currency name in local	ريال يمني
image 1	Yemeni rial.jpg
image title 1	1000 Yemeni rial banknote
iso code	YER
using countries
inflation rate	12.2%
inflation source date	''The World Factbook'', 2010 est.
subunit ratio 1	1/100
subunit name 1	fils
used coins	1, 5, 10, 20 rials
used banknotes	50, 100, 200, 250, 500, 1000 rials
issuing authority	Central Bank of Yemen
issuing authority website	www.centralbank.gov.ye }}

The rial or riyal is the currency of Yemen. It is technically divided into 100 fils, although coins denominated in fils have not been issued since Yemeni unification.

History

After the union between the North (the Yemen Arab Republic) and the South (the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) in 1990, both the northern rial and the southern dinar remained legal tender during a transitional period, with 1 dinar exchanged for 26 rials. On 11 June 1996, the dinar was withdrawn from circulation. In 1993, the first coins were issued for the Republic of Yemen. The value of rial against the United States dollar has dropped significantly compared to 12.01 rials per dollar in early 1990s.

Coins

When Yemen unified, coins had been issued in North Yemen in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 fils and 1 rial. However, the fils denominations have all disappeared from circulation. In 1993, new coins were introduced by the Central Bank of Yemen in denominations of 1 and 5 rials. These were followed by 10 rials coins in 1995 and 20 rials in 2004.

Banknotes

At the time of unification, Central Bank of Yemen notes in circulation were 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 rials. In 1993, the 1 and 5 rials notes were replaced by coins, with the same happening to the 10 rials notes in 1995. In 1996, 200 rials notes were introduced, followed by 500 rials in 1997 and 1000 rials in 1998. The 20 rials notes were replaced by coins in 2004. In addition, a 250 rial banknote was issued on the 14 November 2009. {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" !colspan="6"| Currently circulating banknotes |- !colspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Main Colour !!colspan="2"| Description |- ! Obverse !! Reverse !! Obverse !! Reverse |- | | | 50 rial | Olive-green | | |- | | | 100 rial | Purple | | |- | | | 200 rial | Green | | |- | | | 250 rial | Orange & blue |- | | | 500 rial | Blue | | |- | | | 1,000 rial | Pink & green | | |- |}

See also

Economy of Yemen

References

External links

Category:Economy of Yemen Category:1993 establishments

ar:ريال يمني ca:Rial iemenita de:Jemen-Rial el:Ριάλ Υεμένης es:Rial yemení eo:Jemena rialo fr:Rial yéménite ko:예멘 리알 bpy:ইয়েমেনি রিয়াল it:Riyal yemenita he:ריאל תימני kv:Йеменса риал lt:Jemeno rialas hu:Jemeni riál arz:ريال يمني nl:Jemenitische rial ja:イエメン・リアル no:Jemenittisk rial pl:Rial jemeński pt:Rial iemenita ru:Йеменский риал sr:Јеменски ријал fi:Jemenin rial sv:Jemenitisk rial tg:Риали Йемен tr:Yemen riyali yo:Yemeni rial zh:葉門里亞爾

Name	Ali Abdullah Saleh
Office	President of Yemen
Vicepresident	Ali Salim al-Beidh Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi
Primeminister	Haidar Abu Bakr al-AttasMuhammad Said al-AttarAbdul Aziz Abdul GhaniFaraj Said Bin GhanemAbdul Karim al-IryaniAbdul Qadir BajamalAli Muhammad Mujawar
Term start	22 May 1990
Predecessor	Himself (North Yemen)Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas (South Yemen)
Office2	President of North Yemen
Primeminister2	Abdul Aziz Abdul GhaniAbdul Karim al-IryaniAbdul Aziz Abdul Ghani
Term start2	18 July 1978
Term end2	22 May 1990
Predecessor2	Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi
Successor2	Himself (Yemen)
Office3	Vice President of North Yemen
President3	Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi
Term start3	24 June 1978
Term end3	18 July 1978
Predecessor3	Abdul Karim Abdullah al-Arashi
Successor3	Position abolished
Birth date	March 21, 1942
Birth place	House of Al-Ahmar, North Yemen (now in Yemen)
Party	General People's Congress
Spouse	Asama Saleh
Residence	Saudi Arabia
Religion	Zaidiyyah
Footnotes	† Saleh is still the official President of Yemen. }}

Field Marshal Ali Abdullah Saleh (; born 21 March 1942) is the first President of the Republic of Yemen. Saleh previously served as President of the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) from 1978 until 1990, at which time he assumed the office of chairman of the Presidential Council of the Republic of Yemen (unified Yemen). He is the longest-serving president of Yemen, ruling since 1978.

Rise to power

Saleh was born in the town of al-Ahmar, in the Al-Ahmar family — the ruling family of the Hashid tribal confederacy. Saleh is a Zaydi Shia Muslim. He is a "non-Hashimi" Zaydi (not a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's grandfather), and would not have been eligible to rule under the Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen that ruled the country until 1962.

Saleh obtained less than an elementary school education. He joined the North Yemeni armed forces in 1958 and the North Yemen Military Academy in 1960, and became a corporal. Three years later, he was commissioned from the ranks as a second lieutenant. In 1977, the President of North Yemen, Ahmed bin Hussein al-Ghashmi, appointed him as military governor of Ta'izz.

After al-Ghashmi was assassinated on 24 June 1978, Saleh was appointed to be a member of the four-man provisional presidency council and deputy to the general staff commander. On 17 July 1978, Saleh was elected by the Parliament to be the President of the Yemen Arab Republic, chief of staff and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

Career

On 10 August 1978, Saleh ordered the execution of 30 officers charged to be part of a conspiracy against his rule.

Saleh was promoted to colonel in 1979, elected the secretary-general of the General People's Congress party on 30 August 1982, and re-elected president of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1983.

The decline of the Soviet Union severely weakened the status of South Yemen, and, in 1990 the North and South agreed to unify after years of negotiations. The South accepted Saleh as President of the unified country, while Ali Salim al-Beidh served as the Vice President and a member of the Presidential Council.

Ali Abdullah Saleh was a long-time ally of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, and supported Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. After Iraq lost the Gulf War, Yemeni workers were deported from Kuwait by the restored government.

In the 1993 parliamentary election, the first held after unification, Saleh's General People's Congress won 122 of 301 seats.

On 24 December 1997, Parliament approved Saleh's promotion to the rank of field marshal. He is currently the highest-ranking military officer in Yemen.

Saleh became Yemen's first directly-elected president in the 1999 presidential election, winning 96.2% of the vote. The only other candidate, Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi, was the son of Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi, a former President of South Yemen. Though a member of Saleh's General People's Congress (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent.

After the 1999 elections the Parliament passed a law extending presidential terms from five to seven years, extending parliamentary terms from four to six years, and creating a 111-member, presidentially-appointed council of advisors with legislative power. This move prompted Freedom House to downgrade their rating of political freedom in Yemen from 5 to 6.

In July 2005, during the 27th anniversary celebrations of his presidency, Saleh announced that he would "not contest the [presidential] elections" in September 2006. He expressed hope that "all political parties – including the opposition and the General People's Congress – find young leaders to compete in the elections because we have to train ourselves in the practice of peaceful succession." However, in June 2006, Saleh changed his mind and accepted his party's nomination as the presidential candidate of the GPC, saying that when he initially decided not to contest the elections his aim was "to establish ground for a peaceful transfer of power", but that he was now bowing to the "popular pressure and appeals of the Yemeni people." Political analyst Ali Saif Hasan said he had been "sure [President Saleh] would run as a presidential candidate. His announcement in July 2005 – that he would not run – was exceptional and unusual." Mohammed al-Rubai, head of the opposition supreme council, said the president's decision "show[ed] that the president wasn’t serious in his earlier decision. I wish he hadn’t initially announced that he would step down. There was no need for such farce."

In the 2006 presidential election, held on 20 September Saleh won with 77.2% of the vote. His main rival, Faisal bin Shamlan, received 21.8%. Saleh was sworn in for another term on September 27.

In December 2005, Saleh stated in a nationally-televised broadcast that only his personal intervention had preempted a U.S. occupation of the southern port of Aden after the 2000 USS ''Cole'' bombing, stating "By chance, I happened to be down there. If I hadn’t been, Aden would have been occupied as there were eight U.S. warships at the entrance to the port." However, transcripts from the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee state that no other warships were in the vicinity at the time.

Ties with Iran

In April 2000, Saleh visited Tehran to cement Iranian-Yemeni military relations, and to support Iran in its dispute with the United Arab Emirates over the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. Saleh, a Shia, prayed at the mausoleum of Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini.

The 2003 invasion of Iraq toppled Saddam Hussein, Saleh's long-time ally, and created concern in the region that other dictators would be next; as a result, on 15 May 2003, Iranian leader Mohammed Khatami visited Iran's two regional allies, Syria and Yemen, to strengthen Iran's regional security links.

Iran continued to garner support from Yemen well into December 2010, with Mahmoud Ahmedinejad meeting with Saleh on Iran-Yemen cooperation, whereupon Saleh confirmed his support for Iran's nuclear energy program.

As the Sunni southern secessionist movement accelerated from 2007 onward, emboldened by Southern Sudan's secession in February 2011, Saleh increasingly turned to Iran for support. Iranian officials see Saleh as critical to preserving Shia rule over formerly independent Sunni South Yemen, which encompasses the strategic port of Aden, and have expressed their support for his crackdown on Sunni southern separatists "in order to preserve territorial integrity".

Current status

2011 Yemeni protests

In late 2010 and early 2011, protesters demanded Saleh end his three-decade-long rule because of his perceived lack of democratic reform, widespread corruption and the human rights abuses carried out by him and his allies.

On 2 February 2011, facing a major national uprising, Saleh announced that he would not seek reelection in 2013, but would serve out the remainder of his term. In response to government violence against unarmed protesters, eleven MPs of Saleh's party resigned on 23 February. By 5 March, this number had increased to 13, as well as the addition of two deputy ministers.

On 10 March, Saleh announced a referendum on a new constitution, separating the executive and legislative powers. On 18 March, at least 52 people were killed and over 200 injured by government forces when unarmed demonstrators were fired upon in the university square in Sana'a. The president claimed that his security forces weren't at the location, and blamed local residents for the massacre.

Saleh fired his entire Cabinet on 20 March 2011, but asked them to remain as a caretaker cabinet until he could form a new government. On 22 March, Saleh warned that any attempt at overthrowing him would result in civil war.

On 23 April 2011, facing massive nationwide protests, Saleh agreed to step down under a 30-day transition plan in which he would receive immunity from criminal prosecution. He stated that he planned to hand power over to his Vice President, Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi as part of the deal.

On 18 May 2011, he agreed to sign a deal with opposition groups, stipulating that he would resign within a month; On 23 May, Saleh refused to sign the agreement, leading to renewed protests and the withdrawal of the Gulf Cooperation Council from mediation efforts in Yemen.

Assassination attempt and aftermath

On 3 June Saleh was injured in an RPG attack on his presidential compound, which killed four body guards and injured the prime minister, deputy prime minister, and the governor of Sanaa. The man responsible for speaking at Saleh's public events was reported killed. Saleh suffered burns and shrapnel injuries, but survived, which was confirmed by an audio message he sent to state media in which he condemned the attack, but his voice clearly revealed that he was having difficulty in speaking. Government officials tried to downplay the attack by saying he was lightly wounded. The next day he was taken to a military hospital in Saudi Arabia for treatment. According to U.S. government officials, Saleh suffers a collapsed lung and burns on about 40 percent of his body. A Saudi official said that Saleh has undergone two operations: one to remove the shrapnel and a neurosurgery on his neck.

On June 4, 2011, Vice President Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi was appointed as acting President, Saleh remains the President of Yemen.

On July 7, 2011, Saleh appeared for the first live TV appearance since his injury. He appeared badly burned and his arms were both bandaged. In his speech, he welcomed power-sharing but stressed it should be "within the framework of the constitution and in the framework of the law".

See also

Cabinet of Yemen

References

External links

President Ali Abdullah Saleh profile from the National Information Center of Yemen, (in French)

President Ali Abdullah Saleh official Yemen government website

Ali Abdullah Saleh Family in Yemen Govt and Business, Jane Novak, ''Armies of Liberation'' blog, April 8, 2006

Timeline: Saleh's 32-year rule in Yemen, ''Reuters'', 22 March 2011

In Yemen, onetime foes united in opposing President Saleh, Sudarsan Raghavan in Sanaa, ''The Washington Post'', 25 March 2011

Profile: Yemen's Ali Abdullah Saleh, ''BBC News'', 23 April 2011

|- |-

Category:1942 births Category:Arab politicians Category:Attempted assassination survivors Category:Field Marshals Category:General People's Congress (Yemen) politicians Category:Living people Category:People from Sana'a Governorate Category:People of the 2011 Yemeni protests Category:Presidents of North Yemen Category:Presidents of Yemen Category:Yemeni Zaydis

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name	Sahib Singh Verma
birth date	March 15, 1943
birth place	Delhi,
death date	June 30, 2007
death place	Rājasthān,
death cause	Car accident
party	Bharatiya Janata Party
religion	Sikh
children	2 sons, 3 daughters
footnotes	}}

Sahib Singh Verma (March 15, 1943, Mundka Village, Outer Delhi – June 30, 2007) was an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He served as Chief Minister of Delhi (1996-1998) and was member of 13th Lok Sabha, Parliament of India (1999-2004). He was a senior vice-president in the BJP.

He died on June 30, 2007, when his car collided with a truck near Jonaicha khurd, Shahajahanpur on the Jaipur-Delhi highway (NH-8).

Life

Verma was born on March 15, 1943 in Mundka village, Delhi, to Mir Singh, a Jat farmer, and Bharpai Devi.

He began his socio-political journey as a volunteer in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and later climbed the ranks in politics.

He has a Ph.D. degree in Library Science, and started work as librarian in Bhagat Singh College, Delhi. He also holds a master's degree in Arts, (M.A.) and also in Library Science from Aligarh Muslim University.

Married in 1954 to Sahib Kaur, he has two sons and three daughters.

Political career

In 1977 he was elected to the Municipal Corporation of Delhi and took the ''Oath as a Councillor'' by the hands of legendary Freedom Fighter Guru Radha Kishan.
Initially won as a Janata Party candidate he was re-elected on a BJP ticket. He became the Education and Development Minister in the Delhi government in 1993. In 1996, after Madan Lal Khurana was embroiled in a corruption crisis, Sahib Singh became the Chief Minister of Delhi despite Khurana being acquitted by the courts. Singh served as CM for two and a half years, facing increasing rivalry from Khurana. Following an onion price crisis, he was replaced by Sushma Swaraj.

Subsequently, he won the Lok Sabha elections, 1999 from Outer Delhi with a margin of over two lakh votes. In 2002, he became Minister of Labour in the Vajpayee government, and was known as "bull in a China shop" for standing up against the bureaucrats against lowering the Provident Fund interest rate. However, he was defeated in the 2004 polls.

Verma was respected among the teacher community of Delhi. He was the owner of a national Hindi daily newspaper called Haribhumi.

He died in a road accident in Rajasthan. Verma was returning to Delhi after laying a foundation stone for a school in Neem Ka Thana in Sikar district.

References

http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun302007/national2007063010305.asp?section=updatenews

External links

Category:1943 births Category:2007 deaths Category:Indian politicians Category:Chief Ministers of Delhi Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni Category:People from Delhi Category:Road accident deaths in India Category:13th Lok Sabha members Category:Members of the Delhi Legislative Assembly

The Oppressed is a Welsh anti-fascist Oi! band that formed in 1981 in Cardiff. Most of the musicians in the band's various lineups were skinheads. Throughout the band's career, the members (especially vocalist Roddy Moreno) openly expressed opposition to racism and fascism — in their lyrics, interviews, on-stage comments and other actions. In 1989, Moreno visited New York City and met many members of Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (SHARP). On his return to the United Kingdom, he started promoting SHARP ideals to British skinheads. The band has also had ties to other anti-racist groups, such as Anti-Fascist Action. Moreno is a Cardiff City F.C. supporter, and some of the band's songs express that support.

The band has split and re-formed several times. Their more recent split was in 2006, but they re-formed for a one-off gig in 2009, and will be performing around Europe in 2010 and 2011.

Discography

EPs

''Never Say Die'' (1983)

''Victims / Work Together'' (1983)

''Fuck Fascism'' (1995)

''5-4-3-2-1'' (1996)

''They Think Its All Over...It Is Now''(1996)

''Anti-Fascist Oi!'' (1996)

''Best of The Oppressed Bonus 7 Inch'' (1996)

''The Richard Allen Tribute Single'' (1997)

''Strength In Unity'' (1997)

''The Noise'' (1997)

''Oppressed / Fatskins'' (1998)

''Out on The Streets Again'' (1999)

''Football Violence'' (2009)

LPs

''Oi!Oi! Music'' (1984)

''Fatal Blow'' (1985)

''Dead & Buried'' (1988)

''Dead & Buried / Fatal Blow Reissue'' (1996)

''The Best of The Oppressed'' (1996)

''Music For Hooligans'' (1996)

''We Can Do Anything'' (1996)

''Live (Llanrumney Youth Club 1984)'' (1997)

''More Noize For The Boys'' (1998)

''Skinhead Times'' (double CD) (2005)

''"Won't Say Sorry" The Complete Cover Story'' (double CD) (2005)

DVD

''Brotherhood: The Oppressed/The Prowlers Live in Toronto - 4.30.05'' (2008)

References

External links

Official site

Interview with Cardiff City fanzine

Category:People from Cardiff Category:British punk rock groups Category:Street punk Category:Skinhead Category:Welsh musical groups Category:Anti-fascists

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