The kelvin is a unit of measurement for temperature. It is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI) and is assigned the unit symbol K. The Kelvin scale is an absolute, thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics. The kelvin is defined as the fraction ¹⁄_273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (273.16 K (0.01 °C; 32.02 °F)).^[1]

The Kelvin scale is named after the Belfast-born, Glasgow University engineer and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), who wrote of the need for an "absolute thermometric scale". Unlike the degree Fahrenheit and degree Celsius, the kelvin is not referred to or typeset as a degree. The kelvin is the primary unit of measurement in the physical sciences, but is often used in conjunction with the degree Celsius, which has the same magnitude. Subtracting 273.16 K from the triple point of water (0.01 °C) makes absolute zero (0 K) equivalent to −273.15 °C (−459.67 °F).

History[link]

1848

Lord Kelvin (William Thomson), wrote in his paper, On an Absolute Thermometric Scale, of the need for a scale whereby "infinite cold" (absolute zero) was the scale's null point, and which used the degree Celsius for its unit increment. Thomson calculated that absolute zero was equivalent to −273 °C on the air thermometers of the time.^[2] This absolute scale is known today as the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale. Thomson's value of "−273" was the reciprocal of 0.00366—the accepted expansion coefficient of gas per degree Celsius relative to the ice point, giving a remarkable consistency to the currently accepted value.

1954

Resolution 3 of the 10th CGPM gave the Kelvin scale its modern definition by designating the triple point of water as its second defining point and assigned its temperature to exactly 273.16 kelvin.^[3]

1967/1968

Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM renamed the unit increment of thermodynamic temperature "kelvin", symbol K, replacing "degree absolute", symbol °K.^[4] Furthermore, feeling it useful to more explicitly define the magnitude of the unit increment, the 13th CGPM also held in Resolution 4 that "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is equal to the fraction ¹⁄_273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water."^[1]

2005

The Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), a committee of the CGPM, affirmed that for the purposes of delineating the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale would refer to water having an isotopic composition specified as VSMOW.^[5]

Usage conventions[link]

When reference is made to the unit kelvin (either a specific temperature or a temperature interval), kelvin is always spelled with a lowercase k unless it is the first word in a sentence.^[6] When reference is made to the "Kelvin scale", the word "kelvin"—which is normally a noun—functions adjectivally to modify the noun "scale" and is capitalized.

Until the 13th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1967–1968, the unit kelvin was called a "degree", the same as with the other temperature scales at the time. It was distinguished from the other scales with either the adjective suffix "Kelvin" ("degree Kelvin") or with "absolute" ("degree absolute") and its symbol was °K. The latter (degree absolute), which was the unit's official name from 1948 until 1954, was rather ambiguous since it could also be interpreted as referring to the Rankine scale. Before the 13th CGPM, the plural form was "degrees absolute". The 13th CGPM changed the name to simply "kelvin" (symbol K).^[7] The omission of "degree" indicates that it is not relative to an arbitrary reference point like the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales (although for some reason, the Rankine scale continued to use "degree Rankine"), but rather an absolute unit of measure which can be manipulated algebraically (e.g., multiplied by two to indicate twice the amount of "mean energy" available among elementary degrees of freedom of the system). The singular "kelvin" should be used for any quantity of temperature (e.g., water freezes at 273.15 kelvin).^[3]

This SI unit is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit whose name is derived from the proper name of a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (K). When an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (kelvin), except where any word would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase. —Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2. The kelvin symbol is always a roman, non-italic capital K. In the SI naming convention, all symbols named after a person are capitalized; in the case of the kelvin, capitalizing also distinguishes the symbol from the SI prefix "kilo-", which has the lowercase k as its symbol. The admonition against italicizing the symbol K applies to all SI unit symbols; only symbols for quantities and constants (e.g., P = pressure, and c = 299,792,458 m/s) are italicized in scientific and engineering papers. As with most other SI unit symbols (angle symbols, e.g. 45°3′4″, are the exception) there is a space between the numeric value and the kelvin symbol (e.g., "99.987 K").^[8][9]

Unicode provides a compatibility character for the kelvin at U+212A (decimal 8490), for compatibility with CJK encodings that provide such a character (as such, in most fonts the width is the same as for fullwidth characters).

Use in conjunction with Celsius[link]

In science and in engineering, the Celsius scale and the kelvin are often used simultaneously in the same article (e.g., "...its measured value was 0.01028 °C with an uncertainty of 60 µK..."). This practice is permissible because the degree Celsius is a special name for the kelvin for use in expressing Celsius temperatures and the magnitude of the degree Celsius is exactly equal to that of the kelvin.^[10] Notwithstanding that the official endorsement provided by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM states, "a temperature interval may also be expressed in degrees Celsius", the practice of simultaneously using both "°C" and "K" remains widespread throughout the scientific world as the use of SI prefixed forms of the degree Celsius (such as "µ°C" or "microdegrees Celsius") to express a temperature interval has not been widely adopted.^[4]

Proposed redefinition[link]

In 2005 the CIPM embarked on a program to redefine, amongst others, the kelvin using a more rigorous basis than was in use. The current (2010) definition is unsatisfactory for temperatures below 20 K and above 1300 K.^[11] It is anticipated that the program will be completed in time for its adoption by the CGPM at its 2011 meeting. The committee proposes defining the kelvin as the temperature scale for which Boltzmann's constant is 1.3806505×10⁻²³ J/K exactly.^[12]

From a scientific point of view, this will link temperature to the rest of SI and result in a stable definition that is independent of any particular substance. From a practical point of view, the redefinition will pass unnoticed; water will still freeze at 0 °C (32 °F, 273.15 K).^[13]

Practical uses[link]

Colour temperature[link]

The kelvin is often used in the measure of the colour temperature of light sources. Colour temperature is based upon the principle that a black body radiator emits light whose colour depends on the temperature of the radiator. Black bodies with temperatures below about 4000 K appear reddish whereas those above about 7500 K appear bluish. Colour temperature is important in the fields of image projection and photography where a colour temperature of approximately 5600 K is required to match "daylight" film emulsions. In astronomy, the stellar classification of stars and their place on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram are based, in part, upon their surface temperature, known as effective temperature. The photosphere of the Sun, for instance, has an effective temperature of 5778 K.

Kelvin as a measure of noise[link]

In electronics, the kelvin is used as an indicator of how noisy a circuit is in relation to an ultimate noise floor, i.e. the noise temperature. The so-called Johnson–Nyquist noise of discrete resistors and capacitors is a type of thermal noise derived from the Boltzmann constant and can be used to determine the noise temperature of a circuit using the Friis formulas for noise.

Temperature conversion between units[link]

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See also[link]

• Comparison of temperature scales
• International Temperature Scale of 1990
• Negative temperature
• Rankine scale
• Thermodynamic temperature
• Triple point

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up kelvin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006). The International System of Units (SI) Brochure. 8th Edition. International Committee for Weights and Measures. http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-06. 

v t e SI units Base units Ampere · Candela · Kelvin · Kilogram · Metre · Mole · Second Derived units Becquerel · Coulomb · Degree Celsius · Farad · Gray · Henry · Hertz · Joule · Katal · Lumen · Lux · Newton · Ohm · Pascal · Radian · Siemens · Sievert · Steradian · Tesla · Volt · Watt · Weber Accepted for use with SI Dalton (Atomic mass unit) · Astronomical unit · Day · Decibel · Degree Celsius · Degree of arc · Electronvolt · Hectare · Hour · Litre · Minute · Minute of arc · Neper · Second of arc · Tonne Atomic units · Natural units See also SI prefixes · Systems of measurement · Conversion of units · New SI definitions · History of the metric system Book:International System of Units  · Category:SI base units

Dean Walker (born 18 May 1962) is an English former professional association footballer who played as a central defender. He made one appearance in the Football League.

References[link]

• Hugman, Barry (2005). The PFA Premier and Football League Players' Records 1946-2005. Queen Anne Press. 

Kutt Calhoun
Kutt Calhoun at release signing for Tech N9ne's Killer on July 1, 2008
Background information
Birth name	Melvin Calhoun Jr.
Also known as	Cutt Dawg, Bloody Kutty Cal, Bloody Kutty
Origin	Kansas City, Missouri, United States
Genres	Hip hop
Instruments	rapping
Years active	1998–present
Labels	Strange Music
Associated acts	Tech N9ne Skatterman & Snug Brim Deuce Klik Krizz Kaliko 816 Boyz
Website	www.Kutt.com

Melvin Calhoun Jr., better known by his stage name Kutt Calhoun, is an American rapper from Kansas City, Missouri. His second album, Feature Presentation, debuted at #60 on the Billboard "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums" chart in its first week of release.^[1] His third album, Raw and Un-Kutt, performed better on the charts and debuted at #162 on the "Billboard 200" chart in its first week of release.^[2]

Career[link]

[edit] B.L.E.V.E.

Kutt would release his debut album, B.L.E.V.E. (standing for Boiling Liquid Expanding Viscous Explosion), on August 10, 2004. The album features several appearances by the man he had performed hype duties for, Tech N9ne, as well as other local rappers, Krizz Kaliko, BG Bulletwound and fellow label mates Skatterman & Snug Brim. The album didn't perform well on the charts, only making an appearance on Billboard's "Top Heatseekers (West North Central)" chart.^[3]

[edit] Feature Presentation

After a long hiatus for most of its artists, Strange Music would find a new distribution deal in 2006, and thus a schedule of releases was mapped out. Summer 2007 was originally the projected release time for his second album, Feature Presentation. Strange Music would see a delay in their release schedule however, and Kutt Calhoun would instead record and release the album on October 7, 2008. The album saw features from his label mates Tech N9ne, Krizz Kaliko and Skatterman & Snug Brim once again, though it also featured several other local rappers such as The Popper, E-Skool, Paul Mussan and BG Bulletwound. The second album performed better on the charts than his debut, reaching #60 on Billboard's "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums" as well as charting #19 on the "Top Heatseekers" chart.^[4] A music video was shot for the song "Bunk Rock Bitch," and the video was released by the Record Label through their YouTube account on January 15, 2009.^[5] The video features fellow label mates Tech N9ne and Krizz Kaliko.

[edit] Raw and Un-Kutt

Kutt Calhoun released his third album, Raw and Un-Kutt^[6] on June 8, 2010. Singles from the album include: "Naked (Boom Boom Room)" and "Get Kutt". Features include Brotha Lynch Hung, E-40, Joe Budden, Tech N9ne, Too Short, among others.^[7] On May 26, 2010, XXL premiered the video for "Naked (Boom Boom Room)" on their website.^[8]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

EP's[link]

Mixtapes[link]

(note: "Strip Club Song" samples from "Bing Bong Brothers" by The Lonely Island)

^[15]

Non album tracks[link]

• ????: "Bounce" (Kutt Calhoun feat. GrewSum)
• ????: "Do Somethin'" (Kutt Calhoun)
• ????: "Flamez [Intro]" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Krizz Kaliko)
• ????: "Trippin'" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Grant Rice)
• 2003: "Snap-Back" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Grant Rice)
• 2003: "When The Rain Drops" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Snug Brim)
• 2004: "Get Ready" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Grant Rice & Krizz Kaliko)
• 2006: "Playa Like Me" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Krizz Kaliko)
• 2006: "Whip It" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Tech N9ne)
• 2007: "Get Fuct" (Kutt Calhoun with Grant Rice & Panic)
• 2007: "Strange Noize Intro" (Kutt Calhoun)
• 2008: "Exclusive" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Krizz Kaliko)
• 2008: "Freestyle 101" (Kutt Calhoun with Krizz Kaliko & Tech N9ne)
• 2008: "Party Rock" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Krizz Kaliko)
• 2010: "I Put That On The Hood" (Kutt Calhoun)
• 2010: "Hard Dick And Bubblegum" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Stevie Stone)
• 2010: "Bouncin' Booties" (Kutt Calhoun feat. Bishop)

Appears on[link]

• ????: "B Like" (BG Bulletwound feat. Kutt Calhoun & Snug Brim)
• ????: "Be About Yo Spread" (Snug Brim feat. Kutt Calhoun & Skatterman)
• ????: "Look At Ya Boy" (BG Bulletwound feat. Krizz Kaliko, Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• ????: "Rhyme" (Bigg Ben feat. Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• ????: "Rhyme [Remix]" (Bigg Ben feat. Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• ????: "Uh Huh" (BG Bulletwound feat. Greed, Krizz Kaliko, Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• ????: "What Ya Want Do" (3rd Degree feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 1998: "2 Niggas" (Snug Brim feat. Kutt Calhoun^[A1])
• 1998: "Our World" (Snug Brim feat. Kutt Calhoun^[A1])
• 2000: "Haterism" (D.O.V.E. D.A.W.G. feat. Kutt Calhoun^[A1])
• 2002: "Bianca's And Beatrice's" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "Club Anthem" (BG Bulletwound feat. Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "Come Up On Ya Own" (BG Bulletwound feat. Kutt Calhoun & Nachia)
• 2002: "Don't Get So Mad" (BG Bulletwound feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "Freaky Lil' Things" (Tech N9ne feat. Grant Rice & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "Hopeless" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. BG Bulletwound, Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "Hydro" (Tech N9ne feat. Greed, Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "I'm A Player" (BG Bulletwound feat. Don Juan & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "Mo' Flows" (BG Bulletwound feat. Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2002: "Shocked" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2002: "Steep Pockets 2" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2002: "Strong Apphilation" (BG Bulletwound feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2003: "Drinkin' Partners" (Grant Rice feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2003: "F.T.I." (Tech N9ne feat. Greed, Krizz Kaliko, Kutt Calhoun, Skatterman & Snug Brim)
• 2003: "Grin On My Grill" (X Dash feat. Krizz Kaliko, Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2004: "Carwash" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. BG Bulletwound & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2004: "Crazy" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2004: "Fuck Nathan Dinsdale" (Empire feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2004: "Kansas City [Concrete Jungle]" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. BG Bulletwound, Greed, Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2004: "Mafioso" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. Greed, Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2004: "Pakman" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2005: "Killing Myself" (Empire feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2006: "Fuck'em Girl" (Tech N9ne feat. Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2006: "Groupie" (Tech N9ne feat. Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2006: "I Want That" (GrewSum feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2006: "Stop" (GrewSum feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2006: "Street Shit" (3rd Degree feat. Kutt Calhoun & Snug Brim)
• 2007: "Gangsta Shap" (Tech N9ne feat. Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2007: "Keep It Simple" (Blaze Ya Dead Homie feat. Big B & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2007: "Pistol In My Pants" (Daville Dabris feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2007: "Sex Out South" (Tech N9ne feat. Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2007: "Take Your Life" (GrewSum feat. BG Bulletwound, Kutt Calhoun & Snug Brim)
• 2007: "That Box" (Tech N9ne feat. Greed, Krizz Kaliko, Kutt Calhoun & Skatterman & Snug Brim)
• 2007: "What You Came Here For" (Critical Bill feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2008: "59 Fifty [Remix]" (Paul Mussan feat. Donta Slusha, Kutt Calhoun & The Popper)
• 2008: "Bodies Fall" (Prozak feat. Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Kutt Calhoun, Tech N9ne & The R.O.C.)
• 2008: "Collect" (Krizz Kaliko feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2008: "Crew Cut" (Krizz Kaliko feat. BG Bulletwound, Kutt Calhoun, Makzilla, Skatterman & Snug Brim & Tech N9ne)
• 2008: "G-Shit" (Grave Plott feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2008: "G14" (BG Bulletwound feat. Kutt Calhoun & Snug Brim)
• 2008: "Go Hard" (BG Bulletwound feat. Kutt Calhoun & Riv Locc)
• 2008: "Help Me Change" (Skatterman & Snug Brim feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2008: "In The Streets" (Grave Plott feat. BG Bulletwound, Kutt Calhoun & Skatterman & Snug Brim)
• 2008: "Let's Go" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun & Mistah F.A.B.)
• 2008: "Look At Me" (J. Win feat. Krizz Kaliko, Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2008: "Too Much" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2008: "Twisted" (BG Bulletwound feat. 3rd Degree, Kutt Calhoun & Mercury)
• 2008: "Where You Want Me" (Krizz Kaliko feat. Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2009: "Ghetto Love" (Tech N9ne feat. Krizz Kaliko & Kutt Calhoun)
• 2009: "Poh Me Anutha" (Tech N9ne feat. Potluck & Kutt Clahoun)
• 2009: "Areola" (Tech N9ne feat. 816 Boyz)
• 2009: "B. Boy" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun, Skatterman, Big Scoob & Bumpy Knuckles)
• 2010: "Stranger" (Cognito feat. Big Scoob, Stevie Stone, Loki, Kutt Calhoun & Tech N9ne)
• 2010: "Monsta" (Craig Smith feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2010: "Gamer" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun)
• 2010: "Pow Pow" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun, Mon. E.G. The Ghostwriter, Riv Locc & Tay Diggs)
• 2010: "Afterparty" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun & Devin The Dude)
• 2010: "Pu Wah Wah" (Tech N9ne feat. 816 Boyz)
• 2011: "Pressure" (Black Oxygen)
• 2011: "You Owe Like Pookie" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun & Jay Rock)
• 2011: "Kocky" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun & Jay Rock
• 2011: "Bang Out" (Tech N9ne feat. 816 Boyz)
• 2011: "Slave" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun & Krizz Kaliko
• 2011: "Gods" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun & Krizz Kaliko
• 2011: "EMJ" (Tech N9ne feat. Kutt Calhoun, Stevie Stone Jay Rock

Appears on notes

1. ^{a b c} Kutt Calhoun appears as Cutt Dawg.

Music videos[link]

References[link]

Interviews

• (flash) Kutt Calhoun Flamez Mixtape Interview w/ TheFroHas2Grow Promotions. TheFroHas2Grow Promotions. 2008-01-02. http://revver.com/video/596865/kutt-calhoun-flamez-mixtape-interview-w-thefrohas2grow-promotions/. Retrieved 2008-10-21. 
• (MP3) Kutt Calhoun Interview with Real Hatchet Girl Talk. 2008-11-10. Event occurs at 33:42-40:47. http://www.blogtalkradio.com/Hatchetgirlz/2008/11/11/Kutt-Calhoun-Interview. Retrieved 2008-11-26. 

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Kutt Calhoun on Myspace
• Kutt Calhoun's Flamez Mixtape on Myspace
• Deuce Klik on Myspace

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since August 2008. It may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Tagged since August 2008. It may contain original research. Tagged since August 2008. Its neutrality is disputed. Tagged since August 2008.

Viktor Schauberger (30 June 1885 – 25 September 1958) was an Austrian forester/forest warden, naturalist, philosopher, inventor and Biomimicry experimenter.

The inventor of what he called "implosion technology", Schauberger developed his own theories based on fluidic vortices and movement in nature. He built actuators for airplanes, ships, silent turbines,^[1] self-cleaning pipes and equipment for cleaning and so-called "refinement" of water to create spring water,^[2] which he used as a remedy.

Schauberger's theories aren't accepted in the scientific community. However, Schauberger's work remains an inspiration to many people in the Green movement for his own observations of nature.

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Viktor Schauberger was born in Holzschlag, Austria, to a long line of Austrian foresters that could be traced back to early Germanic tribes, with views on and concepts of nature entirely different than the ones known to us currently. Creek and river flow fascinated him during his youth. He went on to develop a basic theory that contains a twofold movement principle for such phenomena.

His first concepts were brought on by studying trout in its natural environment. He was quoted as saying:

How was it possible for this fish to stand so motionlessly, only steering itself with slight movements of its tail-fins, in this wildly torrential flow, which made my staff shake so much that I could hardly hang onto it? What forces enabled the trout to overcome its own body-weight so effortlessly and quickly, and, at the same time, overcome the specific weight of the heavy water flowing against it?

These questions inspired further investigation to study the force that allowed such effortless natural motion. Schaubergers conclusion led to his theory of natural vortices.

Schauberger's second major theory was in the structure of water. He believed that water is at its densest when cold (at +4C water anomaly point) (and at the time of a full moon), and that there are many layers in the structure of flowing water. He claimed that nature creates vortices to create equilibria. He further claimed that our current form of energy production/consumption scatters matter into disequilibrium. His studies were not approved by science at the time, even when his ideas were put into practice.^{[citation needed]}

In 1922 for Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, Schauberger designed and had built several log flumes which reduced the timber transport costs to one tenth the previous cost and allowed transport of denser than water woods such as beech and fir.^[3] In 1924, Viktor Schauberger became a Public Council consultant for the log flumes for the Austrian state. He started construction of three large plants in Austria. In 1926, he undertook research at a timber flotation installation in Neuberg an der Mürz in Styria. In 1929 Schauberger submitted his first applications for patents in the fields of water engineering and turbine construction. He conducted research on how to artificially generate centripetal movement in various types of machines. He proposed a means of utilising hydroelectric power by a jet turbine. The log flumes used for timber flotation allegedly disregarded the Archimedes' principle, i.e., Schauberger was allegedly able to transport heavier-than-water objects by creating a centripetal movement (making the timber spin around its own axis, by special guiding-vanes which caused the water to spiral). Professor Philipp Forchheimer was sent to study the log flumes. Professor Forchheimer in 1930-1931 later published with Schauberger a series of articles in "Die Wasserwirtschaft", the Austrian Journal of Hydrology.^{[citation needed]}

World War II[link]

In 1934 Viktor met with Hitler^{[citation needed]}, and had discussions about fundamental principles of agriculture, forestry and water engineering.^{[citation needed]} Schauberger is believed to have lent his ideas in order to aid the German Reich. Although whether this was under duress or willingly is still a matter of debate;^{[citation needed]} it appears that his aim was to see his theories put to the test (he had offered his log flume designs to several countries). There is no indication that he supported Nazism, and his private feelings about the Nazis seem to have been disdainful. At any rate, his later (post-1941) work for the regime was enforced by the threat of execution, Schauberger being a KZ concentration camp prisoner at that time.

In 1941, an intrigue caused by the Viennese Association of Engineers^{[citation needed]} resulted in Schauberger's enforced confinement in a mental hospital in Mauer-Öhling, under continuous observation by the SS.^{[citation needed]} In Augsburg, Schauberger worked with Messerschmitt on engine cooling systems and was in correspondence with designer Heinkel about aircraft engines.^{[citation needed]}

In 1944, Schauberger continued to develop his Repulsine machine at the Technical College of Engineering at Rosenhügel in Vienna. By May 1945 a prototype had been constructed.

In 1945 Schauberger started to work on his "Klimator". The function of the Klimator is to cool and warm the air in living spaces.^[4]

At the end of the war Schauberger was apprehended by US intelligence agents, and kept in custody for 9 months. They confiscated all his documents and prototypes, and interrogated him to determine his activities during the war.^[5]

After the war Schauberger continued his work, leading to water-based power generation through vortex action in a closed cycle, the "Spiral Plough", an "Apparatus for soil cultivation made of copper" and tests with "spiral pipes".

Later years[link]

In 1952, at Stuttgart Technical University, Schauberger claimed that tests were carried out by Prof. Franz Popel, on behalf of the West German government, to determine the validity of his ideas on water movement. Tests were performed on Schauberger's specially designed copper pipes, which had a conical, spiral, rifled shape, with apparent success confirming Schauberger's idea.

In 1958 Schauberger was approached by Karl Gerchsheimer and Robert Donner, with an invitation to come to the US to further develop his inventions.

Schauberger spent several months in the US writing articles and drawing sketches. After the project failed by problems with his US-partners he had to sell all his work and patents to buy a flight ticket back home. He returned to Austria and died in Linz, Austria, on September 25, 1958, 5 days after having returned to Linz.

Controversy[link]

This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (July 2010)

Schauberger and his works have become part of an internet-based conspiracy theory claiming that Schauberger invented free energy/perpetual motion devices and that this was "covered up" by the US government. Schauberger never claimed to have invented perpetual motion machines, but instead stated that he used the Earth's natural power.

Due to issues with translation from German to English, a number of papers and publications are in broken English. In Implosion magazine, a magazine released by Schauberger's family, he said that aeronautical and marine engineers had incorrectly designed the propeller. He stated:

“As best demonstrated by Nature in the case of the aerofoil maple-seed, today’s propeller is a pressure-screw and therefore a braking screw, whose purpose is to allow the heavy maple-seed to fall parachute-like slowly towards the ground and to be carried away sideways by the wind in the process. No bird has such a whirling thing on its head, nor a fish on its tail. Only man made use of this natural brake-screw for forward propulsion. As the propeller rotates, so does the resistance rise by the square of the rotational velocity. This is also a sign that this supposed propulsive device is unnaturally constructed and therefore out of place.”^[6]

Whilst the notion of a propeller being natural or unnatural is subjective, the maximum efficiency of the propeller can be considered. As a comparison, the fastest propeller-driven aircraft ever to fly, the Tupolev Tu-114 had a top-speed of 541 miles per hour, but a jet engine using suction and internal compressive forces can break the sound barrier (in main because a jet engine is a reaction engine, relying on Newton's third law, not on pressure differences).

Not everything that undergoes air or water resistance experiences an increase in drag with the square of velocity. Some insect wings rely on turbulence created by a previous wing beat to increase the efficiency of the stroke, and hence decrease the acting drag which uses less energy.

He has also been quoted as making the claim:

"Water is a living substance!"

and some of his language using scientific terms has been translated in incorrect ways. In another edition of Implosion Magazine, he says:

"In contrast, all 'technical' machines, i.e. all dynamos, turbines, pressure pumps, propellers, explosion and steam driven engines, all furnaces, gas and electric heating appliances, all soil-tilling and harvesting machinery, etc. provide a developmentally harmful ex-pulse to initiate motion. Because of this and without exception, the atom lattice thus moved ruptures, resulting in the disintegration of the molecular (bacteriophagous) formations in suspension. In unnaturally moved air or water decadent stresses appear, causing the decay of the decisive energy-concentrates. This leads to the build-up of decadent potential and the decomposition of the blood of the Earth, and thus to a total economic collapse along the whole course of development."^[7]

The claim that a bacteriophage can exist in an atomic lattice is inaccurate, notably because a bacteriophage is approximately 1 thousand times larger than the gaps in a crystal structure. However it is evident that he had used the term atom generically to refer to particles, commonplace for his era, which contextually for his comment about bacteriophage in soil holds to be true as soil particles indeed host between them bacteria the disturbance of which breaks their bonds to surrounding material and organisms, thereby depleting soil's vitality.

[edit] Implosion Magazine

Implosion is a quarterly magazine founded in 1958 by Aloys Kokaly at the bequest of Viktor and Walter Schauberger. It is still published quarterly or semi-annually by Klaus Rauber. It is the only known repository of Viktor Schauberger's writing (in German), and has been the source of substantial portions of the Eco-Technology series.

Films[link]

Three documentaries in English dealing with the life and works of Viktor Schauberger are in existence:

• "Nature Was My Teacher" - Borderland Science Research Foundation - narrated by Tom Brown (1993)
• "Sacred Living Geometries" - narrated by Callum Coats (1995)
• "Extraordinary Nature of Water" - narrated by Callum Coats (2000)

See also[link]

• Biomimicry
• Bionics
• Forester
• Fluid dynamics
• Hydrodynamics
• Pseudoscience
• Spiral: Golden spiral, Golden ratio, Fibonacci sequence
• Vortex

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Kronberger Hans & Lattacher Siegbert, "On the Track of Water's Secret - from Victor Schauberger to Johann Grander", Uranus 1995; ISBN 3-901626-03-4
• Jane Cobbald, Viktor Schauberger - a Life of Learning from Nature (2006) ISBN 0-86315-569-3
• Olof Alexandersson, Living Water — Viktor Schauberger and the Secrets of Natural Energy
• (1982) ISBN 0-85500-112-7
• (1990) ISBN 0-946551-57-X
• (2002) ISBN 0-7171-3390-7
• Alick Bartholomew, Hidden Nature — The Startling Insights of Viktor Schauberger (2003) ISBN 0-86315-432-8
• Brian Desborough, A Blueprint for A Better World (2002) ISBN 0-9742018-0-4
• Viktor Schauberger and Callum Coats, The Schauberger Companion (1994) ISBN 1-85860-011-1
• Eco-Technology (1994) ISBN 1-85860-011-1
• Living Energies (1995) ISBN 0-7171-3307-9 {UK edition has more ill.}
• Living Energies — Viktor Schauberger's brilliant work with Natural Energies Explained (2002) ISBN 0-7171-3307-9
• The Water Wizard: The Extraordinary Properties of Natural Water, Eco-Technology no.1, (1997) ISBN 1-85860-048-0
• Nature As Teacher: New principles in the Working of Nature, Eco-Technology no.2, (1998) ISBN 1-85860-056-1
• The Fertile Earth: Nature's Energies in Agriculture, Soil Fertilisation and Forestry, Eco-Technology no.3,(2000) ISBN 1-85860-060-X
• Energy Evolution: Harnessing Free Energy from Nature, Eco-Technology no.4, (2001) ISBN 1-85860-061-8
• Nick Cook, "The Hunt for Zero Point" (2002) ISBN 978-0-09-941498-8

External links[link]

• Viktor Schauberger(Russian\English)
• Pythagoras Kepler System, non-profit promoting Viktor's work, started by son Walter Schauberger, currently run by grandson Jörg Schauberger.
• Implosion Magazine, Verein für Implosionsforschung und Anwendung e.V.
• Ovesen, Morten, "Life and work". Malmö group.
• "Who was Viktor Schauberger?"
• "Viktor Schauberger". (30.6.1885 - 25.9.1958)
• "Viktor Schauberger, The Water-wizard from Austria.".
• Naudin, J., "The Schauberger's Flying Saucer".
• "Qualitatives Torkado-Modell (Hypothesen und Studien zu freien 3D-Schwingungen)". (German)
• "Viktor Schauberger (30.6.1885 - 25.9.1958)".
• "Viktor Schauberger The Water-wizard from Austria
• Viktor Schauberger".
• Modern Energy Research Library".
• "Nature Was My Teacher - The Vision of Viktor Schauberger by Thomas Joseph Brown ?"
• Ball, Philip (September 14, 2007). "Burning water and other myths". Nature News. DOI:10.1038/news070910-13. http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070910/full/070910-13.html. Retrieved 2008-12-08.