A Perpetual Curate was a clergyman of the Church of England officiating as parish priest in a small or sparsely peopled parish or district

:which was not served by a rector or vicar

:and to which he had been nominated by the impropriator and licensed by *(usually) the bishop.

As noted below the term perpetual was not to be understood literally but was used to indicate he was not a curate (assistant parish priest) but the parish priest and of higher standing.

Perpetual curates did not undergo institution or induction and did not receive the temporalities.

Unlike rectors and vicars their income did not derive from the possession of tithes but from the diocese.

Such appointments became 'perpetual' in that the incumbent could only be removed by his licensor *(usually) the bishop.

Appointees might be inexperienced, aged or infirm or otherwise judged to be capable of handling only light responsibilities.

Refer Priest-in-Charge

''"Before the Pluralities Act of 1838 perpetual curacies were not formally regarded as benefices. In cases where a perpetual curacy received an augmentation from Queen Anne's Bounty the livings were declared perpetual cures and the incumbents bodies politic. In the wake of the legislation relating to the Bounty and the increasing prevalence of the appointment of other types of curate, in particular stipendiary curates and assistant curates, the office was increasing described as a perpetual curacy to mark its superior status''.

A curate not a perpetual curate was a temporary curate.

References

Category:Anglican ecclesiastical offices * Category:Ecclesiastical titles

Coordinates	6°7′55″N1°13′22″N
name	Emily Brontë
pseudonym	Ellis Bell
birth name	Emily Jane Brontë
birth date	July 30, 1818
birth place	Thornton, West Riding of Yorkshire, England
death date	December 19, 1848
death place	Haworth, Yorkshire, England
occupation	Poet, novelist, governess
nationality	English
genre	Fiction, poetry
movement	Romanticism
notableworks	''Wuthering Heights''
relatives	Brontë family
influences	''The Holy Bible'', William Shakespeare, Lord Byron, John Milton, Robert Burns, Walter Scott, Charlotte Brontë
influenced	Virginia Woolf, Joyce Carol Oates, Anne Carson, Phillip Roth, Alice Munro, Thomas Hardy, Sylvia Plath, William Faulkner, Anne Brontë, J.K. Rowling
portaldisp	}}

Emily Jane Brontë (; 30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was an English novelist and poet, now best remembered for her only novel, ''Wuthering Heights'', a classic of English literature. Emily was the second eldest of the three surviving Brontë sisters, between Charlotte and Anne. She published under the pen name Ellis Bell.

Biography

Emily Brontë was born on 30 July 1818 in Thornton, near Bradford in Yorkshire, to Maria Branwell and Patrick Brontë. She was the younger sister of Charlotte Brontë and the fifth of six children. In 1824, the family moved to Haworth, where Emily's father was perpetual curate, and it was in these surroundings that their literary gifts flourished.

After the death of their mother in 1821, when Emily was three years old, the older sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Charlotte were sent to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, where they encountered abuse and privations later described by Charlotte in ''Jane Eyre''. Emily joined the school for a brief period. When a typhus epidemic swept the school, Maria and Elizabeth caught it. Maria, who may actually have had tuberculosis, was sent home, where she died. Emily was subsequently removed from the school along with Charlotte and Elizabeth. Elizabeth died soon after their return home.

The three remaining sisters and their brother Patrick Branwell were thereafter educated at home by their father and aunt Elizabeth Branwell, their mother's sister. In their leisure time the children created a number of paracosms, which were featured in stories they wrote and enacted about the imaginary adventures of their toy soldiers along with the Duke of Wellington and his sons, Charles and Arthur Wellesley. Little of Emily's work from this period survives, except for poems spoken by characters (''The Brontës' Web of Childhood'', Fannie Ratchford, 1941).

When Emily was 13, she and Anne withdrew from participation in the Angria story and began a new one about Gondal, a large island in the North Pacific. With the exception of Emily's Gondal poems and Anne's lists of Gondal's characters and place-names, their writings on Gondal were not preserved. Some "diary papers" of Emily's have survived in which she describes current events in Gondal, some of which were written, others enacted with Anne. One dates from 1841, when Emily was twenty-three: another from 1845, when she was twenty-seven.

At seventeen, Emily attended the Roe Head girls' school, where Charlotte was a teacher, but managed to stay only three months before being overcome by extreme homesickness. She returned home and Anne took her place. At this time, the girls' objective was to obtain sufficient education to open a small school of their own.

Emily became a teacher at Law Hill School in Halifax beginning in September 1838, when she was twenty. Her health broke under the stress of the 17-hour work day and she returned home in April 1839. Thereafter she became the stay-at-home daughter, doing most of the cooking and cleaning and teaching Sunday school. She taught herself German out of books and practised piano.

In 1842, Emily accompanied Charlotte to Brussels, Belgium, where they attended a girls' academy run by Constantin Heger. They planned to perfect their French and German in anticipation of opening their school. Nine of Emily's French essays survive from this period. The sisters returned home upon the death of their aunt. They did try to open a school at their home, but were unable to attract students to the remote area.

In 1844, Emily began going through all the poems she had written, recopying them neatly into two notebooks. One was labelled "Gondal Poems"; the other was unlabelled. Scholars such as Fannie Ratchford and Derek Roper have attempted to piece together a Gondal storyline and chronology from these poems.

In the fall of 1845, Charlotte discovered the notebooks and insisted that the poems be published. Emily, furious at the invasion of her privacy, at first refused, but relented when Anne brought out her own manuscripts and revealed she had been writing poems in secret as well.

In 1846, the sisters' poems were published in one volume as ''Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell''. The Brontë sisters had adopted pseudonyms for publication: Charlotte was Currer Bell, Emily was Ellis Bell and Anne was Acton Bell. Charlotte wrote in the "Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell" that their "ambiguous choice" was "dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because... we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice[.]" Charlotte contributed 20 poems, and Emily and Anne each contributed 21. Although the sisters were told several months after publication that only two copies had sold, they were not discouraged. The Athenaeum reviewer praised Ellis Bell's work for its music and power, and the Critic reviewer recognized "the presence of more genius than it was supposed this utilitarian age had devoted to the loftier exercises of the intellect."

In 1847, Emily published her novel, ''Wuthering Heights'', as two volumes of a three-volume set (the last volume being ''Agnes Grey'' by her sister Anne). Its innovative structure somewhat puzzled critics. thumb|right|240px|The Climb to Top Withens, Yorkshire, 2007. Although it received mixed reviews when it first came out, and was often condemned for its portrayal of amoral passion, the book subsequently became an English literary classic. In 1850, Charlotte edited and published ''Wuthering Heights'' as a stand-alone novel and under Emily's real name. Although a letter from her publisher indicates that Emily was finalizing a second novel, the MS. has never been found.

Emily's health, like her sisters', had been weakened by unsanitary conditions at home, the source of water being contaminated by runoff from the church's graveyard. She caught a cold during the funeral of her brother in September 1848. She soon grew very thin and ill, but rejected medical help and refused all proffered remedies, saying that she would have "no poisoning doctor" near her. She died on 19 December 1848 at about two in the afternoon. She was interred in the Church of St. Michael and All Angels family vault, Haworth, West Yorkshire.

See also

Walterclough Hall

A Death-Scene – Poem published in 1846

Notes

References

Further reading

''Emily Brontë'', Charles Simpson

''In the Footsteps of the Brontës'', Ellis Chadwick

''The Oxford Reader's Companion to the Brontës'', Christine Alexander & Margaret Smith

''Literature and Evil'', Georges Bataille

''The Brontë Myth'', Lucasta Miller

''Emily'', Daniel Wynne

''Dark Quartet'', Lynne Reid Banks

''Emily Brontë'', Winifred Gerin

''A Chainless Soul: A Life of Emily Brontë'', Katherine Frank

''Emily Brontë. Her Life and Work'', Muriel Spark and Derek Stanford

''Emily's Ghost: A Novel of the Brontë Sisters'', Denise Giardina

''Charlotte and Emily: A Novel of the Brontës'', Jude Morgan

External links

Website of the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth

Some poems by Emily Brontë

Emily Brontë's grave

Memorial Page for Emily Brontë at Find-a-Grave

Short biography and selected Poems

Reader's Guide to Wuthering Heights

Map of Locations associated with ''Wuthering Heights'' and Emily Brontë

Dutch website on the Brontës

Category:1818 births Category:1848 deaths Category:English poets Category:English novelists Category:Women novelists Category:Women of the Victorian era Category:Victorian novelists Category:Victorian women writers Category:English Anglicans Category:Deaths from tuberculosis Category:Governesses Category:Female authors who wrote under male or gender-neutral pseudonyms Category:People from Thornton and Allerton Category:Women poets Category:English women writers Category:Victorian poets Category:Victorian poetry Category:Brontë family Category:Christian writers Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:British people of Cornish descent

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Coordinates	6°7′55″N1°13′22″N
name	D. H. Lawrence
birth name	David Herbert Richards Lawrence
birth date	September 11, 1885
birth place	Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, England
death date	March 02, 1930
death place	Vence, France
occupation	Novelist
nationality	British
period	1907–1930
genre	modernism
subject	the social subject, travel, literary criticism
notableworks	Novel: Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley's Lover Short Story: Odour of Chrysanthemums, Daughters of the Vicar, The Man who loved Islands Play: The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd
influences	Joseph Conrad, Herman Melville, Lev Shestov, Thomas Hardy, Walt Whitman, Schopenhauer
influenced	Aldous Huxley, Anthony Burgess, A. S. Byatt, Colm Tóibín, Tennessee Williams, Dylan Thomas, Octavio Paz, Doris Lessing, Charles Bukowski, Anaïs Nin
website	}}

David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, literary critic and painter. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. In them, Lawrence confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, and instinct.

Lawrence's opinions earned him many enemies and he endured official persecution, censorship, and misrepresentation of his creative work throughout the second half of his life, much of which he spent in a voluntary exile he called his "savage pilgrimage." At the time of his death, his public reputation was that of a pornographer who had wasted his considerable talents. E. M. Forster, in an obituary notice, challenged this widely held view, describing him as, "The greatest imaginative novelist of our generation." Later, the influential Cambridge critic F. R. Leavis championed both his artistic integrity and his moral seriousness, placing much of Lawrence's fiction within the canonical "great tradition" of the English novel. Lawrence is now valued by many as a visionary thinker and significant representative of modernism in English literature.

Life and career

Early life

The fourth child of Arthur John Lawrence, a barely literate miner, and Lydia (née Beardsall), a former schoolmistress, Lawrence spent his formative years in the coal mining town of Eastwood, Nottinghamshire. The house in which he was born, in Eastwood, 8a Victoria Street, is now the D.H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum. His working class background and the tensions between his parents provided the raw material for a number of his early works. Lawrence would return to this locality and often wrote about nearby Underwood, calling it; "the country of my heart," as a setting for much of his fiction.

The young Lawrence attended Beauvale Board School (now renamed Greasley Beauvale D. H. Lawrence Primary School in his honour) from 1891 until 1898, becoming the first local pupil to win a County Council scholarship to Nottingham High School in nearby Nottingham. He left in 1901, working for three months as a junior clerk at Haywood's surgical appliances factory, but a severe bout of pneumonia, reportedly the result of being accosted by a group of factory girls (as detailed by school friend, George Neville), ended this career. Whilst convalescing he often visited Hagg's Farm, the home of the Chambers family, and began a friendship with Jessie Chambers. An important aspect of this relationship with Jessie and other adolescent acquaintances was a shared love of books, an interest that lasted throughout Lawrence's life. In the years 1902 to 1906 Lawrence served as a pupil teacher at the British School, Eastwood. He went on to become a full-time student and received a teaching certificate from University College Nottingham in 1908. During these early years he was working on his first poems, some short stories, and a draft of a novel, ''Laetitia'', that was eventually to become ''The White Peacock.'' At the end of 1907 he won a short story competition in the ''Nottingham Guardian'', the first time that he had gained any wider recognition for his literary talents.

Early career

In the autumn of 1908 the newly qualified Lawrence left his childhood home for London. While teaching in Davidson Road School, Croydon, he continued writing. Some of the early poetry, submitted by Jessie Chambers, came to the attention of Ford Madox Ford, then known as Ford Hermann Hueffer and editor of the influential ''The English Review''. Hueffer then commissioned the story ''Odour of Chrysanthemums'' which, when published in that magazine, encouraged Heinemann, a London publisher, to ask Lawrence for more work. His career as a professional author now began in earnest, although he taught for a further year. Shortly after the final proofs of his first published novel ''The White Peacock'' appeared in 1910, Lawrence's mother died. She had been ill with cancer. The young man was devastated and he was to describe the next few months as his "sick year." It is clear that Lawrence had an extremely close relationship with his mother and his grief following her death became a major turning point in his life, just as the death of Mrs. Morel forms a major turning point in his autobiographical novel ''Sons and Lovers'', a work that draws upon much of the writer's provincial upbringing.

In 1911 Lawrence was introduced to Edward Garnett, a publisher's reader, who acted as a mentor, provided further encouragement, and became a valued friend, as Garnett's son David was also. Throughout these months the young author revised ''Paul Morel'', the first draft of what became ''Sons and Lovers''. In addition, a teaching colleague, Helen Corke, gave him access to her intimate diaries about an unhappy love affair, which formed the basis of ''The Trespasser,'' his second novel. In November 1911, he came down with a pneumonia again; once he recovered, Lawrence decided to abandon teaching in order to become a full time author. He also broke off an engagement to Louie Burrows, an old friend from his days in Nottingham and Eastwood.

In March 1912 Lawrence met Frieda Weekley (''nee'' von Richthofen), with whom he was to share the rest of his life. She was six years older than her new lover, married to Lawrence's former modern languages professor from University College, Nottingham, Ernest Weekley, and with three young children. She eloped with Lawrence to her parents' home in Metz, a garrison town then in Germany near the disputed border with France. Their stay here included Lawrence's first brush with militarism, when he was arrested and accused of being a British spy, before being released following an intervention from Frieda Weekley's father. After this encounter Lawrence left for a small hamlet to the south of Munich, where he was joined by Weekley for their "honeymoon", later memorialised in the series of love poems titled ''Look! We Have Come Through'' (1917).

From Germany they walked southwards across the Alps to Italy, a journey that was recorded in the first of his travel books, a collection of linked essays titled ''Twilight in Italy'' and the unfinished novel, ''Mr Noon''. During his stay in Italy, Lawrence completed the final version of ''Sons and Lovers'' that, when published in 1913, was acknowledged to represent a vivid portrait of the realities of working class provincial life. Lawrence though, had become so tired of the work that he allowed Edward Garnett to cut about a hundred pages from the text.

Lawrence and Frieda returned to England in 1913 for a short visit. At this time, he now encountered and befriended critic John Middleton Murry and New Zealand-born short story writer Katherine Mansfield. Lawrence and Weekley soon went back to Italy, staying in a cottage in Fiascherino on the Gulf of Spezia. Here he started writing the first draft of a work of fiction that was to be transformed into two of his better-known novels, ''The Rainbow'' and ''Women in Love''. While writing ''Women in Love'' in Cornwall during 1916–17, Lawrence developed a strong and possibly romantic relationship with a Cornish farmer named William Henry Hocking. Although it is not absolutely clear if their relationship was sexual, Lawrence's wife, Frieda Weekley, said she believed it was. Lawrence's fascination with themes of homosexuality could also be related to his own sexual orientation. This theme is also overtly manifested in ''Women in Love''. Indeed, in a letter written during 1913, he writes, "I should like to know why nearly every man that approaches greatness tends to homosexuality, whether he admits it or not…" He is also quoted as saying, "I believe the nearest I've come to perfect love was with a young coal-miner when I was about 16."

Eventually, Weekley obtained her divorce. The couple returned to England shortly before the outbreak of World War I and were married on 13 July 1914. In this time, Lawrence worked with London intellectuals and writers such as Dora Marsden and the people involved with ''The Egoist'' (T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and others). ''The Egoist'', an important Modernist literary magazine, published some of his work. He was also reading and adapting Marinetti's ''Futurist Manifesto''. He also met at this time the young Jewish artist Mark Gertler, and they became for a time good friends; Lawrence would describe Gertler's 1916 anti-war painting, 'The Merry-Go-Round' as 'the best ''modern'' picture I have seen: I think it is great and true.' Gertler would inspire the character Loerke (a sculptor) in ''Women in Love''. Weekley's German parentage and Lawrence's open contempt for militarism meant that they were viewed with suspicion in wartime England and lived in near destitution. ''The Rainbow'' (1915) was suppressed after an investigation into its alleged obscenity in 1915. Later, they were accused of spying and signalling to German submarines off the coast of Cornwall where they lived at Zennor. During this period he finished ''Women in Love''. In it Lawrence explores the destructive features of contemporary civilization through the evolving relationships of four major characters as they reflect upon the value of the arts, politics, economics, sexual experience, friendship and marriage. This book is a bleak, bitter vision of humanity and proved impossible to publish in wartime conditions. Not published until 1920, it is now widely recognised as an English novel of great dramatic force and intellectual subtlety.

In late 1917, after constant harassment by the armed forces authorities, Lawrence was forced to leave Cornwall at three days' notice under the terms of the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA). This persecution was later described in an autobiographical chapter of his Australian novel ''Kangaroo'', published in 1923. He spent some months in early 1918 in the small, rural village of Hermitage near Newbury, Berkshire. He then lived for just under a year (mid-1918 to early 1919) at Mountain Cottage, Middleton-by-Wirksworth, Derbyshire, where he wrote one of his most poetic short stories, ''The Wintry Peacock''. Until 1919 he was compelled by poverty to shift from address to address and barely survived a severe attack of influenza.

Exile

After the traumatic experience of the war years, Lawrence began what he termed his 'savage pilgrimage', a time of voluntary exile. He escaped from England at the earliest practical opportunity, to return only twice for brief visits, and with his wife spent the remainder of his life travelling. This wanderlust took him to Australia, Italy, Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka), the United States, Mexico and the South of France.

Lawrence abandoned England in November 1919 and headed south, first to the Abruzzi region in central Italy and then onwards to Capri and the Fontana Vecchia in Taormina, Sicily. From Sicily he made brief excursions to Sardinia, Monte Cassino, Malta, Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. Many of these places appeared in his writings. New novels included ''The Lost Girl'' (for which he won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction), ''Aaron's Rod'' and the fragment titled ''Mr Noon'' (the first part of which was published in the Phoenix anthology of his works, and the entirety in 1984). He experimented with shorter novels or novellas, such as ''The Captain's Doll,'' ''The Fox'' and ''The Ladybird.'' In addition, some of his short stories were issued in the collection ''England, My England and Other Stories.'' During these years he produced a number of poems about the natural world in ''Birds, Beasts and Flowers.'' Lawrence is widely recognised as one of the finest travel writers in the English language. ''Sea and Sardinia,'' a book that describes a brief journey from Taormina undertaken in January 1921, is a recreation of the life of the inhabitants of this part of the Mediterranean. Less well known is the brilliant memoir of Maurice Magnus, ''Memoirs of the Foreign Legion'', in which Lawrence recalls his visit to the monastery of Monte Cassino. Other non-fiction books include two studies of Freudian psychoanalysis and ''Movements in European History,'' a school textbook that was published under a pseudonym, a reflection of his blighted reputation in England.

Later life and career

In late February 1922 the Lawrences left Europe behind with the intention of migrating to the United States. They sailed in an easterly direction, first to Ceylon and then on to Australia. A short residence in Darlington, Western Australia, which included an encounter with local writer Mollie Skinner, was followed by a brief stop in the small coastal town of Thirroul, New South Wales, during which Lawrence completed ''Kangaroo,'' a novel about local fringe politics that also revealed a lot about his wartime experiences in Cornwall.

The Lawrences finally arrived in the US in September 1922. Here they encountered Mabel Dodge Luhan, a prominent socialite, and considered establishing a utopian community on what was then known as the Kiowa Ranch near Taos, New Mexico. They acquired the property, now called the D. H. Lawrence Ranch, in 1924 in exchange for the manuscript of ''Sons and Lovers''. He stayed in New Mexico for two years, with extended visits to Lake Chapala and Oaxaca in Mexico. While Lawrence was in New Mexico, he was visited by Aldous Huxley.

While in the U.S., Lawrence rewrote and published ''Studies in Classic American Literature'', a set of critical essays begun in 1917, and later described by Edmund Wilson as "one of the few first-rate books that have ever been written on the subject." These interpretations, with their insights into symbolism, New England Transcendentalism and the puritan sensibility, were a significant factor in the revival of the reputation of Herman Melville during the early 1920s. In addition, Lawrence completed a number of new fictional works, including ''The Boy in the Bush'', ''The Plumed Serpent'', ''St Mawr'', ''The Woman who Rode Away'', ''The Princess'' and assorted short stories. He also found time to produce some more travel writing, such as the collection of linked excursions that became ''Mornings in Mexico.''

A brief voyage to England at the end of 1923 was a failure and he soon returned to Taos, convinced that his life as an author now lay in America. However, in March 1925 he suffered a near fatal attack of malaria and tuberculosis while on a third visit to Mexico. Although he eventually recovered, the diagnosis of his condition obliged him to return once again to Europe. He was dangerously ill and poor health limited his ability to travel for the remainder of his life. The Lawrences made their home in a villa in Northern Italy, living near to Florence while he wrote ''The Virgin and the Gipsy'' and the various versions of ''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1928). The latter book, his last major novel, was initially published in private editions in Florence and Paris and reinforced his notoriety. Lawrence responded robustly to those who claimed to be offended, penning a large number of satirical poems, published under the title of "Pansies" and "Nettles", as well as a tract on ''Pornography and Obscenity''.

The return to Italy allowed Lawrence to renew old friendships; during these years he was particularly close to Aldous Huxley, who was to edit the first collection of Lawrence's letters after his death, along with a memoir. With artist Earl Brewster, Lawrence visited a number of local archaeological sites in April 1927. The resulting essays describing these visits to old tombs were written up and collected together as ''Sketches of Etruscan Places,'' a book that contrasts the lively past with Benito Mussolini's fascism. Lawrence continued to produce fiction, including short stories and ''The Escaped Cock'' (also published as ''The Man Who Died''), an unorthodox reworking of the story of Jesus Christ's Resurrection. During these final years Lawrence renewed a serious interest in oil painting. Official harassment persisted and an exhibition of some of these pictures at the Warren Gallery in London was raided by the police in mid 1929 and a number of works were confiscated. Nine of the Lawrence oils have been on permanent display in the La Fonda Hotel in Taos since shortly after Frieda's death. They hang in a small gallery just off the main lobby and are available for viewing.

Death

Lawrence continued to write despite his failing health. In his last months he wrote numerous poems, reviews and essays, as well as a robust defence of his last novel against those who sought to suppress it. His last significant work was a reflection on the Book of Revelation, ''Apocalypse''. After being discharged from a sanatorium, he died at the Villa Robermond in Vence, France, from complications of tuberculosis. Frieda Weekley commissioned an elaborate headstone for his grave bearing a mosaic of his adopted emblem of the phoenix. After Lawrence's death, Frieda married Angelo Ravagli. She returned to live on the ranch in Taos and later her third husband brought Lawrence's ashes to rest there in a small chapel set amid the mountains of New Mexico. The headstone has recently been donated to D.H. Lawrence Heritage and is now on display in the D.H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum in his home town of Eastwood, Nottinghamshire.

Views

Critic and admirer Terry Eagleton situates Lawrence on the radical right wing, as hostile to democracy, liberalism, socialism, and egalitarianism, though never actually embracing fascism. Some of Lawrence's beliefs can be seen in his letters to Bertrand Russell around the year 1915, where he voices his opposition to enfranchising the working class, his hostility to the burgeoning labour movements, and disparages the French Revolution, referring to "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" as the "three-fanged serpent." Rather than a republic, Lawrence called for an absolute Dictator and equivalent Dictatrix to lord over the lower peoples.

Lawrence continued throughout his life to develop his highly personal philosophy, many aspects of which would prefigure the counterculture of the 1960s. His unpublished introduction to ''Sons and Lovers'' established the duality central to much of his fiction. This is done with reference to the Holy Trinity. As his philosophy develops, Lawrence moves away from more direct Christian analogies and instead touches upon Mysticism, Buddhism, and Pagan theologies. In some respects, Lawrence was a forerunner of the growing interest in the occult that occurred in the 20th century.

Written works

Novels

Lawrence is perhaps best known for his novels ''Sons and Lovers'', ''The Rainbow'', ''Women in Love'' and ''Lady Chatterley's Lover''. Within these Lawrence explores the possibilities for life and living within an industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such settings. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence's use of his characters can be better understood with reference to his philosophy. His depiction of sexual activity, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal way of thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch behaviour (see Haptics) and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilisation's slow process of over-emphasis on the mind. In his later years Lawrence developed the potentialities of the short novel form in ''St Mawr'', ''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' and ''The Escaped Cock''.

Short stories

Lawrence's best-known short stories include ''The Captain's Doll'', ''The Fox'', ''The Ladybird'', ''Odour of Chrysanthemums'', ''The Princess'', ''The Rocking-Horse Winner'', ''St Mawr'', ''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' and ''The Woman who Rode Away''. (''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' was published as a novella after he died.) Among his most praised collections is ''The Prussian Officer and Other Stories'', published in 1914. His collection ''The Woman Who Rode Away and Other Stories'', published in 1928, develops his themes of leadership that he also explored in novels such as ''Kangaroo, The Plumed Serpent'' and ''Fanny and Annie''.

Poetry

Although best known for his novels, Lawrence wrote almost 800 poems, most of them relatively short. His first poems were written in 1904 and two of his poems, ''Dreams Old'' and ''Dreams Nascent'', were among his earliest published works in ''The English Review''. His early works clearly place him in the school of Georgian poets, a group not only named after the reigning monarch but also to the romantic poets of the previous Georgian period whose work they were trying to emulate. What typified the entire movement, and Lawrence's poems of the time, were well-worn poetic tropes and deliberately archaic language. Many of these poems displayed what John Ruskin referred to as the "pathetic fallacy, which is the tendency to ascribe human emotions to animals and even inanimate objects.

Just as World War I dramatically changed the work of many of the poets who saw service in the trenches, Lawrence's own work saw a dramatic change, during his years in Cornwall. During this time, he wrote free verse influenced by Walt Whitman. He set forth his manifesto for much of his later verse in the introduction to ''New Poems''. "We can get rid of the stereotyped movements and the old hackneyed associations of sound or sense. We can break down those artificial conduits and canals through which we do so love to force our utterance. We can break the stiff neck of habit...But we cannot positively prescribe any motion, any rhythm."

Lawrence rewrote many of his novels several times to perfect them and similarly he returned to some of his early poems when they were collected in 1928. This was in part to fictionalise them, but also to remove some of the artifice of his first works. As he put in himself: "A young man is afraid of his demon and puts his hand over the demon's mouth sometimes and speaks for him." His best known poems are probably those dealing with nature such as those in ''Birds Beasts and Flowers'' and ''Tortoises''. ''Snake'', one of his most frequently anthologised, displays some of his most frequent concerns; those of man's modern distance from nature and subtle hints at religious themes.

In the deep, strange-scented shade of the great dark carob tree I came down the steps with my pitcher And must wait, must stand and wait, for there he was at the trough before me. (Excerpt, "Snake")

''Look! We have come through!'' is his other work from the period of the end of the war and it reveals another important element common to much of his writings; his inclination to lay himself bare in his writings. Although Lawrence could be regarded as a writer of love poems, his usually deal in the less romantic aspects of love such as sexual frustration or the sex act itself. Ezra Pound in his ''Literary Essays'' complained of Lawrence's interest in his own "disagreeable sensations" but praised him for his "low-life narrative." This is a reference to Lawrence's dialect poems akin to the Scots poems of Robert Burns, in which he reproduced the language and concerns of the people of Nottinghamshire from his youth.

Tha thought tha wanted ter be rid o' me. 'Appen tha did, an' a'. Tha thought tha wanted ter marry an' se If ter couldna be master an' th' woman's boss, Tha'd need a woman different from me, An' tha knowed it; ay, yet tha comes across Ter say goodbye! an' a'. (Excerpt, "The Drained Cup")

Although Lawrence's works after his Georgian period are clearly in the modernist tradition, they were often very different to many other modernist writers, such as Pound. Modernist works were often austere in which every word was carefully worked on and hard-fought for. Lawrence felt all poems had to be personal sentiments and that spontaneity was vital for any work. He called one collection of poems ''Pansies'' partly for the simple ephemeral nature of the verse but also a pun on the French word ''panser'', to dress or bandage a wound. "The Noble Englishman" and "Don't Look at Me" were removed from the official edition of ''Pansies'' on the grounds of obscenity, which he felt wounded by. Even though he lived most of the last ten years of his life abroad, his thoughts were often still on England. Published in 1930, just eleven days after his death, his last work ''Nettles'' was a series of bitter, nettling but often wry attacks on the moral climate of England.

O the stale old dogs who pretend to guard the morals of the masses, how smelly they make the great back-yard wetting after everyone that passes. (Excerpt, "The Young and Their Moral Guardians")

Two notebooks of Lawrence's unprinted verse were posthumously published as ''Last Poems'' and ''More Pansies''. These contain two of Lawrence's most famous poems about death, ''Bavarian Gentians'' and ''The Ship of Death''.

Literary criticism

Lawrence's criticism of other authors often provides great insight into his own thinking and writing. Of particular note is his ''Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays'' and ''Studies in Classic American Literature''. In the latter, Lawrence's responses to Whitman, Melville and Edgar Allan Poe shed particular light on the nature of Lawrence's craft.

Lady Chatterley trial

A heavily censored abridgement of ''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' was published in America by Alfred A. Knopf in 1928. This edition was posthumously re-issued in paperback in America both by Signet Books and by Penguin Books in 1946. When the full unexpurgated edition of Lady Chatterley's Lover was published by Penguin Books in Britain in 1960, the trial of Penguin under the Obscene Publications Act of 1959 became a major public event and a test of the new obscenity law. The 1959 act (introduced by Roy Jenkins) had made it possible for publishers to escape conviction if they could show that a work was of literary merit. One of the objections was to the frequent use of the word "fuck" and its derivatives and the word "cunt".

Various academic critics and experts of diverse kinds, including E. M. Forster, Helen Gardner, Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams and Norman St John-Stevas, were called as witnesses, and the verdict, delivered on 2 November 1960, was "not guilty". This resulted in a far greater degree of freedom for publishing explicit material in the UK. The prosecution was ridiculed for being out of touch with changing social norms when the chief prosecutor, Mervyn Griffith-Jones, asked if it were the kind of book "you would wish your wife or servants to read".

The Penguin second edition, published in 1961, contains a publisher's dedication, which reads: "For having published this book, Penguin Books were prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act, 1959 at the Old Bailey in London from 20 October to 2 November 1960. This edition is therefore dedicated to the twelve jurors, three women and nine men, who returned a verdict of 'Not Guilty' and thus made D. H. Lawrence's last novel available for the first time to the public in the United Kingdom."

Posthumous reputation

The obituaries shortly after Lawrence's death were, with the notable exception of E. M. Forster, unsympathetic or hostile. However, there were those who articulated a more favourable recognition of the significance of this author's life and works. For example, his longtime friend Catherine Carswell summed up his life in a letter to the periodical ''Time and Tide'' published on 16 March 1930. In response to his critics, she claimed:

:In the face of formidable initial disadvantages and life-long delicacy, poverty that lasted for three quarters of his life and hostility that survives his death, he did nothing that he did not really want to do, and all that he most wanted to do he did. He went all over the world, he owned a ranch, he lived in the most beautiful corners of Europe, and met whom he wanted to meet and told them that they were wrong and he was right. He painted and made things, and sang, and rode. He wrote something like three dozen books, of which even the worst page dances with life that could be mistaken for no other man's, while the best are admitted, even by those who hate him, to be unsurpassed. Without vices, with most human virtues, the husband of one wife, scrupulously honest, this estimable citizen yet managed to keep free from the shackles of civilization and the cant of literary cliques. He would have laughed lightly and cursed venomously in passing at the solemn owls—each one secretly chained by the leg—who now conduct his inquest. To do his work and lead his life in spite of them took some doing, but he did it, and long after they are forgotten, sensitive and innocent people—if any are left—will turn Lawrence's pages and will know from them what sort of a rare man Lawrence was.

Aldous Huxley also defended Lawrence in his introduction to a collection of letters published in 1932. However, the most influential advocate of Lawrence's contribution to literature was the Cambridge literary critic F. R. Leavis who asserted that the author had made an important contribution to the tradition of English fiction. Leavis stressed that ''The Rainbow'', ''Women in Love'', and the short stories and tales were major works of art. Later, the Lady Chatterley Trial of 1960, and subsequent publication of the book, ensured Lawrence's popularity (and notoriety) with a wider public.

Lawrence held seemingly contradictory views of feminism. The evidence of his written works indicates an overwhelming commitment to representing women as strong, independent and complex; he produced major works in which young, self-directing female characters were central. However, Harrison drew attention to the vein of sadism that runs through Lawrence's writing, and a number of feminist critics, notably Kate Millett, have criticised, indeed ridiculed Lawrence's sexual politics, Millett claiming that he uses his female characters as mouthpieces to promote his creed of male supremacy. This damaged his reputation in some quarters, although Norman Mailer came to Lawrence's defence in ''The Prisoner of Sex'' in 1971. Yet Lawrence continues to find an audience, and the ongoing publication of a new scholarly edition of his letters and writings has demonstrated the range of his achievement.

Painting

D. H. Lawrence had a lifelong interest in painting, which became one of his main forms of expression in his last years. These were exhibited at the Warren Gallery in London's Mayfair in 1929. The exhibition was extremely controversial, with many of the 13,000 people visiting mainly to gawk. The ''Daily Express'' claimed "''Fight with an Amazon'' represents a hideous, bearded man holding a fair-haired woman in his lascivious grip while wolves with dripping jaws look on expectantly, [this] is frankly indecent", but several artists and art experts praised the paintings. Gwen John, reviewing the exhibition in ''Everyman'', spoke of Lawrence's "stupendous gift of self-expression" and singled out ''The Finding of Moses'', ''Red Willow Trees'' and ''Boccaccio Story'' as "pictures of real beauty and great vitality". Others singled out ''Contadini'' for special praise. After a complaint from a member of the public, the police seized thirteen of the twenty-five paintings on view (including ''Boccaccio Story'' and ''Contadini''). Despite declarations of support from many writers, artists and members of parliament, Lawrence was able to recover his paintings only by undertaking never to exhibit them in England again. The largest collection of the paintings is now at La Fonda de Taos hotel in Taos, New Mexico. Several, including ''Boccaccio Story'' and ''Resurrection'' are at the Humanities Research Centre of the University of Texas at Austin.

Selected depictions of Lawrence's life

''Look! We Have Come Through!'' play based on the letters and works of D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda. Scripted by James Petosa and Carole Graham Lehan. Nominated for Helen Hayes Award 1998

''Scandalous!'' Musical based on the life of D. H. Lawrence. Created by Glyn Bailey, Keith Thomas and Theasa Tuohy. Scandalousthemusical.com

List of works

Novels

''The White Peacock'' (1911), edited by Andrew Robertson, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-22267-2

''The Trespasser'' (1912), edited by Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press,1981, ISBN 0-521-22264-8

''Sons and Lovers'' (1913), edited by Helen Baron and Carl Baron, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-24276-2

''The Rainbow'' (1915), edited by Mark Kinkead-Weekes, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-00944-8

''Women in Love'' (1920), edited by David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-23565-0

''The Lost Girl'' (1920), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-22263-X

''Aaron's Rod'' (1922) edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-25250-4

''Kangaroo'' (1923) edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-38455-9

''The Boy in the Bush'' (1924), edited by Paul Eggert, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-30704-X

''The Plumed Serpent'' (1926), edited by L. D. Clark, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-22262-1

''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1928), edited by Michael Squires, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-22266-4

''The Escaped Cock'' (1929), later re-published as ''The Man Who Died''

''The Virgin and the Gypsy'' (1930)

Short stories collections

''The Prussian Officer and Other Stories'' (1914), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1983

''England, My England and Other Stories'' (1922), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-35267-3

''The Horse Dealer's Daughter'' (1922)

''The Fox, The Captain's Doll, The Ladybird'' (1923), edited by Dieter Mehl, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-35266-5

''St Mawr and other stories'' (1925), edited by Brian Finney, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-22265-6

''The Woman who Rode Away and other stories'' (1928) edited by Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-22270-2.

''The Rocking-Horse Winner'' (1926)

''The Virgin and the Gipsy and Other Stories'' (1930), edited by Michael Herbert, Bethan Jones, Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 2006 (forthcoming), ISBN 0-521-36607-0

''Love Among the Haystacks and other stories'' (1930), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-26836-2

''Collected Stories'' (1994) – Everyman's Library

Collected letters

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume I, September 1901 – May 1913'', ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-521-22147-1

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume II, June 1913 – October 1916'', ed. George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-23111-6

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume III, October 1916 – June 1921'', ed. James T. Boulton and Andrew Robertson, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-23112-4

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume IV, June 1921 – March 1924 '', ed. Warren Roberts, James T. Boulton and Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-00695-3

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume V, March 1924 – March 1927'', ed. James T. Boulton and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-00696-1

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VI, March 1927 – November 1928 '', ed. James T. Boulton and Margaret Boulton with Gerald M. Lacy, Cambridge University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-521-00698-8

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VII, November 1928 – February 1930'', ed. Keith Sagar and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-00699-6

''The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, with index, Volume VIII'', ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-23117-5

''The Selected Letters of D H Lawrence'', Compiled and edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-40115-1

Poetry collections

''Love Poems and others'' (1913)

''Amores'' (1916)

''Look! We have come through!'' (1917)

''New Poems'' (1918)

''Bay: a book of poems'' (1919)

''Tortoises'' (1921)

''Birds, Beasts and Flowers'' (1923)

''The Collected Poems of D H Lawrence'' (1928)

''Pansies'' (1929)

''Nettles'' (1930)

''Last Poems'' (1932)

''Fire and other poems'' (1940)

''The Complete Poems of D H Lawrence'' (1964), ed. Vivian de Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts

''The White Horse'' (1964)

''D. H. Lawrence: Selected Poems'' (1972), ed. Keith Sagar.

Plays

''The Daughter-in-Law'' (1912)

''The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd'' (1914)

''Touch and Go'' (1920)

''David'' (1926)

''The Fight for Barbara'' (1933)

''A Collier's Friday Night'' (1934)

''The Married Man'' (1940)

''The Merry-Go-Round'' (1941)

''The Complete Plays of D H Lawrence'' (1965)

''The Plays'', edited by Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-24277-0

Non-fiction books and pamphlets

''Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays'' (1914), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-521-25252-0, Literary criticism and metaphysics

''Movements in European History'' (1921), edited by Philip Crumpton, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-26201-1, Originally published under the name of Lawrence H. Davison

''Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious'' and ''Fantasia of the Unconscious'' (1921/1922), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 2004 ISBN 0-521-32791-1

''Studies in Classic American Literature'' (1923), edited by Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-55016-5

''Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine and other essays'' (1925), edited by Michael Herbert, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-26622-X

''A Propos of Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1929) – Lawrence wrote this pamphlet to explain his novel

''Apocalypse and the writings on Revelation'' (1931) edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-521-22407-1

''Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence'' (1936)

''Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence'' (1968)

''Introductions and Reviews'', edited by N. H. Reeve and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-83584-4

''Late Essays and Articles'', edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-58431-0

''Selected Letters'', Oneworld Classics, 2008. Edited by James T. Boulton. ISBN 978-1-84749-049-0

Travel books

''Twilight in Italy and Other Essays'' (1916), edited by Paul Eggert, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-26888-5

''Sea and Sardinia'' (1921), edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-24275-4

''Mornings in Mexico'' (1927), edited by Virginia Crosswhite Hyde, Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 0-521-65292-6.

''Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays'' (1932), edited by Simonetta de Filippis, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-25253-9

Works translated by Lawrence

Lev Isaakovich Shestov ''All Things are Possible'' (1920)

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin ''The Gentleman from San Francisco'' (1922), tr. with S. S. Koteliansky

Giovanni Verga ''Mastro-Don Gesualdo'' (1923)

Giovanni Verga ''Little Novels of Sicily'' (1925)

Giovanni Verga ''Cavalleria Rusticana and other stories'' (1928)

Antonio Francesco Grazzini ''The Story of Doctor Manente'' (1929)

Manuscripts and early drafts of published novels and other works

''Paul Morel'' (1911–12), edited by Helen Baron, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-56009-8, an early manuscript version of ''Sons and Lovers''

''The First Women in Love'' (1916–17) edited by John Worthen and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-521-37326-3

''Mr Noon'' , (unfinished novel) Parts I and II, edited by Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-25251-2

''The Symbolic Meaning: The Uncollected Versions of Studies in Classic American Literature'', edited by Armin Arnold, Centaur Press, 1962

''Quetzalcoatl'' (1925), edited by Louis L Martz, W W Norton Edition, 1998, ISBN 0-8112-1385-4, Early draft of ''The Plumed Serpent''

''The First and Second Lady Chatterley novels'', edited by Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-47116-8.

Paintings

''The Paintings of D. H. Lawrence'',London: Mandrake Press, 1929.

''D. H. Lawrence's Paintings'', ed. Keith Sagar, London: Chaucer Press, 2003.

''The Collected Art Works of D. H. Lawrence'', ed. Tetsuji Kohno, Tokyo: Sogensha, 2004.

Works about Lawrence

Bibliographic resources

Paul Poplawski (1995) ''The Works of D H Lawrence: a Chronological Checklist'' (Nottingham, D H Lawrence Society)

Paul Poplawski (1996) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Reference Companion'' (Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press)

P. Preston (1994) ''A D H Lawrence Chronology'' (London, Macmillan)

W. Roberts and P. Poplawski (2001)''A Bibliography of D H Lawrence''. 3rd ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)

Charles L Ross and Dennis Jackson, eds. (1995) ''Editing D H Lawrence: New Versions of a Modern Author'' (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press)

Keith Sagar (1979) ''D H Lawrence: a Calendar of his Works'' (Manchester, Manchester University Press)

Keith Sagar (1982) ''D H Lawrence Handbook'' (Manchester, Manchester University Press)

Biographical studies

Catherine Carswell (1932) ''The Savage Pilgrimage'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reissued 1981)

Frieda Lawrence (1934) ''Not I, But The Wind'' (Santa Fe: Rydal Press)

E. T. (Jessie Chambers Wood) (1935) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record'' (Jonathan Cape)

Witter Bynner (1951) ''Journey with Genius: Recollections and Reflections Concerning the D.H. Lawrences'' (John Day Company)

Edward Nehls (1957–59) ''D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Volumes I-III'' (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press)

Anaïs Nin (1963) ''D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study'' (Athens: Swallow Press)

Emile Delavenay (1972) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Man and his Work: The Formative Years, 1885–1919'', trans. Katherine M. Delavenay (London: Heinemann)

Joseph Foster (1972) ''D. H. Lawrence in Taos'' (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press)

Harry T. Moore (1974) ''The Priest of Love: A Life of D. H. Lawrence'' (Heinemann)

Paul Delany (1979) ''D. H. Lawrence's Nightmare: The Writer and his Circle in the Years of the Great War'' (Hassocks: Harvester Press)

G H Neville (1981) ''A Memoir of D. H. Lawrence: The Betrayal'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

C. J. Stevens ''The Cornish Nightmare (D. H. Lawrence in Cornwall)'', Whitston Pub. Co., 1988, ISBN 0878753486, D.H. Lawrence and the war years

C. J. Stevens ''Lawrence at Tregerthen (D. H. Lawrence)'', Whitston Pub. Co., 1988, ISBN 0878753486

John Worthen (1991) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years, 1885–1912'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Mark Kincaid-Weekes (1996) ''D. H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912–1922'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Brenda Maddox (1994) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage'' (W. W. Norton & Co)

David Ellis (1998) ''D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game, 1922–1930'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Geoff Dyer (1999) ''Out of Sheer Rage: Wrestling With D. H. Lawrence'' (New York: North Point Press)

Keith Sagar (2003) ''The Life of D. H. Lawrence: An Illustrated Biography'' (London: Chaucer Press)

John Worthen (2005) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider'' (London: Penguin/Allen Lane)

Literary criticism

Keith Alldritt (1971) '' The Visual Imagination of D.H. Lawrence'' (Edward Arnold)

Michael Bell (1992) ''D. H. Lawrence: Language and Being'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Richard Beynon, (ed.) (1997) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Rainbow and Women in Love'' (Cambridge: Icon Books)

Michael Black (1986) ''D H Lawrence: The Early Fiction'' (Palgrave MacMillan)

Michael Black (1991)'' D. H. Lawrence: The Early Philosophical Works: A Commentary'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)

Michael Black (1992) ''Sons and Lovers'' (Cambridge University Press)

Michael Black (2001) ''Lawrence's England: The Major Fiction, 1913–1920'' (Palgrave-MacMillan)

Keith Brown, ed. (1990) ''Rethinking Lawrence'', Milton Keynes: Open University Press

Anthony Burgess (1985) ''Flame Into Being: The Life And Work Of D. H. Lawrence'' (William Heinemann)

Aidan Burns (1980) ''Nature and Culture in D. H. Lawrence'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)

L D Clark (1980) '' The Minoan Distance: The Symbolism of Travel in D H Lawrence'', University of Arizona Press

Colin Clarke (1969) ''River of Dissolution: D. H. Lawrence and English Romanticism'' (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul)

Joseph Davis (1989) "D.H. Lawrence at Thirroul (Collins, Sydney, Australia)

Carol Dix (1980) ''D H Lawrence and Women'', Macmillan

R P Draper (1970)'' D H Lawrence: The Critical Heritage'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

Anne Fernihough (1993) ''D. H. Lawrence: Aesthetics and Ideology'' (Oxford:Clarendon Press)

Anne Fernihough, ed. (2001) ''The Cambridge Companion to D H Lawrence'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)

Graham Holderness (1982) ''D. H. Lawrence: History, Ideology and Fiction'' (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan)

John R. Harrison (1966) The Reactionaries: Yeats, Lewis, Pound, Eliot, Lawrence: A Study of the Anti-Democratic Intelligentsia (Victor Gollancz, London)

Graham Hough (1956) ''The Dark Sun: A Study of D H Lawrence'', Duckworth

John Humma (1990) ''Metaphor and Meaning in D. H. Lawrence's Later Novels,'' University of Missouri Press

Frank Kermode (1973) ''Lawrence'' (London: Fontana)

Mark Kinkead – Weekes (1968) ''The Marble and the Statue: The Exploratory Imagination of D. H. Lawrence'', pp. 371–418. in Gregor, lan and Maynard Mack (eds.), ''Imagined Worlds: Essays in Honour of John Butt'' (London: Methuen,)

F. R. Leavis (1955) ''D H Lawrence: Novelist'' (London, Chatto and Windus)

F. R. Leavis (1976) ''Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and Thought in D H Lawrence'' (London, Chatto and Windus)

Sheila Macleod (1985) ''Lawrence's Men and Women'' (London: Heinemann)

Barbara Mensch (1991) '' D. H. Lawrence and the Authoritarian Personality'' (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)

Kate Millett (1970) ''Sexual Politics'' (Garden City, NY: Doubleday)

Colin Milton (1987) ''Lawrence and Nietzsche: A Study in Influence'' (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press)

Robert E Montgomery (1994) ''The Visionary D. H. Lawrence: Beyond Philosophy and Art'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Alastair Niven (1978) ''D. H. Lawrence: The Novels'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Cornelia Nixon (1986) ''Lawrence's Leadership Politics and the Turn Against Women'' (Berkeley: University of California Press)

Tony Pinkney (1990) ''D. H. Lawrence'' (London and New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf)

Charles L. Ross (1991) ''Women in Love: A Novel of Mythic Realism'' (Boston, Mass.: Twayne)

Keith Sagar (1966) ''The Art of D H Lawrence'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

Keith Sagar (1985) ''D H Lawrence: Life into Art'' (University of Georgia Press)

Keith Sagar (2008) ''D. H. Lawrence: Poet'' (Penrith: Humanities-Ebooks)

Daniel J. Schneider (1986) ''The Consciousness of D. H. Lawrence: An Intellectual Biography'' (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas)

Michael Squires and Keith Cushman (1990) ''The Challenge of D. H. Lawrence'' (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press)

Peter Widdowson , ed. (1992) ''D. H. Lawrence'' (London and New York: Longman)

John Worthen (1979) ''D. H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel'' (London and Basingstoke, Macmillan).

T R Wright (2000) ''D H Lawrence and the Bible'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)

References

External links

E-texts from Project Gutenberg Australia (includes content not in the public domain in some jurisdictions)

''With the Guns'' article by Lawrence. ''Guardian'' 18 August 1914. Accessed 2010-09-15

D.H.Lawrence free downloadable books including kindle editions at feedbooks

Nickolas Muray's portrait sittings of D.H. Lawrence; photo #1, photo#2, photo #3

Lawrence archives

Guide to the D. H. Lawrence Archive at The Bancroft Library, California. Accessed 2010-09-15

Frieda Lawrence Collection. Accessed 2010-09-15

D. H. Lawrence resource at the University of Nottingham. Accessed 2010-09-15

D. H. Lawrence archive held at the University of Nottingham. Accessed 2010-09-15

Lawrence archive at Harry Ransom Center University of Texas at Austin. Accessed 2010-09-15

D. H. Lawrence Letters, 1916-1929 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center

Category:1885 births Category:1930 deaths Category:Alumni of the University of Nottingham Category:English novelists Category:English short story writers Category:Imagists Category:Old Nottinghamians Category:People from Eastwood, Nottinghamshire Category:People from Taos County, New Mexico Category:Deaths from tuberculosis Category:Infectious disease deaths in France

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Coordinates	6°7′55″N1°13′22″N
name	Sinclair Lewis
birth name	Harry Sinclair Lewis
birth date	February 07, 1885
birth place	Sauk Centre, Minnesota
death date	January 10, 1951
death place	Rome, Italy
occupation	Novelist, Playwright, Short story writer
nationality	American
awards	}}

Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American society and capitalist values, as well as for their strong characterizations of modern working women.

He has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a Great Americans series postage stamp.

Biography

Childhood and education

Born in the village of Sauk Centre, Minnesota, Lewis began reading books at a young age and kept a diary. He had two siblings, Fred (born 1875) and Claude (born 1878). His father, Edwin J. Lewis, was a physician and a stern disciplinarian who had difficulty relating to his sensitive, unathletic third son. Lewis's mother, Emma Kermott Lewis, died in 1891. The following year, Edwin Lewis married Isabel Warner, whose company young Lewis apparently enjoyed. Throughout his lonely boyhood, the ungainly Lewis — tall, extremely thin, stricken with acne and somewhat popeyed — had trouble gaining friends and pined after various local girls. At the age of 13 he unsuccessfully ran away from home, wanting to become a drummer boy in the Spanish-American War.

In late 1902 Lewis left home for a year at Oberlin Academy (the then-preparatory department of Oberlin College) to qualify for acceptance by Yale University. While at Oberlin, he developed a religious enthusiasm that waxed and waned for much of his remaining teenage years. He entered Yale in 1903 but did not receive his bachelor's degree until 1908, having taken time off to work at Helicon Home Colony, Upton Sinclair's cooperative-living colony in Englewood, New Jersey, and to travel to Panama. Lewis's unprepossessing looks, "fresh" country manners and seemingly self-important loquacity made it difficult for him to win and keep friends at Oberlin and Yale. He did initiate a few relatively long-lived friendships among students and professors, some of whom recognized his promise as a writer.

Early career

Lewis's earliest published creative work—romantic poetry and short sketches—appeared in the ''Yale Courant'' and the ''Yale Literary Magazine'', of which he became an editor. After graduation Lewis moved from job to job and from place to place in an effort to make ends meet, write fiction for publication and to chase away boredom. While working for newspapers and publishing houses (and for a time at the Carmel-by-the-Sea, California writers' colony), he developed a facility for turning out shallow, popular stories that were purchased by a variety of magazines. He also earned money by selling plots to Jack London, including one for the latter's unfinished novel ''The Assassination Bureau, Ltd''.

Lewis's first published book was ''Hike and the Aeroplane'', a Tom Swift-style potboiler that appeared in 1912 under the pseudonym Tom Graham.

Sinclair Lewis's first serious novel, ''Our Mr. Wrenn: The Romantic Adventures of a Gentle Man'', appeared in 1914, followed by ''The Trail of the Hawk: A Comedy of the Seriousness of Life'' (1915) and ''The Job'' (1917). That same year also saw the publication of another potboiler, ''The Innocents: A Story for Lovers'', an expanded version of a serial story that had originally appeared in ''Woman's Home Companion''. ''Free Air'', another refurbished serial story, was published in 1919.

Marriage and family

In 1914 Lewis married Grace Livingston Hegger, an editor at ''Vogue'' magazine. They had one son, Wells Lewis (1917–1944), named after British author H. G. Wells. Wells Lewis was killed while serving in the military in World War II.

Lewis divorced Grace in 1925. On May 14, 1928, he married Dorothy Thompson, a political newspaper columnist. Later in 1928, he and Dorothy purchased a second home in rural Vermont. They had a son, Michael Lewis, in 1930. Their marriage had virtually ended by 1937, and they divorced in 1942. Michael Lewis became an actor, and died in 1975 at age 44.

Commercial success

Upon moving to Washington, D.C., Lewis devoted himself to writing. As early as 1916, he began taking notes for a realistic novel about small-town life. Work on that novel continued through mid-1920, when he completed ''Main Street'', which was published on October 23, 1920. As his biographer Mark Schorer wrote, the phenomenal success of ''Main Street'' "was the most sensational event in twentieth-century American publishing history." Based on sales of his prior books, Lewis's most optimistic projection was a sale of 25,000 copies. In the first six months of 1921, ''Main Street'' sold 180,000 copies, and within a few years, sales were estimated at two million. According to Richard Lingeman, "''Main Street'' earned Sinclair Lewis about three million current [2002] dollars". Lewis followed up this first great success with ''Babbitt'' (1922), a novel that satirized the American commercial culture and boosterism. The story was set in the fictional Midwestern town of Zenith, Winnemac, a setting to which Lewis would return in future novels, including ''Gideon Planish'' and ''Dodsworth''.

Lewis continued his success in the 1920s with ''Arrowsmith'' (1925), a novel about the challenges faced by an idealistic doctor. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize (which Lewis refused). Adapted as a 1931 Hollywood film directed by John Ford and starring Ronald Colman, it was nominated for four Academy Awards.

Next Lewis published ''Elmer Gantry'' (1927), which depicted an evangelical minister as deeply hypocritical. The novel was denounced by many religious leaders and banned in some U.S. cities. Adapted for the screen more than a generation later, the novel was the basis of the 1960 movie starring Burt Lancaster, who earned a Best Actor Oscar for his performance.

Lewis closed out the decade with ''Dodsworth'' (1929), a novel about the most affluent and successful members of American society. He portrayed them as leading essentially pointless lives in spite of great wealth and advantages. The book was adapted for the Broadway stage in 1934 by Sidney Howard, who also wrote the screenplay for the 1936 film version. Directed by William Wyler and a great success at the time, the film is still highly regarded. In 1990, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, and in 2005 ''Time'' magazine named it one of the "100 Best Movies" of the past 80 years.

During the late 1920s and 1930s, Lewis wrote many short stories for a variety of magazines and publications. "Little Bear Bongo" (1936), a tale about a bear cub who wanted to escape the circus in search of a better life in the real world, was published in ''Cosmopolitan'' magazine. The story was acquired by Walt Disney Pictures in 1940 for a possible feature film. World War II sidetracked those plans until 1947. Disney used the story (now titled "Bongo") as part of its feature ''Fun and Fancy Free''.

Alcoholism

After an alcoholic binge in 1937, Lewis checked into the Austen Riggs Center, a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge, Massachusetts for treatment. His doctors gave Lewis a blunt assessment that he needed to decide "whether he was going to live without alcohol or die by it, one or the other." Lewis checked out after 10 days, lacking, one of his physicians wrote to a colleague, any "fundamental understanding of his problem."

Later years

After winning the Nobel Prize, Lewis wrote eleven more novels, ten of which appeared in his lifetime. The best remembered is ''It Can't Happen Here'', a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency.

''Kingsblood Royal'' (1947) is set in the fictional city Grand Republic, Minnesota, an enlarged and updated version of Zenith. Based on the Sweet Affair in Chicago, in which an African-American doctor was denied the chance to purchase a house in a "white" section of the city, ''Kingsblood Royal'' was a powerful and very early contribution to the civil rights movement.

Lewis died in Rome on January 10, 1951, aged 65, from advanced alcoholism. His cremated remains were buried in Sauk Centre. A final novel, ''World So Wide'' (1951), was published posthumously.

William Shirer, a friend and admirer of Lewis, disputes accounts that Lewis died of alcoholism ''per se''. He reported that Lewis had a heart attack and that his doctors advised him to stop drinking if he wanted to live. Lewis did not, and perhaps could not, stop; he died when his heart stopped.

In summing up Lewis' career, Shirer concludes, "It has become rather commonplace for so-called literary critics to write off Sinclair Lewis as a novelist. Compared to...Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Dos Passos, and Faulkner...Lewis lacked style. Yet his impact on modern American life...was greater than all of the other four writers together."

Parodies and Satires

In ''The New Yorker'', Wolcott Gibbs once published a spoof of Lewis' novel ''Cass Timberlane'' which he titled "Shad Ampersand."

See also

Sinclair Lewis Boyhood Home

The Palmer House (Sauk Centre)

Works

Notes

References

Mark Schorer, ''Sinclair Lewis: An American Life'' (McGraw-Hill, 1961)

Richard R. Lingeman, ''Sinclair Lewis: Rebel From Main Street'' (Borealis Books, 2002)

Further reading

Lingeman, Richard ed. ''Sinclair Lewis: Main Street & Babbitt'' (Library of America, 1992) ISBN 978-0-940450-61-5

Lingeman, Richard ed. ''Sinclair Lewis: Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry, Dodsworth'' (Library of America, 2002) ISBN 978-1-931082-08-2

D. J. Dooley, ''The Art of Sinclair Lewis,'' 1967.

Martin Light, ''The Quixotic Vision of Sinclair Lewis,'' 1975.

''Modern Fiction Studies,'' vol. 31.3, Autumn 1985, special issues on Sinclair Lewis.

''Sinclair Lewis at 100: Papers Presented at a Centennial Conference,'' 1985.

Martin Bucco, ''Main Street: The Revolt of Carol Kennicott,'' 1993.

James M. Hutchisson, ''The Rise of Sinclair Lewis, 1920–1930,'' 1996.

Glen A. Love, ''Babbitt: An American Life''

Stephen R. Pastore, ''Sinclair Lewis: A Descriptive Bibliography,'' 1997.

Stephen R. Pastore, ''Sinclair Lewis: A Descriptive Bibliography, 2d ed.'' 2009.

External links

Online collection of works

Babbitt from American Studies at the University of Virginia.

Works by Sinclair Lewis at Project Gutenberg Australia

his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters.

Sinclair Lewis Society

Autobiography

"Sinclair Lewis: The Man From Main Street" WBGU-PBS documentary

Hutchisson, ''The Rise of Sinclair Lewis, 1920-1930'', Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-02123-3

A Tribute To Two Sinclairs Sinclair Lewis & Upton Sinclair''

Category:1885 births Category:1951 deaths Category:20th-century novelists Category:Alcohol-related deaths in Italy Category:American dramatists and playwrights Category:American expatriates in Italy Category:American Nobel laureates Category:American novelists Category:American people of Welsh descent Category:American satirists Category:American short story writers Category:Nobel laureates in Literature Category:Oberlin College alumni Category:People from New Haven, Connecticut Category:Prometheus Award winning authors Category:Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winners Category:Writers from California Category:Writers from Minnesota Category:Writers from Washington, D.C. Category:Yale University alumni

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Coordinates	6°7′55″N1°13′22″N
name	Upton Sinclair
birth date	September 20, 1878
birth place	Baltimore, Maryland
spouse	Meta Fuller (1902-1911) Mary Craig Kimbrough, (1913-1961) Mary Elizabeth Willis (1961-1967)
death date	November 25, 1968
death date	November 25, 1968
death place	Bound Brook, New Jersey
occupation	Novelist, writer, journalist, political activist
nationality	American
notable work(s)	The Jungle
signature	Upton Sinclair signature.svg }}

Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968), was an American author who wrote close to 100 books in many genres. He achieved popularity in the first half of the 20th century, acquiring particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel ''The Jungle''. It exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. ''Time'' magazine called him "a man with every gift except humor and silence."

Early life and education

Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland to Upton Beall Sinclair and Priscilla Harden. His father was a liquor salesman whose alcoholism shadowed his son's childhood. Sinclair had wealthy grandparents with whom he often stayed. This gave him insight into how both the rich and the poor lived during the late 19th century. Living in two social settings affected him and greatly influenced his novels.

In 1888, the Sinclair family moved to the Bronx, New York, where Sinclair entered the City College of New York, then a prep school, at the age of thirteen. He wrote dime novels and magazine articles to pay for his tuition. He graduated in 1897 and then studied for a time at Columbia University.

Career

In 1904 Sinclair spent seven weeks in disguise, working undercover in Chicago's meatpacking plants to research his fictional exposé, ''The Jungle''. When it appeared in 1906, it became a bestseller. With the income from ''The Jungle'', Sinclair founded the utopian Helicon Home Colony in Englewood, New Jersey. He ran as a Socialist candidate for Congress. The colony burned down under suspicious circumstances within a year.

During his years with his second wife, Mary Craig (or Craig, as she is called in references), Sinclair wrote or produced several films. Recruited by Charlie Chaplin, Sinclair and Mary Craig produced Eisenstein's ''¡Qué viva México!'' in 1930-32.

The Sinclairs moved to California in the 1920s and lived there for nearly four decades. Late in life Sinclair, with his third wife, moved to Buckeye, Arizona and then to Bound Brook, New Jersey. Sinclair died there in a nursing home on November 25, 1968. He is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., next to his third wife, Mary Willis, who died a year before him.

Aside from his political and social writings, Sinclair took an interest in psychic phenomena and experimented with telepathy. His book entitled ''Mental Radio'' was published in 1930 and included accounts of his wife Mary's experiences and ability.

The Upton Sinclair House in Monrovia, California, is now a National Historic Landmark. The papers, photographs, and first editions of most of Sinclair's books are found at the Lilly Library at Indiana University in Bloomington.

Political career

In the 1920s the Sinclairs moved to Monrovia, California, near Los Angeles, where Upton founded the state's chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Wanting to pursue politics, he twice ran unsuccessfully for Congress on the Socialist ticket: in 1920 for the House of Representatives and in 1922 for the Senate. During this period, Sinclair was also active in radical politics in Los Angeles. For instance, in 1923, to support the challenged free speech rights of Industrial Workers of the World, Sinclair spoke at a rally in San Pedro, California, in a neighborhood now known as Liberty Hill. He began to read from the Bill of Rights and was promptly arrested, along with hundreds of others, by the LAPD. The arresting officer proclaimed that "we'll have none of that Constitution stuff."

In 1934 Sinclair ran in the California gubernatorial election as a Democrat. Gaining 879,000 votes made this his most successful run for office, but Frank F. Merriam defeated him by a sizable margin. Sinclair's platform, known as the End Poverty in California movement (EPIC), galvanized the support of the Democratic Party, and Sinclair gained its nomination.

Severe dust storms during the Great Depression made farming on the Great Plains impossible, and hundreds of thousands of Southern and Great Plains residents migrated westward in the 1930s in the hope of finding work and a new life. Sinclair's plan to end poverty quickly became a controversial issue under the pressure of so many migrants. Conservatives considered his proposal an attempted communist takeover of their state and quickly opposed him, using propaganda to portray Sinclair as a staunch communist. At the same time, American and Soviet communists disassociated themselves from him as a capitalist. Science fiction author Robert A. Heinlein was deeply involved in Sinclair's campaign. Heinlein tried to obscure this in later life, as he wanted to keep his personal politics separate from his public image as an author.

After his loss to Merriam, Sinclair abandoned EPIC and politics to return to writing. In 1935 Sinclair published ''I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked'', in which he described the techniques employed by Merriam's supporters, including the popular Aimee Semple McPherson, who vehemently opposed socialism and what she perceived as Sinclair's modernism.

Of his gubernatorial bid, Sinclair remarked in 1951:

"The American People will take Socialism, but they won't take the label. I certainly proved it in the case of EPIC. Running on the Socialist ticket I got 60,000 votes, and running on the slogan to 'End Poverty in California' I got 879,000. I think we simply have to recognize the fact that our enemies have succeeded in spreading the Big Lie. There is no use attacking it by a front attack, it is much better to out-flank them."

Marriage and family

Sinclair married his first wife, Meta Fuller, in 1902. Around 1911, Meta left Sinclair for the poet Harry Kemp, later known as the Dunes Poet of Provincetown, Massachusetts.

In 1913 Sinclair married Mary Craig Kimbrough (1883–1961), a woman from an elite Greenwood, Mississippi family who had written articles and a book on Winnie Davis, the "Daughter of the Confederacy". In the 1920s, they moved to California. They were married until her death in 1961.

After Craig's death in 1961, Sinclair married Mary Elizabeth Willis (1882–1967).

Writing

Sinclair devoted his writing career to documenting and criticizing the social and economic conditions of the early twentieth century in both fiction and non-fiction. He exposed his view of the injustices of capitalism and the overwhelming impact of the poverty. He also edited collections of fiction and non-fiction.

''The Jungle''

In ''The Jungle'' (1906), Sinclair gave a scathing indictment of unregulated capitalism as exemplified in the meatpacking industry. His descriptions of both the unsanitary conditions and the inhumane conditions experienced by the workers shocked and galvanized readers. Sinclair had intended it as an attack upon capitalist enterprise, but readers reacted viscerally. Domestic and foreign purchases of American meat fell by half. Sinclair lamented: "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach." The novel was so influential that it spurred government regulation of the industry, as well as the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act.

''Sylvia'' novels

''Sylvia'' (1913) was a novel about a Southern girl. In her autobiography, Mary Craig Sinclair said she had written the book based on her own experiences as a girl, and Upton collaborated with her. She asked him to publish it under his name. When it appeared in 1913, the ''New York Times'' called it "the best novel Mr. Sinclair has yet written–so much the best that it stands in a class by itself."

''Sylvia's Marriage'' (1914), Craig and Sinclair collaborated on a sequel, also published by John C. Winston Company under only Sinclair's name.

In his 1962 autobiography, Upton Sinclair wrote: "[Mary] Craig had written some tales of her Southern girlhood; and I had stolen them from her for a novel to be called ''Sylvia''."

The Lanny Budd series

Between 1940 and 1953, Sinclair wrote a series of 11 novels featuring a central character named Lanny Budd. He was the son of an American arms manufacturer who moved in the confidence of world leaders, not simply witnessing events but often propelling them. The protagonist has been characterized as the antithesis of the "Ugly American", a sophisticated socialite who mingles easily with people from all cultures and socioeconomic classes.

The series covers in sequence much of the political history of the Western world, particularly Europe and America, in the first half of the twentieth century. Out of print and almost totally forgotten today, the novels were all bestsellers upon publication and were published in 21 countries. The third book in the series, ''Dragon's Teeth'', won the Pulitzer Prize in 1943.

The novels in the Lanny Budd series are:

Later references to Sinclair

Sinclair is extensively featured in Harry Turtledove's American Empire trilogy, an alternate history series in which the American Socialist Party succeeds in becoming a major force in U.S. politics following two humiliating military defeats to the Confederate States and the post-1882 collapse of the Republican Party, with Abraham Lincoln leading a large number of Republicans into the Socialist Party. He wins the 1920 and 1924 presidential elections and becomes the first Socialist President of the United States, his inauguration attended by crowds of jubilant militants waving red flags. However, the actual policies which Turtledove attributes to him, once in power, are not particularly radical.

In the late 1990s, the television program ''Working'' used as its setting a company named Upton Weber. With the show's implicit criticism of contemporary working conditions, however watered down for popular audiences, the name suggests a reference both to Upton Sinclair and Max Weber.

Sinclair is featured as one of the main characters in Chris Bachelder's satirical fictional book, ''U.S.!: a Novel''. Repeatedly, Sinclair is resurrected as a personification of the contemporary failings of the American left and portrayed as a quixotic reformer attempting to stir an apathetic American public to implement socialism in America.

Films

''The Jungle'' (1906) was adapted for film in 1914. Sinclair appears at the beginning and end of the film "as a form of endorsement."

''The Wet Parade'' (1931) became a film directed by Victor Fleming in 1932. It starred Robert Young, Myrna Loy, Walter Huston, and Jimmy Durante.

''The Gnomobile'' (1937) was the basis of a 1967 Disney musical motion picture, ''The Gnome-Mobile''.

''Oil!'' (1927) was the basis of ''There Will Be Blood'' (2007), starring Daniel Day-Lewis and Paul Dano. It was written, produced, and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. The film received eight Oscar nominations and won two.

Works

Fiction

Autobiographical

''My Lifetime in Letters'' - 1960

''The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair'' - 1962, assisted by Maeve Elizabeth Flynn III

Non-fiction

''Good Health and How We Won It: With an Account of New Hygiene (1909)'' - 1909

''The Fasting Cure'' - 1911

''The Profits of Religion'' - 1917

''The Brass Check'' - 1919

''The McNeal-Sinclair Debate on Socialism'' - 1921

''The Goose-step: A Study of American Education'' - 1923

''Letters to Judd, an American Workingman'' - 1925

''Mental Radio: Does it work, and how?'' - 1930, 1962

''Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox'' - 1933

''We, People of America, and how we ended poverty : a true story of the future'' - 1933

''I, Governor of California - and How I Ended Poverty - 1933

''The Epic Plan for California'' - 1934

''I, Candidate for Governor - and How I Got Licked - 1935

''Epic Answers: How to End Poverty in California (1935)'' - 1934

''What God Means to Me'' - 1936

''Letters to a Millionaire'' - 1939

Drama

''Plays of Protest: The Naturewoman, The Machine, The Second-Story Man, Prince Hagen'' - 1912

''The Pot Boiler'' - 1913

''Hell: A Verse Drama and Photoplay'' - 1924

''Singing Jailbirds: A Drama in Four Acts'' - 1924

''Bill Porter: A Drama of O. Henry in Prison'' - 1925

As editor

''The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest'' - 1915

See also

Will H. Kindig, a supporter on the Los Angeles City Council

References

Sources

Anthony Arthur, ''Radical Innocent: Upton Sinclair'' (NY: Random House, 2006)

William A. Bloodworth, Jr., ''Upton Sinclair'' (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977)

Ronald Gottesman, ''Upton Sinclair: An Annotated Checklist'' (Kent State University Press, 1973)

Leon Harris, ''Upton Sinclair, American Rebel'' (NY: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1975)

Kevin Mattson, ''Upton Sinclair and the Other American Century'' (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006)

Greg Mitchell, ''The Campaign of the Century: Upton Sinclair and the EPIC Campaign in California'' (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1991)

Upton Sinclair, ''The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair'' (NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962)

Upton Sinclair, ''My Lifetime in Letters'' (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1960)

Swint, Kerwin C., Mudslingers: The Twenty-five Dirtiest Political Campaigns of All Time, (Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, 2006)

Jon A. Yoder, ''Upton Sinclair'' (NY: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1975)

External links

Works by Upton Sinclair in audio format from LibriVox

Works by Sinclair Internet Archive

''The Jungle'' Department of American Studies, University of Virginia

''The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest'' Bartleby.com

''Uppie Redux'' David Denby, ''The New Yorker'', August 28, 2006.

Biography Schoolnet

Guide to the Upton Sinclair Collection Lilly Library, Indiana University

''The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle'' Christopher Phelps, ''History News network, 6-26-2006

''Upton Sinclair and Timothy McVeigh'' David Martin, June 2, 2001

Article by Sinclair on EPIC Museum of the City of San Francisco

Information about Sinclair and Progressive Journalism today

Category:1878 births Category:1968 deaths Category:American activists Category:American novelists Category:American socialists Category:California politicians Category:City College of New York alumni Category:Columbia University alumni Category:American investigative journalists Category:Members of the Socialist Party of America Category:People from Baltimore, Maryland Category:People from Englewood, New Jersey Category:People from the San Gabriel Valley Category:Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winners Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:Writers from California Category:Writers from New York Category:People associated with the Dil Pickle Club Category:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery

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