Irtysh River

River name	Irtysh River
Image name	Irtyshrivermap.jpg
Caption	Irtysh River watershed
Origin	Altay Mountains
Mouth	Ob River
Basin countries	Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia
Length
Discharge	(near Tobolsk)
Watershed

The Irtysh River ( ; Kazakh: Ertis / Ертiс ; ; Chinese: É'ěrqísī hé / 额尔齐斯河) ; Mongolian: Эрчис ; is a river in Siberia and is the chief tributary of the Ob River. Its name means White River. Irtysh's main affluent is the Tobol River. The Ob-Irtysh forms a major basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altay Mountains.

Geography

in Kazakhstan]]

From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows north-west through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after .

Economic use

Tankers and passenger and freight boats navigate the river between April and October, when it does not freeze over. Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river-port in Western Siberia. Major hydroelectric plants at Ust-Kamenogorsk and Bakhtarminsk use the Irtysh near the Kazakhstan-Chinese border. The world's deepest lock, with a drop of 42 metres, allows river traffic to by-pass the dam at Ust-Kemenogorsk.

Some of the Northern river reversal proposals, widely discussed in the 1960s and 1970s, would have seen the direction of flow of the Irtysh reversed so as to supply water to central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. While these gigantic water management schemes were not implemented, a smaller Irtysh-Karaganda irrigation canal () was built between 1962 and 1974 to supply water to the dry Kazakh steppes and to one of the country's main industrial centers, Karaganda. In 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim River and Kazakhstan's capital, Astana.

In the 2000s, projects for diverting a significant amounts of Irtysh water within China, such as the proposed Black Irtysh - Karamai Canal, have been decried by Kazakh and Russian environmentalists.

History

A number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In the 15th and16th centuries, the lower and middle courses of the Irtysh lay within the Tatar Khanate of Sibir, conquered by the Russians in the 1580s. In the 17th century the Zunghar Khanate, formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russia's southern neighbor, and controlled the upper Irtysh. In the meantime, the Russian city of Omsk was founded in 1716, Semipalatinsk in 1718, Ust-Kamenogorsk in 1720, and Petropavlovsk in 1752.

The Chinese Qing Empire conquered the Zunghar state in the 1750s. The border between the Russian and the Qing empires (the present border between Russia and Kazakhstan in the north and Mongolia and China in the south) was settled in the early 19th century.

Cities along the river

The main cities on the Irtysh, from source to mouth, are:

in China: Fuyun, Burqin

in Kazakhstan: Öskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Semey (Semipalatinsk), Pavlodar.

in Russia: Omsk, Tara, Tobolsk, Khanty-Mansiysk.

References

Great Soviet Encyclopedia

See also

Geography of China

Geography of Kazakhstan

Geography of Russia

Category:Ob basin Category:Altai Category:Rivers of China Category:Rivers of Kazakhstan Category:Rivers of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Category:Rivers of Omsk Oblast Category:Rivers of Tyumen Oblast Category:International rivers of Asia