a noble title). However there is another theory that the pronunciation of Uz comes from one of the Oghuz Turks variously known as Uz or Uguz united with the word Bey or Bek to form uguz-bey, meaning "leader of an oguz".
Although Turko-Mongol infiltration into Central Asia had started early, as late as the 13th century AD when Turkic and Mongol armies finally conquered the entire region, the majority of Central Asia's peoples were Iranic peoples such as Sogdians, Bactrians and, more ancient, the Saka–Massagetae tribes. It is generally believed that these ancient Indo-European-speaking peoples were linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups while the sedentary population finally adopted the Persian language, the traditional lingua franca of the eastern Islamic lands. The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an elite dominance process. This process was dramatically boosted during the Mongol conquest when millions were either killed or pushed further south to the Pamir region.
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Yaghnobi people
Yaghnobi people, or Yagnobian people, (Yaghnobi:yaγnōbī́t/Tajik: яғнобиҳо,/Persian: یغنابیها) is the name of an isolated people who live in the Sughd province of Tajikistan in the valleys of the Yagnob, Kul and Varzob rivers. These are the last living relics of the great Sogdian nation that once inhabited most of Central Asia beyond the Oxus/Amu Darya River. The Soghdian language gradually gave way to Persian after the 5th century AD, with the latter largely supplanting the former by the 10th century AD. It is nothing short of a miracle that the Sogdian language and people have survived to the present in the small numbers of the Yaghnobi people and their language.
The 1926 and 1939 census data gives the number of Yaghnabi speakers as approximately 1,800. In 1955, M. Bogolyubov estimated the number of Yaghnabi native speakers as more than 2,000. In 1972, A. Khromov estimated 1,509 native speakers in the Yaghnob valley and about 900 elsewhere. The estimated number of Yagnobi people is approximately 25,000.
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MEET THE STANS -- episodes 3&4: Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:07
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
Please visit www.simonreeve.co.uk for more information. Simon Reeve travels through Central Asia in this four-part BBC TV series, shown on BBC2, BBC World and by broadcasters internationally. The adventure took Simon from the far north-west of Kazakhstan, by the Russian border, east to the Chinese border, south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. The Guardian said it was 'a thrilling postcard from the edge' The Times said: 'Simon Reeve's journey through Kazakhstan is a first-class Boys Own adventure on film and illuminating too. I can't imagine anyone switching off who stays for the first five minutes.' ------------------------------------ SIMON REEVE is an adventurer, TV presenter and New York Times bestselling author with a passion for travel, current affairs, history, conservation and the environment. He has been around the world three times for the BBC series Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, and Tropic of Cancer, and has travelled extensively in more than 100 countries. Simon's last journey around the Tropic of Cancer enthralled millions and was described by The Times of London as: "a real gem...Reeve is in a class of his own". Readers of a leading travel magazine voted it their favourite TV series. Simon, who is an ambassador for the nature conservation organisation WWF, has been awarded a One World Broadcasting Trust award for an "outstanding contribution to ...
http://wn.com/MEET_THE_STANS_-_episodes_3&4_Uzbekistan_and_Tajikistan
Please visit www.simonreeve.co.uk for more information. Simon Reeve travels through Central Asia in this four-part BBC TV series, shown on BBC2, BBC World and by broadcasters internationally. The adventure took Simon from the far north-west of Kazakhstan, by the Russian border, east to the Chinese border, south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. The Guardian said it was 'a thrilling postcard from the edge' The Times said: 'Simon Reeve's journey through Kazakhstan is a first-class Boys Own adventure on film and illuminating too. I can't imagine anyone switching off who stays for the first five minutes.' ------------------------------------ SIMON REEVE is an adventurer, TV presenter and New York Times bestselling author with a passion for travel, current affairs, history, conservation and the environment. He has been around the world three times for the BBC series Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, and Tropic of Cancer, and has travelled extensively in more than 100 countries. Simon's last journey around the Tropic of Cancer enthralled millions and was described by The Times of London as: "a real gem...Reeve is in a class of his own". Readers of a leading travel magazine voted it their favourite TV series. Simon, who is an ambassador for the nature conservation organisation WWF, has been awarded a One World Broadcasting Trust award for an "outstanding contribution to ...
A Tourist's Guide to Dushanbe, Tajikistan. www.theredquest.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
www.theredquest.com I fly back into Central Asia to see what the capital of Tajikistan, the pooerst of the former Soviet Republics has to offer. Quite a lot actually... Read my book about visitng every former Soviet Republic. Visit www.theredquest.com
http://wn.com/A_Tourist's_Guide_to_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan_wwwtheredquestcom
www.theredquest.com I fly back into Central Asia to see what the capital of Tajikistan, the pooerst of the former Soviet Republics has to offer. Quite a lot actually... Read my book about visitng every former Soviet Republic. Visit www.theredquest.com
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 11021
- author: cessnagbdso
Tajikistan Khojand Food Market Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh Baazaar 29-97 fps 16-9 Kambiz.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
Travel to Khojand Market on the Silk Road in Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh bozor Baazaar Khujand Tajikistan khodjand tourism trip. Tajik persian food traditional culinary restaurant cooking soups kabob bread dried nuts and fruits. Exotic adventure by Kambiz Taleghani usa iran camera: Abdumalik Sodikov
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Khojand_Food_Market_Central_Asia_Xujand_Panjshanbeh_Baazaar_29-97_fps_16-9_Kambizmp4
Travel to Khojand Market on the Silk Road in Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh bozor Baazaar Khujand Tajikistan khodjand tourism trip. Tajik persian food traditional culinary restaurant cooking soups kabob bread dried nuts and fruits. Exotic adventure by Kambiz Taleghani usa iran camera: Abdumalik Sodikov
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 59409
- author: kelar12
Navruz in Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Navruz consists from to simple words, "Nav and Ruz" which means "New and day". Only this structure of words conquered the hearts of all the nations celebrating Navruz so that, each of them consider themselves as the owner of this festival. But, reality is that, Navruz is the Lord of all these nations. Scientists saying that, Navruz has more than 5-thousand years of history. There is not any settlement, which residents were missing Navruz celebration even for one year. Navruz is so loved among this people that firstly it will be celebrated in the circle of family, and then celebrations reaches the state levels. But, with all the differences of celebrations, the festive table of Navruz in Tajikistan is the symbol of spring. Arrangement of the festive table from 7 sin and 7 shin products is that tradition, which history is like Navruzi one. Now during the several last years, Navruz gained its real virgin. Because, from the beginning, it was not a festival of a nation, but it was whole nations' festival.
http://wn.com/Navruz_in_Tajikistan
Navruz consists from to simple words, "Nav and Ruz" which means "New and day". Only this structure of words conquered the hearts of all the nations celebrating Navruz so that, each of them consider themselves as the owner of this festival. But, reality is that, Navruz is the Lord of all these nations. Scientists saying that, Navruz has more than 5-thousand years of history. There is not any settlement, which residents were missing Navruz celebration even for one year. Navruz is so loved among this people that firstly it will be celebrated in the circle of family, and then celebrations reaches the state levels. But, with all the differences of celebrations, the festive table of Navruz in Tajikistan is the symbol of spring. Arrangement of the festive table from 7 sin and 7 shin products is that tradition, which history is like Navruzi one. Now during the several last years, Navruz gained its real virgin. Because, from the beginning, it was not a festival of a nation, but it was whole nations' festival.
- published: 18 Mar 2012
- views: 23821
- author: Daler Ibrohimov
[HD] [Chad and Tajikistan] 2012 Dubai International Quran Competition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:37
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
The Kid From Tajakistan is very mashallah how he memorized the aya number the aya page the begining and end of every aya
http://wn.com/_HD_Chad_and_Tajikistan_2012_Dubai_International_Quran_Competition
The Kid From Tajakistan is very mashallah how he memorized the aya number the aya page the begining and end of every aya
- published: 03 Aug 2012
- views: 7202
- author: AbdullahEspanol3
Nigora & Soroosh - Jan Tajikistan - AY JAN VATAN JAN ! - YouTube.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
TAJIK POP STARS NIGORA HOLOVA & SOROOSH - A BEAUTIFUL SONG FOR THEIR HOMELAND TAJIKISTAN. AY JAN VATAN JAN
http://wn.com/Nigora_Soroosh_Jan_Tajikistan_AY_JAN_VATAN_JAN_!_YouTubewmv
TAJIK POP STARS NIGORA HOLOVA & SOROOSH - A BEAUTIFUL SONG FOR THEIR HOMELAND TAJIKISTAN. AY JAN VATAN JAN
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 40
- author: DJ Fariba
Tajikistan, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
www.wandercyclist.com www.eleanormoseman.com A brief story about the time in Tajikistan. I had a partner from Dushanbe for the first 3 days, I then nearly died in a river crossing (the crying), and then a Civil War erupted in the Pamirs 1 day before I arrived so no one was allowed to go through...so I returned to Dushanbe to procrastinate about leaving. Film and Edit by Eleanor Moseman Song performed by Cat Power, Written by The Rolling Stones
http://wn.com/Tajikistan,_2012
www.wandercyclist.com www.eleanormoseman.com A brief story about the time in Tajikistan. I had a partner from Dushanbe for the first 3 days, I then nearly died in a river crossing (the crying), and then a Civil War erupted in the Pamirs 1 day before I arrived so no one was allowed to go through...so I returned to Dushanbe to procrastinate about leaving. Film and Edit by Eleanor Moseman Song performed by Cat Power, Written by The Rolling Stones
- published: 04 Feb 2013
- views: 128
- author: Ellen Moseman
Tajikistan: Tourist Attractions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Salom! Welcome to Tajikistan.
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Tourist_Attractions
The jubilee of Tajikistan's independence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Artin Pic Presents www.artinpic.com Photographed by: Artin Bemani Music by: Tolib Shakhidi Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2011 Mahdi Bemani Naeini All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/The_jubilee_of_Tajikistan's_independence
Artin Pic Presents www.artinpic.com Photographed by: Artin Bemani Music by: Tolib Shakhidi Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2011 Mahdi Bemani Naeini All Rights Reserved.
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 35107
- author: artinpic
Amir jan Saboori Live In Tajikistan Dushanbe 2012 امیر جان صبوری آستین کهنه
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
Amir jan Saboori Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya manizha valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud
http://wn.com/Amir_jan_Saboori_Live_In_Tajikistan_Dushanbe_2012_امیر_جان_صبوری_آستین_کهنه
Amir jan Saboori Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya manizha valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud
- published: 17 Apr 2012
- views: 118287
- author: Qumars
(Tajikistan Pop) Shabnam-i Surayyo | Yodi To (2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
A new hit from the prima donna of Tajik-Persian music for your enjoyable listening. Let's just dance, ladies and gentlemen!
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Pop_Shabnam-i_Surayyo_|_Yodi_To_2012
A new hit from the prima donna of Tajik-Persian music for your enjoyable listening. Let's just dance, ladies and gentlemen!
- published: 24 Jun 2012
- views: 43293
- author: xorasun
Iran vs Tajikistan Highlights - International Friendly - November 6, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:31
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Iran_vs_Tajikistan_Highlights_International_Friendly_November_6,_2012
News program on Tajikistan 1-TV by Mr.Izzatulloev Sunnatullo and Najmiddinova Khursheda.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:57
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
News program on Tajikistan 1-TV Chanel.
http://wn.com/News_program_on_Tajikistan_1-TV_by_MrIzzatulloev_Sunnatullo_and_Najmiddinova_Khursheda
News program on Tajikistan 1-TV Chanel.
- published: 26 Jan 2013
- views: 86
- author: Karomatullo Sharifien
GOALS | Iran - Tajikistan | Friendly 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
More on: www.pfdctv.com http GOALS of the international football friendly match between the national teams of Iran and Tajikistan at the Azadi Stadium. Date: November 6, 2012 ايران 6 - 1 تاجيکستان Goal Scorer: [1-0] Ghasem Dehnavi [2-0] Yaghoub Karimi [3-0] Ghasem Dehnavi [4-0] Yaghoub Karimi [5-0] Ahmad Hassan Zadeh [5-1] Sokhib Suvonkulov [6-1] Alireaz Abbasfard
http://wn.com/GOALS_|_Iran_Tajikistan_|_Friendly_2012
More on: www.pfdctv.com http GOALS of the international football friendly match between the national teams of Iran and Tajikistan at the Azadi Stadium. Date: November 6, 2012 ايران 6 - 1 تاجيکستان Goal Scorer: [1-0] Ghasem Dehnavi [2-0] Yaghoub Karimi [3-0] Ghasem Dehnavi [4-0] Yaghoub Karimi [5-0] Ahmad Hassan Zadeh [5-1] Sokhib Suvonkulov [6-1] Alireaz Abbasfard
- published: 06 Nov 2012
- views: 9585
- author: pfdctv2
Pamiri women and the melting glaciers of Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
The glaciers of the Pamir mountains, which provide over 50% of Central Asia's water resources, are rapidly melting at a rate similar to Greenland's continental glacier. Three generations of of Pamiri women share the impacts of the melt and decreasing water levels.
http://wn.com/Pamiri_women_and_the_melting_glaciers_of_Tajikistan
The glaciers of the Pamir mountains, which provide over 50% of Central Asia's water resources, are rapidly melting at a rate similar to Greenland's continental glacier. Three generations of of Pamiri women share the impacts of the melt and decreasing water levels.
- published: 19 Nov 2009
- views: 17004
- author: UNUChannel
International Nowruz Festival Dushanbe Tajikistan Part 2 نوروز تاجیکستان
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 75:29
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Sarvinoz and Siroj International Nowrouz Festival Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud politics
http://wn.com/International_Nowruz_Festival_Dushanbe_Tajikistan_Part_2_نوروز_تاجیکستان
Sarvinoz and Siroj International Nowrouz Festival Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud politics
- published: 14 Apr 2012
- views: 10380
- author: tajiksingers
Tajikistan Tadzjikistan Tadjikistan Tacshikistan Advert EuroNews Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Tajikistan Advert EuroNews Version Рекламный ролик о Таджикистане на телеканале Euronews Душанбе Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон tajikistan tachikistan tajikistan travel Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania --с Новым Годом Happy New Year Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America ...
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Tadzjikistan_Tadjikistan_Tacshikistan_Advert_EuroNews_Version
Tajikistan Advert EuroNews Version Рекламный ролик о Таджикистане на телеканале Euronews Душанбе Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон tajikistan tachikistan tajikistan travel Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania --с Новым Годом Happy New Year Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America ...
- published: 05 Nov 2011
- views: 11529
- author: tojdor1
New Clip Tajikistan 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 10 Jun 2012
http://wn.com/New_Clip_Tajikistan_2012
International Nowruz Festival, Dushanbe Tajikistan 2012 P 4 نوروز تاجیکستان
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:32
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day") is the name of the Iranian New Year[4] in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations.[5] Nowruz is also widely referred to as the "Persian New Year".[6][7][8][9] Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, Caucasus, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin.[10] Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The ...
http://wn.com/International_Nowruz_Festival,_Dushanbe_Tajikistan_2012_P_4_نوروز_تاجیکستان
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day") is the name of the Iranian New Year[4] in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations.[5] Nowruz is also widely referred to as the "Persian New Year".[6][7][8][9] Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, Caucasus, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin.[10] Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The ...
- published: 27 Mar 2012
- views: 22343
- author: tajiksingers
Valy new song in Tajikistan concert may 2012 part 1( Qiam Entertainment )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 03 Feb 2013
www.facebook.com profile.myspace.com www.youtube.com qiamentertainment.hi5.com http twitter.com qiam entertainment,qiam,valy,hangama,farhad darya concert in london,afghanistan,afghan,afghan in london,afghan boys,valy concert in london,hangama concert in london,farhad darya,arish,sh...
http://wn.com/Valy_new_song_in_Tajikistan_concert_may_2012_part_1_Qiam_Entertainment_
www.facebook.com profile.myspace.com www.youtube.com qiamentertainment.hi5.com http twitter.com qiam entertainment,qiam,valy,hangama,farhad darya concert in london,afghanistan,afghan,afghan in london,afghan boys,valy concert in london,hangama concert in london,farhad darya,arish,sh...
- published: 29 May 2012
- views: 34859
- author: qiamsite
Pomir, Tajikistan.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:06
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
Located in Central Asia, the Pamir Mountains are formed by the junction or "knot" of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. They are among the world?s highest mountains. The Pamir region is centered in the Tajikistani region of Gorno-Badakhshan (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
http://wn.com/Pomir,_Tajikistan
Located in Central Asia, the Pamir Mountains are formed by the junction or "knot" of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges. They are among the world?s highest mountains. The Pamir region is centered in the Tajikistani region of Gorno-Badakhshan (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia).
- published: 07 Jul 2007
- views: 58569
- author: badakhshonsho
President Ahmadinejad visits Tajikistan سفر رييسجمهور به تاجيکستان
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
يکشنبه 13 شهريور 1390 - President: Iran-Tajikistan ties have been constantly growing in the last 20 years President Ahmadinejad said on Sunday that the people of Iran and Tajikistan enjoy cultural affinity and are the two members of the same body. President Ahmadinejad made the remarks prior to leaving Tehran for Dushanbe, Tajikistan. He said that some 20 years ago, a number of countries in the region attained independence which paved the way for regional change. He said that the Islamic Republic of Iran was one of those who recognized independence of the countries in the early days and established friendly and constructive relations with them. 'Tajikistan is among that independent country which has established special relations with Iran.' The Islamic Republic of Iran has rendered many technical and engineering services to Tajikistan during the period, said the president. He said that Iranian experts are involved in construction of Sangtudeh-2 power plant project in Tajikistan taking advantage of high technology. He said that the jointly implemented project of power plant can help generate electricity for the Tajik nation
http://wn.com/President_Ahmadinejad_visits_Tajikistan_سفر_رييسجمهور_به_تاجيکستان
يکشنبه 13 شهريور 1390 - President: Iran-Tajikistan ties have been constantly growing in the last 20 years President Ahmadinejad said on Sunday that the people of Iran and Tajikistan enjoy cultural affinity and are the two members of the same body. President Ahmadinejad made the remarks prior to leaving Tehran for Dushanbe, Tajikistan. He said that some 20 years ago, a number of countries in the region attained independence which paved the way for regional change. He said that the Islamic Republic of Iran was one of those who recognized independence of the countries in the early days and established friendly and constructive relations with them. 'Tajikistan is among that independent country which has established special relations with Iran.' The Islamic Republic of Iran has rendered many technical and engineering services to Tajikistan during the period, said the president. He said that Iranian experts are involved in construction of Sangtudeh-2 power plant project in Tajikistan taking advantage of high technology. He said that the jointly implemented project of power plant can help generate electricity for the Tajik nation
- published: 06 Sep 2011
- views: 25450
- author: Ardalan Hamrah
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vsem smotret' Tajikistan news
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
zhestokaya nespravedlivost' po otnosheniyu k bednim v Tajikistane.
http://wn.com/vsem_smotret'_Tajikistan_news
zhestokaya nespravedlivost' po otnosheniyu k bednim v Tajikistane.
- published: 23 Dec 2012
- views: 1972
- author: Rabinya Allaha
Imomali Rahmon Tajik President opening ceremony of Tajik State Emblem 25.08.11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:12
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Tajik Rahmon president tajikistan ahmadinijad barak obama david tony blair ahmadshah massoud koroosh dariush qumars election news clinton john analysis documentary commercial sarah Barack گشایش نشان ملی تاجیکستان
http://wn.com/Imomali_Rahmon_Tajik_President_opening_ceremony_of_Tajik_State_Emblem_250811
Tajik Rahmon president tajikistan ahmadinijad barak obama david tony blair ahmadshah massoud koroosh dariush qumars election news clinton john analysis documentary commercial sarah Barack گشایش نشان ملی تاجیکستان
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 20972
- author: Qumars
NPR News: TAJIKISTAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
"I don't sleep at night because I'm worried about my 1-year-old daughter. I'm afraid she'll freeze ... like my neighbors' child did," he says. Fatholaev's neighbor, a 27-year-old mother, put her 10-month-old daughter, Dilnoza, to sleep in a wooden cradle one night in January. Dilnoza was dead when her mother went to retrieve her in the morning. www.npr.org
http://wn.com/NPR_News_TAJIKISTAN
"I don't sleep at night because I'm worried about my 1-year-old daughter. I'm afraid she'll freeze ... like my neighbors' child did," he says. Fatholaev's neighbor, a 27-year-old mother, put her 10-month-old daughter, Dilnoza, to sleep in a wooden cradle one night in January. Dilnoza was dead when her mother went to retrieve her in the morning. www.npr.org
- published: 24 Jun 2012
- views: 1922
- author: vatanamtj
Tajikistan: Reaching Distant Pastures
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
United Nations, New York - In the mountains of Tajikistan, herders are struggling to protect the land on which they depend for their livelihoods from overgrazing. With the help of a sustainable land management project supported by the United Nations and the Global Environment Facility, stables and a road to newer pastures have been constructed allowing villagers in the town of Jirgatol to safeguard their fragile environment. UNIA Programme # 1374 Script: www.un.org
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Reaching_Distant_Pastures
United Nations, New York - In the mountains of Tajikistan, herders are struggling to protect the land on which they depend for their livelihoods from overgrazing. With the help of a sustainable land management project supported by the United Nations and the Global Environment Facility, stables and a road to newer pastures have been constructed allowing villagers in the town of Jirgatol to safeguard their fragile environment. UNIA Programme # 1374 Script: www.un.org
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 342
- author: unitednations
Tajik girl allowed in stadium during match with Iran ended 6-1 in favor of Iran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Tajik girls were allowed in Azadi stadium to watch and encourage their team during a friendly match with Iran on Tuesday 6 November which ended 6-1 in favor of Iran . Iranian females are banned to enter stadiums during games !
http://wn.com/Tajik_girl_allowed_in_stadium_during_match_with_Iran_ended_6-1_in_favor_of_Iran
Tajik girls were allowed in Azadi stadium to watch and encourage their team during a friendly match with Iran on Tuesday 6 November which ended 6-1 in favor of Iran . Iranian females are banned to enter stadiums during games !
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 1949
- author: Lenziran Newsvideo
Introducing US Ambassador to Tajikistan Susan Elliott
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
This video was produced by the US Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs in September 2012. The featured speaker is the new US ambassador to Tajikistan, Susan Elliott. Read more: iipdigital.usembassy.gov
http://wn.com/Introducing_US_Ambassador_to_Tajikistan_Susan_Elliott
This video was produced by the US Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs in September 2012. The featured speaker is the new US ambassador to Tajikistan, Susan Elliott. Read more: iipdigital.usembassy.gov
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 945
- author: Americagov
Tajikistan Medium Term Expenditure Framework
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:50
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
How to reform public financial management in a low income country! The experience of Tajikistan. Introducing Medium Term Expediture Framework
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Medium_Term_Expenditure_Framework
How to reform public financial management in a low income country! The experience of Tajikistan. Introducing Medium Term Expediture Framework
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 168
- author: capacity4dev
WTO approves Tajikistan's membership
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
On 10 December 2012, the WTO General Council adopted Tajikistan's accession package, lifting the last hurdle towards its membership.
http://wn.com/WTO_approves_Tajikistan's_membership
On 10 December 2012, the WTO General Council adopted Tajikistan's accession package, lifting the last hurdle towards its membership.
- published: 13 Dec 2012
- views: 742
- author: WTO
War in Pamir 2012 Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:08
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
registan.net www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/War_in_Pamir_2012_Tajikistan
Azkals make history in victory over Tajikistan - ABS-CBN News.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
RECORDING TOOLS. -SAMSUN CO1U. -LOGITECH C910. -Sony HDR CX150. ORDER LINK:www.amazon.com RECORDING SOFTWARE. -MIXCRAFT. -CAMTASIA 7. -CyberLink YouCam 5 Deluxe. DOWNLOAD LINK:thepiratebay.se MY WEBSITE:godisgoodallthetimej.weebly.com THX FOR WATCHING GOD BLESS..
http://wn.com/Azkals_make_history_in_victory_over_Tajikistan_ABS-CBN_Newsflv
RECORDING TOOLS. -SAMSUN CO1U. -LOGITECH C910. -Sony HDR CX150. ORDER LINK:www.amazon.com RECORDING SOFTWARE. -MIXCRAFT. -CAMTASIA 7. -CyberLink YouCam 5 Deluxe. DOWNLOAD LINK:thepiratebay.se MY WEBSITE:godisgoodallthetimej.weebly.com THX FOR WATCHING GOD BLESS..
- published: 15 Mar 2012
- views: 1599
- author: cocoy salazar
Russia extends lease of military base in Tajikistan to 2042
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
== BoozWheez - Updates the World == Please subscribe for regular updates ..... The Russian and Tajik presidents give a press conference after delegations sign a deal to prolong Russia's lease of a military base in the country to 2042. Russia and Tajikistan agreed on Friday to extend the presence of Russia's military base 201 until 2042. The lease had been due to expire in 2014. Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Tajik counterpart, Emomalii Rahmon, oversaw the signing on Friday in Dushanbe. The countries' delegations also signed bilateral deals on joint anti-drug efforts and energy cooperation. Putin said the presence of the base in Dushanbe serves the common security interests of all countries in the region. Later, the leaders visited the facility itself, and Putin formally awarded the base with the Order of Zhukov. During a discussion with soldiers serving at the base, Putin called NATO a throwback to the Cold War, but stressed the need to build a partnership with the alliance.
http://wn.com/Russia_extends_lease_of_military_base_in_Tajikistan_to_2042
== BoozWheez - Updates the World == Please subscribe for regular updates ..... The Russian and Tajik presidents give a press conference after delegations sign a deal to prolong Russia's lease of a military base in the country to 2042. Russia and Tajikistan agreed on Friday to extend the presence of Russia's military base 201 until 2042. The lease had been due to expire in 2014. Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Tajik counterpart, Emomalii Rahmon, oversaw the signing on Friday in Dushanbe. The countries' delegations also signed bilateral deals on joint anti-drug efforts and energy cooperation. Putin said the presence of the base in Dushanbe serves the common security interests of all countries in the region. Later, the leaders visited the facility itself, and Putin formally awarded the base with the Order of Zhukov. During a discussion with soldiers serving at the base, Putin called NATO a throwback to the Cold War, but stressed the need to build a partnership with the alliance.
- published: 06 Oct 2012
- views: 593
- author: BoozWheez
Round table 'Mountains and Youth' in Khorog, Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
A photo report, provided by CCCDR, member of Mountain Partnership from Tajikistan. The photos were taken during the Round table 'Mountains and Youth' in Khorog, on December 11, 2012, organized by the CCCDR as part of its IMD activities.
http://wn.com/Round_table_'Mountains_and_Youth'_in_Khorog,_Tajikistan
A photo report, provided by CCCDR, member of Mountain Partnership from Tajikistan. The photos were taken during the Round table 'Mountains and Youth' in Khorog, on December 11, 2012, organized by the CCCDR as part of its IMD activities.
- published: 26 Dec 2012
- views: 106
- author: MountainPartnershipS
Prankster trolls the Tajik official, who believes he is talking with Mark Zuckerberg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
redhotrussia.com Head of Communications Services of Tajikistan, Beg Zukhurov said that in order to unblock Facebook in the country, Mark Zuckerberg (or his assistant) should come and talk to him. Russian pranksters decided to make a telephone call to Mr. Zukhurov from the name of Mark Zuckerberg....
http://wn.com/Prankster_trolls_the_Tajik_official,_who_believes_he_is_talking_with_Mark_Zuckerberg
redhotrussia.com Head of Communications Services of Tajikistan, Beg Zukhurov said that in order to unblock Facebook in the country, Mark Zuckerberg (or his assistant) should come and talk to him. Russian pranksters decided to make a telephone call to Mr. Zukhurov from the name of Mark Zuckerberg....
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 508
- author: SpicyRussia
Тоҷикон бо чӣ ифтихор кунанд?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
Ин навбат хабарнигори "Озодӣ" аз раҳгузарони хиёбонҳои пойтахт пурсид, ки мардуми Тоҷикистон бояд бо чӣ ифтихор кунанд? Яке аз назардиҳандагон мегӯяд, "Тоҷикистон кӯҳҳои баланду обҳои мусаффо ва умуман мардуми хуб дорад. Аз ин мардум ва Тоҷикистон бояд ҳамеша фахр кард." www.ozodi.org
http://wn.com/Тоҷикон_бо_чӣ_ифтихор_кунанд?
Ин навбат хабарнигори "Озодӣ" аз раҳгузарони хиёбонҳои пойтахт пурсид, ки мардуми Тоҷикистон бояд бо чӣ ифтихор кунанд? Яке аз назардиҳандагон мегӯяд, "Тоҷикистон кӯҳҳои баланду обҳои мусаффо ва умуман мардуми хуб дорад. Аз ин мардум ва Тоҷикистон бояд ҳамеша фахр кард." www.ozodi.org
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 4526
- author: Ozodivideo
Struan Stevenson in Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:16
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Artin Pic Presents Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2012 Mahdi Bemani All Rights Reserved. In a press conference today in Dushanbe, Struan Stevenson discussed the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border and the prevention of international terrorism on the part of Tajikistan security, as well as the pending Rogun Hydropower Plant in Tajikistan and its positive effects on Tajikistan and the other Central Asian nations.
http://wn.com/Struan_Stevenson_in_Tajikistan
Artin Pic Presents Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2012 Mahdi Bemani All Rights Reserved. In a press conference today in Dushanbe, Struan Stevenson discussed the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border and the prevention of international terrorism on the part of Tajikistan security, as well as the pending Rogun Hydropower Plant in Tajikistan and its positive effects on Tajikistan and the other Central Asian nations.
- published: 18 Jul 2012
- views: 728
- author: artinpic
TOLOnews 6pm News, 27 Jully 2012/طلوع نیوز، ۰۶ اسد/ مرداد ماه ۱۳۹۱
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:51
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Tajik opposition leader says more than 200 dead in a government offensive in Pamir mountains which he warns could lead to civil war. "For all of yesterday people across the whole country have been burying those who died in these clashes. I would like to observe a minute of silence in their memory. Among the dead is my protégé who was making a great progress in politics, chairman of the regional branch of the Islamic Renaissance party of Tajikistan, Sabzali Sabzaliev.
http://wn.com/TOLOnews_6pm_News,_27_Jully_2012_طلوع_نیوز،_۰۶_اسد_مرداد_ماه_۱۳۹۱
Tajik opposition leader says more than 200 dead in a government offensive in Pamir mountains which he warns could lead to civil war. "For all of yesterday people across the whole country have been burying those who died in these clashes. I would like to observe a minute of silence in their memory. Among the dead is my protégé who was making a great progress in politics, chairman of the regional branch of the Islamic Renaissance party of Tajikistan, Sabzali Sabzaliev.
- published: 27 Jul 2012
- views: 8125
- author: TOLOnewsLive
The Geographic Origins of Uzbek-Tajik Tensions (Dispatch)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
Stratfor analyst Eugene Chausovsky traces the origins of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan's current tensions to Stalin's division of the Fergana Valley. For more, visit: www.stratfor.com
http://wn.com/The_Geographic_Origins_of_Uzbek-Tajik_Tensions_Dispatch
Stratfor analyst Eugene Chausovsky traces the origins of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan's current tensions to Stalin's division of the Fergana Valley. For more, visit: www.stratfor.com
- published: 03 Apr 2012
- views: 5251
- author: STRATFORvideo
PTV NEWS 4 sept. 2011 - Tajikistan-II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 04 Sep 2011
President zardari visits for a quadrilateral meeting in Tajikistan with member states of Dushanbe-4 / Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Russia. Meeting about regional cooperation.
http://wn.com/PTV_NEWS_4_sept_2011_Tajikistan-II
President zardari visits for a quadrilateral meeting in Tajikistan with member states of Dushanbe-4 / Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Russia. Meeting about regional cooperation.
- published: 04 Sep 2011
- views: 799
- author: ohyesdr
Sadriddin - Divaneh New Tajik Song 2012 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Song: Divaneh Singer: Sadriddin Album: Zendegi Chist MP3: www.tajiksite.com Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
http://wn.com/Sadriddin_Divaneh_New_Tajik_Song_2012_HD
Song: Divaneh Singer: Sadriddin Album: Zendegi Chist MP3: www.tajiksite.com Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 15 Aug 2012
- views: 4888
- author: TajikSite
Suhrob Otaev - Ishorat Maikonam New Tajik Song 2012 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Song: Ishorat Maikonam Singer: Surob Otaev MP3: www.tajiksite.com Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
http://wn.com/Suhrob_Otaev_Ishorat_Maikonam_New_Tajik_Song_2012_HD
Song: Ishorat Maikonam Singer: Surob Otaev MP3: www.tajiksite.com Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 15 Aug 2012
- views: 2903
- author: TajikSite
Ahmadinejad flew to Tajikistan to realize Nowrooz project with Tajikistan and Afghanistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
After Ahmadinejad project of Internationally celebrating Nowrooz in Iran was canceled due to harsh critic from the clergy , the Islamic Republic president flew to Tajikistan on Saturday 24 March to celebrate Iranian new year Nowrooz with his Tajik counterpart , and realize the project in cooperation with Tajikistan & Afghanistan .
http://wn.com/Ahmadinejad_flew_to_Tajikistan_to_realize_Nowrooz_project_with_Tajikistan_and_Afghanistan
After Ahmadinejad project of Internationally celebrating Nowrooz in Iran was canceled due to harsh critic from the clergy , the Islamic Republic president flew to Tajikistan on Saturday 24 March to celebrate Iranian new year Nowrooz with his Tajik counterpart , and realize the project in cooperation with Tajikistan & Afghanistan .
- published: 25 Mar 2012
- views: 1728
- author: Lenziran Newsvideo
Raw Ahmadinejad Pays? Tajikistan Video News Iran April 26 2010 P (66)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Raw_Ahmadinejad_Pays?_Tajikistan_Video_News_Iran_April_26_2010_P_66
Tajikistan celebrates Nowruz holiday - Press TV News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Automatically uploaded video [VIDEO] Tajikistan celebrates Nowruz holiday Mon, 21 Mar 2011 14:30:14 Url: "presstvmobile.com #prestv #presstvandroid #presstvglobalnews #presstvmobile
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_celebrates_Nowruz_holiday_Press_TV_News
Automatically uploaded video [VIDEO] Tajikistan celebrates Nowruz holiday Mon, 21 Mar 2011 14:30:14 Url: "presstvmobile.com #prestv #presstvandroid #presstvglobalnews #presstvmobile
- published: 21 Mar 2011
- views: 1518
- author: presstvmobile
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A Tourist's Guide to Dushanbe, Tajikistan. www.theredquest.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
www.theredquest.com I fly back into Central Asia to see what the capital of Tajikistan, the pooerst of the former Soviet Republics has to offer. Quite a lot actually... Read my book about visitng every former Soviet Republic. Visit www.theredquest.com
http://wn.com/A_Tourist's_Guide_to_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan_wwwtheredquestcom
www.theredquest.com I fly back into Central Asia to see what the capital of Tajikistan, the pooerst of the former Soviet Republics has to offer. Quite a lot actually... Read my book about visitng every former Soviet Republic. Visit www.theredquest.com
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 10277
- author: cessnagbdso
Migrant Express Part 1: Good-bye Dushanbe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:40
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Thousands of migrants travel from Tajikistan to Russia each year in search of work. For many, the trip begins with a grueling four-day train journey from Dushanbe to Moscow, during which they endure police inspections, cramped quarters and brutal heat. RFE/RL correspondents Mumin Shakirov and Alexander Kulygin traveled with a group of Tajik migrants on one such journey, experiencing the same hardships and recording the stories, hopes, and fears of four people seeking work in Russia. In the first part of the series, we meet two migrants, judo instructor Muhammed Ali and schoolteacher Jamshed Nabiev, who say goodbye to their families and friends in Dushanbe before they board the Dushanbe-Moscow train.
http://wn.com/Migrant_Express_Part_1_Good-bye_Dushanbe
Thousands of migrants travel from Tajikistan to Russia each year in search of work. For many, the trip begins with a grueling four-day train journey from Dushanbe to Moscow, during which they endure police inspections, cramped quarters and brutal heat. RFE/RL correspondents Mumin Shakirov and Alexander Kulygin traveled with a group of Tajik migrants on one such journey, experiencing the same hardships and recording the stories, hopes, and fears of four people seeking work in Russia. In the first part of the series, we meet two migrants, judo instructor Muhammed Ali and schoolteacher Jamshed Nabiev, who say goodbye to their families and friends in Dushanbe before they board the Dushanbe-Moscow train.
- published: 01 Sep 2009
- views: 16997
- author: rferlonline
Dushanbe City
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
The beautiful city Dushanbe
http://wn.com/Dushanbe_City
Душанбе - Dushanbe Tajikistan Fann Mountains
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:38
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
www.facebook.com Душанбе Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон tajikistan tachikistan tajikistan travel Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania -- Macedonia, Republic of -- Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America Uzbekistan Vatican City
http://wn.com/Душанбе_Dushanbe_Tajikistan_Fann_Mountains
www.facebook.com Душанбе Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон tajikistan tachikistan tajikistan travel Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania -- Macedonia, Republic of -- Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America Uzbekistan Vatican City
- published: 17 Apr 2011
- views: 25561
- author: tojdor1
International Nowruz Festival, Dushanbe Tajikistan 2012 P 4 نوروز تاجیکستان
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:32
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day") is the name of the Iranian New Year[4] in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations.[5] Nowruz is also widely referred to as the "Persian New Year".[6][7][8][9] Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, Caucasus, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin.[10] Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The ...
http://wn.com/International_Nowruz_Festival,_Dushanbe_Tajikistan_2012_P_4_نوروز_تاجیکستان
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day") is the name of the Iranian New Year[4] in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations.[5] Nowruz is also widely referred to as the "Persian New Year".[6][7][8][9] Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, Caucasus, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin.[10] Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The ...
- published: 27 Mar 2012
- views: 22050
- author: tajiksingers
Alone in Dushanbe!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Artin Pic Presents www.artinpic.com Video by : Artin Bemani Assistant : Abtin Bemani Music : Yuri Ter-Osipov Conductor : Tolib Shakhidi Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2011 Mahdi Bemani Naeini All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/Alone_in_Dushanbe!!!
Artin Pic Presents www.artinpic.com Video by : Artin Bemani Assistant : Abtin Bemani Music : Yuri Ter-Osipov Conductor : Tolib Shakhidi Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2011 Mahdi Bemani Naeini All Rights Reserved.
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 4635
- author: artinpic
Nameravam - Dushanbe - Parvina Shukrullaeva
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Tajik song, Music video about Dushanbe filmed in 1997 - years of instability and when many people left the country.
http://wn.com/Nameravam_Dushanbe_Parvina_Shukrullaeva
Tajik song, Music video about Dushanbe filmed in 1997 - years of instability and when many people left the country.
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 57197
- author: shakhidi
Душанбе 2012 HD_ Dushanbe 2012 HD - TimeLapse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Shot : 7D Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm Location: Dushanbe Edit & Color Correction: Lightroom, After Effects, Primiere Pro. Music: Plan B - The Recluse (Nero Remix) Photo: Damir Egamberdiev Video: Jurabek Zohidov Work: Rasul Fayzulloev
http://wn.com/Душанбе_2012_HD_Dushanbe_2012_HD_TimeLapse
Shot : 7D Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm Location: Dushanbe Edit & Color Correction: Lightroom, After Effects, Primiere Pro. Music: Plan B - The Recluse (Nero Remix) Photo: Damir Egamberdiev Video: Jurabek Zohidov Work: Rasul Fayzulloev
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 3306
- author: suhrob1991
Dushanbe my favourite сity!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:42
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
www.2shanbe.tj
http://wn.com/Dushanbe_my_favourite_сity!
Tajikistan Khojand Food Market Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh Baazaar 29-97 fps 16-9 Kambiz.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:22
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Travel to Khojand Market on the Silk Road in Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh bozor Baazaar Khujand Tajikistan khodjand tourism trip. Tajik persian food traditional culinary restaurant cooking soups kabob bread dried nuts and fruits. Exotic adventure by Kambiz Taleghani usa iran camera: Abdumalik Sodikov
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Khojand_Food_Market_Central_Asia_Xujand_Panjshanbeh_Baazaar_29-97_fps_16-9_Kambizmp4
Travel to Khojand Market on the Silk Road in Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh bozor Baazaar Khujand Tajikistan khodjand tourism trip. Tajik persian food traditional culinary restaurant cooking soups kabob bread dried nuts and fruits. Exotic adventure by Kambiz Taleghani usa iran camera: Abdumalik Sodikov
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 58365
- author: kelar12
Daler Nazarov - Live in Dushanbe.1988 ("Kumir")
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Updated: 09 Jun 2012
Fragment from concert in Dushanbe 1988. This concert was filmed and used in the film of Yormamad Aralev "Kumir".
http://wn.com/Daler_Nazarov_Live_in_Dushanbe1988_Kumir
Fragment from concert in Dushanbe 1988. This concert was filmed and used in the film of Yormamad Aralev "Kumir".
- published: 09 Jun 2012
- views: 14640
- author: dalernazarov2010
Tadjikistan 2008 - Penjikent to Dushanbe via Anzob Pass - www.panomoto.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Motorcycle ride in Tajikistan/ Anzob Pass. Gravel, fresh tarmac (too fresh!) and awesome sceneries... Filming: Justyna/www.endurostany.cba.pl Cut: Bjorn/www.panomoto.com
http://wn.com/Tadjikistan_2008_Penjikent_to_Dushanbe_via_Anzob_Pass_wwwpanomotocom
Motorcycle ride in Tajikistan/ Anzob Pass. Gravel, fresh tarmac (too fresh!) and awesome sceneries... Filming: Justyna/www.endurostany.cba.pl Cut: Bjorn/www.panomoto.com
- published: 10 Aug 2008
- views: 23656
- author: CPixie
Tajik Hike Dushanbe Luchob Tajikistan Nov 2010 wd 29.97 intrlcd 16:9 dbl pass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:14
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Hiking the Luchob area North of Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Walking Tour. November 2010. by Kambiz Taleghani
http://wn.com/Tajik_Hike_Dushanbe_Luchob_Tajikistan_Nov_2010_wd_2997_intrlcd_169_dbl_pass
Hiking the Luchob area North of Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Walking Tour. November 2010. by Kambiz Taleghani
- published: 17 Jan 2011
- views: 5683
- author: kelar12
TAJIKISTAN,DUSHANBE,TAJIKS 4EVER!!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:14
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
All about Tajiks and Tajikistan DUshanbe
http://wn.com/TAJIKISTAN,DUSHANBE,TAJIKS_4EVER!!!!
(Tajikistan Pop Music) Shabnam-i Surayyo | Ty i Ya (You & I)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
www.shabnamsuraya.com Shabnam-i Surayyo is one of the most prominent Tajik pop singers. She was shot to stardom in 2007 with her hit songs "Az qudumi safar", "Tojik-bacha" etc. However, it was her first 2008 Europe tour, in a duet with Jonibek Murodov, that handed her the status of a diva among the Persian-speaking people around the world. Hope you will enjoy this video in Russian. (c) Daf Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Tajikistan_Pop_Music_Shabnam-i_Surayyo_|_Ty_i_Ya_You_I
www.shabnamsuraya.com Shabnam-i Surayyo is one of the most prominent Tajik pop singers. She was shot to stardom in 2007 with her hit songs "Az qudumi safar", "Tojik-bacha" etc. However, it was her first 2008 Europe tour, in a duet with Jonibek Murodov, that handed her the status of a diva among the Persian-speaking people around the world. Hope you will enjoy this video in Russian. (c) Daf Entertainment.
- published: 01 Aug 2009
- views: 259476
- author: xorasun
Wedding Surprise! Sharaf and Sitora wedding. Dushanbe July 25, 2009. Asia Grand Hotel.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Wedding_Surprise!_Sharaf_and_Sitora_wedding_Dushanbe_July_25,_2009_Asia_Grand_Hotel
Amir jan Saboori Live In Tajikistan Dushanbe 2012 امیر جان صبوری آستین کهنه
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Amir jan Saboori Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya manizha valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud
http://wn.com/Amir_jan_Saboori_Live_In_Tajikistan_Dushanbe_2012_امیر_جان_صبوری_آستین_کهنه
Amir jan Saboori Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya manizha valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud
- published: 17 Apr 2012
- views: 113902
- author: Qumars
Dushanbe city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Updated: 19 May 2012
Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. On the video you can see the main street called Rudaki avenue with the Ismoil Somoni's monument(the fisrt Emperor of the Tajik Land (Samanid's Empire, X-XI century) on Freedom Square.
http://wn.com/Dushanbe_city
Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. On the video you can see the main street called Rudaki avenue with the Ismoil Somoni's monument(the fisrt Emperor of the Tajik Land (Samanid's Empire, X-XI century) on Freedom Square.
- published: 20 May 2007
- views: 20725
- author: Jahonoro
mansour live in dushanbe tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 19 May 2012
mansour live in dushanbe/tajikistan singing Ghararemoon yadet nareh and Yeki bood yeki nabood.
http://wn.com/mansour_live_in_dushanbe_tajikistan
mansour live in dushanbe/tajikistan singing Ghararemoon yadet nareh and Yeki bood yeki nabood.
- published: 16 May 2008
- views: 11547
- author: TajikMacho
International Nowruz Festival Dushanbe Tajikistan Part 2 نوروز تاجیکستان
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 75:29
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Sarvinoz and Siroj International Nowrouz Festival Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud politics
http://wn.com/International_Nowruz_Festival_Dushanbe_Tajikistan_Part_2_نوروز_تاجیکستان
Sarvinoz and Siroj International Nowrouz Festival Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud politics
- published: 14 Apr 2012
- views: 9919
- author: tajiksingers
Sherali Juraev - Dushanbe Concert | Zohirshoh Juraev - Ohujon (2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:41
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Sherali_Juraev_Dushanbe_Concert_|_Zohirshoh_Juraev_Ohujon_2009
Dushanbe (Gorod)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 24 May 2012
www.vatanweb.net
http://wn.com/Dushanbe_Gorod
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Nowruz Sughd Tajiki Farsi Dari نوروز در سغد تاجیکی فارسی دری
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
tajikistan Qumars Farsi persian dari tajik kabul panjsher masoud iran afghanistan dushanbe pamir herat shiraz khujand samarkand samrghand bukhara nishapoor hafiz rudaki avesta gulshanjon zartusht sina anoosha zortusht parwan bamiyan kapisa zarafshan khatlan kulab panjkent afzalshoh rahmon balkh vatan qumarsaria Hazaragi
http://wn.com/Nowruz_Sughd_Tajiki_Farsi_Dari_نوروز_در_سغد_تاجیکی_فارسی_دری
tajikistan Qumars Farsi persian dari tajik kabul panjsher masoud iran afghanistan dushanbe pamir herat shiraz khujand samarkand samrghand bukhara nishapoor hafiz rudaki avesta gulshanjon zartusht sina anoosha zortusht parwan bamiyan kapisa zarafshan khatlan kulab panjkent afzalshoh rahmon balkh vatan qumarsaria Hazaragi
- published: 26 Mar 2011
- views: 7776
- author: Qumars
Tajik Sughd Dilnoza دلنازه سغد برقصیم بخوانیم
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 23 Jan 2012
Tajik Sughd Dilnoza دلنازه سغد برقصیم بخوانیمtajikistanQumars Farsi persian dari tajik kabul panjsher masoud iran afghanistan dushanbe pamir herat shiraz khujand samarkand samrghand bukhara nishapoor hafiz rudaki avesta gulshanjon zartusht sina anoosha zortusht parwan bamiyan kapisa zarafshan khatlan kulab panjkent afzalshoh rahmon balkh vatan qumarsaria Hazaragi
http://wn.com/Tajik_Sughd_Dilnoza_دلنازه_سغد_برقصیم_بخوانیم
Tajik Sughd Dilnoza دلنازه سغد برقصیم بخوانیمtajikistanQumars Farsi persian dari tajik kabul panjsher masoud iran afghanistan dushanbe pamir herat shiraz khujand samarkand samrghand bukhara nishapoor hafiz rudaki avesta gulshanjon zartusht sina anoosha zortusht parwan bamiyan kapisa zarafshan khatlan kulab panjkent afzalshoh rahmon balkh vatan qumarsaria Hazaragi
- published: 26 Mar 2011
- views: 1408
- author: Qumars
Qayroqqum SImEx Sughd TV Taj
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 14 Nov 2011
http://wn.com/Qayroqqum_SImEx_Sughd_TV_Taj
Wat San Sughd Taj
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:45
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Wat_San_Sughd_Taj
Qayroqqum SimEx - Sughd TV - Rus.VOB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 14 Nov 2011
http://wn.com/Qayroqqum_SimEx_Sughd_TV_RusVOB
Wat San Sughd Sep2012 - RUS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Wat_San_Sughd_Sep2012_RUS
Poverty and Environment Initiative in Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 10 Nov 2011
An introduction to the UNDP and UNEP Poverty and Environment Initiative in Tajikistan - its philosophy, objectives and the initial work done in the Sughd oblast (region), such as including poverty and the environment in 14 district development programmes. Facts are presented by the national, Sughd oblast and district government representatives, from both economy and environment sectors, civil society and programme staff.
http://wn.com/Poverty_and_Environment_Initiative_in_Tajikistan
An introduction to the UNDP and UNEP Poverty and Environment Initiative in Tajikistan - its philosophy, objectives and the initial work done in the Sughd oblast (region), such as including poverty and the environment in 14 district development programmes. Facts are presented by the national, Sughd oblast and district government representatives, from both economy and environment sectors, civil society and programme staff.
- published: 10 Nov 2011
- views: 197
- author: videoblythe
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Meravem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Meravem
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 9428
- author: xorasun
UN_FEZ_film_RU___hi.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:30
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
FEZ "Sughd"
http://wn.com/UN_FEZ_film_RU_hiwmv
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Vatan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Vatan
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 3912
- author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Zindagi boqist, yoron meravand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Zindagi_boqist,_yoron_meravand
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 4042
- author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Mo bar onem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 09 Sep 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Mo_bar_onem
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 2047
- author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Dardnoma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Dardnoma
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 706
- author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Yode kuned az man
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 18 Mar 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Yode_kuned_az_man
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 7184
- author: xorasun
Khosiyati Zarafshoni - Live In-Concert | Guzari Bod
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 in Aini District, Viloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. Upon completion of Arts Institute in Tajkistan, in 1982, she embarks upon her lengthy and successful career of a singer. Her mentor is Jurabek Murodov. This concert is dedicated to her 25 years in creative scene. Please enjoy and don't forget to rate the songs or leave comments.
http://wn.com/Khosiyati_Zarafshoni_Live_In-Concert_|_Guzari_Bod
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 in Aini District, Viloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. Upon completion of Arts Institute in Tajkistan, in 1982, she embarks upon her lengthy and successful career of a singer. Her mentor is Jurabek Murodov. This concert is dedicated to her 25 years in creative scene. Please enjoy and don't forget to rate the songs or leave comments.
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 7247
- author: xorasun
Jonibek - Джонибек "Сердце прости" 2011.Таджикистан
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Jonibek - Джонибек "Сердце прости" 2011.Таджикистан Теги: Русская песня россия таджикистан москва 2011 год душанбе пяндж памир худжанд сугд Джонибек Муродов Любовь америка нью-йорк таджикский шоу-бизнес таджикский реп исмайл шабнами сурайё Jonibek - Dzhonibek Heart forgive "2011.Tadzhikistan таджичка таджички таджики таджики всего мира Tags: Russian song Russia Tajikistan Moscow in 2011 Pamir Dushanbe Khujand Panj Sughd Dzhonibek Murodov Love America New York show business Tajik Tajik rap Ismaily Shabnam Surayo Манижа давлат 2011 Manizha Davlat 2011 manija tajik music tajiki farsi
http://wn.com/Jonibek_Джонибек_Сердце_прости_2011Таджикистан
Jonibek - Джонибек "Сердце прости" 2011.Таджикистан Теги: Русская песня россия таджикистан москва 2011 год душанбе пяндж памир худжанд сугд Джонибек Муродов Любовь америка нью-йорк таджикский шоу-бизнес таджикский реп исмайл шабнами сурайё Jonibek - Dzhonibek Heart forgive "2011.Tadzhikistan таджичка таджички таджики таджики всего мира Tags: Russian song Russia Tajikistan Moscow in 2011 Pamir Dushanbe Khujand Panj Sughd Dzhonibek Murodov Love America New York show business Tajik Tajik rap Ismaily Shabnam Surayo Манижа давлат 2011 Manizha Davlat 2011 manija tajik music tajiki farsi
- published: 11 May 2011
- views: 36703
- author: tajik92
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Sabzina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Sabzina
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 1276
- author: xorasun
Buffalo Big Mountain Performance in Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:21
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
The US Embassy funded the visit of Buffalo Big Mountain (BBM) and his 3 colleagues - Bluejay Littlejohn, James Arthur White Wolf Big Mountain, and Sabastain Snowsnake Big Mountain from October 10-16, and sponsored a series of workshops, speaking engagements, and performances in Dushanbe, Sughd and Khatlon.
http://wn.com/Buffalo_Big_Mountain_Performance_in_Tajikistan
The US Embassy funded the visit of Buffalo Big Mountain (BBM) and his 3 colleagues - Bluejay Littlejohn, James Arthur White Wolf Big Mountain, and Sabastain Snowsnake Big Mountain from October 10-16, and sponsored a series of workshops, speaking engagements, and performances in Dushanbe, Sughd and Khatlon.
- published: 20 Oct 2010
- views: 245
- author: usembassydushanbe
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Buyi Juyi Muliyon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 10 Mar 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Buyi_Juyi_Muliyon
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 2249
- author: xorasun
Khosiyati Zarafshoni - Live In-Concert | Khohad Mond
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 in Aini District, Viloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. Upon completion of Tajikistan National Institute of Arts in 1982, she embarks upon her lengthy and successful career of a singer. Her mentor is Jurabek Murodov. This concert is dedicated to her 25 years in creative scene. Please enjoy and don't forget to rate the songs or leave comments.
http://wn.com/Khosiyati_Zarafshoni_Live_In-Concert_|_Khohad_Mond
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 in Aini District, Viloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. Upon completion of Tajikistan National Institute of Arts in 1982, she embarks upon her lengthy and successful career of a singer. Her mentor is Jurabek Murodov. This concert is dedicated to her 25 years in creative scene. Please enjoy and don't forget to rate the songs or leave comments.
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 1775
- author: xorasun
Khosiyati Zarafshoni - Live In-Concert | Afsus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Updated: 07 Apr 2012
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 in Aini District, Viloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. Upon completion of Arts Institute in Tajkistan, in 1982, she embarks upon her lengthy and successful career of a singer. Her mentor is Jurabek Murodov. This concert is dedicated to her 25 years in creative scene. Please enjoy and don't forget to rate the songs or leave comments.
http://wn.com/Khosiyati_Zarafshoni_Live_In-Concert_|_Afsus
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 in Aini District, Viloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. Upon completion of Arts Institute in Tajkistan, in 1982, she embarks upon her lengthy and successful career of a singer. Her mentor is Jurabek Murodov. This concert is dedicated to her 25 years in creative scene. Please enjoy and don't forget to rate the songs or leave comments.
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 2950
- author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Boz meshurad dili man
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Boz_meshurad_dili_man
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 1773
- author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Gharibonro nazar kun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
http://wn.com/Afzalsho_Shodiev_Live_In-Concert_2011_|_Gharibonro_nazar_kun
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 784
- author: xorasun
3:12
vsem smotret' Tajikistan news
zhestokaya nespravedlivost' po otnosheniyu k bednim v Tajikistane....
published: 23 Dec 2012
author: Rabinya Allaha
vsem smotret' Tajikistan news
zhestokaya nespravedlivost' po otnosheniyu k bednim v Tajikistane.
- published: 23 Dec 2012
- views: 1972
- author: Rabinya Allaha
10:12
Imomali Rahmon Tajik President opening ceremony of Tajik State Emblem 25.08.11
Tajik Rahmon president tajikistan ahmadinijad barak obama david tony blair ahmadshah masso...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: Qumars
Imomali Rahmon Tajik President opening ceremony of Tajik State Emblem 25.08.11
Tajik Rahmon president tajikistan ahmadinijad barak obama david tony blair ahmadshah massoud koroosh dariush qumars election news clinton john analysis documentary commercial sarah Barack گشایش نشان ملی تاجیکستان
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 20972
- author: Qumars
4:43
NPR News: TAJIKISTAN
"I don't sleep at night because I'm worried about my 1-year-old daughter. I'm afraid she'l...
published: 24 Jun 2012
author: vatanamtj
NPR News: TAJIKISTAN
"I don't sleep at night because I'm worried about my 1-year-old daughter. I'm afraid she'll freeze ... like my neighbors' child did," he says. Fatholaev's neighbor, a 27-year-old mother, put her 10-month-old daughter, Dilnoza, to sleep in a wooden cradle one night in January. Dilnoza was dead when her mother went to retrieve her in the morning. www.npr.org
- published: 24 Jun 2012
- views: 1922
- author: vatanamtj
5:03
Tajikistan: Reaching Distant Pastures
United Nations, New York - In the mountains of Tajikistan, herders are struggling to prote...
published: 31 Jan 2013
author: unitednations
Tajikistan: Reaching Distant Pastures
United Nations, New York - In the mountains of Tajikistan, herders are struggling to protect the land on which they depend for their livelihoods from overgrazing. With the help of a sustainable land management project supported by the United Nations and the Global Environment Facility, stables and a road to newer pastures have been constructed allowing villagers in the town of Jirgatol to safeguard their fragile environment. UNIA Programme # 1374 Script: www.un.org
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 342
- author: unitednations
2:49
Tajik girl allowed in stadium during match with Iran ended 6-1 in favor of Iran
Tajik girls were allowed in Azadi stadium to watch and encourage their team during a frien...
published: 07 Nov 2012
author: Lenziran Newsvideo
Tajik girl allowed in stadium during match with Iran ended 6-1 in favor of Iran
Tajik girls were allowed in Azadi stadium to watch and encourage their team during a friendly match with Iran on Tuesday 6 November which ended 6-1 in favor of Iran . Iranian females are banned to enter stadiums during games !
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 1949
- author: Lenziran Newsvideo
1:50
Introducing US Ambassador to Tajikistan Susan Elliott
This video was produced by the US Department of State's Bureau of International Informatio...
published: 09 Oct 2012
author: Americagov
Introducing US Ambassador to Tajikistan Susan Elliott
This video was produced by the US Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs in September 2012. The featured speaker is the new US ambassador to Tajikistan, Susan Elliott. Read more: iipdigital.usembassy.gov
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 945
- author: Americagov
14:50
Tajikistan Medium Term Expenditure Framework
How to reform public financial management in a low income country! The experience of Tajik...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: capacity4dev
Tajikistan Medium Term Expenditure Framework
How to reform public financial management in a low income country! The experience of Tajikistan. Introducing Medium Term Expediture Framework
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 168
- author: capacity4dev
3:28
WTO approves Tajikistan's membership
On 10 December 2012, the WTO General Council adopted Tajikistan's accession package, lifti...
published: 13 Dec 2012
author: WTO
WTO approves Tajikistan's membership
On 10 December 2012, the WTO General Council adopted Tajikistan's accession package, lifting the last hurdle towards its membership.
- published: 13 Dec 2012
- views: 742
- author: WTO
52:08
War in Pamir 2012 Tajikistan
registan.net www.youtube.com www.youtube.com...
published: 20 Oct 2012
author: John Wilson
War in Pamir 2012 Tajikistan
registan.net www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 5783
- author: John Wilson
6:13
Azkals make history in victory over Tajikistan - ABS-CBN News.flv
RECORDING TOOLS. -SAMSUN CO1U. -LOGITECH C910. -Sony HDR CX150. ORDER LINK:www.amazon.com ...
published: 15 Mar 2012
author: cocoy salazar
Azkals make history in victory over Tajikistan - ABS-CBN News.flv
RECORDING TOOLS. -SAMSUN CO1U. -LOGITECH C910. -Sony HDR CX150. ORDER LINK:www.amazon.com RECORDING SOFTWARE. -MIXCRAFT. -CAMTASIA 7. -CyberLink YouCam 5 Deluxe. DOWNLOAD LINK:thepiratebay.se MY WEBSITE:godisgoodallthetimej.weebly.com THX FOR WATCHING GOD BLESS..
- published: 15 Mar 2012
- views: 1599
- author: cocoy salazar
5:06
Russia extends lease of military base in Tajikistan to 2042
== BoozWheez - Updates the World == Please subscribe for regular updates ..... The Russian...
published: 06 Oct 2012
author: BoozWheez
Russia extends lease of military base in Tajikistan to 2042
== BoozWheez - Updates the World == Please subscribe for regular updates ..... The Russian and Tajik presidents give a press conference after delegations sign a deal to prolong Russia's lease of a military base in the country to 2042. Russia and Tajikistan agreed on Friday to extend the presence of Russia's military base 201 until 2042. The lease had been due to expire in 2014. Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Tajik counterpart, Emomalii Rahmon, oversaw the signing on Friday in Dushanbe. The countries' delegations also signed bilateral deals on joint anti-drug efforts and energy cooperation. Putin said the presence of the base in Dushanbe serves the common security interests of all countries in the region. Later, the leaders visited the facility itself, and Putin formally awarded the base with the Order of Zhukov. During a discussion with soldiers serving at the base, Putin called NATO a throwback to the Cold War, but stressed the need to build a partnership with the alliance.
- published: 06 Oct 2012
- views: 593
- author: BoozWheez
5:51
Round table 'Mountains and Youth' in Khorog, Tajikistan
A photo report, provided by CCCDR, member of Mountain Partnership from Tajikistan. The pho...
published: 26 Dec 2012
author: MountainPartnershipS
Round table 'Mountains and Youth' in Khorog, Tajikistan
A photo report, provided by CCCDR, member of Mountain Partnership from Tajikistan. The photos were taken during the Round table 'Mountains and Youth' in Khorog, on December 11, 2012, organized by the CCCDR as part of its IMD activities.
- published: 26 Dec 2012
- views: 106
- author: MountainPartnershipS
3:11
Prankster trolls the Tajik official, who believes he is talking with Mark Zuckerberg
redhotrussia.com Head of Communications Services of Tajikistan, Beg Zukhurov said that in ...
published: 03 Dec 2012
author: SpicyRussia
Prankster trolls the Tajik official, who believes he is talking with Mark Zuckerberg
redhotrussia.com Head of Communications Services of Tajikistan, Beg Zukhurov said that in order to unblock Facebook in the country, Mark Zuckerberg (or his assistant) should come and talk to him. Russian pranksters decided to make a telephone call to Mr. Zukhurov from the name of Mark Zuckerberg....
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 508
- author: SpicyRussia
2:57
Тоҷикон бо чӣ ифтихор кунанд?
Ин навбат хабарнигори "Озодӣ" аз раҳгузарони хиёбонҳои пойтахт пурсид, ки мардуми Тоҷикист...
published: 08 May 2012
author: Ozodivideo
Тоҷикон бо чӣ ифтихор кунанд?
Ин навбат хабарнигори "Озодӣ" аз раҳгузарони хиёбонҳои пойтахт пурсид, ки мардуми Тоҷикистон бояд бо чӣ ифтихор кунанд? Яке аз назардиҳандагон мегӯяд, "Тоҷикистон кӯҳҳои баланду обҳои мусаффо ва умуман мардуми хуб дорад. Аз ин мардум ва Тоҷикистон бояд ҳамеша фахр кард." www.ozodi.org
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 4526
- author: Ozodivideo
Vimeo results:
1:01
Total Lunar Eclipse In Tajikistan
http://astrophotography.fr/
Pamir area in Tajikistan was the perfect place in the world to...
published: 30 Jun 2011
author: Jean-Luc Dauvergne
Total Lunar Eclipse In Tajikistan
http://astrophotography.fr/
Pamir area in Tajikistan was the perfect place in the world to watch the total lunar eclipse of 2011 june 15. This was recorded with an EOS 350d with a Baader filter inside. The equatorial mount was in an azimutal mode to follow the moon for more than 5 hours.
0:29
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene) AVETIK by Don Askarian/www.don-askarian com
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene)_ AVETIK by Don Askarian
Int.Film Fest.Rotterdam named D...
published: 12 Jan 2011
author: Nune Hovhannisyan
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene) AVETIK by Don Askarian/www.don-askarian com
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene)_ AVETIK by Don Askarian
Int.Film Fest.Rotterdam named Don Askarian: King of Cinema
Full version of the film order by donfilm@yahoo.com
See censored erotic takes on www.don-askarian.com
"Dali, Tarkovski, Bunuel, Deren ... Add Don Askarian to the ranks of this dream team. "Askarian is capable of producing images that are unlike anything ever seen before, yet hit you with a primal immediacy".Giovanni Fazio, "The Japan Times" 25 March, 1995
Don Askarian
is a prize-winner at several international film festivals. In 1996 Don Askarian published his book "The Dangerous Light". Every year the interest to his really very unique films grow up. More and more film festivals come to honor Don Askarian with retrospectives. Serious TV-stations like ARD, WDR, ZDF, Channel 4, Arte, but also Belgian, Greek, Swiss, Slovakian, Armenian etc. TV Channels are constant co-producers and buyers of all his films. The films of Don Askarian were sold and broadcasted world wide about 100 times. Don Askarian, honored with a Harvard Film Archive retrospective, is considered the greatest Armenian filmmaker (but he is Russian-German- Dutch too). In 2004 he received Golden Camera Award for Life Achievement at Int. ART Film Festival, Slovakia. It turns out to be clearer what Hans-Werner Dannowski, the president of Interfilm, meant in 1992: "Time will pass until we recognize that Don Askarian is one of the most important filmmakers of our times. His movies will take up the time they need. Finally the films will have their success not with lies and assimilations but with truth." The retrospectives and special screenings around the world, on TV and important film festivals reflect it, mirror the growing interest in Don Askarian's films followed by a broad fascination by the audience.
For Afghanistan -- Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania -- Macedonia, Republic of -- Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam , British Shakeela
Kategorie:
Film & Animation
Tags:
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4:14
cycling around the world-amazing tajikistan
On july 2010 I crossed the mountains of tajikistan into china.
cycling around the world 20...
published: 01 Sep 2010
author: Roei sadan
cycling around the world-amazing tajikistan
On july 2010 I crossed the mountains of tajikistan into china.
cycling around the world 2007-2011.
This video is for every one that is asking where they need to look and search to find them self.
www.dreamwithopeneyes.com
2:01
Душанбе | Dushanbe - TimeLapse (JereemeeProwork)
Shot : 7D
Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm
Location: Dushanbe
Edi...
published: 13 Oct 2012
author: Jereemee Prowork
Душанбе | Dushanbe - TimeLapse (JereemeeProwork)
Shot : 7D
Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm
Location: Dushanbe
Edit & Color Correction: Lightroom, After Effects, Primiere Pro.
Music: Plan B - The Recluse (Nero Remix)
Photo: Damir Egamberdiev
Video: Jurabek Zohidov
Work: Rasul Fayzulloev
Special thanks to: Qadamjon Ismatulloevich, Daler Arabov, Jahongir M, Bahrom Ayupov, Daler Safarov, Ahmedov Tohir, Shahnoza Ibragimova, Nasiba Fayzulloeva.
Youtube results:
12:16
Struan Stevenson in Tajikistan
Artin Pic Presents Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2012 Mahdi Bemani All...
published: 18 Jul 2012
author: artinpic
Struan Stevenson in Tajikistan
Artin Pic Presents Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2012 Mahdi Bemani All Rights Reserved. In a press conference today in Dushanbe, Struan Stevenson discussed the Tajikistan-Afghanistan border and the prevention of international terrorism on the part of Tajikistan security, as well as the pending Rogun Hydropower Plant in Tajikistan and its positive effects on Tajikistan and the other Central Asian nations.
- published: 18 Jul 2012
- views: 728
- author: artinpic
12:51
TOLOnews 6pm News, 27 Jully 2012/طلوع نیوز، ۰۶ اسد/ مرداد ماه ۱۳۹۱
Tajik opposition leader says more than 200 dead in a government offensive in Pamir mountai...
published: 27 Jul 2012
author: TOLOnewsLive
TOLOnews 6pm News, 27 Jully 2012/طلوع نیوز، ۰۶ اسد/ مرداد ماه ۱۳۹۱
Tajik opposition leader says more than 200 dead in a government offensive in Pamir mountains which he warns could lead to civil war. "For all of yesterday people across the whole country have been burying those who died in these clashes. I would like to observe a minute of silence in their memory. Among the dead is my protégé who was making a great progress in politics, chairman of the regional branch of the Islamic Renaissance party of Tajikistan, Sabzali Sabzaliev.
- published: 27 Jul 2012
- views: 8125
- author: TOLOnewsLive
3:24
The Geographic Origins of Uzbek-Tajik Tensions (Dispatch)
Stratfor analyst Eugene Chausovsky traces the origins of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan's curre...
published: 03 Apr 2012
author: STRATFORvideo
The Geographic Origins of Uzbek-Tajik Tensions (Dispatch)
Stratfor analyst Eugene Chausovsky traces the origins of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan's current tensions to Stalin's division of the Fergana Valley. For more, visit: www.stratfor.com
- published: 03 Apr 2012
- views: 5251
- author: STRATFORvideo
6:58
PTV NEWS 4 sept. 2011 - Tajikistan-II
President zardari visits for a quadrilateral meeting in Tajikistan with member states of D...
published: 04 Sep 2011
author: ohyesdr
PTV NEWS 4 sept. 2011 - Tajikistan-II
President zardari visits for a quadrilateral meeting in Tajikistan with member states of Dushanbe-4 / Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Russia. Meeting about regional cooperation.
- published: 04 Sep 2011
- views: 799
- author: ohyesdr
8:37
A Tourist's Guide to Dushanbe, Tajikistan. www.theredquest.com
www.theredquest.com I fly back into Central Asia to see what the capital of Tajikistan, th...
published: 19 Jul 2012
author: cessnagbdso
A Tourist's Guide to Dushanbe, Tajikistan. www.theredquest.com
www.theredquest.com I fly back into Central Asia to see what the capital of Tajikistan, the pooerst of the former Soviet Republics has to offer. Quite a lot actually... Read my book about visitng every former Soviet Republic. Visit www.theredquest.com
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 10277
- author: cessnagbdso
5:40
Migrant Express Part 1: Good-bye Dushanbe
Thousands of migrants travel from Tajikistan to Russia each year in search of work. For ma...
published: 01 Sep 2009
author: rferlonline
Migrant Express Part 1: Good-bye Dushanbe
Thousands of migrants travel from Tajikistan to Russia each year in search of work. For many, the trip begins with a grueling four-day train journey from Dushanbe to Moscow, during which they endure police inspections, cramped quarters and brutal heat. RFE/RL correspondents Mumin Shakirov and Alexander Kulygin traveled with a group of Tajik migrants on one such journey, experiencing the same hardships and recording the stories, hopes, and fears of four people seeking work in Russia. In the first part of the series, we meet two migrants, judo instructor Muhammed Ali and schoolteacher Jamshed Nabiev, who say goodbye to their families and friends in Dushanbe before they board the Dushanbe-Moscow train.
- published: 01 Sep 2009
- views: 16997
- author: rferlonline
13:38
Душанбе - Dushanbe Tajikistan Fann Mountains
www.facebook.com Душанбе Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон tajikistan tachikistan tajikist...
published: 17 Apr 2011
author: tojdor1
Душанбе - Dushanbe Tajikistan Fann Mountains
www.facebook.com Душанбе Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон tajikistan tachikistan tajikistan travel Таджикистан Точикистон Тожикистон Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania -- Macedonia, Republic of -- Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America Uzbekistan Vatican City
- published: 17 Apr 2011
- views: 25561
- author: tojdor1
58:32
International Nowruz Festival, Dushanbe Tajikistan 2012 P 4 نوروز تاجیکستان
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day") is the name of the Iran...
published: 27 Mar 2012
author: tajiksingers
International Nowruz Festival, Dushanbe Tajikistan 2012 P 4 نوروز تاجیکستان
Nowrūz (Persian: نوروز, IPA: [nouˈɾuːz], meaning "[The] New Day") is the name of the Iranian New Year[4] in Iranian calendars and the corresponding traditional celebrations.[5] Nowruz is also widely referred to as the "Persian New Year".[6][7][8][9] Nowruz is celebrated and observed by Iranian peoples and the related cultural continent and has spread in many other parts of the world, including parts of Central Asia, Caucasus, South Asia, Northwestern China, the Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in Iranian calendar. It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical vernal equinox, which usually occurs on March 21 or the previous/following day depending on where it is observed. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in parts of the South Asian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals. Originally being a Zoroastrian festival, and the holiest of them all, Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself, although there is no clear date of origin.[10] Since the Achaemenid era the official year has begun with the New Day when the Sun leaves the zodiac of Pisces and enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, signifying the Spring Equinox. The ...
- published: 27 Mar 2012
- views: 22050
- author: tajiksingers
1:32
Alone in Dushanbe!!!
Artin Pic Presents www.artinpic.com Video by : Artin Bemani Assistant : Abtin Bemani Music...
published: 21 Dec 2011
author: artinpic
Alone in Dushanbe!!!
Artin Pic Presents www.artinpic.com Video by : Artin Bemani Assistant : Abtin Bemani Music : Yuri Ter-Osipov Conductor : Tolib Shakhidi Produced by: Artin TV www.artintv.com Copyright © 2011 Mahdi Bemani Naeini All Rights Reserved.
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 4635
- author: artinpic
4:47
Nameravam - Dushanbe - Parvina Shukrullaeva
Tajik song, Music video about Dushanbe filmed in 1997 - years of instability and when many...
published: 05 Apr 2009
author: shakhidi
Nameravam - Dushanbe - Parvina Shukrullaeva
Tajik song, Music video about Dushanbe filmed in 1997 - years of instability and when many people left the country.
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 57197
- author: shakhidi
2:01
Душанбе 2012 HD_ Dushanbe 2012 HD - TimeLapse
Shot : 7D Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm Location: Dushanbe Edi...
published: 14 Oct 2012
author: suhrob1991
Душанбе 2012 HD_ Dushanbe 2012 HD - TimeLapse
Shot : 7D Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm Location: Dushanbe Edit & Color Correction: Lightroom, After Effects, Primiere Pro. Music: Plan B - The Recluse (Nero Remix) Photo: Damir Egamberdiev Video: Jurabek Zohidov Work: Rasul Fayzulloev
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 3306
- author: suhrob1991
10:22
Tajikistan Khojand Food Market Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh Baazaar 29-97 fps 16-9 Kambiz.mp4
Travel to Khojand Market on the Silk Road in Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh bozor Baazaa...
published: 12 May 2011
author: kelar12
Tajikistan Khojand Food Market Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh Baazaar 29-97 fps 16-9 Kambiz.mp4
Travel to Khojand Market on the Silk Road in Central Asia. Xujand Panjshanbeh bozor Baazaar Khujand Tajikistan khodjand tourism trip. Tajik persian food traditional culinary restaurant cooking soups kabob bread dried nuts and fruits. Exotic adventure by Kambiz Taleghani usa iran camera: Abdumalik Sodikov
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 58365
- author: kelar12
5:54
Daler Nazarov - Live in Dushanbe.1988 ("Kumir")
Fragment from concert in Dushanbe 1988. This concert was filmed and used in the film of Yo...
published: 09 Jun 2012
author: dalernazarov2010
Daler Nazarov - Live in Dushanbe.1988 ("Kumir")
Fragment from concert in Dushanbe 1988. This concert was filmed and used in the film of Yormamad Aralev "Kumir".
- published: 09 Jun 2012
- views: 14640
- author: dalernazarov2010
6:19
Tadjikistan 2008 - Penjikent to Dushanbe via Anzob Pass - www.panomoto.com
Motorcycle ride in Tajikistan/ Anzob Pass. Gravel, fresh tarmac (too fresh!) and awesome s...
published: 10 Aug 2008
author: CPixie
Tadjikistan 2008 - Penjikent to Dushanbe via Anzob Pass - www.panomoto.com
Motorcycle ride in Tajikistan/ Anzob Pass. Gravel, fresh tarmac (too fresh!) and awesome sceneries... Filming: Justyna/www.endurostany.cba.pl Cut: Bjorn/www.panomoto.com
- published: 10 Aug 2008
- views: 23656
- author: CPixie
9:14
Tajik Hike Dushanbe Luchob Tajikistan Nov 2010 wd 29.97 intrlcd 16:9 dbl pass
Hiking the Luchob area North of Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Walking Tour. November 2010. by Kamb...
published: 17 Jan 2011
author: kelar12
Tajik Hike Dushanbe Luchob Tajikistan Nov 2010 wd 29.97 intrlcd 16:9 dbl pass
Hiking the Luchob area North of Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Walking Tour. November 2010. by Kambiz Taleghani
- published: 17 Jan 2011
- views: 5683
- author: kelar12
Vimeo results:
1:01
Total Lunar Eclipse In Tajikistan
http://astrophotography.fr/
Pamir area in Tajikistan was the perfect place in the world to...
published: 30 Jun 2011
author: Jean-Luc Dauvergne
Total Lunar Eclipse In Tajikistan
http://astrophotography.fr/
Pamir area in Tajikistan was the perfect place in the world to watch the total lunar eclipse of 2011 june 15. This was recorded with an EOS 350d with a Baader filter inside. The equatorial mount was in an azimutal mode to follow the moon for more than 5 hours.
0:29
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene) AVETIK by Don Askarian/www.don-askarian com
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene)_ AVETIK by Don Askarian
Int.Film Fest.Rotterdam named D...
published: 12 Jan 2011
author: Nune Hovhannisyan
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene) AVETIK by Don Askarian/www.don-askarian com
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene)_ AVETIK by Don Askarian
Int.Film Fest.Rotterdam named Don Askarian: King of Cinema
Full version of the film order by donfilm@yahoo.com
See censored erotic takes on www.don-askarian.com
"Dali, Tarkovski, Bunuel, Deren ... Add Don Askarian to the ranks of this dream team. "Askarian is capable of producing images that are unlike anything ever seen before, yet hit you with a primal immediacy".Giovanni Fazio, "The Japan Times" 25 March, 1995
Don Askarian
is a prize-winner at several international film festivals. In 1996 Don Askarian published his book "The Dangerous Light". Every year the interest to his really very unique films grow up. More and more film festivals come to honor Don Askarian with retrospectives. Serious TV-stations like ARD, WDR, ZDF, Channel 4, Arte, but also Belgian, Greek, Swiss, Slovakian, Armenian etc. TV Channels are constant co-producers and buyers of all his films. The films of Don Askarian were sold and broadcasted world wide about 100 times. Don Askarian, honored with a Harvard Film Archive retrospective, is considered the greatest Armenian filmmaker (but he is Russian-German- Dutch too). In 2004 he received Golden Camera Award for Life Achievement at Int. ART Film Festival, Slovakia. It turns out to be clearer what Hans-Werner Dannowski, the president of Interfilm, meant in 1992: "Time will pass until we recognize that Don Askarian is one of the most important filmmakers of our times. His movies will take up the time they need. Finally the films will have their success not with lies and assimilations but with truth." The retrospectives and special screenings around the world, on TV and important film festivals reflect it, mirror the growing interest in Don Askarian's films followed by a broad fascination by the audience.
For Afghanistan -- Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania -- Macedonia, Republic of -- Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam , British Shakeela
Kategorie:
Film & Animation
Tags:
* Colored
* Woman
* Censored_
* AVETIK
* by
* Don
* Askarian
4:14
cycling around the world-amazing tajikistan
On july 2010 I crossed the mountains of tajikistan into china.
cycling around the world 20...
published: 01 Sep 2010
author: Roei sadan
cycling around the world-amazing tajikistan
On july 2010 I crossed the mountains of tajikistan into china.
cycling around the world 2007-2011.
This video is for every one that is asking where they need to look and search to find them self.
www.dreamwithopeneyes.com
2:01
Душанбе | Dushanbe - TimeLapse (JereemeeProwork)
Shot : 7D
Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm
Location: Dushanbe
Edi...
published: 13 Oct 2012
author: Jereemee Prowork
Душанбе | Dushanbe - TimeLapse (JereemeeProwork)
Shot : 7D
Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm
Location: Dushanbe
Edit & Color Correction: Lightroom, After Effects, Primiere Pro.
Music: Plan B - The Recluse (Nero Remix)
Photo: Damir Egamberdiev
Video: Jurabek Zohidov
Work: Rasul Fayzulloev
Special thanks to: Qadamjon Ismatulloevich, Daler Arabov, Jahongir M, Bahrom Ayupov, Daler Safarov, Ahmedov Tohir, Shahnoza Ibragimova, Nasiba Fayzulloeva.
Youtube results:
3:38
(Tajikistan Pop Music) Shabnam-i Surayyo | Ty i Ya (You & I)
www.shabnamsuraya.com Shabnam-i Surayyo is one of the most prominent Tajik pop singers. Sh...
published: 01 Aug 2009
author: xorasun
(Tajikistan Pop Music) Shabnam-i Surayyo | Ty i Ya (You & I)
www.shabnamsuraya.com Shabnam-i Surayyo is one of the most prominent Tajik pop singers. She was shot to stardom in 2007 with her hit songs "Az qudumi safar", "Tojik-bacha" etc. However, it was her first 2008 Europe tour, in a duet with Jonibek Murodov, that handed her the status of a diva among the Persian-speaking people around the world. Hope you will enjoy this video in Russian. (c) Daf Entertainment.
- published: 01 Aug 2009
- views: 259476
- author: xorasun
4:45
Amir jan Saboori Live In Tajikistan Dushanbe 2012 امیر جان صبوری آستین کهنه
Amir jan Saboori Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikist...
published: 17 Apr 2012
author: Qumars
Amir jan Saboori Live In Tajikistan Dushanbe 2012 امیر جان صبوری آستین کهنه
Amir jan Saboori Shabnam suraya googoosh tojik tajik iran afghanmusic afghanistan tajikistan pop music rap rock ahmad zahir farhad darya manizha nigina qumars persian pars new year 2012 soli nav тоҷик تاجیک точик шабнам сураё کیومرس آریا noziya manizha valy andy mansour bahram farzona khurshed feruza nigora tajikproud
- published: 17 Apr 2012
- views: 113902
- author: Qumars
2:54
Nowruz Sughd Tajiki Farsi Dari نوروز در سغد تاجیکی فارسی دری
tajikistan Qumars Farsi persian dari tajik kabul panjsher masoud iran afghanistan dushanbe...
published: 26 Mar 2011
author: Qumars
Nowruz Sughd Tajiki Farsi Dari نوروز در سغد تاجیکی فارسی دری
tajikistan Qumars Farsi persian dari tajik kabul panjsher masoud iran afghanistan dushanbe pamir herat shiraz khujand samarkand samrghand bukhara nishapoor hafiz rudaki avesta gulshanjon zartusht sina anoosha zortusht parwan bamiyan kapisa zarafshan khatlan kulab panjkent afzalshoh rahmon balkh vatan qumarsaria Hazaragi
- published: 26 Mar 2011
- views: 7776
- author: Qumars
3:18
Tajik Sughd Dilnoza دلنازه سغد برقصیم بخوانیم
Tajik Sughd Dilnoza دلنازه سغد برقصیم بخوانیمtajikistanQumars Farsi persian dari tajik kab...
published: 26 Mar 2011
author: Qumars
Tajik Sughd Dilnoza دلنازه سغد برقصیم بخوانیم
Tajik Sughd Dilnoza دلنازه سغد برقصیم بخوانیمtajikistanQumars Farsi persian dari tajik kabul panjsher masoud iran afghanistan dushanbe pamir herat shiraz khujand samarkand samrghand bukhara nishapoor hafiz rudaki avesta gulshanjon zartusht sina anoosha zortusht parwan bamiyan kapisa zarafshan khatlan kulab panjkent afzalshoh rahmon balkh vatan qumarsaria Hazaragi
- published: 26 Mar 2011
- views: 1408
- author: Qumars
4:50
Qayroqqum SImEx Sughd TV Taj
...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: ABDULFATTOH
Qayroqqum SImEx Sughd TV Taj
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 20
- author: ABDULFATTOH
7:45
Wat San Sughd Taj
...
published: 11 Oct 2012
author: ABDULFATTOH
Wat San Sughd Taj
- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 5
- author: ABDULFATTOH
4:32
Qayroqqum SimEx - Sughd TV - Rus.VOB
...
published: 14 Nov 2011
author: ABDULFATTOH
Qayroqqum SimEx - Sughd TV - Rus.VOB
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 27
- author: ABDULFATTOH
4:38
Wat San Sughd Sep2012 - RUS
...
published: 11 Oct 2012
author: ABDULFATTOH
Wat San Sughd Sep2012 - RUS
- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 6
- author: ABDULFATTOH
4:46
Poverty and Environment Initiative in Tajikistan
An introduction to the UNDP and UNEP Poverty and Environment Initiative in Tajikistan - it...
published: 10 Nov 2011
author: videoblythe
Poverty and Environment Initiative in Tajikistan
An introduction to the UNDP and UNEP Poverty and Environment Initiative in Tajikistan - its philosophy, objectives and the initial work done in the Sughd oblast (region), such as including poverty and the environment in 14 district development programmes. Facts are presented by the national, Sughd oblast and district government representatives, from both economy and environment sectors, civil society and programme staff.
- published: 10 Nov 2011
- views: 197
- author: videoblythe
4:39
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Meravem
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent Di...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Meravem
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 9428
- author: xorasun
4:18
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Vatan
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent Di...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Vatan
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 3912
- author: xorasun
2:42
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Zindagi boqist, yoron meravand
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent Di...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Zindagi boqist, yoron meravand
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 4042
- author: xorasun
2:53
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Mo bar onem
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent Di...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Mo bar onem
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 2047
- author: xorasun
2:41
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Dardnoma
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent Di...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Dardnoma
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 706
- author: xorasun
4:18
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Yode kuned az man
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent Di...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Yode kuned az man
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 7184
- author: xorasun
Vimeo results:
1:01
Total Lunar Eclipse In Tajikistan
http://astrophotography.fr/
Pamir area in Tajikistan was the perfect place in the world to...
published: 30 Jun 2011
author: Jean-Luc Dauvergne
Total Lunar Eclipse In Tajikistan
http://astrophotography.fr/
Pamir area in Tajikistan was the perfect place in the world to watch the total lunar eclipse of 2011 june 15. This was recorded with an EOS 350d with a Baader filter inside. The equatorial mount was in an azimutal mode to follow the moon for more than 5 hours.
0:29
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene) AVETIK by Don Askarian/www.don-askarian com
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene)_ AVETIK by Don Askarian
Int.Film Fest.Rotterdam named D...
published: 12 Jan 2011
author: Nune Hovhannisyan
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene) AVETIK by Don Askarian/www.don-askarian com
Kuchak(most beautiful love scene)_ AVETIK by Don Askarian
Int.Film Fest.Rotterdam named Don Askarian: King of Cinema
Full version of the film order by donfilm@yahoo.com
See censored erotic takes on www.don-askarian.com
"Dali, Tarkovski, Bunuel, Deren ... Add Don Askarian to the ranks of this dream team. "Askarian is capable of producing images that are unlike anything ever seen before, yet hit you with a primal immediacy".Giovanni Fazio, "The Japan Times" 25 March, 1995
Don Askarian
is a prize-winner at several international film festivals. In 1996 Don Askarian published his book "The Dangerous Light". Every year the interest to his really very unique films grow up. More and more film festivals come to honor Don Askarian with retrospectives. Serious TV-stations like ARD, WDR, ZDF, Channel 4, Arte, but also Belgian, Greek, Swiss, Slovakian, Armenian etc. TV Channels are constant co-producers and buyers of all his films. The films of Don Askarian were sold and broadcasted world wide about 100 times. Don Askarian, honored with a Harvard Film Archive retrospective, is considered the greatest Armenian filmmaker (but he is Russian-German- Dutch too). In 2004 he received Golden Camera Award for Life Achievement at Int. ART Film Festival, Slovakia. It turns out to be clearer what Hans-Werner Dannowski, the president of Interfilm, meant in 1992: "Time will pass until we recognize that Don Askarian is one of the most important filmmakers of our times. His movies will take up the time they need. Finally the films will have their success not with lies and assimilations but with truth." The retrospectives and special screenings around the world, on TV and important film festivals reflect it, mirror the growing interest in Don Askarian's films followed by a broad fascination by the audience.
For Afghanistan -- Albania Algeria American Angola -- Antigua and Barbuda Armenia -- Republic of Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China, Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Denmark Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Finland France -- Georgia Germany Greece -Hong Kong China Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Latvia -- Republic of Latvia Lebanon -- Liberia -- Republic of Liberia Libya -- Lithuania -- Macedonia, Republic of -- Republic of Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Monaco Mongolia Morocco Karabakh Nagorno Karabakh Namibia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles (Self-governing country in the Kingdom of newZealand arab Nicaragua Nigeria Oman sultanate of Oman Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan Palestine Panama Peru Philippines Portugal -- Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Republic of Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia South Africa spain Sri Lanka -- Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania -- Thailand See East Timor Turkey Turkmenistan Turks Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States America Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam , British Shakeela
Kategorie:
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4:14
cycling around the world-amazing tajikistan
On july 2010 I crossed the mountains of tajikistan into china.
cycling around the world 20...
published: 01 Sep 2010
author: Roei sadan
cycling around the world-amazing tajikistan
On july 2010 I crossed the mountains of tajikistan into china.
cycling around the world 2007-2011.
This video is for every one that is asking where they need to look and search to find them self.
www.dreamwithopeneyes.com
2:01
Душанбе | Dushanbe - TimeLapse (JereemeeProwork)
Shot : 7D
Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm
Location: Dushanbe
Edi...
published: 13 Oct 2012
author: Jereemee Prowork
Душанбе | Dushanbe - TimeLapse (JereemeeProwork)
Shot : 7D
Lenses: Tamron 28-75 mm, Canon 50 mm 1.4, Canon 70-200 mm
Location: Dushanbe
Edit & Color Correction: Lightroom, After Effects, Primiere Pro.
Music: Plan B - The Recluse (Nero Remix)
Photo: Damir Egamberdiev
Video: Jurabek Zohidov
Work: Rasul Fayzulloev
Special thanks to: Qadamjon Ismatulloevich, Daler Arabov, Jahongir M, Bahrom Ayupov, Daler Safarov, Ahmedov Tohir, Shahnoza Ibragimova, Nasiba Fayzulloeva.
Youtube results:
4:11
Khosiyati Zarafshoni - Live In-Concert | Guzari Bod
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 i...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Khosiyati Zarafshoni - Live In-Concert | Guzari Bod
Khosiyati Zarafshoni (aka Ortiqova), the People's artist of Tajikistan, was born in 1960 in Aini District, Viloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. Upon completion of Arts Institute in Tajkistan, in 1982, she embarks upon her lengthy and successful career of a singer. Her mentor is Jurabek Murodov. This concert is dedicated to her 25 years in creative scene. Please enjoy and don't forget to rate the songs or leave comments.
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 7247
- author: xorasun
4:04
Jonibek - Джонибек "Сердце прости" 2011.Таджикистан
Jonibek - Джонибек "Сердце прости" 2011.Таджикистан Теги: Русская песня россия таджикистан...
published: 11 May 2011
author: tajik92
Jonibek - Джонибек "Сердце прости" 2011.Таджикистан
Jonibek - Джонибек "Сердце прости" 2011.Таджикистан Теги: Русская песня россия таджикистан москва 2011 год душанбе пяндж памир худжанд сугд Джонибек Муродов Любовь америка нью-йорк таджикский шоу-бизнес таджикский реп исмайл шабнами сурайё Jonibek - Dzhonibek Heart forgive "2011.Tadzhikistan таджичка таджички таджики таджики всего мира Tags: Russian song Russia Tajikistan Moscow in 2011 Pamir Dushanbe Khujand Panj Sughd Dzhonibek Murodov Love America New York show business Tajik Tajik rap Ismaily Shabnam Surayo Манижа давлат 2011 Manizha Davlat 2011 manija tajik music tajiki farsi
- published: 11 May 2011
- views: 36703
- author: tajik92
2:11
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Sabzina
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent Di...
published: 13 Aug 2011
author: xorasun
Afzalsho Shodiev - Live In-Concert (2011) | Sabzina
The People's Artist of Tajikistan, Hoji Afzalshoh-i Shodi was born in 1960 in Panjakent District, Veloyati Sughd, Tajikistan. His repertoire mainly includes patriotism, romance and importance of having great values. His songs are based mainly from poetry of late Loeiq, Gulnazar, Mehrinisso, Ozarakhsh, and classical Taik-Persian poets (Sayyido, Hafez, Jaloluddini Balkhi, Rudaki etc). His hits include "Mohira-bonu," "Zamiri Rudaki," "Oli Somon" and others. His mentor is the People's Artist of the USSR, ustod Jurabek Murodov. This concert, entitled Loeiq Vidoyat Kardu Raft ("Лоик видоят карду рафт"), has been presented in commemoration of 70th birthday of one of the greatest modern-day Tajik poets, late (marhoom) Loeiq Sherali. The concert dates to May 2011. Hope you enjoy the concert and please do not forget to rate the songs and leave comments!
- published: 13 Aug 2011
- views: 1276
- author: xorasun
0:21
Buffalo Big Mountain Performance in Tajikistan
The US Embassy funded the visit of Buffalo Big Mountain (BBM) and his 3 colleagues - Bluej...
published: 20 Oct 2010
author: usembassydushanbe
Buffalo Big Mountain Performance in Tajikistan
The US Embassy funded the visit of Buffalo Big Mountain (BBM) and his 3 colleagues - Bluejay Littlejohn, James Arthur White Wolf Big Mountain, and Sabastain Snowsnake Big Mountain from October 10-16, and sponsored a series of workshops, speaking engagements, and performances in Dushanbe, Sughd and Khatlon.
- published: 20 Oct 2010
- views: 245
- author: usembassydushanbe
photo: AP / Ugarit News via AP video
09 Feb 2013
BEIRUT, Lebanon — The video has gone viral in recent days. Syrian government soldiers, in camouflage gear, carrying rocket-propelled grenades and brandishing rifles, mugging for the camera while dancing in a circle to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Enlarge This Image. Ugarit News, via Associated Press. In a video posted online, Syrian soldiers chant and dance to Usher’s hit song “Yeah!”. Related. U.N ... Twitter List ... Raw ... ....(size: 8.2Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
09 Feb 2013
NEW DELHI (AP) — Indian news channels are reporting that a Kashmiri man convicted in the 2001 attack on India's Parliament has been hanged ... World news. Last 24 hours....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP / Elaine Thompson
10 Feb 2013
Boeing sent a 787 up on a test flight Saturday, the first since the new airliner was grounded three weeks ago because of a battery fire ... The plan was to spend two and a half hours in the air ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
09 Feb 2013
Thick snow is blanketing the north-eastern US as a major storm cuts power to thousands of homes and plays havoc with transport schedules. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Connecticut and Maine are all on an emergency footing, with millions of residents being warned to stay indoors. Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick has temporarily banned all non-essential traffic on the state's roads ... Worse to come? ... Stay home." ... Light....(size: 5.7Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
09 Feb 2013
For all of his liberal positions on the environment, taxes and health care, President Barack Obama is a hawk when it comes to the war on terror. From deadly drones to secret interrogations to withholding evidence in terror lawsuits, Obama's Democratic White House has followed the path of his predecessor, Republican President George W. Bush. The U.S ... 11, 2001 ... His confirmation was delayed for three weeks and nearly derailed ... soil ... security....(size: 9.1Kb)
Novosti
05 Feb 2013
DUSHANBE, February 5 (RIA Novosti) – The World Bank has granted Tajikistan $45.9 million to finance its second Public Employment for Sustainable Agriculture and Water Resources Management Project, the international lender said on Tuesday. The grant agreement was signed in Dushanbe by Tajikistan's Finance Minister Safarali Najmiddinov and the World Bank Country Manager in Tajikistan, Marsha Olive....(size: 1.8Kb)
noodls
01 Feb 2013
The WTO paved the way for Tajikistan's membership by approving its accession package on 10 December 2012. Tajikistan applied for WTO membership on 29 May 2001 and the Working Party concluded the negotiations on 26 October 2012. Tajikistan's accession package contains the Working Party report outlining ......(size: 1.8Kb)
noodls
31 Jan 2013
TAJIKISTAN ... President of the Republic of Tajikistan, H.E ... State Adviser of the President of Tajikistan on Legal Policy, Mr ... State Adviser of the President of Tajikistan on Social Development and Public Relations, Mr ... cases of torture and ill-treatment as well as in monitoring and advocating for the rights of vulnerable groups in Tajikistan....(size: 7.9Kb)
noodls
28 Jan 2013
OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) OSCE supports workshop on common water management, environmental challenges in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. DUSHANBE, 28 January 2013 - The OSCE Office in Tajikistan, in co-operation with the Ministry of Water Management and Land Reclamation of Tajikistan, organized today a one-day workshop on common water management and environmental challenges in Afghanistan and Tajikistan....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
24 Jan 2013
DUSHANBE, TAJIKISTAN - The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has completed its Regional Customs Modernization and Infrastructure Development Project in Tajikistan, which was designed to improve the efficiency and transparency of customs services to facilitate trade and promote regional customs cooperation ... Yu, ADB's Country Director for Tajikistan....(size: 3.3Kb)
Newstrack India
18 Jan 2013
The Siasat Daily
18 Jan 2013
Dushanbe , January 18.. An Afghan national has been held in Tajikistan carrying over 65 kg of drugs in four bags, according to the Tajikistan government. The 50-year-old was held near the Tajik-Afghan border, a spokesperson for the country's interior ministry said ... "He had four bags containing 65.6 kilograms of cannabis group drugs." ... Recommend Twitter. Comments(0)....(size: 2.2Kb)
Novosti
17 Jan 2013
DUSHANBE, January 17 (RIA Novosti) – Tajikistan has once again blocked access to the popular social networking site Facebook, prolonging a months-long ordeal that has earned the Central Asian country widespread criticism. The blocking order came from the chief of Tajikistan’s communications ......(size: 1.5Kb)
PhysOrg
17 Jan 2013
Tajikistan has low levels of Internet penetration, but Internet regulation in the authoritarian former Soviet republic is ......(size: 0.6Kb)
The Times of India
17 Jan 2013
The Central Asian nation of Tajikistan has blocked social media website Facebook for the third time in twelve months ... Tajikistan has low levels ......(size: 0.7Kb)
Asia Times
17 Jan 2013
Tajikistan's recent accession to the World Trade Organization has been mostly driven by its government's desperate attempts to attract foreign investment to its remittance dependent economy, while potential greater economic benefits for the country remain uncertain ... The two already have large external trade deficits, with Tajikistan's negative external trade balance reaching an all-time high in 2012 of $2.4 billion....(size: 15.2Kb)
IIFL
16 Jan 2013
BHEL has reportedly said that renovated hydro project with enhanced generation capacity has been commissioned in Tajikistan ......(size: 4.3Kb)
BBC News
16 Jan 2013
Afghanistan is the world's biggest opium producer and it is estimated about a third of the drugs produced there go to Russia and Europe via Tajikistan. Tajikistan is the poorest country in Central Asia and ......(size: 1.1Kb)
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Inconsistent/incorrect use of {{lang}}. Please help improve this article if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2012) |
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This article or section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, with an appropriate ISO 639 code (see why). (May 2012) |
| Republic of Tajikistan
Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон
Cumhuriyi Tocikiston |
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| Anthem: Surudi Milli National anthem of Tajikistan |
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.svg) |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Dushanbe 38°33′N 68°48′E / 38.55°N 68.8°E / 38.55; 68.8 |
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| Official language(s) | Tajik (Persian)[1] (state) | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Russian (inter-ethnic communication[2]) |
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| Ethnic groups (2000) | Tajik 79.9% Uzbek 15.3% Russian 1.1% Kyrgyz 1.1% other 2.6% |
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| Demonym | Tajikistani[3] | |||||
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic | |||||
| - | President | Emomalii Rahmon | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Oqil Oqilov | ||||
| Legislature | Supreme Assembly | |||||
| - | Upper house | National Assembly | ||||
| - | Lower house | Assembly of Representatives | ||||
| Independence | from the Soviet Union | |||||
| - | Declared | September 9, 1991 | ||||
| - | Completed | December 25, 1991 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 143,100 km2 (102nd) 55,251 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 1.8 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 7,616,000[3] (98th) | ||||
| - | 2010 census | 7,564,500 | ||||
| - | Density | 48.6/km2 (155th) 125.8/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $16.221 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $2,066[4] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $6.523 billion[4] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $831[4] | ||||
| Gini (2004) | 33.59 (medium) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.607[5] (medium) (127th) |
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| Currency | Somoni (TJS) |
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| Time zone | TJT (UTC+5) | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | TJ | |||||
| Internet TLD | .tj | |||||
| Calling code | 992 | |||||
| 1 | Estimate from State Statistical Committee of Tajikistan, 2008; rank based on UN figures for 2005. | |||||
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Tajik people
Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The word Tajik was used by medieval Turks to refer to Iranian-speaking peoples.[citation needed] From the 11th century, the term referred to East Iranian people, but by the 15th century came to be applied to Persian speakers.[citation needed] In medieval Persian literature, Tajik appears as a synonym of "Persian".
As a self-designation, the term Tajik (Persian: تاجيک Tājīk; Tajik: Тоҷик), has become acceptable only during the last decades of the 20th century, particularly as a result of Soviet administration in Central Asia.[6] The term does not denote an ethnic group in the narrow sense, but remains a general designation of a variety of Persian-speaking peoples in Central Asia.
Tajikistan was frequently spelled as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English, transliterated from the Russian Таджикистан (in Russian the phoneme /d͡ʒ/ is spelled дж, that is, dzh or dj.) Tadzhikistan is the most common alternate spelling and is widely used in English literature derived from Russian sources. "Tadjikistan" is the spelling in French and can occasionally be found in English language texts.
History[link]
Main article: History of Tajikistan
Early history[link]
See also: Samanid dynasty
The territory of what is now Tajikistan has been inhabited continuously since 4000 BC.[citation needed] It has been under the rule of various empires throughout history, for the longest period being part of the Persian Empire. It was originally called Neb for a short period of time, before being given the name Tajikistan.
Acharya Yaska's Nirukta[7] (7th century BC) attests that the verb Śavati in the sense "to go" was used by only the Kambojas.The Savati/Swati term is used for the people who had been living in ancient Swat state,The Gabari sultans,who claim their ancestor Sultan Samus the son of Kamboja. It has been shown that the modern Ghalcha dialects, Valkhi, Shigali, Sriqoli, Jebaka (also called Sanglichi or Ishkashim), Munjani, Yidga and Yaghnobi, mainly spoken in the Pamir mountains and countries on the headwaters of the Oxus, still use terms derived from ancient Kamboja Śavati in the sense "to go".[8] The Yaghnobi language, spoken by the Yaghnobis in the Sughd Province around the headwaters of Zeravshan valley, also still contains a relic "Śu" from ancient Kamboja Śavati in the sense "to go".[9]
Further, Sir George Abraham Grierson says that the speech of Badakshan was a Ghalcha until about three centuries ago when it was supplanted by a form of Persian.[10] Thus, the ancient Kamboja, probably included the Badakshan, Pamirs and northern territories including the Yaghnobi region in the doab of the Oxus and Jaxartes.[11] On the east it was bounded roughly by Yarkand and/or Kashgar, on the west by Bahlika (Uttaramadra), on the northwest by Sogdiana, on the north by Uttarakuru, on the southeast by Darada, and on the south by Gandhara.
Numerous Indologists locate original Kamboja in Pamirs and Badakshan and the Parama Kamboja further north, in the Trans-Pamirian territories comprising Zeravshan valley, north up parts of Sogdhiana/Fargana — in the Sakadvipa or Scythia of the classical writers.[12]
Thus, in the pre-Buddhist times (7th–6th century BCE), the parts of modern Tajikistan including territories as far as Zeravshan valley in Sogdiana formed parts of ancient Kamboja and the Parama Kamboja kingdoms when it was ruled by the Kambojas till it became part of Persian Achaemenid Empire. After the Persian Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great, the region became the northern part of Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.
From the last quarter of 4th century BCE until the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE, it was part of the Bactrian Empire, from whom it was passed on to Scythian Tukharas and hence became part of Tukharistan. Contact with the Chinese Han Dynasty was made in the 2nd century BCE, when envoys were sent to the area of Bactria to explore regions west of China.
Arabs brought Islam in the 7th century CE[citation needed]. The Samanid Empire supplanted the Arabs and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara, which became the cultural centers of Tajiks (both of which are now in Uzbekistan). The Mongols would later take partial control of Central Asia, and later the land that today comprises Tajikistan became a part of the Emirate of Bukhara. A small community of Jews, displaced from the Middle East after the Babylonian captivity, migrated to the region and settled there after 600 BCE, though the majority of the recent Jewish population did not migrate to Tajikistan until the 20th century.
Russian presence[link]
See also: The Great Game and Basmachi Movement
In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to spread into Central Asia during the Great Game. Between 1864 and 1885 it gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan from today's border with Kazakhstan in the north to the Caspian Sea in the west and the border with Afghanistan in the south. Tajikistan was eventually carved out of this territory, which historically had a large Tajik population.
After the overthrow of Imperial Russia in 1917, guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Muslims, Jews, and Christians were persecuted,[citation needed] and mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed.
Soviet Tajikistan[link]
Main article: Tajik SSR
In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic (see also Shirinsho Shotemur). The predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.[13] Some 120,000 inhabitants of Tajikistan died during World War II.[14]
In terms of living conditions, education and industry Tajikistan was behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, it had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR,[15] the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups,[16] and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people.[17]
By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990.[citation needed] The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.
The first nation to establish an embassy in Dushanbe was Iran, which was also one of the first countries to immediately recognize Tajikistan as an independent state in 1991.
Post-independence[link]
See also: Civil war in Tajikistan
File:Tajik civil war dead.jpg
Victims of the civil war in Tajikistan
The nation almost immediately fell into a civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. The non-Muslim population, particularly Russians and Jews, fled the country during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics.
Emomalii Rahmon came to power in 1994, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote.[18] The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country.[19] In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties (United Tajik Opposition).
Peaceful elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers. Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections were held again in 2006, with Rahmon winning a third term in office with 79% of the vote in a field of five candidates. Several opposition parties boycotted the election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was critical of it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections to be legal and transparent.
Rahmon's government came under criticism from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that lead to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.[20]
Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik-Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010.[21] It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility,[22] and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe and operate at least one military hospital in the capital city.
In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September,[23] and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers,[24] followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead.[25] To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010.[26]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Tajikistan
Almost immediately after independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war that saw various factions, allegedly backed by Russia and Iran[citation needed], fighting one another. All but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russians, who were mostly employed in industry, fled to Russia. By 1997, the war had cooled down, and a central government began to take form, with peaceful elections in 1999.
"Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to the country’s ruinous civil war," Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in The New York Times just before the country's November 2006 presidential election.[27]
Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the Presidency and Parliament. It is, however, a one party dominant system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. The parliamentary elections in 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomali Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."[28][29] The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.[28][29]
Freedom of the press is officially guaranteed by the government, although independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru and centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not get reported in the local media.[30]
The presidential election held on November 6, 2006 was boycotted by "mainline" opposition parties, including the 23,000-member Islamic Renaissance Party. Four remaining opponents "all but endorsed the incumbent", Rahmon.[27]
Tajikistan has given Iran its support in Iran's membership bid to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, after a meeting between the Tajik President and the Iranian foreign minister.[31]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main articles: Provinces of Tajikistan and Districts of Tajikistan
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Tajikistan consists of 4 administrative divisions. These are the provinces (viloyat) of Sughd and Khatlon, the autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan (abbreviated as GBAO), and the Region of Republican Subordination (RRP – Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in transliteration from Russian or NTJ – Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ in Tajik; formerly known as Karotegin Province). Each region is divided into several districts (Tajik: Ноҳия, nohiya or raion), which in turn are subdivided into jamoats (village-level self-governing units) and then villages (qyshloqs). As of 2006, there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in Tajikistan.[32]
| Division | ISO 3166-2 | Capital | Area (km²)[32] | Pop (2010) Census |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sughd | TJ-SU | Khujand | 25,400 | 2,233,500 |
| Region of Republican Subordination | TJ-RR | Dushanbe | 28,600 | 1,722,900 |
| Khatlon | TJ-KT | Qurghonteppa | 24,800 | 2,677,300 |
| Gorno-Badakhshan | TJ-BG | Khorugh | 64,200 | 206,000 |
| Dushanbe | Dushanbe | 10 | 724,800 |
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Tajikistan
Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.
| Mountain | Height | Location | ||
| Ismoil Somoni Peak (highest) | 7,495 m | 24,590 ft | North-western edge of Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO), south of the Kyrgyz border | |
| Ibn Sina Peak (Lenin Peak) | 7,134 m | 23,537 ft | Northern border in the Trans-Alay Range, north-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak | |
| Peak Korzhenevskaya | 7,105 m | 23,310 ft | North of Ismoil Somoni Peak, on the south bank of Muksu River | |
| Independence Peak (Revolution Peak) | 6,974 m | 22,881 ft | Central Gorno-Badakhshan, south-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak | |
| Akademiya Nauk Range | 6,785 m | 22,260 ft | North-western Gorno-Badakhshan, stretches in the north-south direction | |
| Karl Marx Peak | 6,726 m | 22,067 ft | GBAO, near the border to Afghanistan in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range | |
| Garmo Peak | 6,595 m | 21,637 ft | Northwestern Gorno-Badakhstan. | |
| Mayakovskiy Peak | 6,096 m | 20,000 ft | Extreme south-west of GBAO, near the border to Afghanistan. | |
| Concord Peak | 5,469 m | 17,943 ft | Southern border in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range | |
| Kyzylart Pass | 4,280 m | 14,042 ft | Northern border in the Trans-Alay Range | |
The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometers.
About 2% of the country's area is covered by lakes, the best known of which are the following:
- Kayrakum (Qairoqqum) Reservoir (Sughd)
- Iskanderkul (Fann Mountains)
- Kulikalon (Kul-i Kalon) (Fann Mountains)
- Nurek Reservoir (Khatlon)
- Karakul (Tajik: Qarokul; eastern Pamir)
- Sarez (Pamir)
- Shadau Lake (Pamir)
- Zorkul (Pamir)
Lesser known lakes (all in the Pamir region) include
- Bulunkul
- Drumkul
- Rangkul
- Sasykkul
- Shorkul
- Turumtaikul
- Tuzkul
- Yashilkul
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Tajikistan
See also: Agriculture in Tajikistan
Tajikistan was the poorest republic of the Soviet Union and is the poorest country in Central Asia as well as in the former Soviet Union today. The current economic situation remains fragile, largely owing to corruption, uneven economic reforms, and economic mismanagement. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers overseas, exports of aluminium and cotton, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. In FY 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, thus helping keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production.
In 2006, GDP per capita of Tajikistan was 85% of 1990s level.,[33] while population has increased from 5.3 million in 1991 to 7.3 million in 2009.
On August 21, 2001, the Red Cross announced that a famine was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since.[34] Tajikistan is an active member of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO).
In 2007 the Anzab tunnel was completed, connecting the previously hard to access Northern part of the country to the capital Dushanbe has been labeled as part of the new Silk Road. It is part of a road under construction that will connect Tajikistan to Iran and the Persian Gulf through Afghanistan.
In 2004 a bridge between Afghanistan and Tajikistan was built, improving the country's access to South Asia. The bridge was built by the United States.[35]
The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers.[36]
Aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company - the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.[37]
Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek, the highest dam in the world.[38] Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008.[39][40] Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion[41][42] Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.
Foreign remittance flows from Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in Russia, has become by far the main source of income for millions of Tajikistan's people and represents additional 36.2 % of country's GDP directly reaching the poverty-stricken population.[43] According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day.[44] Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor.[45] The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.[46]
Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market.[47] However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved.[48]
Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006).[49][50] Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade.[47] UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.[51]
Since the collapse of the USSR, there has been a significant and growing trend of Tajiks migrating abroad for jobs and seeking refuge. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated 2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Tajikistan
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.)[3] Tajiks who speak the Tajik language (a variety of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there is a sizable minority of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration.[52] In 1989, ethnic Russians made up 7.6% of the population.[53] The Pamiris of Badakhshan are considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajiks.[3]
The official and vernacular language of Tajikistan is Tajik although Russian is routinely used in business and communication. The use of Russian in official documents has been ruled out in 2009[54] although the Constitution still mentions it as the "language for inter-ethnic communication".
Despite its poverty, Tajikistan has a high rate of literacy due to the old Soviet system of free education, with an estimated 99.5% of the population having the ability to read and write.[3] The majority of the population follow Sunni Islam. There is also a sizeable minority of Ismailis.
Bukharan Jews had lived in Tajikistan since the 2nd century BC, but today almost none are left. There is also a small population of Yaghnobi people who have lived in the mountainous district of Sughd Viloyat for many centuries. The German population in Tajikistan was 38,853 in 1979.[55] Nearly one million Tajik men worked abroad in 2009.[56] More than 70% of the female population lives in villages where traditions still matter very much.[57]
Health[link]
Main article: Health in Tajikistan
Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.[58] Public expenditure on health was at 1 % of the GDP in 2004.[59]
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 66.38 years in 2012.[60] The infant mortality rate is approximately 37 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.[61] In the early 2000s, there were 203 physicians per 100,000 people.[59] Tajikistan is the only country in world where polio is on the increase. From zero cases in 2008 and 2009, 458 confirmed cases have been reported for 2010 (of 976 cases worldwide).[citation needed]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Tajikistan
Historically, Tajiks and Persians come from very similar stock, speaking variants of the same language and are related as part of the larger group of Iranian peoples. The Tajik language is the mother tongue of around 80% of the citizens of Tajikistan. The main urban centers in today's Tajikistan include Dushanbe (the capital), Khujand, Kulob, Panjakent and Istaravshan. There are also Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Russian minorities.
The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.
The Yaghnobi people live in mountainous areas of northern Tajikistan. The estimated number of Yaghnobis is now about 25,000. Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the Yaghnobi language, which is the only direct modern descendant of the ancient Sogdian language.
Tajikistan artisans created the Dushanbe Tea House, which was presented in 1988 as a gift to the sister city of Boulder, Colorado.[62]
In 2010, a Tajik citizen Nilufar Sherzod became Miss United Nations, representing Tajik culture.[63]
Education[link]
The 2002-2005 public spending on education was 3.5% of the GDP.[59] According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25 percent of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education because of poverty and gender bias, although [64] literacy is generally high in Tajikistan.[59]
Sport[link]
See also: Rugby union in Tajikistan
Tajikistan's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor activities, such as hill climbing, biking, rock climbing, skiing, snowboarding, hiking, and mountain climbing. Facilities are limited so tourists must expect to be largely self-sufficient and plan carefully. Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Fann and Pamir Mountains, including the 7,000 m peaks in the region, are seasonally organized by local and international alpine agencies.
Football is the most popular sport in Tajikistan. The Tajikistan national football team competes in the FIFA and AFC leagues. It also hosts many football clubs.
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Tajikistan
See also: Islam in Tajikistan
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school is official religion in Tajikistan since 2009.[65] Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a 2009 U.S. State Department release, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim, (approximately 95% Sunni and 3% Shia).[66] The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, a variety of Protestant denominations, Catholicism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.
Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir (Party of Emancipation), a party, controversial for its antisemitic views, which today aims for a nonviolent overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.[67] Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some feel this is discriminatory.
By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. As noted above, religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain.[68]
Government[link]
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Government:
Pres. Emomali RAHMON
Prime Min. Oqil OQILOV
First Dep. Prime Min. Matlubkhon DAVLATOV
Dep. Prime Min. Murodali ALIMARDON
Dep. Prime Min. Ruqiya QURBANOVA
Min. of Agriculture Qosim QOSIMOV
Min. of Culture Mirzoshohrukh ASRORI
Min. of Defense Sherali KHAYRULLOEV, Col. Gen.
Min. of Economic Development & Trade Sharif RAHIMZODA
Min. of Education Nuriddin SAIDOV
Min. of Energy & Industry Sherali GUL
Min. of Finance Safarali NAJMUDDINOV
Min. of Foreign Affairs Hamrokhon ZARIFI
Min. of Health Nusratullo SALIMOV
Min. of Internal Affairs Ramazon RAHIMOV
Min. of Justice Rustam MENGLIEV
Min. of Labor & Social Security Mahmadamin MAHMADAMINOV
Min. of Land Improvement & Water Economy Saidi YOQUBZOD
Min. of Transport Nizom HAKIMOV
Chmn., State Committee on National Security Saymumin YATIMOV
Chmn., State Committee on State Property Davlatali SAIDOV
Chmn., State Committee on Statistics Mirgand SHABOZOV
Chmn., Communications Service Beg ZUHUROV
Prosecutor Gen. Sherhon SALIMZODA
Dir., Drug Control Agency Rustam NAZAROV, Lt. Gen.
Chmn., National Bank of Tajikistan Abdujabbor SHIRINOV
Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Sirojidin ASLOV
Transport[link]
Main article: Transportation in Tajikistan
See also[link]
.svg){kind=small}
 |
Book: Tajikistan |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of Tajikistan
- Index of Tajikistan-related articles
- 2006 Tajikistan earthquake
- Central Asian Union
- Communications in Tajikistan
- Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston
- Kingdom of Balhara
- List of cities in Tajikistan
- List of universities in Tajikistan
- Military of Tajikistan
- Mount Imeon
- Yagnob Valley
References and footnotes[link]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan, November 6, 1994, Article 2.
- ^ В Таджикистане русскому языку вернули прежний статус
- ^ a b c d e The World Factbook, People of Tajikistan
- ^ a b c d "Tajikistan". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=38&pr.y=11&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=923&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2009: Tajikistan". The United Nations. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_TJK.html. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, B.G. Fragner (1999). "TĀDJĪK". Encyclopaedia of Islam (CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV.
- ^ Nirukta II.2.
- ^ Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 456ff, 468, 473, 474, 476, 500, 511, 524 etc; Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Asia, 1911, pp 801-802, Sir Griersen; India as Known to Panini, 1968, p 49, Dr V. S. Aggarwala; Geographical Data in the Early Puranas, A Critical Study, 1972, p 164, Dr M. R. Singh; Bharata Bhumi aur uske Nivasi, Samvat 1987, pp 297-305, Dr J. C. Vidyalankar; Geographical and Economical Studies in the Mahabharata, Upayana Parva, p 37, Dr Motichandra; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, pp 127-28, 167, 218, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Sindhant Kaumudi Arthaprakashaka, 1966, pp 20-22, Acharya R. R. Pande.
- ^ Proceedings and Transactions of the ... All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118; Indian Culture, 1934, p 193, Indian Research Institute; Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 455-56, Dr G. A. Grierson; cf: History and Archeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries from the... , 1976, p 152, Dr Shashi P. Asthana - Social Science; Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 39, Dr Moti Chandra - India; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 128, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
- ^ Linguistic Survey of India, X, p. 456, Sir G Grierson; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, pp 107-108.
- ^ Dr J. C. Vidyalankara, Proceedings and Transactions of 6th A.I.O. Conference, 1930, p 118; cf: Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 455-56, Dr G. A. Grierson.
- ^ See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
- ^ Tajikistan - Ethnic Groups, U.S. Library of Congress
- ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 pp. 23–35
- ^ Boris Rumer, Soviet Central Asia: A Tragic Experiment, Unwin Hyman, London, 1989, p. 126.
- ^ Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 115 (Russian).
- ^ Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 210 (Russian).
- ^ http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0695/9506053.htm
- ^ Tajikistan: rising from the ashes of civil war. United Nations
- ^ "OSCE urges Tajikistan to stop attacks on free media". Reuters. 2010-10-18. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE69H2FD20101018.
- ^ http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61866
- ^ http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62187
- ^ "Tajikistan says restive east is under control". BBC News. 2010-10-18. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11565443.
- ^ http://www.rferl.org/content/Tajikistan_Says_Kills_Three_Suspected_Islamist_Militants/2193377.html
- ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5jgLdqI0OO2p668hzze8vqDxO9bbw
- ^ http://enews.ferghana.ru/news.php?id=1903&mode=snews
- ^ a b Greenberg, Ilan, "Media Muzzled and Opponents Jailed, Tajikistan Readies for Vote," The New York Times, November 4, 2006 (article dateline November 3, 2006), page A7, New York edition
- ^ a b "Change you can't believe in". The Economist. 2010-03-04. http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=15612447&source=hptextfeature. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
- ^ a b "Tajikistan elections criticised by poll watchdog". BBC. 2010-03-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8543214.stm. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
- ^ "Tajik Government’s Fury Over Conflict Reporting". Iwpr.net. 2010-10-22. http://iwpr.net/report-news/tajik-government%E2%80%99s-fury-over-conflict-reporting. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- ^ "Press TV - Iran makes move to join SCO". Presstv.ir. 2008-03-24. http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=48781§ionid=351020101. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ a b Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2008, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 (Russian)
- ^ "GDP per capita in current US dollars per person". EarthTrends. http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
- ^ "BBC's Guide to Central Asia". BBC News. 2005-06-20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456938/html/nn4page1.stm. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
- ^ "US Army Corps of Engineer, Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge". US Army Corps of Engineer. http://www.aed.usace.army.mil/Snapshots.asp?PageNo=2. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Background Note: Tajikistan". US Department of State, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs. December 2007. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Алюминий по-таджикски (Tajikistani Aluminium)" (in Russian). "Эксперт Казахстан" (Ekspert Kazakhstan) #23. 2004-12-06. http://www.expert.ru/printissues/kazakhstan/2004/23/23ka-kpov3/. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Highest Dams (World and U.S.)". ICOLD World Register of Dams. 1998. http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Первая очередь Сангтудинской ГЭС в Таджикистане будет запущена 18 января (First stage of the Sangtuda HPS launched on 18 January)" (in Russian). Vesti. 2007-12-25. http://npdp.stanford.edu/damhigh.html. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Sangtuda-1 HPS launched on January 18, 2008". Today Energy. 2008-01-05. http://www.energytoday.eu/articles/81528.php. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Iran participates in power plant project in Tajikistan". IRNA. 2007-04-24. http://www2.irna.com/en/news/view/line-18/0704240278195019.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Chinese To Build Tajik Hydroelectric Plant". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 2007-01-18. http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/01/c7eca5d9-67f9-4659-88f9-696875ac873e.html. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ Dilip Ratha, Sanket Mohapatra, K. M. Vijayalakshmi, Zhimei Xu (2007-11-29). "Remittance Trends 2007. Migration and Development Brief 3" (PDF). World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTDECPROSPECTS/Resources/476882-1157133580628/BriefingNote3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "UNDP: Human development indices - Table 3: Human and income poverty (Population living below national poverty line (2000-2007))" (PDF). http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ Alexei Kireyev (January 2006). "The Macroeconomics of Remittances: The Case of Tajikistan. IMF Working Paper WP/06/2" (PDF). IMF. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp0602.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Tajikistan Policy Note. Poverty Reduction and Enhancing the Development Impact of Remittances. Report No. 35771-TJ" (PDF). World Bank. June 2006. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/08/22/000160016_20060822094201/Rendered/PDF/357710TJ.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ a b Silk Road Studies, Country Factsheets, Eurasian Narcotics: Tajikistan 2004
- ^ Roger McDermott (2006-01-10). "Dushanbe looks towards Afghanistan to combat drug trafficking". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Archived from the original on November 21, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061121093443/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3579&article_id=2370646. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ CIA World Factbook. Tajikistan, transnational issues
- ^ Overview of the drug and crime situation in Central Asia. Factsand Figures, Coordination and Analysis Unit of the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia
- ^ Fighting Drugs, Crime and Terrorism in the CIS Dushanbe, 4 October 2007[dead link]
- ^ Russians left behind in Central Asia, Robert Greenall, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
- ^ Tajikistan - Ethnic Groups. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
- ^ Tajikistan Drops Russian As Official Language, RFE/RL, 7 October 2009.
- ^ Russian-Germans in Tajikistan. Pohl, J. Otto. "Russian-Germans in Tajikistan." Neweurasia, 29 March 2007.
- ^ Deployment of Tajik workers gets green light. Arab News. May 21, 2007.
- ^ http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/197402/index.en.shtml
- ^ "Tajikistan - Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and joint assessment". World Bank. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000094946_02112004011765. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
- ^ a b c d "Human Development Report 2009 - Tajikistan". Hdrstats.undp.org. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_TJK.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ CIA World Factbook: Life Expectancy ranks
- ^ CIA World Factbook: Infant Mortality ranks
- ^ The Dushanbe-Boulder tea house. Retrieved on 2 May 2009
- ^ Miss UN pageant website
- ^ "Press centre - Tajikistan hosts education forum". UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27308.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ Hanafi Islam declared official religion of Tajikistan (Russian)
- ^ "Background Note: Tajikistan". State.gov. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ Hizb Ut Tahrir, 27 August 2003
- ^ TAJIKISTAN: Religious freedom survey, November 2003 -Forum 18 News Service, 20 November 2003
Further reading[link]
- Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh
- Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia by Monica Whitlock
- Tajikistan: Disintegration or Reconciliation by Shirin Akiner
- Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence by Shirin Akiner, Mohammad-Reza Djalili and Frederic Grare
- Tajikistan and the High Pamirs by Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas and Markus Hauser, Odyssey Books, Hong Kong 2008 (ISBN 978-9-622177-73-4)
- Majority Minoritized by Government: Muslims in Tajikistan (analysis) by Dr. Ruslan Kurbanov, OnIslam.net. May 19, 2012.
External links[link]
| Find more about Tajikistan on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Government
- The President of Tajikistan
- Travel information resource
- Travel To Tajikistan
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- Tajikistan at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Tajikistan entry at The World Factbook
- Tajikistan at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Tajikistan
- Tajikistan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Tajikistan, an external wiki
- Key Development Forecasts for Tajikistan from International Futures
- Media
- Central Asian News Service news in Russian
- Central Asian News Service news in English
- Miss UN Pageant website
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
