Parliamentary Republic

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Parliamentary republic 'solution' to Egypt's woes

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Duration: 7:38
Updated: 05 Feb 2011

Moustafa Elgindy, a member of the Egyptian Coalition for the Opposition and a former member of Egypt's parliament, said the pro-democracy protests will continue until president Hosni Mubarak leaves office. He said the solution is a parliamentary republic with a strong army and a prime minister voted on by the people. He spoke to Al Jazeera from Washington, DC.

http://wn.com/Parliamentary_republic_'solution'_to_Egypt's_woes

Chapter 4. A parliamentary republic.

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Duration: 1:30
Updated: 20 Jun 2012

Freedom House supported local partners for initiatives that increased voter awareness and participation.

http://wn.com/Chapter_4_A_parliamentary_republic

Mehriban Aliyeva The first democratic parliamentary republic in the Muslim East that was proclaimed in Azerbaijan

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Duration: 2:39
Updated: 18 Jul 2012

http://wn.com/Mehriban_Aliyeva_The_first_democratic_parliamentary_republic_in_the_Muslim_East_that_was_proclaimed_in_Azerbaijan

A Parliamentary Delegation from the Islamic Republic of Iran calls-on the President - 27-02-13

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Duration: 1:27
Updated: 28 Feb 2013

These are inhouse videos developed in Rashtrapati Bhavan,NewDelhi India.

http://wn.com/A_Parliamentary_Delegation_from_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_calls-on_the_President_27-02-13

Insane Tyrant Of Georgia Losing Power

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Duration: 4:18
Updated: 03 Oct 2012

Saakashvili has failed to fulfill his dream - to head a parliamentary republic that Georgia will become next year. In the parliamentary elections held on October 1, the "Georgian Dream" of Ivanishvili has won. Saakashvili was hoping for the overall victory of the UNM by winning single-member districts, but this would be a fantasy or fraud. Of course, this is a crushing defeat for Saakashvili's party that was way ahead of the "Georgian Dream" until the prison scandal, with 40 percent support compared to 20 of the main opponent. Propaganda campaign in the West did its job. In particularly, Saakashvili was praised for the eradication of corruption, transparency, governance, and democratic institutions. Then a video of a cruel torture in Tbilisi Prison went viral and the resulting stories of corruption of nearly the entire Ministry of Corrections have greatly reduced the value of Western ratings. The citizens realized that a European showcase model was covering a deceitful regime that has been long protecting the criminals. Western analysts, however, were at a loss seeing how events in one prison may influence the election, but this is yet another confirmation of the fact that Georgia under Saakashvili is not a democracy, but, in the figurative expression of the Times, a country of "pluralistic feudalism." Social relationships are built in accordance with "patron-vassal" pattern, that is, the entire moral and material dependence of the citizens from the vertical of power. But as soon as the "feudal" ceases to be honest in the eyes of a "vassal", his power is crumbling. Georgia's president, who ruled for two terms, could not run again, so in 2011 he initiated an amendment to the Constitution, according to which in 2013 Georgia would become a parliamentary republic with the elected parliament and the Prime Minister as its head. Saakashvili was confident of his success, but was defeated by the "dreamer." It is too early to talk about foreign policy of the new prime minister, as the changes in the country a third of whose budget comes from direct infusion from the U.S. would be hard. Undoubtedly, he will be more lenient towards Russia, ready to negotiate, as he did not give the order to kill Russian citizens in South Ossetia.

http://wn.com/Insane_Tyrant_Of_Georgia_Losing_Power

10th Parliament of the Republic of Guyana - The Government Members.mpg

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Duration: 11:22
Updated: 04 Dec 2012

http://wn.com/10th_Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Guyana_The_Government_Membersmpg

Kyrgyz vote for first democratically elected parliament

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Duration: 1:54
Updated: 10 Oct 2010

The people of Kyrgyzstan are voting in an historic election, which will create the first parliamentary republic in central Asia. The country's interim leader hopes it will put an end to months of ethnic tension that followed the overthrow of the government in March. Al Jazeera's James Bays has more from Bishkek, the capital.

http://wn.com/Kyrgyz_vote_for_first_democratically_elected_parliament

Alhaji Amadu Sorogho, Parliamentary Committee Chair on Trade, Industry, Tourism, Republic of Ghana

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Duration: 6:39
Updated: 18 Jan 2012

http://wn.com/Alhaji_Amadu_Sorogho,_Parliamentary_Committee_Chair_on_Trade,_Industry,_Tourism,_Republic_of_Ghana

Israel - Ancient

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Duration: 3:32
Updated: 31 Aug 2011

The State of Israel, is a parliamentary republic in Western Asia, located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.Israel is the world's only Jewish-majority state, and is defined as a Jewish and democratic state in its Basic Laws. Following the 1947 United Nations decision to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared Israel a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Since then, Israel has fought a series of wars with neighboring Arab states,[12] and has occupied territories, including the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights, beyond those delineated in the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Portions of these territories, including Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel but the border with the neighboring West Bank is still not formally defined, as a result of the complex and unresolved political situation. Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts by elements on both sides of the Israeli--Palestinian conflict to solve the problem diplomatically have so far met with little or no success. Former Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin pushed for a two-state solution in the 1990s, but was assassinated by a Jewish nationalist. The population of Israel, defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics to include all citizens or nationals, but not foreign workers, within Israel itself and in the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories, was estimated in June 2011 to be 7,751,000 people, of whom 5,818,200 are Jewish. Arabs form by far the country's second-largest ethnic group, which includes Muslims and Christians. Other minorities are Druze, Circassians and Samaritans. At the end of 2005, 93% of the Arab population of East Jerusalem had permanent residency and 5% had Israeli citizenship. In the Golan Heights, Druze are entitled to citizenship but most of them have rejected it in favor of "loyalty to Syria." According to a 2008 census, 1,579,700 Arabs and Druze live in East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights. Israel is a developed country and a representative democracy with a parliamentary system and universal suffrage.The Prime Minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as Israel's unicameral legislative body. The economy, based on the nominal gross domestic product, was the 42nd-largest in the world in 2010 and it has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. Jerusalem is the country's capital, although it is not recognized internationally as such. In 2010, Israel joined the OECD. ( source Wikipedia )

http://wn.com/Israel_Ancient

Google Doodle: Independence Day of Latvia - Latvijas Republikas Proklamēšanas diena

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Duration: 1:07
Updated: 18 Nov 2012

Google Doodle 11/18/2012 - Independence Day of Latvia - Latvijas Republikas Proklamēšanas diena. Latvia (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden. With 2,070,371 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate. The Latvians are a Baltic people, culturally related to the Lithuanians. Together with the Finnic Livs (or Livonians), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia. Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch. Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finnic Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history: historical Livonia, times of Polish-Lithuanian, German (Teutonic Order), Swedish, Russian, Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation. Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia) of whom some are non-citizens. Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant, except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic. Latvia is a unitary parliamentary republic and is divided into 118 administrative divisions of which 109 are municipalities and 9 are cities. There are five planning regions: Courland (Kurzeme), Latgalia (Latgale), Riga (Rīga), Vidzeme and Zemgale. The Republic of Latvia was founded on November 18, 1918. It was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union between 1940--1941 and 1945--1991 and by Nazi Germany between 1941--1945. The peaceful "Singing Revolution" between 1987 and 1991 and "Baltic Way" demonstration on August 23, 1989 led to the independence of the Baltic states. Latvia declared the restoration of its de facto independence on August 21, 1991. Latvia is a member of the United Nations, European Union, Council of Europe, NATO, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization, and is part of the Schengen Area. It was a member of the League of Nations (1921--1946) and the Baltic Free Trade Area (1994--2004). Latvia is also a member of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and Nordic Investment Bank, and is together with Estonia and Lithuania involved in trilateral Baltic States cooperation and Nordic-Baltic cooperation. After economic stagnation in the early 1990s, Latvia posted Europe-leading GDP growth figures during 1998--2006. In the global financial crisis of 2008--2010 Latvia was the hardest hit of the European Union member states, with a GDP decline of 26.54% in that period. Commentators noted signs of stabilisation in the Latvian economy by 2010, and the state of the economy continued to improve, as Latvia once again became one of the fastest growing economies of the EU in 2011. The United Nations lists Latvia as a country with a "Very High" Human Development Index (HDI). More information on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia Music: LongRoad Ahead - Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

http://wn.com/Google_Doodle_Independence_Day_of_Latvia_Latvijas_Republikas_Proklamēšanas_diena

Israel."The Holy Land" Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jerusalem and Haifa.

Order: Reorder
Duration: 19:04
Updated: 26 Sep 2012

I apologise for the Pronunciation in this Video. Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state

http://wn.com/IsraelThe_Holy_Land_Bethlehem,_Nazareth,_Jerusalem_and_Haifa

Croatia

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Duration: 2:35
Updated: 28 Dec 2011

Croatia Croatian: Hrvatska officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska About this sound listen, is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast is long and traced by more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, and the main religion is Roman Catholicism. In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria--Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. Croatia today has a comparatively very high life expectancy, literacy, education, standards of living and income equality, and it ranks high among Central European nations in terms of education, health, quality of life and economic dynamism. The International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high income economy. Croatia is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, CEFTA and a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean. Croatia is an acceding state of the European Union, with full membership expected in July 2013. As an active participant in the UN peacekeeping forces, Croatia has contributed troops to the NATO-led mission in Afghanistan and took a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2008--2009 term. The service sector dominates Croatia's economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world. The state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatia's most important trading partner. Since 2000, the Croatian government has invested in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia; the rest is imported. Croatia provides a universal health care system and free primary and secondary education, while supporting culture through numerous public institutions and through corporate investments in media and publishing. The nation prides itself in its cultural, artistic and scientific contributions to the world, as well as in its cuisine, wines and sporting achievements.

http://wn.com/Croatia

Part 3 Afrika (South.Africa-Namibia), Güney Afrika,Namibya

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Duration: 18:05
Updated: 04 Aug 2012

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline.To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory. South Africa is a multi-ethnic nation and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution.Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language.All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President. Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border with Zimbabwe, less than 200 meters of riverbed (essentially the Zambia/Botswana border) separates them at their closest points. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations. The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by Bushmen, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. It became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. Uprisings and demands by African leaders led the UN to assume direct responsibility over the territory. It recognized the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) as the official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, with the exception of Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands, which remained under South African control until 1994. Namibia has a population of 2.1 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry -- including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals -- form the backbone of Namibia's economy. Given the presence of the arid Namib Desert, it is one of the least densely populated countries in the world

http://wn.com/Part_3_Afrika_SouthAfrica-Namibia,_Güney_Afrika,Namibya

Estonia / Eesti officially the Republic of Estonia / Eesti Vabariik

Order: Reorder
Duration: 2:30
Updated: 22 Feb 2010

Estonia / Eesti, officially the Republic of Estonia / Eesti Vabariik is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by the Russian Federation (338.6 km).[8] The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the Estonian language is closely related to Finnish. The modern name of Estonia is thought to originate from the Roman historian Tacitus, who in his book Germania (ca. 98 CE) described a people called the Aestii. Similarly, ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland, close to the Danish, German, Dutch, Swedish and Norwegian term Estland for the country. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia. Esthonia was a common alternate English spelling prior to independence. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into fifteen counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. With a population of only 1.34 million, Estonia is one of the least-populous members of the European Union. Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto protocol. The settlement of modern day Estonia began around 8500 BC, immediately after the Ice Age. Over the centuries, the Estonians were subjected to Danish, Teutonic, Swedish and Russian rule. Foreign rule in Estonia began in 1227. In the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade the area was conquered by Danes and Germans. From 12281562, parts or most of Estonia were incorporated into a crusader state Terra Mariana, that became part of the Ordensstaat, and after its decline was formed the Livonian Confederation. During the era economic activities centered around the Hanseatic League. In the 1500s Estonia passed to Swedish rule, under which it remained until 1710/1721, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire. The Estophile Enlightenment Period (17501840) led to a national awakening in the mid-19th century. In 1918 the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued, to be followed by the Estonian War of Independence (19181920), which resulted in the Tartu Peace Treaty recognizing Estonian independence in perpetuity. During World War II, Estonia was occupied and annexed first by the Soviet Union and subsequently by the Third Reich, only to be re-occupied by the Soviet Union in 1944. Estonia regained its independence on 20 August 1991. It has since embarked on a rapid programme of social and economic reform. Today, the country has gained recognition for its economic freedom, its adaptation of new technologies and was one of the world's fastest growing economies for several years. However, Estonia's economy was second worst hit of all 27 European Union members in the 20082009 economic crisis, contracting sharply in the first quarter of 2009.

http://wn.com/Estonia_Eesti_officially_the_Republic_of_Estonia_Eesti_Vabariik

Kyrgyzstan-Kırgızistan 2002 Part 1/17

Order: Reorder
Duration: 18:35
Updated: 14 Jan 2012

Youtbe:nurettinodunya Kyrgyzstan ( /ˈkɜrɡɨstæn/ kur-gi-stan;[8] Kyrgyz & Russian: Кыргызстан, Kyrgyzstan, or Киргизия, Kirgiziya), officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states (along with Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan is officially a democratic parliamentary republic. A revolution in April 2010 overthrew the former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and the appointment of an interim government. Recent presidential elections were held in November 2011. Kyrgyzstan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is one of the active members of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. The national language, Kyrgyz, is also closely related to the other Turkic languages, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties. Kırgızistan (Kırgız Türkçesi: Кыргызстан {Kırgızstan}; Rusça: Киргизия, {Kirgiziya}; UFA: /ˈkəːgɪztan/), Orta Asya'da bir ülkedir. Kırgızistan, (Azerbaycan, Kazakistan, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, Özbekistan, Türkiye, ve Türkmenistan ile birlikte) günümüzdeki yedi bağımsız Türk devletlerinden biri olup Türk Konseyi ve TÜRKSOY'un üyesidir. Denize kıyısı olmayan ülkenin komşuları kuzeyde Kazakistan; batıda Özbekistan; güneybatıda Tacikistan ve güneydoğuda Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'dir. Kaynak:Vikipedia

http://wn.com/Kyrgyzstan-Kırgızistan_2002_Part_1_17

Marina Bay Sands Singapore 2013 (HD)

Order: Reorder
Duration: 4:21
Updated: 28 Feb 2013

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a southeast Asian island city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. The country is highly urbanised with very little primary rainforest remaining, although more land is being created for development through land reclamation. Part of various local empires since being inhabited in the 2nd century AD, Singapore hosted a trading post of the East India Company in 1819 with permission from the Sultanate of Johor. The British obtained sovereignty over the island in 1824 and Singapore became one of the British Straits Settlements in 1826. Occupied by the Japanese in World War II, Singapore declared independence, uniting with other former British territories to form Malaysia in 1963, although it was separated from Malaysia two years later. Since then it has had a massive increase in wealth, and is one of the Four Asian Tigers. Singapore is the world's fourth leading financial centre, and its port is one of the five busiest ports in the world. The economy depends heavily on exports and refining imported goods, especially in manufacturing, which constituted 26% of Singapore's GDP in 2005. Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The People's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, and governs on the basis of a strong state and prioritising collective welfare over individual rights such as freedom of speech. In terms of purchasing power parity, Singapore has the third highest per capita income in the world. There are slightly over 5 million people in Singapore, of which 2.91 million were born locally. The population is highly diverse; the majority are Chinese with almost 75% of the total population, while Malays and Indians forming significant minorities. Reflecting this diversity, the country has four official languages: English, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil. One of the five founding members of the Association of South East Asian Nations, the country is also the host of the APEC Secretariat, and a member of the East Asia Summit, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Commonwealth.

http://wn.com/Marina_Bay_Sands_Singapore_2013_HD

documentry on pakistan national geographic. DOCUMENTRY ON PAKISTAN

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Duration: 8:56
Updated: 04 Dec 2012

documentry on pakistan national geographic. DOCUMENTRY ON PAKISTAN.Documentary films constitute a broad category of nonfictional motion pictures intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record.[1] A 'documentary film' was originally shot on film stock—the only medium available—but now includes video and digital productions that can be either direct-to-video, made as a television program or released for screening in cinemas. "Documentary" has been described as a "filmmaking practice, a cinematic tradition, and mode of audience reception" that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries.Pakistan (Listeni/ˈpækɨstæn/ or Listeni/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاكِستان‎) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاكِستان‎), is a sovereign country in South Asia. With a population exceeding 180 million people, it is the sixth most populous country in the world. Located at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and Western Asia, Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a marine border with Oman. The territory of modern Pakistan was home to several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. A regional and middle power,[12][13] Pakistan has the seventh largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear weapons state, being the only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status. It has a semi-industrialised economy which is the 27th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 47th largest in terms of nominal GDP. Pakistan's post-independence history has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including terrorism, poverty, illiteracy and corruption. It is a founding member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) and is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Next Eleven Economies, SAARC, ECO, D8 and the G20 developing nations.

http://wn.com/documentry_on_pakistan_national_geographic_DOCUMENTRY_ON_PAKISTAN

Syrian President Assad & Barbara Walters ABC News

Order: Reorder
Duration: 46:17
Updated: 17 Nov 2012

~ John Rand https://www.facebook.com/groups/John.Rand.Group/permalink/248520141942329/ SHARES https://www.facebook.com/shares/view?id=168661073257508 سورية‎ or سوريا : , Syrian Arab Republic الجمهورية العربية السورية‎ an Arab country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. The population of Syria is 74% Sunni (mostly Sunni Arabs, but also Kurds, Circassians and Turkomans), 12% Alawi and Shia (mostly Arabs), 10% Christian (Arab Christians, Assyrians and Armenians) and 3% Druze (sometimes considered part of Shia Islam). Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim. The majority of the Syrian population is Arab. The modern Syrian state was established after the First World War as a French mandate, and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Arab Levant. It gained independence in April 1946, as a parliamentary republic. The post-independence period was tumultuous, and a large number of military coups and coup attempts shook the country in the period 1949--1971. Between 1958 and 1961, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt, which was terminated by a military coup in Syria. Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens, and its system of government is considered to be non-democratic. Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad, who was in office from 1971. Since March 2011, an uprising against the government of Assad, considered an extension of the events of the Arab spring, has thrown a significant part of the country into armed conflict. As of July 15, 2012, Syria is effectively in a state of civil war. World War III (WWIII or Third World War) is the conflict that denotes a successor to World War II (1939--1945). The conflict would be on a global scale, with common speculation that it would likely be a nuclear war and devastating in nature. In the wake of World War I, World War II, the commencement of the Cold War and the development, testing and use of nuclear weapons, there was early widespread speculation as to the next global war. This war was anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities, and explored in fiction in many countries. Concepts ranged from the limited use of atomic weapons, to the destruction of the planet.

http://wn.com/Syrian_President_Assad_Barbara_Walters_ABC_News

Kyrgyzstan-Kırgızistan 2002 Part 2/17

Order: Reorder
Duration: 18:24
Updated: 14 Jan 2012

http://wn.com/Kyrgyzstan-Kırgızistan_2002_Part_2_17

Parliamentary Elections in Georgia

Order: Reorder
Duration: 0:38
Updated: 01 Oct 2012

This video is being submitted to CNN's iReport at the same time that I am uploading it here. It is being uploaded under the assignment: Breaking News. The description I'm submitting with the video there is: I am an American German teacher here living in the village of Geguti in the Republic of Georgia. Today is the parliamentary election day. President Saakashvili's United National Party is up against (among others) the Georgian Dream Coalition, led by Ivanishvili. I talked with a few of the voters on their way out of the Geguti polling place (in the village's culture house), and it seems a number of the older voters are voting number 5, the United National Party. On a trip into Kutaisi, Georgia's second largest city, on Saturday the city seemed over run with Georgian Dream supporters in the streets, driving fast, waving flags and generally just trying to "make some noise". So far, things are peaceful, especially here in the village, and all polls across the country have opened on time. This is the first real opposition Saakashvili, in his last term as president, has had since the 2003 Rose Revolution. Turn out is impressive, with many people even dressing up to vote. Schools are closed, and many workers have off to make sure they are able to take part in the elections. Tomorrow, the results will be reported.

http://wn.com/Parliamentary_Elections_in_Georgia

Syria & World War Three

Order: Reorder
Duration: 23:40
Updated: 27 Jul 2012

FACEBOOK https://www.facebook.com/groups/John.Rand.Group/permalink/208830692577941/ AND ALSO SEE : https://sites.google.com/site/kitkirja/syria-world-war-three Syria سورية‎ or سوريا : ܣܘܪܝܐ, officially the Syrian Arab Republic الجمهورية العربية السورية‎ or is an Arab country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. The population of Syria is 74% Sunni (mostly Sunni Arabs, but also Kurds, Circassians and Turkomans), 12% Alawi and Shia (mostly Arabs), 10% Christian (Arab Christians, Assyrians and Armenians) and 3% Druze (sometimes considered part of Shia Islam). Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim. The majority of the Syrian population is Arab. The modern Syrian state was established after the First World War as a French mandate, and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Arab Levant. It gained independence in April 1946, as a parliamentary republic. The post-independence period was tumultuous, and a large number of military coups and coup attempts shook the country in the period 1949--1971. Between 1958 and 1961, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt, which was terminated by a military coup in Syria. Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens, and its system of government is considered to be non-democratic. Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad, who was in office from 1971. Since March 2011, an uprising against the government of Assad, considered an extension of the events of the Arab spring, has thrown a significant part of the country into armed conflict. As of July 15, 2012, Syria is effectively in a state of civil war. World War III (WWIII or Third World War) is the conflict that denotes a successor to World War II (1939--1945). The conflict would be on a global scale, with common speculation that it would likely be a nuclear war and devastating in nature. In the wake of World War I, World War II, the commencement of the Cold War and the development, testing and use of nuclear weapons, there was early widespread speculation as to the next global war. This war was anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities, and explored in fiction in many countries. Concepts ranged from the limited use of atomic weapons, to the destruction of the planet.

http://wn.com/Syria_World_War_Three

Iran Protects Syria

Order: Reorder
Duration: 7:35
Updated: 28 Jul 2012

FACEBOOK : https://www.facebook.com/groups/John.Rand.Group/permalink/209201372540873/ AND https://www.facebook.com/JohnA.Rand/posts/310703605691583 AND ALSO SEE: https://sites.google.com/site/kitkirja/iran-protects-syria Syria سورية‎ or سوريا : ܣܘܪܝܐ, officially the Syrian Arab Republic الجمهورية العربية السورية‎ or is an Arab country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. The population of Syria is 74% Sunni (mostly Sunni Arabs, but also Kurds, Circassians and Turkomans), 12% Alawi and Shia (mostly Arabs), 10% Christian (Arab Christians, Assyrians and Armenians) and 3% Druze (sometimes considered part of Shia Islam). Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim. The majority of the Syrian population is Arab. The modern Syrian state was established after the First World War as a French mandate, and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Arab Levant. It gained independence in April 1946, as a parliamentary republic. The post-independence period was tumultuous, and a large number of military coups and coup attempts shook the country in the period 1949--1971. Between 1958 and 1961, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt, which was terminated by a military coup in Syria. Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens, and its system of government is considered to be non-democratic. Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad, who was in office from 1971. Since March 2011, an uprising against the government of Assad, considered an extension of the events of the Arab spring, has thrown a significant part of the country into armed conflict. As of July 15, 2012, Syria is effectively in a state of civil war. World War III (WWIII or Third World War) is the conflict that denotes a successor to World War II (1939--1945). The conflict would be on a global scale, with common speculation that it would likely be a nuclear war and devastating in nature. In the wake of World War I, World War II, the commencement of the Cold War and the development, testing and use of nuclear weapons, there was early widespread speculation as to the next global war. On 16 June 2006 the defence ministers of Iran and Syria signed an agreement for military cooperation against what they called the "common threats" presented by Israel and the United States. Details of the agreement were not specified. However Syrian defense minister Najjar said "Iran considers Syria's security its own security, and we consider our defense capabilities to be those of Syria." The visit also resulted in the sale of Iranian military hardware to Syria. In addition to receiving military hardware, Iran has consistently invested billions of dollars into the Syrian economy. The Syrian leadership, including President Assad himself, belongs predominantly to the Alawite branch of Shi'a Islam. Currently, Iran is involved in implementing several industrial projects in Syria, including cement factories, car assembly lines, power plants, and silo construction. Iran also plans to set up a joint Iranian--Syrian bank in the future. On 17 February 2007, Presidents Ahmadinejad and Assad met in Tehran. Ahmadinejad afterwards declared that they would form an alliance to combat US and Israeli conspiracies against the Islamic world. During the 2011 Syrian uprising, Iran has aided the Syrian government. The Guardian has claimed that in May the Iranian Republican Guard increased its "level of technical support and personnel support" to strengthen Syria's "ability to deal with protesters," according to one diplomat in Damascus. Iran reportedly assisted the Syrian government sending it riot control equipment, intelligence monitoring techniques and oil.[9] It also agreed to fund a large military base at Latakia airport. The Daily Telegraph has claimed in August that a former member of Syria's secret police reported "Iranian snipers" had been deployed in Syria to assist in the crackdown on protests. According to the US government, Mohsen Chizari, the Quds Force's third-in-command, has visited Syria to train security services to fight against the protestors.

http://wn.com/Iran_Protects_Syria

Finland; Let us learn Finnish Language

Order: Reorder
Duration: 2:18
Updated: 28 Dec 2010

finnish language First basic Finnish everyday used sentences translated into English. Finland officially the "Republic of Finland" Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland. Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region.[2] It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 342 municipalities. A total of about one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area (which includes Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa), and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti, Kuopio and Kouvola. Finland was historically a part of Sweden and from 1809 on, an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in 1917 was followed by a civil war, wars against the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, and a period of official neutrality during the Cold War. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955, the OECD in 1969, the European Union in 1995, and the eurozone since its inception. Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialisation, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. Thereafter, economic development was rapid, Finland built an extensive welfare state and balanced between the East and the West in global economics and politics. The country tops continuously the international comparisons of national performance. Finland ranks the best country in the world in the 2010 Newsweek survey based on health, economic dynamism, education, political environment and quality of life. Finland has also been ranked the second most stable country in the world and the first in the 2009 Legatum Prosperity rating. In 2010, the World Economic Forum deemed Finland the 7th most competitive country in the world. Finland is currently ranked as having the 3rd highest graduation rate, percentage of graduates to the population at the typical age of graduation, in the OECD Factbook 2010

http://wn.com/Finland;_Let_us_learn_Finnish_Language

photo: White House / Pete Souza

File - President Barack Obama confers with Chief of Staff Denis McDonough as he talks on the phone in the Oval Office, Feb. 6, 2013.

Israel, Obama, and other people's oil

Al Jazeera

17 Mar 2013

The schedule for President Barack Obama's first visit to Israel and the Palestinian territories next week has just been released and it is no surprise that the occupied Syrian Golan Heights is not on his travel agenda. . And yet Israel put it on the international agenda less than a month ago with its award of a licence to a US energy firm to explore for oil in the Golan Heights ... The award puts the US on the spot ... 882. Source . ... Share....(size: 9.4Kb)

photo: AP / L'Osservatore Romano

In this photo provided by the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, Pope Francis puts flowers on the altar inside St. Mary Major Basilica, in Rome, Thursday, March 14, 2013.

Pope wants "poor Church and Church for the poor"

Yahoo Daily News

16 Mar 2013

The pope made his comment in an audience with journalists, explaining why he chose to call himself after St ... ....(size: 0.6Kb)

photo: AP / Petros Karadjias

People queue to use an ATM machine outside of a Laiki Bank branch in Larnaca, Cyprus, Saturday, March 16, 2013.

Cyprus Savings Raid Crosses Financial Rubicon

Skynews

16 Mar 2013

Back in 1941, with the memory of the Great Depression still weighing heavy, an American wrote into the Federal Reserve with an idea. "Would it not be feasible," the member of the public asked, "to impose a federal tax on the deposit of funds in bank checking accounts?". The reply from the Fed was polite but succinct ... There is no doubt the country is in big trouble ... And so it will be in Cyprus ... Consider it ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)

photo: USAF / Sgt. Samuel Bendet

U.S. Army Soldiers from the 350th Tactical Psychological Operations, 10th Mountain Division conduct a leaflet drop in Kirkuk, Iraq, March 27, 2008, to improve relations between citizens and coalition forces.

Iraq War's 10th anniversary and shades of deja vu

The News Tribune

17 Mar 2013

The 10th anniversary this week of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq stirs up feelings of deja vu. There’s talk that Iran already has a nuclear bomb. And the United States is offering aid to Syria’s rebels and getting involved in another distant conflict. These developments recall the $1 trillion war, built on an incorrect premise ... The total numbers of the dead are still uncertain. The number of U.S ... And though official U.S ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)

COMMITTEE ON ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION DISCUSSES SITUATION IN KYRGYZSTAN AND NEW ZEALAND WITH NGOS (UNOG - United Nations Office at Geneva)

noodls

18 Feb 2013

ION DIACONU, Country Rapporteur for Kyrgyzstan, said that Kyrgyzstan was now a parliamentary republic and therefore the President no longer had essential powers. He noted that there was a negative climate against ethnic minorities and asked representatives from non-governmental organizations what they thought could be done to change the ......(size: 16.7Kb)

Russian Press at a Glance, Tuesday, February 5, 2013

Novosti

05 Feb 2013

POLITICS ... (Kommersant) ... The essence of the draft alternative fundamental law is the transition from the “super-presidential” to a parliamentary republic. The authors of the document insist that only the parliamentary republic can ensure the real division of power under the ‘trias politica’ principle. (Izvestia) ... Members of the organizing committee are expected to announce the plan for the march on Tuesday ... SPACE....(size: 4.6Kb)

Moldova swims in bottled wine

Otago Daily Times

03 Jan 2013

Previous .. Next.  . Sports Writer Alistair McMurran visited Moldova this year and has now been to 195 countries and territories on the Los Angeles-based Travellers Century Club list ... Moldova is world famous for its vineyards and wineries ... They all lie flat ... Moldova. • The Republic of Moldova is a landlocked nation in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south ... Parliamentary republic ... ....(size: 7.8Kb)

Where life's a beach, whether sandy or not

Otago Daily Times

28 Dec 2012

Previous .. Next.  . Otago Daily Times sports writer Alistair McMurran visited Cape Verde Islands this year and has now been to 195 countries and/or territories on the Los Angeles-based Travellers Century Club list. His travelling companion, David Horne, who has been to more countries and/or territories than any other New Zealander, has now been to 258 of the 321 destinations on the club's list ... Capital. Praia ... Parliamentary republic ... ....(size: 7.7Kb)

Romania facing a new political order

Deutsche Welle

13 Dec 2012

Prime Minister Victor Ponta was reelected with a convincing two-thirds majority in Romania's parliamentary election, enough to push through changes to the constitution ... The current government system is to be abolished and replaced by a parliamentary republic in which all the executive power rests in the hands of the prime minister....(size: 6.0Kb)

Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev gives an interview to Kommersant newspaper (Government of the Russian Federation)

noodls

29 Nov 2012

Question. You've been Prime Minister for six months now. We can safely say that the organising phrase of forming the Government is over. Earlier you had outlined seven priority areas of the Government's work including in the short term ... Dmitry Medvedev ... And I think we have succeeded in this respect ... Question ... Russia does not have a party Government or a parliamentary republic ... I think the term "non-parliamentary opposition" is more fitting....(size: 17.3Kb)

Top Ten Most Dangerous Travel Destinations: Dominated by Islamic Law, Socialism

The Examiner

27 Nov 2012

Parliamentary Federal Republic, Military ... Parliamentarian Presidential Republic ... Still evolving as A Democratic Parliamentarian Republic, many authoritarian style forms of repression appear to still exist, however, since the 2003 Rose Revolution, the nation has been making strides ... Confessionalist Parliamentary Republic ... Unitary Presidential Republic, i.e ... Presidential Republic, authoritarian ... Unitary Islamic Republic....(size: 12.4Kb)

Baig submits petition against court verdict

Gulf News

21 Nov 2012

Islamabad ... In the review petition filed through a lawyer, the former army chief contends that he was declared guilty without being given a chance to prove his innocence ... Article continues below ... The court also observed in the verdict that the office of president in a parliamentary republic should remain aloof from partisan politics and treat all equally and impartially ... The Supreme Court is yet to take a decision of the review petitions....(size: 18.8Kb)

Give us the freedom to choose

Stuff

18 Nov 2012

It's about freedom of choice and open government ... With that straightforward move we would become a parliamentary republic ... The claim that "a republic" would cost us "billions" is so extreme it is almost not worth commenting on ... Becoming a parliamentary republic with a politically neutral head of state is the only reasonable and fair solution to the problem Elizabeth and Charles represent. Savage is Deputy-Chair of the Republic Movement ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)

Albania holds ceremony for exiled king’s remains

Taipei Times

18 Nov 2012

Albania’s top leaders and thousands of people paid their last respect on Saturday to the country’s only post-independence monarch, King Ahmet Zog I, half a century after he died and was buried in exile ... Albania’s post-World War II communist regime abolished the monarchy in 1946. Albania is now a parliamentary republic after the fall of communism in 1990 ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)

Pak govt files review petition against Supreme Court verdict

The Times of India

18 Nov 2012

ISLAMABAD ... The government stated in the review petition that the Supreme Court did not have the authority to issue such an order regarding the President ... In this regard, the ruling stated that presidents in parliamentary republics are "expected to be apolitical/non- partisan and objectively disengaged with any and all affiliations of a political, ethnic, linguistic, or geographic nature" ... There was no official word on this development. ....(size: 2.5Kb)

Albania holds ceremony for exiled king's remains

Zeenews

17 Nov 2012

Tirana ... The nation's television stations broadcast live the burial ceremony in the capital, a day after Zog's remains were returned from France ... Albania remains a parliamentary republic after the fall of communism in 1990 ... PTI ... First Published ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)

Pak govt files review petition against SC verdict

Zeenews

17 Nov 2012

Islamabad ... The government stated in the review petition that the Supreme Court did not have the authority to issue such an order regarding the President ... In this regard, the ruling stated that presidents in parliamentary republics are "expected to be apolitical/non- partisan and objectively disengaged with any and all affiliations of a political, ethnic, linguistic, or geographic nature" ... There was no official word on this development ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)

Country	Formerly	Parliamentary republic adopted	Head of state elected by
Albania	One-party state	1991	Parliament, by majority
Austria	One-party state	1955	Directly, by second-round system
Bangladesh	Presidential republic (Commonwealth realm)	1991^{[note 1]}	Parliament
Botswana	British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)	1966	Parliament
Bosnia and Herzegovina	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system
Bulgaria	One-party state	1989	Directly, by second-round system
Cape Verde	Portuguese colony	1975	Directly
Croatia	Semi-presidential republic	2000	Directly, by second-round system
Czech Republic	One-party state (Part of Czechoslovakia)	1993	Parliament, by majority
Dominica	British overseas territory	1978	Parliament, by majority
East Timor	Military junta (Occupied by Indonesia)	1999	Directly, by second-round system
Estonia	One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)	1991^{[note 2]}	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Ethiopia	One-party state	1991	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Finland	Constitutional monarchy (Part of Russian Empire)	1919	Directly, by second-round system
Germany	One-party state	1949^{[note 3]}	Federal assembly (Parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority
Greece	Military junta; Constitutional monarchy	1975	Parliament, by majority
Hungary	One-party state	1990	Parliament, by absolute majority
Iceland	Formerly part of Denmark - constitutional monarchy	1944	Directly, by transferable vote
India	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1950	Parliament and state legislators, by single transferable vote
Iraq	One-party state	2005	Parliament, by two-thirds majority
Ireland	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1949^{[note 4]}	Directly, by single transferable vote
Israel	Protectorate (Part of British Mandate of Palestine)	1948	Parliament, by majority
Italy	Constitutional monarchy	1946	Parliament, by majority
Kiribati	Protectorate	1979	Citizens
Kyrgyzstan	Presidential republic	2010	Parliament
Latvia	One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)	1991^{[note 5]}	Parliament
Lebanon	Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon)	1941	Parliament
Lithuania	One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)	1991^{[note 6]}	Directly, by second-round system
Macedonia	One-party state (Part of the Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system
Malta	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1974	Parliament, by majority
Marshall Islands	UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)	1979	Parliament
Mauritius	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1992	Parliament, by majority
Federated States of Micronesia	UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)	1986	Parliament, by majority
Moldova	Parliamentary republic	1994	Parliament, by majority
Mongolia	One-party state	1949	Directly
Montenegro	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)	1992	Directly, by second-round system
Nauru	Australian Trust Territory	1968	Parliament
Pakistan	Presidential and Semi-presidential system, and Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1956–1958, 1973–1978, 1988–1999, 2010–present^[4]^[5]	Parliament and state legislators, by single transferable vote
Poland	One-party state	1990	Directly, by second-round system
Portugal	One-party state (Military junta transition)	1976	Directly, by second-round system
Samoa	Territory of New Zealand	2007	Parliament
Serbia	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system
Singapore	Constitutional monarchy (Part of Malaysia)	1965	Directly, by second-round system
Slovakia	One-party state (Part of Czechoslovakia)	1993	Parliament (before 1999) Directly, by second-round system (since 1999)
Slovenia	One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)	1991	Directly, by second-round system
South Africa	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1961	Parliament, majority
Suriname	One party Military Dictatorship	1987	Parliament, by two-thirds majority. ^[G]
Switzerland	Military junta (Occupied by France)	1802	Parliament^{[note 7]}
Trinidad and Tobago	Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)	1976	Parliament
Turkey	Constitutional monarchy (Ottoman Empire)	1923	Directly (since 2007, previously by parliament)
Vanuatu	British-French condominium (New Hebrides)	1980	Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority

Country	Year became a Parliamentary republic	Year status changed	Changed to	Status changed due to
Brazil	1961	1963	Presidential system	Referendum
Chile	1891	1925	Presidential system	Referendum
French Third Republic	1870	1940	Presidential system	World War II German Occupation
French Fourth Republic	1946	1958	Semi-presidential system	Political instability
Fiji	1987	2006	Military Junta	Military coup (2006)
Guyana	1970	1980	Semi-presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Indonesia	1945	1959	Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Nigeria	1963	1979	Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Philippines	1978	1987	Presidential system	Ratification of the 1987 Constitution
Russia	1991^{[note 8]}	1993	Semi-presidential system	Referendum^{[note 9]}
Rhodesia	1970	1979	Parliamentary system	Creation of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
Sri Lanka	1972	1978	Presidential system	Constitutional amendment
Uganda	1963	1966	Presidential system	Suspension of the constitution
Zimbabwe Rhodesia	1979	1979	Parliamentary system	Creation of Southern Rhodesia
Zimbabwe	1980	1987	Presidential System	Constitutional amendment

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Mehriban Aliyeva

Aliyeva greeting Dmitry Medvedev in Baku
First Lady of Azerbaijan
Incumbent
Assumed office 31 October 2003
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	None
Personal details
Born	(1964-08-26) 26 August 1964 (age 47) Baku, Azerbaijan
Nationality	Azerbaijan
Political party	New Azerbaijan Party
Spouse(s)	Ilham Aliyev
Children	3
Religion	Shia Islam
Website	www.mehriban-aliyeva.org

Persondata
Name	Aliyeva, Mehriban
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	26 August 1964
Place of birth	Baku, Azerbaijan
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehriban_Aliyeva

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Barbara Walters
Barbara Walters in New York City, June 2011
Born	Barbara Jill Walters (1929-09-25) September 25, 1929 (age 82) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation	Journalist
Years active	1961–present
Notable credit(s)	Co-anchor and contributor of ABC Evening News and ABC World News Today show anchor (1961–1976) Not For Women Only host (1971–1976) ABC Evening News anchor (1976–1978) 20/20 host (1984–2004) The View creator/co-host (1997–present)
Salary	$12 million (2007)^[1]
Spouse	Robert Henry Katz (m.1955–1958; annulled) Lee Guber (m.1963–1976; divorced) Merv Adelson (m.1981–1984; divorced) Merv Adelson (m.1986–1992; divorced)
Children	1

Media offices
Preceded by Maureen O'Sullivan	Today Girl 1964	Succeeded by Position abolished Female co-host precedent set by Barbara Walters
Preceded by John Chancellor	Today Show Host June 13, 1966 – June 4, 1976 Hugh Downs and herself 1966–1971 Frank McGee and herself 1971–1974 Jim Hartz and herself 1974–1976	Succeeded by Tom Brokaw and Jane Pauley
Preceded by Harry Reasoner	ABC Evening News Anchor Co-anchor with Harry Reasoner 1976–1978	Succeeded by Frank Reynolds, Max Robinson, and Peter Jennings
Preceded by Hugh Downs As sole host	20/20 Host 1979–2004 Hugh Downs and herself 1979–1999 Solo 1999–2002 John Miller and herself 1/2002–1/2003 John Stossel and herself 2002–2004	Succeeded by Elizabeth Vargas and John Stossel
Preceded by None	The View co-host 1997–present	Incumbent

Persondata
Name	Walters, Barbara Jill
Alternative names
Short description	Journalist, television news anchor and talk show host
Date of birth	1929-09-25
Place of birth	Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Walters

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